Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
Tell me about toys that can help children learn to write.

### Response:
Toys that help children learn to write typically involve increasing their hand strength and gross motor skills: toys such as play-doh and blocks increase hand strength. Also, practicing writing letters in sand prepares them for the motion of writing.


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### Instruction:
Classify the celebrities based on whether they were born in 1990 or 1991.
Emma Watson, Jennifer Lawrence, Ed Sheeran, Charlie Puth

### Response:
Born in 1990 - Emma Watson, Jennifer Lawrence
Born in 1991 - Ed Sheeran, Charlie Puth


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### Instruction:
What makes a good cocktail?

### Response:
There are many elements to a good cocktail, and these can often be modified to fit individual tastes. In general, a cocktail contains a base spirit, flavors from bitters or amaros, and something to sweeten. There are optional ingredients to add as well, like fruit, juice, or herbs.

The amount of each ingredient can vary the flavor significantly, so it is important to understand the impact of each ingredient. For example, very strong flavors like bitters or absinthe should be used in very small quantities. Sometimes even a rinse in the cocktail glass or spritz on the top of the prepared cocktail is enough to add the desired amount of flavor.

A good cocktail comes about from a balance in flavors that build and develop off one another. The deep wooden flavor in whiskey is brightened by the citrus twist of an old fashioned. The sweetness from pineapple juice is deepened by the bitterness of campari in a jungle bird. The bitterness of ginger syrup is balanced with the tartness of lemon juice in a penicillin.

Many newer cocktails are spins off a classic. Each builds off a flavor profile and modifies some of the more subtle flavors therein. If one wants to experiment with creating a new cocktail, starting with a classic favorite could be a good place to start.

It is also possible to create the same balanced flavors without the use of spirits (or with the use of alcohol free spirits).


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### Instruction:
Is organic food healthier?

### Response:
Whether a food is organic or not does not change the nutritional value of those foods. The idea that organic food is healthier than non organic food can be supported by the premise that potential chemicals or pesticides found in or non organic food are harmful and therefore unhealthy.


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### Instruction:
Tell me whether these athletes play or have played in the National Football League (NFL) or the National Basketball Association (NBA): Kobe Bryant, Kawhi Leonard, LeBron James, Larry Bird, Michael Jordan

### Response:
National Basketball Association (NBA)


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### Instruction:
What's the different between a plantain and a banana?

### Response:
Plantains are a type of banana, which are a family edible fruits from the genus Musa. In the West, "bananas" refer the sweet, yellow type. Plantains are a starchy variety that are typically cooked.


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### Instruction:
Who won the 2016 Nobel Prize?

### Input:
The word "autophagy" was in existence and frequently used from the middle of the 19th century.[11] In its present usage, the term autophagy was coined by Belgian biochemist Christian de Duve in 1963 based on his discovery of the functions of lysosome.[3] The identification of autophagy-related genes in yeast in the 1990s allowed researchers to deduce the mechanisms of autophagy,[12][13][14][15][16] which eventually led to the award of the 2016 Nobel

### Response:
The Japanese researcher Yoshinori Ohsumi.


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### Instruction:
What is the difference in the US between a stop sign and a traffic light?

### Response:
A stop sign is a red, eight-sided metal sign that requires a driver to stop and then proceed when it is safe to do so. Many intersections have either two or four stop signs. When more than one car arrives at the intersection, the car that arrived first has the right of way. If more than one car arrives at the same time, then the car to the right has the right of way. An electric traffic light typically has three different signals: red indicates drivers should stop until the light changes; a yellow light indicates that the driver should stop if it is safe to do so because the signal is changing from red to green; and a green light means that drivers may proceed through the intersection without stopping.


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### Instruction:
Unicorns, sharks, dragons, pythons, minotaurs, alligators, platypuses and griffins. Which of these creatures are real, and which are imaginary?

### Response:
Sharks, pythons, alligators and platypuses are all real creatures. Unicorns, dragons, minotaurs and griffins are all imaginary creatures.


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### Instruction:
What is JavaScript?

### Response:
JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2022, 98% of websites use JavaScript on the client side for webpage behavior, often incorporating third-party libraries. All major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute the code on users' devices.


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### Instruction:
Can you suggest 3 disadvantages  of Genetic modification technologies like CRISPR ?

### Response:
1.Uncontrollable mutations
2.Uncontrollable population growth
3.Strong ethical concerns about discrimination


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### Instruction:
Tell me which of these countries has more than 1 billion populations: Japan, Canada, United States, Russia

### Response:
None of these


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### Instruction:
When was Heineken founded?

### Response:
Heineken was founded on February 15th 1864 in Amsterdam. Heineken is a well know beer brand.


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### Instruction:
What is fractional-reserve banking?

### Response:
Fractional-reserve banking is the system of banking operating in almost all countries worldwide, under which banks that take deposits from the public are required to hold a proportion of their deposit liabilities in liquid assets as a reserve, and are at liberty to lend the remainder to borrowers. Bank reserves are held as cash in the bank or as balances in the bank's account at the central bank. The country's central bank determines the minimum amount that banks must hold in liquid assets, called the "reserve requirement" or "reserve ratio". Most commercial banks hold more than this minimum amount as excess reserves.

Bank deposits are usually of a relatively short-term duration, and may be "at call", while loans made by banks tend to be longer-term, resulting in a risk that customers may at any time collectively wish to withdraw cash out of their accounts in excess of the bank reserves. The reserves only provide liquidity to cover withdrawals within the normal pattern. Banks and the central bank expect that in normal circumstances only a proportion of deposits will be withdrawn at the same time, and that reserves will be sufficient to meet the demand for cash. However, banks may find themselves in a shortfall situation when depositors wish to withdraw more funds than the reserves held by the bank. In that event, the bank experiencing the liquidity shortfall may borrow short-term funds in the interbank lending market from banks with a surplus. In exceptional situations, such as during an unexpected bank run, the central bank may provide funds to cover the short-term shortfall as lender of last resort.


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### Instruction:
give me a bulleted list of ways to get to the other side of a lake.

### Response:
- walk across the suspension bridge hovering over the lake
- swim across the lake
- if you are a scorpion, hitch a ride on a frogs back and behave
- canoe across the lake
- drive around the lake and reach the other side
- zip line across the lake
- skate across the lake in the winter when the lake is frozen
- water ski across the lake
- lay on a float and hope you end up on the other side of the lake
- drain the lake and walk across on the lake bed
- take a ferry across the lake
- scuba dive across the lake


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### Instruction:
What are the best Classic Rock bands?

### Response:
While subjective, most Classic Rocks fans would all agree that Led Zeppelin, The Who, Pink Floyd, Cream, The Doors, Queen, The Rolling Stones, Yes, Jimi Hendrix, Jefferson Airplane, The Moody Blues and Allman Brothers would all make the list.  There are many others like the Beatles and Grateful Dead etc that might be considered Classic Rock but also fall in other genres.


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### Instruction:
What are some of the reasons people like to visit Brazil?

### Response:
Brazil is a South American country with a diverse landscape and cultural mix. From subtropical grasslands in the South to drier biomes in the northeast to the Amazon rainforest, many people visit the country to experience one of the world's biodiverse hotspots. Several species are endemic to Brazil, particularly in the Amazon region. The country is also known for a culture that blends European, African and Indigenous influences. Many visitors are intrigued by its diverse culture. The nation received many migrants from all over the world in the 19th and 20th centuries, leading to the largest Japanese community outside of Japan, largest Italian population outside of Italy, and the largest population of  SubSaharan African descent outside of Nigeria. Many of the cultural expressions of Brazil - capoeira, the large Carnaval parades, Brazilian soccer and jiu-jitsu - have found a devotees outside of the country.


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### Instruction:
What does FAS, MTO and ATO stand for?

### Input:
Final Assembly Schedule, often abbreviated as FAS and sometimes referred to as finishing schedule, is a schedule of end items to finish the product for specific customer orders in a make to order (MTO) or assemble-to-order (ATO) environment.

### Response:
FAS = Final Assembly Schedule
MTO = make to order
ATO = assemble-to-order


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### Instruction:
What is the purpose of a shot clock in basketball?

### Response:
The shot clock is intended to increase the pace of play. By having a limited amount of time to shoot, teams are encouraged to shoot more frequently, leading to a faster moving game.


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### Instruction:
Any tips for figuring out where to enter the water when surfing a new beach?

