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I need you to start off by telling me your name, place of birth, and date of birth?
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1,669,136,555
My name David Kochalski.
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1,669,136,556
I was born in a small town called , and I was born May 5, 1928.
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1,669,136,567
Tell me a little bit about your family life before the war?
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1,669,136,569
Well, we were very hard working, six children, father and mother and we had a small mill, flour, buckwheat.
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1,669,136,578
We were not prosperous but comfortable.
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1,669,136,578
Did you go to a public school, a private school?
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1,669,136,626
I went to two schools.
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1,669,136,630
One was a public school in the morning.
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1,669,136,633
In the afternoon I went to a religious school until almost late at night.
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1,669,136,642
So your family was fairly religious?
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1,669,136,643
Yes.
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1,669,136,644
And Judaism was important to you?
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1,669,136,644
Well, I raised in the spirit of Judaism.
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1,669,136,645
Now, when you went to the public school you had a lot of friends who were not Jewish?
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1,669,136,648
No, the school itself, in this little city, was segregated between Catholics and Jews.
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1,669,136,656
Mind you, it was a small town, and I would say the majority of the people in that small town were Jewish people.
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1,669,136,666
Inside the town, somehow, I don't know why, but they separated us Jewish children and Catholic children.
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1,669,136,670
As you know, most of the people in Poland were Catholic.
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1,669,136,673
Did you have friends who were Catholics?
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1,669,136,676
Yes, I used to have friends.
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1,669,136,677
Did you feel any anti-semitism growing up?
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1,669,136,679
Yes, I did.
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1,669,136,680
I felt it, maybe not personally, but I knew of a lot of incidents whereby either they were small little -- I would call 1t -- we were separated, in other words, but hardly got together, and there were incidents.
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1,669,136,683
Incidents, not pleasant incidents, because we were called in from the house, people regardless of how religious we were, did not believe that we were really religious people.
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1,669,136,689
Were there any incidents with your brothers or sisters that you remember?
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1,669,136,690
No, other than we were a lovely family.
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1,669,136,690
Were there a lot of cultural or social organizations, political organizations in the town?
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1,669,136,694
Yes there were Zionists in the city.
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1,669,136,697
There were Socialists, there were Communists, even though at that time Communists had to go underground, and religious institutions.
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1,669,136,706
Were your parents active in the Zionist movement?
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1,669,136,707
My parents were, I would say, Zionists, and very religious.
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1,669,136,708
What did you know about Hitler and the rise of Nazism before the war?
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I was aware what was going on even though I was a very young youngster.
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1,669,136,710
My father used to subscribe to many newspapers, Jewish in origin and non-Jewish papers, papers that had nothing to do with us.
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However, my father and my brother and all the rest of them we used to discuss those things.
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1,669,136,714
They used to discuss and I used to listen, and I knew what was going on.
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1,669,136,715
In fact, I remember when they were chasing out Jews from Germany, who were of Polish origin, my father took in some of them, a couple of them, to stay with them because they came out of there with nothing.
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1,669,136,720
They really went from city to city amongst Jews.
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1,669,136,723
There were so many of them that people had to help.
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So, I was aware, until the war, very much aware, what was going on.
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1,669,136,727
They told stories of what was going on in Germany’?
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1,669,136,728
Definitely, yes.
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In a public school, since it was more or less a Jewish school, in other words, we did not speak Jewish there, it was Polish, history, everything was Polish, and the guy who was --what do you call it?
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1,669,136,736
He was not Polish, the guy who was running the school, he was not Jewish, he was Polish.
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1,994,561,493
-2,091,634,195
[ { "text": "He", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "ws": true }, { "text": "was", "start": 3, "end": 6, "id": 1, "ws": true }, { "text": "not", "start": 7, "end": 10, "id": 2, "ws": true }, { "text": "Polish", "start": 11, "end": 17, ...
spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,741
In other words, he was a Catholic, so we were aware amongst us kids, because sometimes we were not greeted in the city very well.
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null
2,000,150,966
387,454,369
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,749
Did you have any idea what was happening in Germany might come to your town?
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null
108,782,509
1,335,885,341
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,752
Yes, because people were aware that eventually Hitler will overrun Poland.
