# Space Dogs: Return to Earth
### Theatrical
At the 108th Russian film market, the creators of the film revealed the film will release in Russia on 30 April 2020.The film was intended as a spring festive entertainer. The film was distributed by Karoprokat in Russia. In the 2019 Marché du Film market, KinoAtis closed deals on *Space Dogs: Tropical Adventure* with distributors from Turkey, South Korea, Great Britain, as well as countries in Southeast Asia and the Middle East. On 30 January 2019, KinoAtis animation studio held a press tour for media representatives. Vadim Sotskov, general director and producer of KinoAtis, presented the film to the reporters.
The film was originally supposed to be a worldwide release set for 1 May 2020. However the arrival of COVID-19 changed the release date to the summer. In the *CARTOON in cinema* event in Russia, a footage of the film premiered.
At the MIFA International online film market held in June 2019, KinoAtis was one of the Moscow studios that presented the film to potential distributors. At the June online forum Key Buyers Event: Digital Edition, KinoAtis studio held negotiations with Epic Pictures Group for distribution across Asian countries. On 1 September 2020, a video of Belka and Strelka following the recommendation guidelines of Rospotrebnadzor was released by ProfiCinema. The campaign was part of the *Lets Go the to Movies* (#идемвкино) event organized by the Film Foundation to restart the Russian film industry after months of quarantine.
The final release was scheduled for 24 September 2020. The film received support from the Film Foundation. On 11 September 2020, *Belka and Strelka* officially became the first animated film to release in Russia after the quarantine. The film premiered in an online version at the international multimedia press center of MIA \"Rossiya Segodnya.\" The film later had a wide release in Russia on 24 September 2020. Despite the film\'s postponement due to COVID-19, the film coincidentally managed to release just one month after the 60th anniversary of the historic flight into space by the famous Soviet dogs Belka and Strelka.


# Space Dogs: Return to Earth
### Theatrical
Internationally, the film is picked up by UK distributor Signature Entertainment. The film released in UK on 11 December 2020. The film was able to register in over 124 UK theaters. Irish Film Classification Office certified the film for Ireland film theaters. At the 9 November 2020 AFM Digital Edition, Epic Pictures Group agreed for the film\'s distribution to North America on 2 April 2021. The film arrived in select theaters. The film will go by the North American title *Space Dogs: Tropical Adventure*. The film became one of the major releases in April 2021. On 6 April 2021 the film became available in VOD format. The film was screened in Kaluzhan Russia, on 15 April 2021 as a commemoration of the start of international festival of films and programs about space. On 20 April 2021, the film was available in DVD and Blu-ray.

### Critical response
A review from Kino Mail, believed the movie captured the true essence of an alternative USSR universe in animation format: \"A lot of incredible events and plot twists fall on the viewer with stunning speed. At the same time --- which is a rarity these days --- the creators of the tape manage to preserve the logic and coherence of their unusual world-an alternative cartoon USSR, where charming cosmonaut dogs have become real superheroes.\" Kinoafisha, remarked the film explored the theme of misunderstanding and the problems that can be caused by poor communication. Overall the film is an entertainer for the children audience and summarized the film as, \"Russian \"Star Trek\" for the little ones.\"


# Space Dogs: Return to Earth
### Critical response
UK reviews had generally positive outlook to the story. The Upcoming from UK reviewed the film is a perfect film for dog owners remarking, the film is \"beautiful, evoking a sense of magic and adventure that only this genre of cinema can create. The digitally-rendered Belka and Strelka look eerily similar to the real Soviet space pups whilst being loveable and strong personas in their own right. Supporting characters come in every shape, size and colour and so much of the feature\'s humour come from the rich variety of animals in its lively world.\" The Review Avenue, found the film has \"an impressive array of animals\" primarily intended to entertain the young audience. In terms of animation the review summarized, \"Its animation is competent, bursting with colour and additional detail in its character designs. The titular dogs look more like their real-world counterparts than ever before, with extra attention seemingly given to their hair and fur compared to others on screen.\"
LondonNet review explains, \"*Space Dogs: Return To Earth* idles into first gear with an opening set-piece involving intergalactic ice monsters and maintains the same pace as events unfold above and below the waves. Some of the vocal performances merge in pitch and tone though thankfully, Evlannikova\'s picture is light on meaningful dialogue so there\'s never any danger of a key plot point being waylaid.\" Movie Reviews 101 stated, \"This is one movie that will play into the family audience with ease, you will get some laughs, deal with the teamwork, as both Belka and Strelka will both have weaknesses the other will cover up and help them through.\" However the review at *The Guardian* had a mixed review stating the film\'s \"humour necessary to hook in a parent audience doesn\'t land.\"