### Response:
There is a lot of local knowledge required to be efficient at entering the water of a new beach.  It helps to know what kind of a wave break it is - is it a surf break or a reef break for example.  But if you see others in the water and it looks like a reasonable surf spot then here are a couple of pointers.  First, stand on the beach and watch what is happening for 3-5 minutes.  You'll soak up a lot just taking the time to really observe.  Second, check-out where the other surfers are entering and where they are swimming out to.  Obvious, I know, but surprisingly people will sometimes skip this step.  Third, see if you can figure out where the channels are - he channel is where the waves are breaking towards.  If you see two waves coming toward the shore in synchronization with each other, but separated by a patch of calmer water in between - the channel is typically below that calmer water.


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### Instruction:
What is epistatis?

### Response:
Epistasis is a phenomenon in genetics in which the effect of a gene mutation is dependent on the presence or absence of mutations in one or more other genes, respectively termed modifier genes. In other words, the effect of the mutation is dependent on the genetic background in which it appears. Epistatic mutations therefore have different effects on their own than when they occur together. Originally, the term epistasis specifically meant that the effect of a gene variant is masked by that of a different gene.

The concept of epistasis originated in genetics in 1907 but is now used in biochemistry, computational biology and evolutionary biology. The phenomenon arises due to interactions, either between genes (such as mutations also being needed in regulators of gene expression) or within them (multiple mutations being needed before the gene loses function), leading to non-linear effects. Epistasis has a great influence on the shape of evolutionary landscapes, which leads to profound consequences for evolution and for the evolvability of phenotypic traits.


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### Instruction:
My back hurts when I ski a lot of moguls and bumps, why does this happen?

### Response:
It is hard to know the exact reason why your back hurts when you ski a lot of moguls or bumps, it is best to get a ski instructor or work with a physical therapist to let them assess your movement pattern and body.

One potential cause to back pain when you ski moguls or bumps is if you are using your back to take the majority impact and absorbing the bump instead of your knee and hip. As you are hitting a bump, you want to keep your back as straight as possible and let your hip and knee take the impact. The movement pattern is similar to squatting down, where you want to drop your bottom down towards your ankle. The reason you want your knee and hip to take the impact is because those joints have much bigger range of motion compared to your back so as you hit a bump or mogul, those joints will help absorb the majority of the irregularity in the terrain so your back is not needing to move as much which will help reduce the strain being put on it.


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### Instruction:
Extract the names of the teams Jubilee was a part of from the text. Separate them with a comma.

### Input:
Forgiven,X-Men,Generation X,X-Corps,New Warriors,Patsy Walker Temp Agency

### Response:
Jubilee was created by writer Chris Claremont and artist Marc Silvestri and first appeared in The Uncanny X-Men #244 (May 1989). Claremont had earlier introduced a "Jubilee" of sorts in The New Mutants Annual #2 (1986). In that story, Darla of the Fat Boys, after being mentally and biologically warped, uses identical powers to those of the later Jubilation Lee and introduces herself as "Jubilee! Whose every move is a celebration!" In her first appearance Jubilation Lee gives a similar self-introduction: "Actually, my name is Jubilee! 'Cause with me, every day's a celebration!" Darla is returned to normal by the end of The New Mutants Annual #2, and no in-story connection between the characters is ever established.

Jubilee appeared regularly as an X-Men team member in The Uncanny X-Men through issue #280 (Sept. 1991), and later was a staple of X-Men (1991) as a member of the X-Men's Blue Team.[2] During the same timeframe, she also served as Wolverine's sidekick in Wolverine vol. 2 #40–75 (1991–1993).

After the Phalanx Covenant storyline in X-Men #16–17 and The Uncanny X-Men #316–317, Jubilee, who was then a teenager, was transferred to the X-Men trainee squad Generation X and starred in the entire run of Generation X #1–75 (1994–2001). After the dissolution of Generation X, Jubilee returned to the pages of The Uncanny X-Men, first as a member of the X-Corporation (#403–406, 2002), and later as a team member in her own right (#423–437, 2003–2004). Jubilee had a six-issue self-titled limited series in 2004 written by Robert Kirkman, but loses her mutant powers in House of M – The Day After #1 (Jan. 2006). She then adopts the alias Wondra and joins the reconstituted New Warriors in New Warriors vol. 4 #1–20 (2007–2009).

Jubilee is affected with vampirism during the "Curse of the Mutants" in X-Men vol. 3 #1 (July 2010) and remained a sporadic character on that title through issue #27 (April 2012), as well as a supporting character in X-23 vol. 3 (2010–2011). In 2011, she saw print in her second four issue limited series, Wolverine and Jubilee written by Kathryn Immonen and drawn by Phil Noto, as an aftermath follow-up to the Curse of the Mutants storyline. Jubilee later featured as a regular character in the all-female X-Men vol. 4 #1–25 (2013–2015), and as a supporting character in Patsy Walker, a.k.a. Hellcat! (2016). She returned as a main cast member in Generation X vol. 2 #1-9, #85-87 (2017-2018) as the adult mentor to the new teenage main characters, during which she was cured of vampirism and had her mutant powers restored.


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### Instruction:
Categorize the below in terms of Red wine or white wine.
Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Shiraz, Pinot Noir, Malbec, Zinfandel, Grenache, Sangiovese, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Chenin Blanc, Pinot Gris (or Pinot Grigio), Semillon, Viognier, Torrontes, Albariño, Gewurztraminer.

### Response:
White wine - Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Chenin Blanc, Pinot Gris (or Pinot Grigio), Semillon, Viognier, Torrontes, Albariño and Gewurztraminer.
Red wine - Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Shiraz, Pinot Noir, Malbec, Zinfandel, Grenache and Sangiovese.


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### Instruction:
What are 3 to 5 creative ways to prevent deer from walking through your yard?

### Response:
Deer can be a menace, but here are 5 ways to keep them out of your yard:
1. Install motion sensors that trigger sprinklers when activated
2. Completely enclose your property with a solid fence; nothing cheap that will just be pushed over
3. Get a guard dog, and train it to bark at intruding deer
4. Plant only deer-resistant shrubs and flowers; the deer won't stop by if they have nothing to eat
5. Move to a location without deer!


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### Instruction:
How do you generate power in a roundhouse kick in Muay Thai?

### Response:
The power comes from a coordinated full body motion. You pivot on the ball of your foot,  turn your hips and torso, and throw your leg forward in a sideways motion resembling the swinging of a baseball bat.


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### Instruction:
How was the Grammy Award named?

### Response:
The Grammy was named after the Gramophone, which was used to play music before records, tape, discs, or digital.


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### Instruction:
Categorize these super heroes as 'Marvel' or 'DC Comics'

### Response:
Thor, Flash, Iron Man, Super Man, Wonder Woman, Captain America


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### Instruction:
What is the value of higher education?

### Response:
Higher education offers opportunities for people to expand their knowledge and experience. Choosing to pursue education beyond mandatory schooling provides people the chance to receive in-depth training on topics that they enjoy, but also have more exposure to a breadth of various topics. While everyone does not need higher eduction in order to be successful, it does offer many ways for people to explore new interests, develop a mastery of skills, and even learn more about themselves. Higher education offers academic, as well as personal benefits. For example, attending a college or university offers the chance for people to receive mentorship from distinguished professors, meet new people from diverse backgrounds, and share their own ideas with others. There is great value in higher education for people interested in learning new skills before they start their career, advancing their skillset in their current profession, or venturing into a new vocation.


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### Instruction:
Where are the headquarters of FATF

### Response:
FATF has headquarters in Paris, France


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### Instruction:
What is Go?

### Response:
Go is a statically typed, compiled high-level programming language designed at Google by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson. It is syntactically similar to C, but with memory safety, garbage collection, structural typing, and CSP-style concurrency. It is often referred to as Golang because of its former domain name, golang.org, but its proper name is Go.


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### Instruction:
Why are airlines tickets so expensive, right now?

### Response:
Post pandemic, airline travel has gotten more expensive due to all the major airlines having to cancel a lot of daily flights on popular routes. This is mainly due to staff shortages being faced by the industry. This has led to misalignment on the demand-supply front


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### Instruction:
What is the coldest place on Earth to live?

### Response:
The coldest place on Earth to live is Yakutsk in Siberia.


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### Instruction:
Divide these books into Science Fiction, Fantasy or neither. The Great Gatsby, Dune, The Fellowship of the Ring, Neuromancer, A Game of Thrones, The Colour of Magic, Brave New World, Anna Karenina, The Catcher in the Rye, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Snow Crash, Wuthering Heights, Magician, Catch-22, Foundation, The Stranger, 1984.

