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---
dataset_info:
- config_name: audio/FLEURS/assamese
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- config_name: audio/FLEURS/bengali
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- config_name: audio/FLEURS/gujarati
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- config_name: audio/FLEURS/hindi
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- config_name: audio/FLEURS/kannada
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- config_name: audio/FLEURS/malayalam
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- config_name: audio/FLEURS/marathi
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- config_name: audio/FLEURS/nepali
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- config_name: audio/FLEURS/odia
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- config_name: audio/FLEURS/punjabi
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- config_name: audio/FLEURS/sindhi
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    dtype: audio
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  - name: train
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- config_name: audio/FLEURS/tamil
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    dtype: audio
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  splits:
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    num_bytes: 245793399.0
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- config_name: audio/FLEURS/telugu
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    dtype: string
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  splits:
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- config_name: audio/FLEURS/urdu
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- config_name: audio/commonvoice/assamese
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- config_name: audio/commonvoice/bengali
  features:
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  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 1904104090.168
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- config_name: audio/commonvoice/hindi
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    dtype: audio
  - name: language
    dtype: string
  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
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    num_examples: 2962
  download_size: 435100874
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- config_name: audio/commonvoice/malayalam
  features:
  - name: audio
    dtype: audio
  - name: language
    dtype: string
  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 17282290.0
    num_examples: 146
  download_size: 16021243
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- config_name: audio/commonvoice/marathi
  features:
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    dtype: audio
  - name: language
    dtype: string
  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
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    num_examples: 1827
  download_size: 333389999
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- config_name: audio/commonvoice/nepali
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    dtype: audio
  - name: language
    dtype: string
  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
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    num_examples: 66
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- config_name: audio/commonvoice/odia
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  - name: language
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  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
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    num_examples: 226
  download_size: 33675531
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- config_name: audio/commonvoice/punjabi
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  - name: language
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  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
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    num_examples: 414
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- config_name: audio/commonvoice/tamil
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  - name: language
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  - name: transcript
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  splits:
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    num_examples: 11955
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- config_name: audio/commonvoice/urdu
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    dtype: audio
  - name: language
    dtype: string
  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 466426558.096
    num_examples: 3301
  download_size: 407722998
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- config_name: audio/gramvaani/hindi
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    dtype: audio
  - name: language
    dtype: string
  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: train
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    num_examples: 1032
  download_size: 320173679
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- config_name: audio/indictts/bengali
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  - name: language
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  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
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    num_examples: 100
  download_size: 17262297
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- config_name: audio/indictts/gujarati
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  - name: language
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  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 40820114.0
    num_examples: 100
  download_size: 39721020
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- config_name: audio/indictts/hindi
  features:
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  - name: language
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  - name: transcript
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  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 24242247.0
    num_examples: 100
  download_size: 22378518
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- config_name: audio/indictts/kannada
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    dtype: audio
  - name: language
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  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
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    num_examples: 100
  download_size: 23441314
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- config_name: audio/indictts/malayalam
  features:
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    dtype: audio
  - name: language
    dtype: string
  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 18528262.0
    num_examples: 100
  download_size: 17141988
  dataset_size: 18528262.0
- config_name: audio/indictts/marathi
  features:
  - name: audio
    dtype: audio
  - name: language
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  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 23234538.0
    num_examples: 100
  download_size: 20049326
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- config_name: audio/indictts/odia
  features:
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    dtype: audio
  - name: language
    dtype: string
  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
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    num_examples: 100
  download_size: 16381711
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- config_name: audio/indictts/tamil
  features:
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    dtype: audio
  - name: language
    dtype: string
  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 35304113.0
    num_examples: 100
  download_size: 33130701
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- config_name: audio/indictts/telugu
  features:
  - name: audio
    dtype: audio
  - name: language
    dtype: string
  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 48953745.0
    num_examples: 100
  download_size: 45226295
  dataset_size: 48953745.0
- config_name: audio/kathbath/bengali
  features:
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    dtype: audio
  - name: language
    dtype: string
  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 366265573.86
    num_examples: 1783
  download_size: 361373961
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- config_name: audio/kathbath/gujarati
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    dtype: audio
  - name: language
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  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
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- config_name: audio/kathbath/kannada
