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[ "1" ]
DAVID KOCHALSKI July 28, 1994
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "3" ]
Q: I need you to start off by telling me your name, place of birth, and date of birth?
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "5", "6" ]
A: My name David Kochalski. I was born in a small town called , and I was born May 5, 1928.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "9" ]
Q: Tell me a little bit about your family life before the war?
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "11", "12" ]
A: Well, we were very hard working, six children, father and mother and we had a small mill, flour, buckwheat. We were not prosperous but comfortable.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "15" ]
Q: Did you go to a public school, a private school?
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "17", "18", "19" ]
A: I went to two schools. One was a public school in the morning. In the afternoon I went to a religious school until almost late at night.
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "23" ]
Q: So your family was fairly religious?
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "25" ]
A: Yes.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "27" ]
Q: And Judaism was important to you?
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "29" ]
A: Well, I raised in the spirit of Judaism.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "31" ]
Q: Now, when you went to the public school you had a lot of friends who were not Jewish?
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "33", "34", "35" ]
A: No, the school itself, in this little city, was segregated between Catholics and Jews. Mind you, it was a small town, and I would say the majority of the people in that small town were Jewish people. Inside the town, somehow, I don't know why, but they separated us Jewish children and Catholic children.
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "34", "35", "36" ]
Mind you, it was a small town, and I would say the majority of the people in that small town were Jewish people. Inside the town, somehow, I don't know why, but they separated us Jewish children and Catholic children. As you know, most of the people in Poland were Catholic.
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "41" ]
Q: Did you have friends who were Catholics?
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "43" ]
A: Yes, I used to have friends.
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "45" ]
Q: Did you feel any anti-semitism growing up?
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question
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "47", "48", "49" ]
A: Yes, I did. I felt it, maybe not personally, but I knew of a lot of incidents whereby either they were small little -- I would call it -- we were separated, in other words, but hardly got together, and there were incidents. Incidents, not pleasant incidents, because we were called in from the house, people regard...
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "53" ]
Q: Were there any incidents with your brothers or sisters that you remember?
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "55" ]
A: No, other than we were a lovely family.
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "57" ]
Q: Were there a lot of cultural or social organizations, political organizations in the town?
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "59", "60" ]
A: Yes there were Zionists in the city. There were Socialists, there were Communists, even though at that time Communists had to go underground, and religious institutions.
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "63" ]
Q: Were your parents active in the Zionist movement?
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "65" ]
A: My parents were, I would say, Zionists, and very religious.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "67" ]
Q: What did you know about Hitler and the rise of Nazism before the war?
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "69", "70", "71" ]
A: I was aware what was going on even though I was a very young youngster. My father used to subscribe to many newspapers, Jewish in origin and non-Jewish papers, papers that had nothing to do with us. However, my father and my brother and all the rest of them we used to discuss those things.
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "70", "71", "72" ]
My father used to subscribe to many newspapers, Jewish in origin and non-Jewish papers, papers that had nothing to do with us. However, my father and my brother and all the rest of them we used to discuss those things. They used to discuss and I used to listen, and I knew what was going on.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "71", "72", "73" ]
However, my father and my brother and all the rest of them we used to discuss those things. They used to discuss and I used to listen, and I knew what was going on. In fact, I remember when they were chasing out Jews from Germany, who were of Polish origin, my father took in some of them, a couple of them, to stay wi...
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "72", "73", "74" ]
They used to discuss and I used to listen, and I knew what was going on. In fact, I remember when they were chasing out Jews from Germany, who were of Polish origin, my father took in some of them, a couple of them, to stay with them because they came out of there with nothing. They really went from city to city amon...
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "73", "74", "75" ]
In fact, I remember when they were chasing out Jews from Germany, who were of Polish origin, my father took in some of them, a couple of them, to stay with them because they came out of there with nothing. They really went from city to city amongst Jews. There were so many of them that people had to help.
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answer
2
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "74", "75", "76" ]
They really went from city to city amongst Jews. There were so many of them that people had to help. So, I was aware, until the war, very much aware, what was going on.
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answer
2
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "85" ]
Q: They told stories of what was going on in Germany?
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "87", "88", "89" ]
A: Definitely, yes. In a public school, since it was more or less a Jewish school, in other words, we did not speak Jewish there, it was Polish, history, everything was Polish, and the guy who was --what do you call it? He was not Polish, the guy who was running the school, he was not Jewish, he was Polish.