### Response:
Dune, Neuromancer, Snow Crash, Foundation, 1984, Brave New World are Science Fiction books. The Fellowship of the Ring, A Game of Thrones, The Colour of Magic, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Magician are Fantasy books. The Great Gatsby, Anna Karenina, The Catcher in the Rye, Wuthering Heights, Catch-22, and The Stranger are not considered to be either Science Fiction nor Fantasy books.


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### Instruction:
List down some points about Dalai Lama from the given text

### Input:
Since the time of the 5th Dalai Lama in the 17th century, his personage has always been a symbol of unification of the state of Tibet, where he has represented Buddhist values and traditions. The Dalai Lama was an important figure of the Geluk tradition, which was politically and numerically dominant in Central Tibet, but his religious authority went beyond sectarian boundaries. While he had

### Response:
1. Since the 5th Dalai Lama's reign in the 17th century, when he embodied Buddhist principles and traditions, his persona has always been a symbol of Tibet's unification.
2. The Dalai Lama was a significant member of the Geluk lineage, which dominated Central Tibet politically and numerically, but his influence in Buddhism transcended beyond lines.
3. Although he played no official or institutional function in any of the religious traditions, which were led by their own high lamas, he served as the universal symbol of the Tibetan state, standing in preference to any particular school for Buddhist principles and traditions.
4. The 14th dalai lama has taken up the traditional functions of dalai lama as an ecumenical figure.
5. Dalai lama has become a symbol of Tibetan nationhood for Tibetans both in Tibet and in exile.


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### Instruction:
What is unplugged?

### Input:
The term "unplugged" has come to refer to music that would usually be played on electrified instruments (such as an electric guitar or synthesizer) but is rendered instead on instruments that can be played without electricity, for example acoustic guitar or traditional piano, although a microphone is still used. In most cases, the bass (or bass guitar) is amplified, and a Hammond organ is sometimes used.

### Response:
Unplugged is a style of playing music. It is the performance of music that is intended to be played on instruments that use electricity, using instruments that do not use electricity.
This allows you to touch the essential part of the original music and performance. In contrast to standing and swinging in a large stadium, performing in a small music hall allows the performers and audience to enjoy playing close together.


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### Instruction:
why is american football the most poplar sport in the US?

### Response:
There are many sports that are closely followed by Americans.  However, the most popular sport is Football.  Football is popular because it is fast-paced.  You have 11 players on each team who are in full-motion at the snap of the football.  Football also has a defined start and end time.  Unlike baseball, golf or cricket, football is timed with a clock and a winner is realized when the clock runs down to zero.  Football involves contact between players on opposing teams, and the contact can sometimes be violent as players collide, sometimes at full speed.  This contact creates an excitement and uncertainty among the fans, as you want to see what will happen on each play.  Finally, football is enjoyable to watch whether you are in person or watching on TV.


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### Instruction:
Give me a simpler way to tell someone that Layli and Majnun is Persian literature that borrows storytelling techniques from Varqeh and Golshah, Orwa wa Afra, Vameq and Ozra, Metiochus and Parthenope, and Vis and Ramin.

### Response:
Layli and Majnun is based on several prior romantic tales, such as Varqeh and Golshah, Orwa wa Afra, Vameq and Ozra, Metiochus and Parthenope, and Vis and Ramin.


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### Instruction:
What is the most important element of swimming breaststroke?

### Response:
Timing is the most important aspect of swimming breaststroke. The swimmer needs to make sure to do the leg stroke (kicking) at a moment when the body is streamlined and presents the least resistance to the water. To achieve that, the arm stroke should be finished or almost finished before kicking begins. After kicking it is important to keep the streamlined position for some time to maintain the speed through gliding. The exact duration of gliding depends on the target distance of a given event or race. The longer the distance of the race is, the longer the gliding phase should be. For example, for a 50m race the gliding phase could be below 1 second, while for a 200m race it may be over 2 seconds.


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### Instruction:
What did Doctor Richard Hodes achieved

### Input:
Richard Michael Hodes (born May 30, 1953) is an American medical doctor specializing in cancer, heart disease, and spinal conditions. Since the 1980s he has worked in Ethiopia and has adopted a number of children from the country.[1][2] He is medical director of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. He is the consultant at a Catholic mission working with sick destitutes suffering from heart disease (rheumatic and congenital), spine disease

### Response:
Richard Michael Hodes (born May 30, 1953) is an American medical doctor specializing in cancer, heart disease, and spinal conditions. Since the 1980s he has worked in Ethiopia and has adopted a number of children from the country. He is medical director of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee.


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### Instruction:
What type of screen is typically on a Handheld device?

### Input:
A mobile device (or handheld computer) is a computer, small enough to hold and operate in the hand. Mobile devices typically have a flat LCD or OLED screen, a touchscreen interface, and digital or physical buttons. They may also have a physical keyboard. Many such devices can connect to the Internet and connect with other devices such as car entertainment systems or headsets via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,

### Response:
A handheld device typically has a flat LCD or OLED screen,


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### Instruction:
How do people in Pittsburgh say "you all"?

### Response:
People that speak with a Pittsburgh accent typically pronounce "you all" as "yinz". This is a unique feature of the infamous Pittsburgh accent, and is a source of pride and unity in the city of Pittsburgh.


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### Instruction:
What is Elbow Cay like in the Bahamas?

### Response:
Elbow Cay is an island in the Abaco Island's in the northern Bahamas. It is about a 20 minute ferry ride from the largest island, Great Abaco, which has the closest international airport. Elbow Cay has a very sheltered harbor with about 100 mooring balls for boats less than 45 feet and a large marina, Hope Town Inn and Marina, with a number of docks suited to bigger yachts.

Elbow Cay is famous for its candy striped lighthouse which is one of the last operational kerosene-fueled lighthouses. Visitors are welcome to climb to the top to look out over the Abaco sea and island for a small donation.

Elbow Cay has a number of beaches great for children and adults both on the Atlantic and Abaco Sea. There are also a number of great restaurants and bars on the island with something for all budgets. All the resorts are open to day visitors for free and people are welcome to use the amenities.

There are several charter boat companies that run out of Hope Town, the main settlement on the island. These offer fishing, snorkeling and island hopping.

Golf carts and bikes are available to rent in Hope Town to get around the island.


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### Instruction:
On a hiking trip where we expect to walk many miles, categorize each of the the following as either 'heavy', 'not heavy' or 'somewhat heavy'. A tent, a compass, a sleeping bag, a camping stove, a cooler full of food.

### Response:
A tent is heavy.
A compass is not heavy.
A sleeping bag is not heavy.
A camping stove is somewhat heavy.
A cooler full of food is heavy.


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### Instruction:
Extract the names of creators of The Needle from the text provided. Separate them with a comma.

### Input:
The Needle is a fictional character, a mutant supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Mark Gruenwald, Carmine Infantino, and Al Gordon, the character first appeared in Spider-Woman #9 (December 1978). Creator Mark Gruenwald brought the character back during his run on the West Coast Avengers as a member of the villain team Night

### Response:
Mark Gruenwald, Carmine Infantino, Al Gordon


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### Instruction:
What were the following people most noted for; music, visual arts, or their works in another field? Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Frederic Chopin, Leonardo da Vinci, Leonardo DiCaprio, Sir Isaac Newton, Sir Elton John.

### Response:
Of these individuals, legendary composers/musicians included Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Frederic Chopin, and Sir Elton John, while Leonardo da Vinci was noted for his works in the visual arts; primarily painting. The remaining two individuals, Leonardo DiCaprio and Sir Isaac Newton, do not fall into either of these categories.


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### Instruction:
Imagine you are part of the city government responsible for urban planning. Write a letter to address the biggest ethical obligation behind a LASER-like system.

### Response:
As a division in charge of urban planning for the City of Los Angeles, we are obligated to ensure that the LASER system delivers sustainable and equitable improvements for our neighborhoods, especially the socially marginalized ones. To that end, we need LASER to generate outputs that would not target racial groups – African American communities, for example – and in turn aggravate the pre-existing police harassment in those regions. Yet, there exists no possible source of data inputs for LASER to achieve such goal. The algorithm has been historically accused of racial profiling despite not using race as a predictor for criminal tendencies. However, our society is fraught with deep-rooted racism such that data points themselves bear the mark of discriminatory ideology and practices. For instance, gang membership as a predictor in LASER essentially serves as a proxy for race. Gangs in African American communities arose as a result of economic deprivation, resource insufficiency, as well as police harassment – phenomena with roots that can be  easily traced back to age-old racial segregation. Similarly, criminal records hold the vestiges of the New Jim Crow. Therefore, using gang activity and past arrests as predictors in the LASER system only generate outputs with heavy racial connotations, which in turn reinforce and reify historical biases.