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    dtype: audio
  - name: language
    dtype: string
  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
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    num_examples: 1388
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- config_name: audio/kathbath/marathi
  features:
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    dtype: audio
  - name: language
    dtype: string
  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
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- config_name: audio/kathbath/odia
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  - name: language
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  - name: transcript
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- config_name: audio/kathbath/punjabi
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  - name: language
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  - name: transcript
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- config_name: audio/kathbath/sanskrit
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  - name: language
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  - name: transcript
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- config_name: audio/kathbath/tamil
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  - name: language
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  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
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- config_name: audio/kathbath/telugu
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  - name: language
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  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
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    num_examples: 1492
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- config_name: audio/kathbath/urdu
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  - name: language
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  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
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    num_examples: 1959
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- config_name: audio/mucs/gujarati
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  - name: language
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  - name: transcript
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- config_name: audio/mucs/hindi
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  - name: transcript
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  - name: transcript
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    num_examples: 636
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- config_name: audio/mucs/odia
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  - name: language
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  - name: transcript
    dtype: string
  splits:
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    num_examples: 4420
  download_size: 519258461
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- config_name: audio/mucs/tamil
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- config_name: audio/mucs/telugu
  features:
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  - name: transcript
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  splits:
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    num_examples: 2549
  download_size: 494383639
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configs:
- config_name: FLEURS_assamese
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/FLEURS/assamese/train-*
- config_name: FLEURS_bengali
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/FLEURS/bengali/train-*
- config_name: FLEURS_gujarati
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/FLEURS/gujarati/train-*
- config_name: FLEURS_hindi
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/FLEURS/hindi/train-*
- config_name: FLEURS_kannada
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/FLEURS/kannada/train-*
- config_name: FLEURS_malayalam
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/FLEURS/malayalam/train-*
- config_name: FLEURS_marathi
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/FLEURS/marathi/train-*
- config_name: FLEURS_nepali
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/FLEURS/nepali/train-*
- config_name: FLEURS_odia
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/FLEURS/odia/train-*
- config_name: FLEURS_punjabi
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/FLEURS/punjabi/train-*
- config_name: FLEURS_sindhi
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/FLEURS/sindhi/train-*
- config_name: FLEURS_tamil
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/FLEURS/tamil/train-*
- config_name: FLEURS_telugu
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/FLEURS/telugu/train-*
- config_name: FLEURS_urdu
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/FLEURS/urdu/train-*
- config_name: commonvoice_assamese
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/commonvoice/assamese/train-*
- config_name: commonvoice_bengali
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/commonvoice/bengali/train-*
- config_name: commonvoice_hindi
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/commonvoice/hindi/train-*
- config_name: commonvoice_malayalam
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/commonvoice/malayalam/train-*
- config_name: commonvoice_marathi
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/commonvoice/marathi/train-*
- config_name: commonvoice_nepali
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/commonvoice/nepali/train-*
- config_name: commonvoice_odia
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/commonvoice/odia/train-*
- config_name: commonvoice_punjabi
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/commonvoice/punjabi/train-*
- config_name: commonvoice_tamil
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/commonvoice/tamil/train-*
- config_name: commonvoice_urdu
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/commonvoice/urdu/train-*
- config_name: gramvaani_hindi
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/gramvaani/hindi/train-*
- config_name: indictts_bengali
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/indictts/bengali/train-*
- config_name: indictts_gujarati
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/indictts/gujarati/train-*
- config_name: indictts_hindi
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/indictts/hindi/train-*
- config_name: indictts_kannada
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/indictts/kannada/train-*
- config_name: indictts_malayalam
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/indictts/malayalam/train-*
- config_name: indictts_marathi
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/indictts/marathi/train-*
- config_name: indictts_odia
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/indictts/odia/train-*
- config_name: indictts_tamil
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/indictts/tamil/train-*
- config_name: indictts_telugu
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/indictts/telugu/train-*
- config_name: kathbath_bengali
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/kathbath/bengali/train-*
- config_name: kathbath_gujarati
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/kathbath/gujarati/train-*
- config_name: kathbath_kannada
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/kathbath/kannada/train-*
- config_name: kathbath_marathi
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/kathbath/marathi/train-*
- config_name: kathbath_odia
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/kathbath/odia/train-*
- config_name: kathbath_punjabi
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/kathbath/punjabi/train-*
- config_name: kathbath_sanskrit
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/kathbath/sanskrit/train-*
- config_name: kathbath_tamil
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/kathbath/tamil/train-*
- config_name: kathbath_telugu
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/kathbath/telugu/train-*
- config_name: kathbath_urdu
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/kathbath/urdu/train-*
- config_name: mucs_gujarati
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/mucs/gujarati/train-*
- config_name: mucs_hindi
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/mucs/hindi/train-*
- config_name: mucs_marathi
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/mucs/marathi/train-*
- config_name: mucs_odia
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/mucs/odia/train-*
- config_name: mucs_tamil
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/mucs/tamil/train-*
- config_name: mucs_telugu
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: audio/mucs/telugu/train-*
---