# Space Dogs: Return to Earth
### Critical response
In the United States, the film received mixed to positive reviews. *Sun ThisWeek* from *Dakota County Tribune* noted the film is \"Inna Evlannikova\'s colorful, family-friendly, action-packed, intermittently funny, 80-minute, 2020 animated musical, which is final film in the trilogy.\" Steve Kopian for Unseen Films reviewed the film like its predecessors have \"great set pieces and some funny lines.\" The review noted the film might not be placed at highest level of animation, it is ideal for the family which if it were their first time viewing the *Space Dogs* series will likely \"want to go visit the earlier adventures.\" Family review aggregators Dove and Family Choice Awards noted the film is targeted to the children audience. Dove especially noted it is a landmark film about the vital message of \"the importance of teamwork.\" Lenny the rat became a memorable character for the film as noted by the review: \"who has one white tooth and one yellow one. He also has a seal for an uncle.\" The film shows the main heroes Belka and Strelka \"having to work together\" with the side characters such as Hatchling, Lenny, Maria, jellyfish, parrots that reinforce the film\'s main theme of teamwork.

### Accolades
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
International Film Festival for Children and Youth (Krasnoyarsk)
19 November 2020
Full-Length Animated Film
Inna Evlannikova
Golden Eagle Award
22 January 2021
Best Animated Film
Suzdalfest
`17 March 2021 `
`Full-Length Animated Film`

### Adaptations
From street dogs, the famous dogs Belka and Strelka have captured the public imagination ever since their space exploration in 1960. The release date for *Space Dogs: Tropical Adventure* in Russia coincided just 1 month after the 60th anniversary of the historic flight into space by the famous Soviet dogs Belka and Strelka. The original film *Space Dogs* was released ten years ago in recognition of the 50th anniversary of this event.


# Space Dogs: Return to Earth
### Adaptations
The *Belka and Strelka Space Dogs* franchise has seen supported not only locally but also internationally. The film is noted for its international distribution. In the United States, in several planetariums and science museums, *Space Dogs* is frequently presented as a reading supplement to the educational program in recognition of space frontier\'s first explorers.
In ten years the series has three full-length films, with the film *Space Dogs: Return to Earth* marking the establishment of a *Space Dogs* trilogy. The series has also featured two animated series, a musical, books, computer and board games. *Space Dogs Family* TV series is currently in production for Season 3. On the streets of some cities there are road signs with the image of heroes. The first film was shown in 160 countries and translated into 45 languages. The film series has also been nominated for film awards including the Multimir animation award.
- History of Russian animation
- List of animated feature films of 2020
- *Space Dogs (2010)*


# Once Upon a Time in Mesopotamia
***Once Upon a Time in Mesopotamia*** (; ) is a 1998 documentary film adapted from the nonfiction book of the same name by French Assyriologist Jean Bottéro and archaeologist Marie-Joseph Stève. Directed by Jean-Claude Lubtchansky, and co-produced by Trans Europe Film, La Sept-Arte, Éditions Gallimard, Louvre Museum and La Cinquième, with voice-over narration by French actors François Marthouret, and the director, the documentary is structured like an adventure film, takes viewers into the world of the first discoverers, epigraphists and Assyriologists who revealed Mesopotamian archaeology to the modern world.
The film was broadcast on Arte on 30 May 1998, as part of the channel\'s television programme *The Human Adventure*, and rebroadcast on La Cinquième on 4 and 5 June of the same year. In addition to German dubbing, the documentary has been subtitled into English and Spanish, and released on DVD by Centre national du cinéma et de l\'image animée (CNC).
Mesopotamia, the land between two rivers, whose brilliant civilisation began to develop 5000 years ago, apart from the reports of some ancient Greek and Roman chroniclers, it existed only as a biblical legend. It is the oldest and longest civilisation, both for the influence it exerted on the Near East and on the Greek world as for its contribution to the material and spiritual development of humanity, and oddly the most poorly known to the general public.
Today, however, many---albeit scattered---archaeological finds and various sites provide an impressive insight into the richness of this civilisation that invented writing and produced the first scientific systems and literary works. The artefacts kept in various European museums, the archaeological sites and the excavations themselves are documented on the basis of archive material, that is, photos, watercolours, drawings and films. Expedition reports and images of life in Mesopotamia before the first Iraq war illustrating the human adventure of reconstructing a lost civilisation.
The documentary was partially shot in Iraq, in the land of clay and reed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Victor Place and Gabriel Tranchand standing next to an Assyrian shedu at the gate of the palace of Sargon II, Dur-Sharrukin, Nineveh, 1852. Archaeological photograph reproduced on the cover.