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null
1,782,444,142
1,663,151,269
[ { "text": "Yes", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "ws": false }, { "text": ",", "start": 3, "end": 4, "id": 1, "ws": true }, { "text": "because", "start": 5, "end": 12, "id": 2, "ws": true }, { "text": "people", "start": 13, "end": 19...
spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,754
It was known between people that he's not going to stop at that time in Czechoslovakia.
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null
-1,978,924,984
483,329,378
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,759
He had great -- in other words, he had great expansion ideas, and he asked the Polish government to give him almost everything they needed, or wanted.
[]
null
614,253,136
-1,965,384,980
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,762
So, we knew it was going to be sooner or later.
[]
null
1,476,402,001
-559,553,823
[ { "text": "So", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "ws": false }, { "text": ",", "start": 2, "end": 3, "id": 1, "ws": true }, { "text": "we", "start": 4, "end": 6, "id": 2, "ws": true }, { "text": "knew", "start": 7, "end": 11, "id"...
spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,763
A few days before the war they already had black outs in Poland, because at that time, I would say the Russians and the Poles signed an agreement.
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null
-608,415,153
-540,552,405
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,765
It was about a week before the war, and everyone was aware that there will be a war.
[]
null
-1,356,983,056
1,301,815,140
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,767
We did not know the particulars of what they signed.
[]
null
-2,001,659,702
1,387,933,089
[ { "text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "ws": true }, { "text": "did", "start": 3, "end": 6, "id": 1, "ws": true }, { "text": "not", "start": 7, "end": 10, "id": 2, "ws": true }, { "text": "know", "start": 11, "end": 15, ...
spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,768
The Germans, the USSR, we anticipated there would be a war.
[]
null
1,509,094,322
-437,338,886
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,770
Was there anything that the community did in preparation for this?
[]
null
-1,541,142,392
458,760,635
[ { "text": "Was", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "ws": true }, { "text": "there", "start": 4, "end": 9, "id": 1, "ws": true }, { "text": "anything", "start": 10, "end": 18, "id": 2, "ws": true }, { "text": "that", "start": 19, "end":...
spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,771
I don't think so.
[]
null
-47,207,614
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,772
The Jewish people naturally were very anxious.
[]
null
-1,299,242,781
589,596,298
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,774
They already knew what happened to the people.
[]
null
1,267,491,413
158,618,749
[ { "text": "They", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "ws": true }, { "text": "already", "start": 5, "end": 12, "id": 1, "ws": true }, { "text": "knew", "start": 13, "end": 17, "id": 2, "ws": true }, { "text": "what", "start": 18, "end":...
spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,775
They were thrown out.
[]
null
-101,785,103
1,533,319,364
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,775
They already heard of the burnings of the synagogues and everything, but they really thought it will pass if the Germans come in.
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null
-1,932,305,210
1,560,460,795
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,779
It will pass, and Jewish people really believed that Germany was going to be defeated.
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null
-1,883,689,455
-1,114,235,205
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,781
We were aware and the preparation was made in a way.
[]
null
109,599,530
-470,174,267
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,782
People used to hoard food and everything, because they knew he was going to come.
[]
null
2,128,750,133
292,831,740
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,783
They had certain memories, Jewish people had certain memories of World War I where it really was benign.
[]
null
-17,578,391
-2,066,486,045
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,785
They occupied Poland or part of Poland and it was benign.
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null
-736,533,233
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,786
In other words, the occupation, they were not harsh on Jews.
[]
null
821,187,361
827,198,372
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,790
On the other end, Jews were very friendly because our language, the Jewish language resembled German, so there were a lot of Germans in that town.
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null
-216,820,897
-834,003,679
[ { "text": "On", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "ws": true }, { "text": "the", "start": 3, "end": 6, "id": 1, "ws": true }, { "text": "other", "start": 7, "end": 12, "id": 2, "ws": true }, { "text": "end", "start": 13, "end": 16, ...
spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,800
They used to speak Jewish too, or Jews spoke German.
[]
null
-751,494,817
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,801
So, the Jews kind of figured it will go over.