Notwithstanding the problematic algorithm, we do not need to cast away the system entirely. When LASER points to places of deep-rooted discrimination and deprivation, we should mend but not aggravate. Instead of composing chronic offender bulletins, we can treat the LASER outputs as agenda for our next social welfare and infrastructure construction projects – where do we need to build more schools and hospitals? Where should the money go to create more job opportunities? Where do we need to address the problem of police misconduct and rebuild the relationship between people and law enforcement? If we cannot fix a “bias in, bias out” algorithm, we can at least attend to the information it has generated and figure out where the biases have wreaked havoc and taken a heavy toll. We can then redistribute resources and fundings accordingly so that the historically deprived neighborhoods have the chance to flourish. In doing so, we can achieve both sustainability and equity. We can expect the crime rates to go down when the neighborhood achieves economic growth and employment, and such crime reduction is sustainable, unlike the original LASER system that continues to discriminate and deprive.


Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Troodon, African Elephant

### Response:
Troodon is extinct, African Elephant is alive.


Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
When do grasshoppers become locusts?

### Response:
Grasshoppers are solitary, but under certain circumstances, when food supplies become rare, they interact with other grasshoppers, changing their behaviour and becoming gregarious. Under suitable conditions of drought followed by rapid vegetation growth, serotonin in their brains triggers dramatic changes: they start to breed abundantly, becoming gregarious and nomadic when their populations become dense enough. They form bands of wingless nymphs that later become swarms of winged adults.


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### Instruction:
Total # of Documentary in Netflix since 2023

### Input:
Documentaries
Title	Premiere	Runtime	Language
Mumbai Mafia: Police vs The Underworld	January 6, 2023	1 h 27 min	English
The Hatchet Wielding Hitchhiker	January 10, 2023	1 h 25 min	English
Big Mäck: Gangsters and Gold	January 20, 2023	1 h 30 min	German
Pamela, a Love Story	January 31, 2023	1 h 52 min	English
Money Shot: The Pornhub Story	March 15, 2023	1 h 34 min	English
Caught Out: Crime. Corruption. Cricket.	March 17, 2023	1 h 17 min	English
Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now	April 5, 2023	1 h 36 min	English

### Response:
There are 8 Documentaries on netflix since 2023


Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
Give me some ideas on what to do this weekend.

### Response:
If the weather is good and you like to spend time outdoors, you could go to a beach or on a hike, or your neighborhood park for a picnic.

If the weather is not great but you still like to go outside, go on a drive. Don't forget to stay hydrated!

If you like spending time indoors, go to a museum or read a book you have had on your list for a long time but just haven't gotten around to starting it.

Call your mom!


Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Binzasara, Calabrian Lira

### Response:
Calabrian Lira is string, Binzasara is percussion.


Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Kenong, Zeze

### Response:
Zeze is string, Kenong is percussion.


Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
Which vegetable do sailors hate the most?

### Response:
Leeks!


Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
What did Ralph Agas did as a profession?

### Input:
Ralph Agas (or Radulph Agas) (c. 1540 – 26 November 1621) was an English land surveyor and cartographer. He was born at Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk, in about 1540, and lived there throughout his life, although he travelled regularly to London. He began to practise as a surveyor in about 1566, and has been described as "one of the leaders of the emerging body of skilled land surveyors".[1]

Agas is particularly known

### Response:
Ralph Agas was an English land surveyor and cartographer, he was born at Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk.


Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
Why do you love to work hard

### Response:
It will keep you stay focus, make you productive and lead you to success


Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
Given a reference text about No Longer at Ease, tell me the name of the book that precedes it in the trilogy.

### Input:
No Longer at Ease is a 1960 novel by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe. It is the story of an Igbo man, Obi Okonkwo, who leaves his village for an education in Britain and then a job in the Nigerian colonial civil service, but is conflicted between his African culture and Western lifestyle and ends

### Response:
The book that precedes "No Longer at Ease" in the African trilogy is "Things Fall Apart".


Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
Identify which car manufacturer is Italian or American: Lancia, Tesla

### Response:
Tesla is American, Lancia is Italian


Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
How does running improve your health?

### Response:
Running is a form of aerobic exercise. Running offers many health benefits including improve cardiovascular fitness, help maintain healthy weight and strengthen muscles.


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### Instruction:
What is an egg laying mammal?

### Input:
The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus),[3] sometimes referred to as the duck-billed platypus,[4] is a semiaquatic, egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. The platypus is the sole living representative or monotypic taxon of its family (Ornithorhynchidae) and genus (Ornithorhynchus), though a number of related species appear in the fossil record.

### Response:
Duck-billed platypus is an egg-laying mammal found in eastern Australia. It is the sole living representative in its genus Ornithorhynchus.


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### Instruction:
What does HIPAA stand for?

### Response:
HIPAA is an acronym for the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.


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### Instruction:
What are the fastest growing cities in the US in 2023?

### Response:
1) Fort Myers, FL
2) North Port, FL
3) Winter Haven, FL
4) New Braunfels, TX
5) Port St. Lucie, FL
6) Dayton Beach, FL
7) Edinburg, TX
8) Madera, CA
9) Palm Bay, FL
10) Roseville, CA


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### Instruction:
What teams did Tom Brady play for when he won the Super Bowl?

### Response:
Tom Brady won the Super Bowl while playing for the New England Patriots and Tampa Bay Buccaneers.


Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
What is the objective of hockey?

### Response:
Ice hockey is a sport played by 2 opposing teams. The objective is for a team to score more goals than their opponents. Goals are scored by shooting a puck into the opposing team's net.


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### Instruction:
Given these two sets of instructions, will you end up at the same place if you started at the same point? First instructions: 1) Take 5 steps forward 2) Turn around 3) Take 3 steps forward. Second instructions: 1) Turn left 2) Turn left 3) Take 6 steps forward 4) Turn around 4) Take 4 steps forward.

### Response:
No, you will not end up at the same place. The first set of instructions ends two steps in front of the starting point, since you go forward 5 steps then backwards 3 steps. The second set of instructions ends up two steps behind the starting point, since you turn left twice, which is the same as turning around, and then go forward 6 and backwards 4.


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### Instruction:
I like live music. What are some examples of improvisational live music?

### Response:
There are many different types of improvisational live music. They range from Jazz music to the Spoken Word. There are many bands and performers who are famous for their improvisation on stage. Some examples are Charlie Parker, John Coltrane, the Grateful Dead, and Phish.


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### Instruction:
What happens if I put Mentos into a bottle of Coke?

### Response:
Almost certainly, you will experience a sugary geyser. The cause is from carbon dioxide being released from the soda. The Mentos have tiny pits on their surface, which causes the bubbles to cling to the candy and then rise to the top of the bottle.


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### Instruction:
Identify which animal is domesticated or wild: Cat, Bubal hartebeest

### Response:
Cat is domesticated, Bubal hartebeest is domesticated


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### Instruction:
Are space objects affected by planets? If so, why?

### Response:
Planets can impact the trajectory of objects in space, because they are pulled by the planet's gravity.


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### Instruction:
What criticism do people make about the death growl vocal technique?

### Input:
A death growl, or simply growl, is an extended vocal technique usually employed in extreme styles of music, particularly in death metal and other extreme subgenres of heavy metal music. Death growl vocals are sometimes criticized for their "ugliness", but their unintelligibility contributes to death metal's abrasive style and often dark and obscene subject matter.

### Response:
The death growl vocal technique is described as having a harsh tone which is called ugly.


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### Instruction:
Write a haiku from the perspective of a child who does not like piano lessons.

### Response:
Monday lessons are
Like a weekly prison camp.
I hate piano.


Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Cimbalom, Xiqin

### Response:
Xiqin is string, Cimbalom is percussion.


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### Instruction:
What is ADLS in Azure?

### Response:
Azure Data Lake Storage (ADLS) is a secured and scalable Data Lake storage that helps to achieve high-performance analytics workloads.


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### Instruction:
Where were the main branches of Gran Tavola?

### Input:
During the Middle Ages, the Gran Tavola (Italian for "Great Table") was the largest Sienese bank; it was one of the most powerful banks in Europe from 1255 to 1298. The Gran Tavola has been called "the greatest bank of the thirteenth century" as well as "one of the largest commercial and banking enterprises in Europe".