# Once Upon a Time in Mesopotamia
The book , on which the film is based, is an illustrated monograph on Mesopotamian archaeology, published in pocket format by Éditions Gallimard on 4 November 1993. Co-written by French Assyriologist and biblicist Jean Bottéro, and his research companion---an archaeologist and Dominican monk---Marie-Joseph Stève, the work is the volume in the encyclopaedic collection \'Découvertes Gallimard\', and part of the collection\'s series. That is to say, here the subject is the rediscovery of Mesopotamian civilisation, the decipherment of cuneiform, and the study of archaeological sites, objects and documents discovered in the region, from the late eighteenth century onwards (history of Assyriology), but not the history of this civilisation.
According to the tradition of \'Découvertes\', which is based on an abundant pictorial documentation and a way of bringing together visual documents and texts, enhanced by printing on coated paper; in other words, \'genuine monographs, published like art books\'.
While many of the French titles from the collection make it into English, this book has never been translated.


# The Missing (2020 film)
**The Missing** is a 2020 Philippine horror film directed by Easy Ferrer under Regal Films starring Ritz Azul, Joseph Marco, and Miles Ocampo. It is one of the official entries for the 2020 Metro Manila Film Festival.
Iris (Ritz Azul), a 28-year-old architect often hallucinates due to suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder after losing her younger sister to a kidnapping syndicate. Meanwhile, Job (Joseph Marco), who is also an architect and an ex-lover of Iris, invites Iris to go to Japan for a job opportunity. *The Missing* also follows Len (Miles Ocampo), a graduating student who was born and has spent her childhood in Saga, Japan.
- Ritz Azul as Iris
- Joseph Marco as Job
- Miles Ocampo as Len
- Melissa Mendez
- Seiyo Masunaga as Aki


# The Missing (2020 film)
Japanese actors were also part of the cast.
*The Missing* was produced under Regal Entertainment under the direction of Easy Ferrer. The film is Ferrer\'s first horror movie. Filming for *The Missing* reportedly took place in the Saga prefecture in Japan for eight to ten days, with Ferrer noting that he has incorporated Japanese horror to Philippine horror in making the film. The film\'s director also cited his experience of post traumatic stress disorder, ten years earlier from the film\'s release as is his primary inspiration for *The Missing*. Ferrer wrote the script in 2013, during the time the Ampatuan massacre in Maguindanao was still a widely-talked issue in the Philippines and used the issue of violence against journalists and other media personnel as a theme in the film. After completing the script\'s draft, Ferrer then revised the script to \"fit the Japanese intrusion\". Regal Films executive producer Roselle Monteverde and fellow director Joey Reyes were also part of *The Missing*\'s creative process.
*The Missing* will be made available digitally through Upstream starting December 25, 2020 as one of the official entries of the 2020 Metro Manila Film Festival (MMFF). *Ang Mga Kaibigan ni Mama Susan*, a film adaptation of a novel of the same name by Bob Ong was supposed to be Regal Film\'s 2020 MMFF entry, but they had to withdraw the film due to delays on *Mama Susan*\'s post-production due to the COVID-19 pandemic and submitted *The Missing* as its entry for the film festival instead. It was also previously selected as an official entry for the 2020 Metro Manila Summer Film Festival, which was later cancelled. The Missing will also mark its director\'s debut in the MMFF.