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "88", "89", "90" ]
In a public school, since it was more or less a Jewish school, in other words, we did not speak Jewish there, it was Polish, history, everything was Polish, and the guy who was --what do you call it? He was not Polish, the guy who was running the school, he was not Jewish, he was Polish. In other words, he was a Cath...
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "95" ]
Q: Did you have any idea what was happening in Germany might come to your town?
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question
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "97", "98", "99" ]
A: Yes, because people were aware that eventually Hitler will overrun Poland. It was known between people that he's not going to stop at that time in Czechoslovakia. He had great -- in other words, he had great expansion ideas, and he asked the Polish government to give him almost everything they needed, or wanted.
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answer
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2
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "98", "99", "100" ]
It was known between people that he's not going to stop at that time in Czechoslovakia. He had great -- in other words, he had great expansion ideas, and he asked the Polish government to give him almost everything they needed, or wanted. So, we knew it was going to be sooner or later.
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "99", "100", "101" ]
He had great -- in other words, he had great expansion ideas, and he asked the Polish government to give him almost everything they needed, or wanted. So, we knew it was going to be sooner or later. A few days before the war they already had black outs in Poland, because at that time, I would say the Russians and the...
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "100", "101", "102" ]
So, we knew it was going to be sooner or later. A few days before the war they already had black outs in Poland, because at that time, I would say the Russians and the Poles signed an agreement. It was about a week before the war, and everyone was aware that there will be a war.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "101", "102", "103" ]
A few days before the war they already had black outs in Poland, because at that time, I would say the Russians and the Poles signed an agreement. It was about a week before the war, and everyone was aware that there will be a war. We did not know the particulars of what they signed.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "102", "103", "104" ]
It was about a week before the war, and everyone was aware that there will be a war. We did not know the particulars of what they signed. The Germans, the USSR, we anticipated there would be a war.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "113" ]
Q: Was there anything that the community did in preparation for this?
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question
1
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "115", "116", "117" ]
A: I don't think so. The Jewish people naturally were very anxious. They already knew what happened to the people.
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "116", "117", "118" ]
The Jewish people naturally were very anxious. They already knew what happened to the people. They were thrown out.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "117", "118", "119" ]
They already knew what happened to the people. They were thrown out. They already heard of the burnings of the synagogues and everything, but they really thought it will pass if the Germans come in.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "118", "119", "120" ]
They were thrown out. They already heard of the burnings of the synagogues and everything, but they really thought it will pass if the Germans come in. It will pass, and Jewish people really believed that Germany was going to be defeated.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "119", "120", "121" ]
They already heard of the burnings of the synagogues and everything, but they really thought it will pass if the Germans come in. It will pass, and Jewish people really believed that Germany was going to be defeated. We were aware and the preparation was made in a way.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "120", "121", "122" ]
It will pass, and Jewish people really believed that Germany was going to be defeated. We were aware and the preparation was made in a way. People used to hoard food and everything, because they knew he was going to come.
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "121", "122", "123" ]
We were aware and the preparation was made in a way. People used to hoard food and everything, because they knew he was going to come. They had certain memories, Jewish people had certain memories of World War I where it really was benign.
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "122", "123", "124" ]
People used to hoard food and everything, because they knew he was going to come. They had certain memories, Jewish people had certain memories of World War I where it really was benign. They occupied Poland or part of Poland and it was benign.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "123", "124", "125" ]
They had certain memories, Jewish people had certain memories of World War I where it really was benign. They occupied Poland or part of Poland and it was benign. In other words, the occupation, they were not harsh on Jews.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "124", "125", "126" ]
They occupied Poland or part of Poland and it was benign. In other words, the occupation, they were not harsh on Jews. On the other end, Jews were very friendly because our language, the Jewish language resembled German, so there were a lot of Germans in that town.
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "125", "126", "127" ]
In other words, the occupation, they were not harsh on Jews. On the other end, Jews were very friendly because our language, the Jewish language resembled German, so there were a lot of Germans in that town. They used to speak Jewish too, or Jews spoke German.
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "126", "127", "128" ]
On the other end, Jews were very friendly because our language, the Jewish language resembled German, so there were a lot of Germans in that town. They used to speak Jewish too, or Jews spoke German. So, the Jews kind of figured it will go over.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "127", "128", "129" ]
They used to speak Jewish too, or Jews spoke German. So, the Jews kind of figured it will go over. Maybe the war will take a little longer, but it's not going to be that bad.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "128", "129", "130" ]
So, the Jews kind of figured it will go over. Maybe the war will take a little longer, but it's not going to be that bad. They did not expect anything very bad.