The main branches of the Gran Tavola during the mid-thirteenth century were in

### Response:
Pisa, Bologna, Genoa, Marseille, and Paris


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### Instruction:
Tell me what sport this professional athlete plays (NFL, NBA, MLB, etc.): Justin Herbert, LeBron James, Austin Ekeler, Joel Embiid, Juan Soto, Mookie Betts

### Response:
Justin Herbert plays in the NFL, LeBron James plays in the NBA, Austin Ekeler plays in the NFL, Joel Embiid plays in the NBA, Juan Soto plays in the MLB, Mookie Betts plays in the MLB


Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
My partner is a 30 year old male who likes to travel, read books, cook, and paint. What are some good gift ideas for his upcoming birthday?

### Response:
There are a lot of options to consider for your partner based on his interests. Below are a few suggestions:

1. Art class
2. A wine and paint experience
3. A couple cooking class. Ex: Gnocchi making class
4. Plan a surprise trip to his favorite destination
5. Gift him a book on his favorite topic
6. Gift him an audio book subscription

Most important part of the gift is to showcase the effort and make sure you both have a good time!


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### Instruction:
What are some different ways I can use many fresh lemons?

### Response:
If you have multiple lemons and want to use them before they go bad, consider the following uses:
1) Lemon cleaning spray. Mix 1 parts water, 1 parts white vinegar, and the juice of one lemon into a spray bottle. A great non-toxic cleaner for around the house!
2) Limoncello. Add 1 cup simple syrup to 4 cups vodka and pour over the peels from 12 lemons. Leave in a sealed glass container for 30 days. Serve over ice and enjoy. (Drink responsibly!)
3) Lemon flavored olive oil. Slice 4 lemons and put in 4 cups of extra-virgin olive oil. Leave in a sealed container for 30 days. Enjoy in salads and soups!
4) Lemon bars. There are many ways to make these using all parts of a lemon. Check online for a recipe to make these deliciously tart bars.
5) Lemon-aid. Mix 1 parts fresh squeezed lemon juice to 6 parts water. Sweeten to taste. Serve over ice
6) Lemon Centerpiece. Brighten up the room by arranging lemons in a decorative bowl. Place on the table or counter to add a pop of color.
7) Lemon Detox water. Start your morning with 16oz of warm water, the juice of one lemon, and a pinch of cayenne.


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### Instruction:
Based on the passage provided, what are the only two elements in the periodic table that were names after a person who was alive at the time of naming?

### Input:
Oganesson is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Og and atomic number 118. It was first synthesized in 2002 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, near Moscow, Russia, by a joint team of Russian and American scientists. In December 2015, it was

### Response:
Organesson and Seaborgium are the only two elements in the periodic table that were names after a person who was alive at the time of naming.


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### Instruction:
Who is the 6th player in Women's NCAA D-I Basketball to score 1,000 points in a single season?

### Response:
If you watched any of the Women's March Madness 2023 games, especially Iowa, then you witnessed greatness in the making by Caitlin Clark. This 1,000 point feat in a single season, happened midway through the game against the powerhouse (undefeated at the time) South Carolina Gamecocks on March 31, 2023. It's also worth noting that in the same game, Caitlin dropped 41 points and her three-point range is Steph Curry like.


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### Instruction:
Give me a list of Serie A winners in the last 5 years.

### Response:
2021-2022: AC Milan
2020-2021: Inter
2019-2020: Juventus
2018-2019: Juventus
2017-2018: Juventus


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### Instruction:
What are the benefits of Microservices?

### Response:
Microservices break up Monolithic Architecture into standalone lightweight services that serve a single purpose.  Developer productivity is increased as teams dedicated to the single responsibility service can control releases independent of other services.  They can also control the language the service is written in.  This is helpful when certain services might benefit from being written in Python vs C#, Java or Javascript.  Microservices advocate for an event driven architecture where services are not coupled or referenced directly.  Each Microservice can publish events that can be consumed/subscribed by other services.  Containerization and Microservices go well together when designing Microservices, considering that the paradigm calls for Containers to be immutable and treated as Cattle.  New and Old versions of the same Microservice can be released side by side in an A/B pattern, helping with assurance of any updates.  Containers can host the Microservices quickly and be tested across environments with reliability ensuring all dependencies are encapsulated in the build of the running image.


Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
why wax snowboard?

### Response:
Waxing snowboard improves the speed of the skiing by reducing friction


Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
Which duke visited Swarcliffe Hall in 1888?

### Input:
Swarcliffe Hall is a large hall that was constructed in 1800 in Birstwith, near Harrogate, England. The current house was built by John Greenwood in 1850, who engaged Major Rohde Hawkins as his architect, and is a Grade II listed building.

The original Swarcliffe Hall was built on the site c1800 by the Blessard family, however the current hall which was built by the Greenwood family was completed in 1850.

### Response:
Prince Albert Victor


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### Instruction:
Given this summarized version of the Legend of the Christmas Spider, what turned the spider webs into precious metals?

### Input:
A poor but hardworking widow once lived in a small hut with her children. One summer day, a pine cone fell on the earthen floor of the hut and took root. The widow's children cared for the tree, excited at the prospect of having a Christmas tree by winter. The tree grew, but when Christmas Eve arrived,

### Response:
The first rays of sunlight, after touching the webs, turned them into gold and silver.


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### Instruction:
Can you summarize the book Annihilation?

### Response:
Annihilation is a science fiction book taking place in the southern US inside a mysterious Area X. A team is assembled to explore the domain of Area X, led by a character only known as the psychologist. The main character is known as the biologist. These expeditions are managed by a mysterious government organization known as the Southern Reach.

The expedition centers on two notable landmarks within Area X, the topological anomaly, which the biologists calls a tower but is really a tunnel, and a lighthouse. The expedition encounters an entity within the topological anomaly that "writes" living words of non-sense on the wall of the anomaly in fungus.

Early in the expedition, the biologist is contaminated by the fungus of the words in the anomaly, which grants her immunity to hypnotic suggestion, which the psychologist uses to control the other members of the expedition. The plot follows the biologist pursuing the psychologist in search of answers, leading a confrontation at the lighthouse. The psychologist jumps from the lighthouse, presumably forced to by the entity behind Area X, but lives long enough to confront the biologist. During the climax of that encounter, the psychologist shouts "Annihilation!" multiple times, and it is revealed that this is a hypnotic trigger word designed to induce suicide in the other expedition members.

After the psychologist succumbs to her injuries at the base of the lighthouse, the biologist embarks on a journey north to an island that is possibly related to the disappearance of her husband, who was a member of the previous expedition.


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### Instruction:
Evaluate the below poem "since feeling is first" by ee cummings and provide a summary of its meaning.

### Input:
since feeling is first
who pays any attention
to the syntax of things
will never wholly kiss you;

wholly to be a fool
while Spring is in the world

my blood approves,
and kisses are a better fate
than wisdom
lady i swear by all flowers. Don’t cry
– the best gesture of my brain is less than
your eyelids’ flutter which says

we are for each other; then
laugh, leaning

### Response:
Since feeling is first is a love poem, written to an unknown recipient that appears to share a close relationship with the writer. The poem employs an unorthodox syntactic structure to highlight how logic and rationality (i.e. thinking) can interfere with one's ability to embrace the love and beauty that exists in life via feelings. There are numerous examples in the poem that support the primacy of feeling over thinking ("kisses are a better fate than wisdom", "the best gesture of my brain is less than your eyelids' flutter").

Grammatical terms appear in the final lines as a metaphor describing the poet's thoughts on life and death. The statement that "life is not a paragraph" suggests that life is a collection of feelings and experiences that cannot be summarized adequately on paper. The author's mention that "death i think is no parenthesis" indicates that for him, death does not explain or provide meaning to the life that was lived before it, since parenthesis are typically used to clarify the prior passage.


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### Instruction:
What city has the northern-most post office in Wisconsin?

### Response:
Cornucopia, a small town located on the south shore of Lake Superior, is home to the northern-most post office in Wisconsin.


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### Instruction:
Categorize the days of the week between weekdays and weekend.
Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday

### Response:
weekdays - Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday
weekends - Saturday, Sunday


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### Instruction:
Which NFL team has won every Super Bowl they played in?

### Response:
Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Baltimore Ravens, New Orleans Saints, New York Jets


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### Instruction:
In the series A Song of Ice and Fire, who is the founder of House Crayne?