# Vaani ASR Benchmark: Comprehensive Evaluation of Indian Language Speech Recognition

## About the Vaani ASR Benchmark

The **Vaani ASR Benchmark** is a comprehensive evaluation framework designed to assess the performance of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) models across multiple Indian languages. This benchmark addresses the critical need for standardized evaluation of ASR systems in the linguistically diverse Indian subcontinent, where over 700 languages are spoken with 22 official languages recognized by the Constitution.

### Why This Benchmark Matters

**Addressing the Indian Language Gap**: While significant progress has been made in ASR for high-resource languages like English and Mandarin, Indian languages have remained underrepresented in speech recognition research. The Vaani benchmark fills this critical gap by providing:

- **Standardized Evaluation**: Consistent metrics and methodology across different models and languages
- **Diverse Linguistic Coverage**: Support for major Indian languages including Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Bengali, and more
- **Real-world Applicability**: Evaluation datasets that reflect actual usage scenarios across India
- **Research Acceleration**: A common platform for researchers to compare and improve their ASR models

### What We Evaluate

The benchmark evaluates ASR models across multiple dimensions:

**🎯 Primary Metrics**
- **Word Error Rate (WER)**: Percentage of words incorrectly recognized (lower is better)
- **Character Error Rate (CER)**: Percentage of characters incorrectly recognized (lower is better)

**📊 Multiple Test Sets**
Our evaluation incorporates diverse, high-quality datasets:

1. **FLEURS (Google)**: Multilingual speech corpus with 102 languages, providing ~10 hours per language with parallel sentences for robust cross-linguistic evaluation

2. **Common Voice 12.0 (Mozilla)**: Community-contributed dataset with 26,119+ recorded hours across 104 languages, including rich demographic metadata (age, gender, accent)

3. **IndicVoices (AI4Bharat)**: 12,000 hours of natural Indian speech covering 22 languages with diverse content:
   - Read speech (8%)
   - Extempore speech (76%) 
   - Conversational speech (15%)
   - 22,563 speakers across 208 Indian districts

4. **Gramvaani Hindi Dataset**: Specialized Hindi ASR benchmark focusing on agriculture, healthcare, and general knowledge domains

5. **MUCS 2021**: Multilingual and code-switching dataset with ~600 hours across 7 Indian languages, including Hindi-English and Bengali-English code-switching

6. **IndicTTS Database**: 10,000+ utterances per language across 22 Indian languages with both native and English content

7. **Kathbath (IndicSUPERB)**: 1,684 hours of labeled speech data across 12 Indian languages for comprehensive speech understanding evaluation

### How We Evaluate

**🔬 Rigorous Methodology**
Our evaluation follows a standardized protocol ensuring fair and accurate assessment:

**Text Preprocessing Pipeline:**
```python
def clean(text):
    # Remove annotations and markup
    text = re.sub(r'{[^}]*}','',text)           # Remove {annotations}
    text = re.sub("[([].*?[)]]", "", text)      # Remove [brackets] and (parentheses)
    text = re.sub('<[^>]+>', '', text)          # Remove HTML/XML tags
    
    # Normalize punctuation
    text = text.replace("।", " ").replace("|", " ").replace("-", " ")\
        .replace(".", " ").replace(",", " ").replace("I", " ")\
        .replace('\n', ' ')
    
    # Normalize spacing
    text = re.sub(' +', ' ', text)
    return text.strip()
```