# Couple from the Future
***Couple from the Future*** () is a 2021 Russian science fiction comedy-drama film written and directed by Aleksey Nuzhnyy, with a co-produced by Leonid Vereshchagin, Anton Zlatopolskiy, and Nikita Mikhalkov. The main roles were played by Sergey Burunov and Mariya Aronova.
It is scheduled to be theatrically released in Russia on March 4, 2021 by Central Partnership.
The film is set in 2040. The action takes place in Nizhny Novgorod. The film tells about a couple who have been married for 20 years and want to divorce, but cannot, since it is very expensive. And suddenly they fall into the past, on the day when he proposed to her to marry him.
- Sergey Burunov as Eugene \'Zhenya\' Kurkov in 2040
  - Denis Paramonov as Eugene \'Zhenya\' Kurkov in 2020
- Mariya Aronova as Alexandra \'Sasha\' Zolotareva in 2040
  - Darya Konyzheva as Alexandra \'Sasha\' Zolotareva in 2020
- Igor Tsaregorodtsev as Oleg, a gopnik for firewood in the village
- Georgiy Tokaev as Ivan, a man chopping wood
- Mikhail Orlov as Igor, Zhenya\'s uncle
- Serafima Krasnikova as Valentina Odnolyubova, Zhenya\'s classmate
- Karina Mishulina as Oksana Sinitsyna, an actress
  - Marina Volkova as Oksana Sinitsyna in 2020
- Sergey Styopin as Michal Mikhalych, director
- Seydulla Moldakhanov as a shepherd
- Pavel Misailov as a Russian police office
- Aleksey Nuzhnyy as himself, a casting directors of auditions
- Irina Gorbacheva as a computer, (voice)
In August 2020, it became known that the Cinema Foundation approved support for the production of a new film was directed by Aleksey Nuzhnyy, who had previously directed the film *I Am Losing Weight* (2018).
The film was produced with the assistance of Nikita Mikhalkov\'s Studio TriTe and the Russia-1 network with the support of the Russian Cinema Fund Analytics.


# Couple from the Future
### Casting
Sergey Burunov and Mariya Aronova also had a pleasant time on the set, and acted exactly like a couple from the film. Both performers graduated from the Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute.

### Filming
Nizhny Novgorod Drama Theater named after M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod.
Principal photography took place in September 2020 at the M. Gorky Nizhny Novgorod State Academic Drama Theatre, where the townspeople performed as extras in the city of Nizhny Novgorod.
In October 2020, they were held in the administrative okrug of Moscow (Zelenograd).

### Theatrical
The pre-premiere event was held on March 1, 2021 at the \"Karo 11 October\" cinema in Moscow, and will go on commercial screenings on March 4 of that year.
The release of the film *Couple from the Future* on the big screens is scheduled for March 4, 2021 by Central Partnership.
A review by KinoAfish noted: \"The film *Couple from the Future* is a classic dramedy, but humor here gives way to matters of the heart, the tangled jungle of which the heroes will have to overcome in the course of the action.\"
A review by Russian Gazette noted that \"the film is a combination of many genres, from rom-com to cyberpunk satire. The script of the film is built like a paradox.\"
The Yandex review commented: \"Sergey Burunov came out more textured than in the recent *The Relatives* (2021 film), and Mariya Aronova had an unforgettable performance.\"