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "147", "148", "149" ]
Q: Do you remember what the Catholic population was thinking? Were they eager for Germany to come in? Were they prepared to fight them?
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "153", "154", "155" ]
A: At that time, it was more or less, I would say a partnership between Jews and Catholics, because they had a history, the catholics had a bad history of German occupations. The Jews already knew what was going to happen, that they are putting Jews in concentration camps and so on. That they are really against Jews,...
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answer
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "154", "155", "156" ]
The Jews already knew what was going to happen, that they are putting Jews in concentration camps and so on. That they are really against Jews, the Germans. So, naturally at that point they were united.
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1
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "161" ]
Q: Do you remember the day that was occupied by Germany?
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "163", "164", "165" ]
A: What I remember is one morning, I think it was on a Friday, we were all sleeping and all of a sudden, a great bang in that little town. A bomb was thrown. We did not know it was a bomb.
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answer
1
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0
1
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0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "164", "165", "166" ]
A bomb was thrown. We did not know it was a bomb. We all ran out and we saw planes going over.
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answer
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "165", "166", "167" ]
We did not know it was a bomb. We all ran out and we saw planes going over. There was near the town, not far from the town were German garrison (ph).
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answer
2
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "166", "167", "168" ]
We all ran out and we saw planes going over. There was near the town, not far from the town were German garrison (ph). They tried to bomb the garrison but they missed.
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answer
2
2
0
1
0
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0
0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "167", "168", "169" ]
There was near the town, not far from the town were German garrison (ph). They tried to bomb the garrison but they missed. They bombed the city.
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answer
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "168", "169", "170" ]
They tried to bomb the garrison but they missed. They bombed the city. At that time, radios whatever you could hear, they announced already that the war had begun.
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answer
1
1
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1
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "179" ]
Q: They tried to bomb a German garrison?
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question
0
1
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "181" ]
A: No, it was a Polish Army garrison, which from what I guess, they wanted to bomb, but they probably missed.
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answer
0
1
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "182", "183", "184" ]
Q: Do you remember what was going on at this point? You went outside, you realized there had been a bomb. What did you see?
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question
0
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0
0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "183", "184", "185" ]
You went outside, you realized there had been a bomb. What did you see? What were people doing?
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question
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "186", "187", "188" ]
A: Panic, immediately. There was great panic in town. People did not know what to do, to stay in that little town or escape to Warsaw.
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answer
3
0
0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "187", "188", "189" ]
There was great panic in town. People did not know what to do, to stay in that little town or escape to Warsaw. My parents they went to Warsaw.
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answer
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "188", "189", "190" ]
People did not know what to do, to stay in that little town or escape to Warsaw. My parents they went to Warsaw. All the six children and my mother.
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answer
3
0
0
0
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0
0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "189", "190", "191" ]
My parents they went to Warsaw. All the six children and my mother. My father was in the militia.
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answer
1
1
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "190", "191", "192" ]
All the six children and my mother. My father was in the militia. He was a young man.
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answer
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "191", "192", "193" ]
My father was in the militia. He was a young man. They took him in the militia to watch black outs.
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answer
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "192", "193", "194" ]
He was a young man. They took him in the militia to watch black outs. Once the German planes came they either threw out -- they didn't throw them out, but they let go certain soldiers in parachutes.
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answer
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "193", "194", "195" ]
They took him in the militia to watch black outs. Once the German planes came they either threw out -- they didn't throw them out, but they let go certain soldiers in parachutes. His aim, my father's aim, was to watch that a black outs and there were some people who came in there to bomb some bridges.
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answer
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "194", "195", "196" ]
Once the German planes came they either threw out -- they didn't throw them out, but they let go certain soldiers in parachutes. His aim, my father's aim, was to watch that a black outs and there were some people who came in there to bomb some bridges. So my father was there, and my mother was in Warsaw.
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answer
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "195", "196", "197" ]
His aim, my father's aim, was to watch that a black outs and there were some people who came in there to bomb some bridges. So my father was there, and my mother was in Warsaw. Finally, my mother got very lonely or she was afraid that something was going to happen to my father, since he wasn't far, so she took me and...