### Response:
Rose of the Red Lake


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### Instruction:
What are the top 5 comedic movies of all time

### Response:
The debate for the best comedies is subjective and open to debate.  What is considered humorous can vary by region and evolves over time.  With that said, here are 5 popular comedies:
 - Dumb and Dumber
 - Anchorman
 - Monty Python and the Holy Grail
 - Airplane!
 - Planes, Trains and Automobiles


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### Instruction:
Tell me whether these London tourist attractions are free or paid:  The National Gallery, The London Eye, Royal Academy of Arts', Tower of London, St. Dunstan in the East

### Response:
The National Gallery - free
The London Eye - paid
Royal Academy of Arts' - free
Tower of London - paid
St. Dunstan in the East - free
Victoria and Albert Museum - free
Science Gallery London - free
Barbican Conservatory - free
Madame Tussauds London - paid
Harry Potter Studios - paid
London Zoo - paid


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### Instruction:
What are the pros and cons of living in Seattle?

### Response:
Seattle is famous for its fusion of natural scenes ands city vibes. There are a lot of hiking spots and lakes in the Seattle area which would be a pro for people who enjoy nature. Seattle is also an important city for rock and roll music and pop culture. People widely consider the cons of living in Seattle to be the weather. One should expect seeing small rain and gloomy weather during the winter in Seattle.


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### Instruction:
Classify each of these as extinct, not extinct, or neither: Mythosaur, Triceratops, Dumbo Octopus, Dodo, Tiger, Lion turtle, Megalodon, Dire wolf, Pegasus, Seahorse

### Response:
Extinct: Triceratops, Dodo, Megalodon, Dire wolf
Not Extinct: Dumbo Octopus, Tiger, Seahorse
Neither: Mythosaur, Lion Turtle, Pegasus


Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
Who's the protagonist in the book "Gone with the wind"

### Response:
Scarlett O Hara


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### Instruction:
5 ways Voldemort could have killed Harry Porter

### Response:
He shouldn't have waited until the end of the school year.
He Should Have Allowed The Death Eaters To Attack In The Graveyard .
He could have contain his obsession of Magical Heritage and conceal hocrux into normal objects.
He could have ignored the prophecy and continued his activity.
He could have asked a 2nd opinion to check harry In the forest himself


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### Instruction:
Why do people like pickleball?

### Response:
Pickleball is one of the fastest growing sports today. People of all ages and fitness can play pickleball. Pickball is played on a court that is smaller than a tennis course so requires less movement. Pickleball is also more of a finesse game vs. power.


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### Instruction:
Please list the harm that air pollution caused based on the given passage.

### Input:
Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials. It is also the contamination of indoor or outdoor surrounding either by chemical activities, physical or biological agents that alters the natural features of the atmosphere.

### Response:
1.	Air pollution is caused by the presence of harmful substances in the air, it can cause damage to human health, living beings and climate.
2.	Air pollution can cause diseases, allergies and even death to human, it can also harm animals, food corp and the nature.
3.	Air pollution can harm the natural environment by climate change, ozone depletion, habitat degradation ,acid rain.


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### Instruction:
What's the difference between a turnover and a turnover on downs in the sport of American Football?

### Response:
A turnover is when the offensive team, the team with possession of the football, loses possession of the football during play. This generally occurs in two ways: the defense intercepting a pass or recovering a fumble. A turnover on downs occurs only on the fourth and last down of a set of downs; the offense attempts to gain the yardage required to be given a new set of downs but fails to do so by means other than the defense's takeaway, such as an incomplete pass, or the ball carrier being tackled short of the line to gain.


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### Instruction:
When did ITV start broadcasting?

### Input:
The history of ITV, the United Kingdom "Independent Television" commercial network, goes back to 1955.[1]

Independent Television began as a network of independently-owned regional companies that were both broadcasters and programme makers, beginning with four companies operating six stations in three large regions in 1955–1956, and gradually expanding to 17 stations in 14 regions by 1962. Each regional station was responsible for its own branding, scheduling and advertising, with many peak-time programmes

### Response:
ITV first broadcast in 1955.


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### Instruction:
List five titles by Stephanie Meyer.

### Response:
Twilight, Midnight Sun, The Host, The Chemist, Eclipse


Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
Write an overview on who is the greatest Major League Baseball Player of all time, and why they are the greatest?

### Response:
Write an overview on who is the greatest Major League Baseball Player of all time, and why they are the greatest?


Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
what is a dog?

### Response:
The dog is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Dogs were the first species to be domesticated by hunter-gatherers over 15,000 years ago before the development of agriculture. They are super cute and are preferred over cats by a majority of people. They most commonly respond to "Good Boy" and "Good Girl" and love to nap and play.


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### Instruction:
What is meant by "dual federalism," and how is it different from "cooperative federalism"?

### Response:
Federalism is a system of government where the power is distributed across different levels. In the United States, we have a system with two levels, a federal or national government, and underneath that state governments.  Dual federalism is a period between 1819 and 1936 where there was a clear separation of powers between the federal government and the state governments.  During this time the “national government left the states largely to their own devices in major policy areas” which included “education, transportation, and civil rights, among others”.
During the dual federalism period, two important cases set the stage for the next time period called “cooperative federalism” (1936-present).  The first case was McCulloch v. Maryland which cited the Constitution's  supremacy clause and implied powers of the federal government in a verdict that prohibited the state of Maryland from taxing a federal bank.  The second case was Gibbons v. Ogden which cited the power of the federal government to regulate interstate commerce giving Gibbons a monopoly to ferry people from New Jersey to New York.  These two cases were used by the Federal government during the New Deal as precedent to enable cooperative federalism which is “an intermingling of power, policy, and resources among the national and state governments”. The “government established programs providing federal funding in areas that were traditionally the exclusive domains of the state, such as health, transportation, education, employment, and poverty relief”.  This differs from dual federalism in that we now have a mixing and sharing of powers between the state and national governments.


Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
If we didn't want to risk a having a flat tire, which of these vehicles would we avoid: bus, car, truck, plane, train, kayak, helicopter.

### Response:
Flat tires are only possible on a car, bus and truck, so avoid those. You can take a plane, train, kayak or helicopter without risking having a flat tire.


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### Instruction:
United Nation General Assembly has declared the year 2023 as

### Response:
The International Year of Millet


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### Instruction:
Provide a number of different ways that someone can digest content from a book

### Response:
There's more than one way to digest content from a book. In addition to actually reading the book, you can listen the audio book, read a summary or review of the book, or listen to a podcast discussing the book. Sometimes it's also possible to watch a movie based on the book.


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### Instruction:
What US Generals were killed at the Battle of Ox Hill?

### Response:
General Isaac Stevens and General Phillip Kearny were both killed at the Battle of Ox Hill on September 1, 1862.


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### Instruction:
Which league are West Ham in and where is there ground?

### Input:
West Ham United Football Club is an English professional football club that plays its home matches in Stratford, East London. The club competes in the Premier League, the top tier of English football. The club plays at the London Stadium, having moved from their former home, the Boleyn Ground, in 2016.

### Response:
West Ham United are in the English Premier League which is the top tier in England. They play at the London Stadium in Stratford. Stratford is in East London. Up until 2016 West Ham played at the Boleyn Ground.


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### Instruction:
What is the origin of ethnology?

### Input:
Sociocultural anthropology/ethnology:
This field can trace its roots to processes of European colonization and globalization, when European trade with other parts of the world and eventual political control of overseas territories offered scholars access to different cultures. Anthropology was the scientific discipline that searches to understand human diversity, both culturally and biologically. Originally anthropology focused on understanding groups of people then considered "primitive" or "simple" whereas sociology focused on modern urban

### Response:
Ethnology can trace its roots to European colonization and globalization.


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### Instruction:
Which Targaryen dragon is the biggest?

### Response:
The largest Targaryen dragon was Balerion the Black Dread.


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### Instruction:
What is backgammon?

### Response:
Backgammon is a two-player board game that is thousands of years old. Each player has fifteen pieces. The objective is to be the first player to move your pieces off of the board. The players take turns rolling dice that determine how many places they can move their pieces. The game is a combination of skill and luck.


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### Instruction:
What is HTML?

### Response:
The HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for creating web pages.


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### Instruction:
What do you do as a player playing RollerCoaster Tycoon 2?