**Error Rate Calculation:**
- Uses industry-standard `jiwer` library for accurate WER/CER computation
- Identical preprocessing applied to both reference and hypothesis texts
- Results scaled to percentage (0-100) with 2-decimal precision
- Handles edge cases and missing data appropriately

### Language Coverage

**🗣️ Multilingual Support**
The benchmark currently supports major Indian languages with plans for expansion:

**Currently Supported:**
- **Indo-Aryan**: Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi, Urdu, Assamese, Odia, Nepali
- **Dravidian**: Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam
- **Tibeto-Burman**: Manipuri, Bodo
- **Others**: Sanskrit, Santhali

**Planned Expansion:**
- Additional regional languages and dialects
- Tribal and minority languages
- Code-switching scenarios (Hindi-English, Tamil-English, etc.)

### Dataset Characteristics

**📈 Comprehensive Coverage**
Our test datasets provide diverse evaluation scenarios:

**Audio Quality Spectrum:**
- Studio-quality recordings for controlled evaluation
- Real-world recordings capturing natural speech variations
- Telephonic and mobile recordings for practical applications

**Speaker Diversity:**
- **Demographics**: Balanced age, gender, and regional representation
- **Accents**: Multiple dialectal variations within languages
- **Speaking Styles**: Read speech, spontaneous speech, conversational audio

**Content Variety:**
- **Domains**: News, agriculture, healthcare, education, general knowledge
- **Speech Types**: Formal presentations, casual conversations, prompted responses
- **Acoustic Conditions**: Clean studio, noisy environments, multiple speakers

### Performance Analysis

**📊 Detailed Metrics**
- **AVG WER/CER**: Simple average across all test datasets
- **Language-specific Performance**: Individual language breakdowns
- **Dataset-specific Analysis**: Performance variations across different test sets
- **Statistical Significance**: Confidence intervals and significance testing

**🔍 Interactive Exploration**
- **Metric Selector**: Switch between WER and CER views
- **Language Filtering**: Focus on specific languages or language families
- **Dataset Comparison**: Compare model performance across different test sets
- **Trend Analysis**: Track model improvements over time

### Research Impact

**🎯 Advancing Indian Language ASR**
The Vaani benchmark serves multiple stakeholders:

**For Researchers:**
- Standardized evaluation platform for model comparison
- Comprehensive datasets for training and testing
- Open-source evaluation code for reproducibility

**For Industry:**
- Performance benchmarks for commercial ASR systems
- Quality assurance metrics for product development
- Market readiness assessment for Indian language applications

**For Society:**
- Enabling voice interfaces in local languages
- Supporting digital inclusion across linguistic communities
- Preserving and promoting linguistic diversity through technology

### Technical Implementation

**🛠️ Robust Infrastructure**
- **Scalable Evaluation**: Automated pipeline handling large-scale model evaluation
- **Reproducible Results**: Version-controlled datasets and evaluation scripts
- **Quality Assurance**: Multiple validation checkpoints and error detection
- **Open Source**: Full transparency in methodology and implementation

### Future Roadmap

**🚀 Continuous Enhancement**
- **Dataset Expansion**: Adding more languages and domains
- **Metric Refinement**: Incorporating semantic and contextual evaluation measures
- **Real-time Evaluation**: Support for streaming ASR model assessment
- **Community Integration**: Enabling community contributions and model submissions

---

## Citation

If you use this benchmark in your research, please cite:

```bibtex
@misc{vaani_asr_benchmark_2024,
  title={Vaani ASR Benchmark: Comprehensive Evaluation Framework for Indian Language Speech Recognition},
  author={Vaani Team},
  year={2024},
  url={https://vaani.iisc.ac.in}
}
```

For individual datasets used in the benchmark, please also cite the original sources as provided in our dataset documentation.