[]
null
1,884,509,676
-1,955,821,461
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,802
Maybe the war will take a little longer, but it's not going to be that bad.
[]
null
-1,475,137,341
1,080,810,260
[ { "text": "Maybe", "start": 0, "end": 5, "id": 0, "ws": true }, { "text": "the", "start": 6, "end": 9, "id": 1, "ws": true }, { "text": "war", "start": 10, "end": 13, "id": 2, "ws": true }, { "text": "will", "start": 14, "end": 18, ...
spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,804
They did not expect anything very bad.
[]
null
-517,116,135
-1,091,582,563
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,805
Do you remember what the Catholic population was thinking?
[]
null
-872,825,781
1,077,596,839
[ { "text": "Do", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "ws": true }, { "text": "you", "start": 3, "end": 6, "id": 1, "ws": true }, { "text": "remember", "start": 7, "end": 15, "id": 2, "ws": true }, { "text": "what", "start": 16, "end": 20,...
spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,807
Were they eager for Germany to come in?
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null
-1,118,518,573
319,219,939
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,808
Were they prepared to fight them?
[]
null
-974,847,412
1,660,949,794
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,808
At that time, it was more or less, I would say a partnership between Jews and Catholics, because they had a history, the catholics had a bad history of German occupations.
[]
null
-559,665,527
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,811
The Jews already knew what was going to happen, that they are putting Jews in concentration camps and so on.
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null
757,514,316
321,639,572
[ { "text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "ws": true }, { "text": "Jews", "start": 4, "end": 8, "id": 1, "ws": true }, { "text": "already", "start": 9, "end": 16, "id": 2, "ws": true }, { "text": "knew", "start": 17, "end": 21...
spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,816
That they are really against Jews, the Germans.
[]
null
-1,932,099,635
1,754,377,142
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,817
So, naturally at that point they were united.
[]
null
347,336,664
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,818
Do you remember the day that was occupied by Germany?
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null
1,983,218,290
-1,914,086,005
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,819
What I remember is one morning, I think it was on a Friday, we were all sleeping and all of a sudden, a great bang in that little town.
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null
624,770,900
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,830
A bomb was thrown.
[]
null
1,460,435,051
-2,013,496,601
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,831
We did not know it was a bomb.
[]
null
-2,123,379,457
-2,096,708,845
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,833
We all ran out and we saw planes going over.
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null
1,922,471,843
-1,702,784,921
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,840
There was near the town, not far from the town were German garrison (ph).
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null
302,345,991
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,898
They tried to bomb the garrison but they missed.
[]
null
490,723,387
-739,855,377
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,899
They bombed the city.
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null
789,002,922
1,187,335,893
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,902
At that time, radios whatever you could hear, they announced already that the war had begun.
[]
null
994,900,618
833,875,298
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,904
They tried to bomb a German garrison?
[]
null
-122,388,725
1,772,654,588
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,906
No, it was a Polish Army garrison, which from what I guess, they wanted to bomb, but they probably missed.
[]
null
-1,458,656,019
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,908
Do you remember what was going on at this point?
[]
null
1,364,660,190
2,145,526,795
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spans_manual
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1,669,136,909
You went outside, you realized there had been a bomb.
[]
null
-217,436,304
-608,116,526
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spans_manual
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1,669,136,931
What did you see?
[]
null
2,119,361,142
1,286,493,661
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spans_manual
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1,669,136,932
What were people doing?
[]
null
-346,591,761
487,798,403
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,933
Panic, immediately.
[]
null
2,113,096,972
543,958,744
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spans_manual
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1,669,136,934
There was great panic in town.
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null
1,223,504,657
1,310,769,262
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spans_manual
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1,669,136,936
People did not know what to do, to stay in that little town or escape to Warsaw.
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null
142,099,453
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spans_manual
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1,669,136,939
My parents they went to Warsaw.
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null
1,791,283,134
-1,006,877,805
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spans_manual
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1,669,136,940
All the six children and my mother.
[]
null
-2,030,619,445
-1,405,329,295
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spans_manual
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1,669,136,941
My father was in the militia.
[]
null
-2,022,249,957
1,436,191,337
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spans_manual
accept
1,669,136,942