### Input:
In RollerCoaster Tycoon 2, players manage amusement parks and attempt to meet various goals to complete assigned scenarios. The game retains the isometric perspective of its predecessor, allowing for high compatibility with amusement parks made in the previous game. Various attractions, including transport rides, gentle rides, thrill rides, roller coasters, water rides, and shops or stalls, can be added to the parks as well as

### Response:
The player satisfies park visitors' needs by building facilities and services such as food stalls, bathrooms, souvenir shops, ATMs, and information kiosks, as well as by hiring staff. The player must simultaneously balance the park's expenses and income.


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### Instruction:
How do we increase voter turnout in the United States?

### Response:
Voter turnout in the United States varies from state to state and, as a whole, is comparatively low with respect to other democracies. There are institutional as well as psychological factors that affect turnout. Institutional factors include voter registration requirements, timing and frequency of elections, location of polling places, and complexity of ballots. Psychological factors include political efficacy, interest and engagement of the electorate, and political party membership. Voter turnout in the United States can be increased, and I will propose two simple reforms that would increase voter turnout. I will also propose another more complex reform that would dramatically increase voter turnout but would be difficult to implement by the state governments.
Several institutional factors determine voter turnout. As each state has the power to hold elections, these factors vary across the states. The difficulty or ease of voter registration will have an impact on turnout. Minnesota has a very high turnout allowing same-day voter registration, while Texas has a low turnout and has a 30-day requirement. The day and time an election is also held matters. For example, the U.S. holds federal elections on a Tuesday in November during work hours which reduces voter turnout. The frequency of elections will have an influence on turnout. There are many elections per year in the U.S., and voters get fatigued and stop going to the polls. Voters are also less likely to vote if they don't have convenient polling places that are nearby and easy to access. Schools are the best and most accessible polling locations, but the U.S. holds elections on Tuesdays, which limits the availability of school space and parking. Lastly, complex ballots diminish enthusiasm and negatively impact U.S. voter turnout.
Along with institutional factors, there are psychological factors that control voter turnout. One of which is political efficacy which is defined in two ways. The first is internal efficacy which is how well you think you are able to understand politics. The second is external efficacy which is how well you feel the system responds to your input. Essentially, if you think you are smart enough and your vote "matters," you have high efficacy and tend to go to the polls. The next psychological factor is interest, which is a measure of how much you care about politics. If you don't care, it's highly unlikely that you will vote. The last psychological factor is partisanship. Are you a member of a political party? If yes, then it's more likely you'll go vote to support your party.
By voting age population, turnout in the U.S. is around 53%. This shows the United States has a low turnout compared to other democracies and puts the U.S. 7th from the bottom when compared to 35 other democracies. Australia has the highest turnout, with just over 90%. The reason for Australia's high turnout is that voting is compulsory, with fines for people who don't vote. "Voting in Australia is like a party," with election day described as a country-wide BBQ with easy-to-access polling locations held on a Saturday. In Australia, "Forcing people to engage in the process increases their knowledge of the issues and candidates," thereby increasing Australia's political interest and engagement. By contrast, polls in the U.S. consistently show us that Americans don't know much about politics and are neither engaged nor interested in politics. Converse argues that people in the U.S. have low levels of ideological constraint and conceptualization. This shows that Americans have low political efficacy.
	In general American turnout is low, but Voter Eligible Population (VEP) turnout varies dramatically across the states. Hawaii has the least VEP turnout, with approximately 43%. To compare, the state with the highest VEP turnout is Minnesota, with 75%. Texas comes in 3rd from the bottom with 53%. Minnesota's high turnout is explained by "easy access to the ballot," "a sense of civic responsibility," "high rates of educational attainment and income," and "competitive and interesting elections." By comparison, the main reasons Hawaii turnout is so low are that it's "hard to register," voter disinterest and low efficacy, and it's a "one-party state". This combination of institutional and psychological factors, beneficial in Minnesota, and detrimental in Hawaii, has a significant impact on a state's turnout.
	I propose two simple solutions to increase voter turnout. The first would be to move elections to the weekend or require that companies give employees the day off to vote. Sunday is the most common election day in the world outside the United States. I believe this would be a beneficial institutional factor that would increase voter turnout because the majority of other countries have higher voter turnout than the United States. Unfortunately, the chances of this happening are slim as Congress has proposed bills to move elections to the weekend or have a Federal holiday for voting, but these bills have never moved out of committees.
	The second simple solution would address the institutional factor of registration requirements by implementing same-day voter registration in all 50 states. Minnesota allows for same-day registration, and its turnout is around 20% higher than Texas, which does not allow it. States that have implemented same-day voter registration have seen an average of a 5% increase in voters ("Same Day Voter"). To prevent voter fraud, systems should be put in place to make sure the voter hasn't already voted and to check for valid identification showing the voter is a resident of the state or county. Another deterrent to committing voter fraud would be criminal penalties, including jail time and fines. Enacting legislation in each state to implement a system to handle would take time, but I think it's possible as currently, 21 states allow same-day voting registration ("Same Day Voter").
	The third solution I propose would address most of the institutional factors. This would be an online/app-based voting option. The vast majority of Americans these days have mobile phones with internet connections. Those that don't would still have all of the current voting options, such as polling locations and mail-in voting. Security and verification would combine blockchain (similar to Bitcoin identities), biometrics, and facial recognition artificial intelligence. When registering to vote, a state agency would create your blockchain voter identification, fingerprint, and take a LiDAR(Light Detection and Ranging) 3D map of your face. These three technologies would ensure one vote per person. Also, this technology is all readily available and, while complex to implement, would provide several advantages over our current voting system. It would eliminate the need for convenient polling locations, as you can vote anywhere. The timing of elections would be fine, as you could vote during a work break. The frequency of elections would also be less of an issue because you wouldn't have to go to a polling location. The complexity of the ballot could be addressed in the application, which would allow links showing descriptions of candidates and issues.
	While voter turnout in the United States is low compared to other democratic countries, there are both simple and complex solutions that can increase voter participation. States with high voter turnout should be models for other states to follow as they have implemented practical reforms like same-day voter registration. The United States can then look to other countries and enact common sense solutions like voting on the weekend or on election holidays. Finally, we can use technology safely and responsibly to take voting into the 21st century and remove all the barriers to voting that our existing system places between the voter and the ballot.


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### Instruction:
Identify which of the following are episode titles from "The X-Files": The Pine Bluff Variant, My Teacher is an Alien, Memento Mori, The Day the Earth Stood Still, Millennium, Arcadia, The Matrix

### Response:
The Pine Bluff Variant, Memento Mori, Millennium, Arcadia


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### Instruction:
Why is it important to fill out post interview score card within three hours?

### Response:
Because your impression of the candidate will be fresh in your mind, it's easy to get busy and the mix up impressions from multiple candidates get mixed up in your mind.


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### Instruction:
Categorize each of the following as reptiles, vegetables or body parts: elbow, iguana, toe, lettuce, broccoli, turtle, shin, eye, okra, alligator, ear, finger, python, anaconda, and cabbage.

### Response:
The reptiles are: iguana, turtle, alligator, python, and anaconda; the vegetables are: lettuce, broccoli, okra, and cabbage; the body parts are: toe, shin, eye, ear and finger.


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### Instruction:
Where is the Gate of the Paradise

### Input:
Bab al-Faradis (Arabic: بَابُ الْفَرَادِيسِ, romanized: Bāb al-Farādīs; "The Gate of the Paradise") or Bab al-Amara is one of the seven ancient city-gates of Damascus, Syria. The other name, Bab Al-Amara, refers to a name of a district in the old city where people in the 14th century would meet. During the Roman era, the gate was dedicated to Mercury.[1]

### Response:
Although you may search for a more spiritual answer, the Gate of the Paradise or Bab al-Faradis and Bab al-Amara in Arabic is one of the seven ancient city-gates of Damascus, Syria. The other name, Bab Al-Amara, refers to a name of a district in the old city where people in the 14th century would meet. During the Roman era, the gate was dedicated to Mercury.


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### Instruction:
Where is Florida?

### Response:
Florida is a state in the southeast corner of the continental United States of America. It is a peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Gulf of Mexico to the west. To the north, it is surrounded by the states of Georgia and Alabama. Key West, Florida is the southern most point of the continental United States. Ka Lae, on the Big Island of Hawaii, is the southern most point out of all 50 United States.


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### Instruction:
What are five popular Taylor Swift songs?

### Response:
Five popular Taylor Swift songs are Shake it Off, Wildest Dreams, Bad Blood, Look What You Made Me Do, and Love Story


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### Instruction:
Was the new deal successful or a failure to solve the problems of the Great Depression?