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answer
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "196", "197", "198" ]
So my father was there, and my mother was in Warsaw. Finally, my mother got very lonely or she was afraid that something was going to happen to my father, since he wasn't far, so she took me and we went back to that little city. Warsaw at that time was not spared, but they did not come yet, the Germans.
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answer
3
0
0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "212" ]
Q: So, what happened after this?
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question
0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "214", "215" ]
A: I went back with that little city. My mother stayed with my father, otherwise he was in the Reserves, the Military Reserves, but she watched after him and I was around there and watched after the mill, which we had.
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answer
1
1
0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "218" ]
Q: It was still going?
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question
0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "220", "221", "222" ]
A: Yes. I stayed there. All of sudden we heard that Warsaw was surrounded, and here my mother and father were very anxious because five children were there.
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answer
1
0
0
0
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0
0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "221", "222", "223" ]
I stayed there. All of sudden we heard that Warsaw was surrounded, and here my mother and father were very anxious because five children were there. We heard that the Germans surrounded them and the artillery is going, and there was no food because there were more than a million people in Warsaw.
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answer
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "222", "223", "224" ]
All of sudden we heard that Warsaw was surrounded, and here my mother and father were very anxious because five children were there. We heard that the Germans surrounded them and the artillery is going, and there was no food because there were more than a million people in Warsaw. My father and mother decided that I ...
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answer
3
0
0
0
0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "223", "224", "225" ]
We heard that the Germans surrounded them and the artillery is going, and there was no food because there were more than a million people in Warsaw. My father and mother decided that I should go back to Warsaw to help the children. So, they loaded me up with flour, food, but it was very tough, tough for me.
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answer
2
0
0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "232" ]
Q: You were talking about you were going to take some food?
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question
0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "234", "235", "236" ]
A: I had to take some food to help because starvation in Warsaw my mother and father heard about. And you know, they have four children left helter skeltor in Warsaw in a small room. So, they loaded me up with all kinds of food and they said, maybe he'll make it even though Warsaw was surrounded.
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answer
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "235", "236", "237" ]
And you know, they have four children left helter skeltor in Warsaw in a small room. So, they loaded me up with all kinds of food and they said, maybe he'll make it even though Warsaw was surrounded. It was very heavy what they put on, and I remember my father and mother, my mother would say to my father, maybe we'll...
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answer
2
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "236", "237", "238" ]
So, they loaded me up with all kinds of food and they said, maybe he'll make it even though Warsaw was surrounded. It was very heavy what they put on, and I remember my father and mother, my mother would say to my father, maybe we'll never see him again. But I guess the urge to help the children was greater and my fa...
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answer
2
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1
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "237", "238", "239" ]
It was very heavy what they put on, and I remember my father and mother, my mother would say to my father, maybe we'll never see him again. But I guess the urge to help the children was greater and my father kind of looked at me and probably thought the same way, will I go through it, because there were horses and peo...
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answer
2
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1
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "238", "239", "240" ]
But I guess the urge to help the children was greater and my father kind of looked at me and probably thought the same way, will I go through it, because there were horses and people on the street massacred, killed on the way to Warsaw. In other words, out of town the Germans would also throw in a bomb, artillery, bom...
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answer
3
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2
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "239", "240", "241" ]
In other words, out of town the Germans would also throw in a bomb, artillery, bombed it. Many people would walk through the streets going to Warsaw you would see carnage. So, my mother kind of kissed me and says who knows if I'll ever see him to my father, and my father clenched his hand and I turned around and I wa...
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answer
2
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0
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1
0
0
0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "240", "241", "242" ]
Many people would walk through the streets going to Warsaw you would see carnage. So, my mother kind of kissed me and says who knows if I'll ever see him to my father, and my father clenched his hand and I turned around and I walked. I never saw them again.
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answer
1
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "243" ]
Q: How do you know what happened to them?
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question
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "244", "245", "246" ]
A: Well, I came back from Warsaw, that same day Warsaw capitulated. I want to tell you first. I made it into Warsaw.
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answer
3
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "245", "246", "247" ]
I want to tell you first. I made it into Warsaw. It was very hard.
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answer
1
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland
[ "246", "247", "248" ]
I made it into Warsaw. It was very hard. It was very hard, but when I came Warsaw was surrounded there was a time they had what you call -- they stopped fighting to collect the dead.
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answer
2
0
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rg-50.030.0001
david a. kochalski
m
1,928
survivor
poland