### Response:
The new deal was a success to solve the problems caused by the Great Depression because he took action quickly, he passed many acts, and he kept the moral up for the people.  Franklin Roosevelt writes "This is no usolvable prroblem if we face it wisely and courageously.  It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the Government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war."  Roosevelt is saying that unlike Hoover, he was going to take action on what was happening.  Anything he will do will be treated as if it was war because it was affecting them as much as war would.  The New Deal Legislation shows that Franklin Roosevelt had a god relationship with Congress.  11 new acts were passed in 6 years while Rosevelt was in office.  This helps people get jobs, lower prices, and help people get money they deserve.  Roosevelt says "This great Nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper.  This shows that Rosevelt knows how to lead people even in the hard time.  He knew while it was bad, everyone will look to him, so he can't seem scared and he can't kill the moral of the people.  With all of this, Roosevelt was able to lead the country away from the Great Depression and started to get them out of it.


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### Instruction:
What are the best places to visit in France?

### Response:
France as a country has to offer an immense choice of travel and experience. Paris is certainly the city for those who like art, culture, and history. Its rich palaces, forts, and museums are evidence of France's culture & glorious history. For those who prefer a sunny day at a sun-kissed Mediterranean beach, the cities of Nice, Cannes, and Saint-Tropez are recommended. Anywhere you go in France, don't forget to taste its gourmet cheese and magnificent wine. And this goes without saying, the Eiffel Tower at night is absolutely gorgeous.


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### Instruction:
Why would people prefer cats over dogs?

### Response:
Cats are easy to care for, quiet, and relatively affordable. They even groom themselves. There are certainly benefits to owning a cat that you won't get from owning a dog.


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### Instruction:
What is stratigraphy?

### Response:
Stratigraphy is a subset of geology and is the classification of layers (strata) of soil and rock.


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### Instruction:
Why should people drive cars with manual transmissions?

### Response:
People should drive cars with manual transmissions because it forces drivers to be more engaged while driving and lowers the incidence of distracted driving, making it the safest choice overall.

Environmental concerns about fossil fuels aside, one of the biggest issues with driving today is distracted driving. With improvements in cruise control technology and other driver assistance functions like lane keep assist, cars are taking over more of the driving process than ever before. While the intent is to make it safer for drivers, it also has the unintended consequence of making easier for drivers to be distracted.

Cars with manual transmissions not only force greater engagement and focus, but they are also either incompatible with, or only compatible with lesser versions of, certain driver assistance features like adaptive cruise control because lowering the speed while not being able to change the gear (which is manual) could cause the car to stall.

Paradoxically, by increasing the required inputs and decreasing the number of driver assistance features, driving a manual transmission car is safest.


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### Instruction:
Which years was the Tour de France not raced?

### Response:
The Tour was not contested in 1915, 1916, 1917 and 1918 due to World War 1. It was again postponed from 1940 through 1945 due to World War 2.


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### Instruction:
Do the new shift rules in Major League Baseball make the game more exciting?

### Response:
Prior to this season, Major League Baseball(MLB) allowed infielders to shift based on who was at bat for the opposing team.  The shift simply means that the defending infield could load a certain side of the infield.  For example, the shortstop could move to where the 2nd baseman normally is positioned and the 2nd baseman might play in shallow right field.  The 3rd baseman would occupy the left side of the infield.  The theory behind this shift strategy is based on advanced analytics used in the game of baseball.  Using a spray chart to determine where a hitter normally puts a ball in play and with what type of pitch thrown, the defending team would shift to cover more of the playing field and therefore increase the chance the defending team would record an out based on this strategy.
It was increasingly used over the last 3-4 years and some argue that employing the shift decreased the number of hits and runs scored during a game.  The downstream effect of this made for a lower scoring affair and a less exciting game for a fan base that is increasingly younger and looking for more excitement during baseball games.
One argument for allowing the shift is that hitters, being professionals, would adjust and try to beat the shift by hitting a ball away from the shift or hitting to the "opposite field."  Hitters answer to beating the shift was to increase their launch angle and play for the home run.  While the home run was an important run scoring mechanism, MLB decided to outlaw the shift from defensive strategy for the 2023 season.  Hitters refusal to adjust to the shift led to this decision by MLB.  The concern was games were not action packed enough and ultimately MLB would continue to lose popularity by its younger viewers, opting for other sports like Basketball, Football, or Hockey to spend their money on.  No longer can you sift defensive players.  The rules for this season are there must be 2 defenders on each side of 2nd base and their feet must be on the infield dirt as the pitch is being delivered.  The hope is more hits will be produced, more runs scored, and an increase in fan approval created.  The early opinion after the first week of the MLB season is that the games are proving to be faster paced with more runs and all around action created.


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### Instruction:
Classify each of the following as a conductor or insulator: steel, copper, rubber, wood, cardboard, aluminum

### Response:
Steel: Conductor
Copper: Conductor
Rubber: Insulator
Wood: Insulator
Cardboard: Insulator
Aluminum: Conductor


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### Instruction:
What is a personalized sales email?

### Response:
A personalized sales email is an email written to a specific person at a company. This type of email is tailored to a prospective customer in a way that touches upon why you are reaching out to that person and why you are reaching out to that person right now. An initial personalized email aims to spark interest in potential buyers, hoping they agree to discuss the value they might gain by purchasing your offering.


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### Instruction:
Please tell me whether these are fish or fowl: salmon, chicken, tuna, swordfish, turkey, and halibut.

### Response:
The fish are: salmon, tuna, swordfish, and halibut. The fowl (i.e., birds) are chicken and turkey.


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### Instruction:
Give me a list of the venues that were used for the US Open Golf tournament through the years 1991 - 1995

### Response:
1991 - Hazeltine National Golf Club
1992 - Pebble Beach Golf Links
1993 - Baltusrol Golf Club (Lower Course)
1994 - Oakmont Country Club
1995 - Shinnecock Hills Golf Club


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### Instruction:
Which Bond girl guest starred on the TV show Game of Thrones?

### Response:
Diana Rigg, who played Teresa di Vicenzo in the James Bond movie "On Her Majesty's Secret Service," played Olenna Tyrell in Game of Thrones.


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### Instruction:
What state makes the best BBQ?

### Response:
There is no one answer, but I believe Texas for beef and North Carolina for Pork.


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### Instruction:
Which animal is the most faster?

### Response:
The fastest animal on land is the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), capable of reaching speeds of up to 70 miles per hour (112 kilometers per hour) over short distances. They achieve these impressive speeds through their slender build, flexible spine, and long legs, which allow them to take long strides and cover a lot of ground with each stride.

However, if we consider all animals, including those that fly or swim, the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) is the fastest animal in the world. It can reach speeds of up to 240 miles per hour (386 kilometers per hour) during a hunting dive known as a stoop, making it the fastest animal in the world overall.

It's worth noting that different animals have different ways of measuring their speed, and some species are faster in certain situations than in others. However, in terms of pure top speed, the cheetah and peregrine falcon are among the fastest animals on the planet.


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### Instruction:
How many of the Lira satellites were successful?

### Input:
Kosmos 1375 was placed into a low Earth orbit with a perigee of 986 kilometres (613 mi), an apogee of 1,003 kilometres (623 mi), 65.8 degrees of inclination, and an orbital period of 105 minutes.[2] On 18 June 1982, it was successfully intercepted and destroyed by Kosmos 1379 in the final Soviet anti-satellite weapons test to be conducted. As of 2022, debris is still in orbit.[1][5]

Kosmos 1375 was

### Response:
10 were launched, 1 was not successful, so 10-1 = 9 were successful.


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### Instruction:
Is Leucascidae a sponge

### Input:
Leucascidae is a family of calcareous sponges in the order Clathrinida.[1]

### Response:
Leucascidae is a family of calcareous sponges in the order Clathrinida.


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### Instruction:
Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Bongo drum, Kingri

### Response:
Kingri is string, Bongo drum is percussion.


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### Instruction:
Which film star was the first to appear on a postage stamp

### Response:
Grace Kelly


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### Instruction:
Is cacao good for you?

### Response:
Cacao is very good for the body.  It is a good source of antioxidants, and other minerals.  It has manganese, iron, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, zinc, and selenium.  These are also elements the body needs.  There is 5 grams of protein in one ounce of cacao, and some of the amino acids in the cacao protein help with regulating mood and sleep.  Cacao may also help with cognitive function, cardiovascular and gut health.