# Long Weekend (2021 film)
***Long Weekend*** is a 2021 American romantic science fiction comedy-drama film written and directed by Steve Basilone. The film stars Finn Wittrock, Zoë Chao, Damon Wayans Jr., Casey Wilson, Wendi McLendon-Covey, and Jim Rash and tells the story of a down-on-his-luck struggling writer named Bart (Wittrock) who meets Vienna (Chao), an enigmatic woman who enters his life at the just the right time.
The film was released in theaters on March 12, 2021. It was well-received by critics, who praised Wittrock and Chao\'s performances as well as the film\'s \"unexpected twist.\" Currently, the movie has grossed over \$1 million in the United States.
Bart is down on his luck and has to take a job at a medical office. He moves into the garage at the house of his best friend, Doug, and his wife, Rachel, and their two kids. He is broke and depressed; his novel failed to make any money, his girlfriend broke up with him, and he's ignoring his psychiatrist\'s phone calls.
Bart gets drunk and falls asleep in a movie theater. He is awakened by a random girl named Vienna telling him the movie is over. They start talking and hit it off right away, going on a date at a bar and then having sex in Vienna\'s motel room. Bart and Vienna soon start to connect over their mothers both having cancer, though Bart\'s mom had passed years ago. He was inspired to write his novel after his mom grew more concerned about her happiness in her last few months. After she died, Bart had a mental breakdown.
Bart confronts Vienna about her oddities and she either changes the subject or gives vague answers, such as claiming she works for the government. Bart\'s old apartment is still in the process of being sold and the new tenants are moving in, but Bart and Vienna go there to have their discussion in private. She reveals that she is from the future, working for a secret government branch that has discovered time travel in 2052. She went back in time to buy stocks that will earn enough for Vienna to pay for her mom's cancer cure.


# Long Weekend (2021 film)
Bart tells Doug the next day, who advises him to eventually get Vienna help, just as Doug helped Bart after his mental breakdown. Bart and Vienna become even more attached, growing to trust each other enough to open a safe deposit box together where Vienna keeps her stocks.
They spend a night together camping in the desert, only for Bart to wake up to Vienna crying by herself a mile or so away. She later reveals that staying in the past for too long messes up one\'s brain chemistry. As they have an at-home pasta dinner date later on, she starts moaning in pain and finds it hard to breathe. Bart gets scared and heeds Doug\'s advice by taking her to the hospital for an assessment the next day. As she\'s about to walk to the doctor\'s office, Bart has a nosebleed and faints. He wakes up in a hospital bed with bandages on his head and Doug by his side, who explains to him that they found a tumor in his brain yet it was small enough to remove right away. Doug explains to Bart that the tumor affected the way his brain processed information and that Vienna was never real. Realizing that all the events that happened were not real, Bart breaks down into tears with Doug comforting him.
Having made peace with the fact that Vienna was a hallucination, Bart finally moves out of his old apartment. However, when he goes to withdraw cash from an ATM, he discovers someone has deposited over \$89K into his account. He then remembers the safe deposit box he and Vienna opened together. Bart goes to check the box and finds photos he took with Vienna in a photobooth, proving she was indeed real. On the back of the photos is a message from Vienna along with a little hint about the future of his favorite sports team. Bart smiles and laughs ecstatically.
- Finn Wittrock as Bart
- Zoë Chao as Vienna
- Damon Wayans Jr. as Doug
- Casey Wilson as Rachel
- Wendi McLendon-Covey as Patricia
- Jim Rash as Larry
- Carter Morgan as Teddy


# Long Weekend (2021 film)
In September 2019, Finn Wittrock, Zoë Chao, Damon Wayans Jr., Casey Wilson, Wendi McLendon-Covey, and Jim Rash joined the cast of the film, with Steven Basilone directing from a screenplay he wrote in 2017. Principal photography took place for a month and wrapped on August 23, 2019.
In February 2021, Stage 6 Films acquired distribution rights to the film, and set it for a March 12, 2021, release.
In its first weekend the film made \$245,182.
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 67% based on 42 reviews, with an average rating of 6.50/10. The site\'s critics consensus reads: \"A seemingly traditional rom-com distinguished by an unexpected twist, *Long Weekend* benefits from stars who make a great screen couple.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". According to PostTrak, 55% of audience members gave the film a positive score, with 32% saying they would definitely recommend it.


# Senior Moment
***Senior Moment*** is a 2021 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Giorgio Serafini and starring William Shatner, Jean Smart and Christopher Lloyd.
It was released on March 26, 2021, by Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment and Screen Media Films.
Victor Martin is a retired Air Force pilot and lifelong bachelor who relives his youth cruising in his mint condition, silver, 1955 Porsche 356, usually accompanied by his best friend, retired jeweler Sal Spinelli. Victor and Sal encounter Pablo Torres, driving a vintage Chevrolet Impala lowrider and challenge him to a friendly drag race. However, Pablo is aware that there is a cop hiding ahead, and proceeds within the speed limit, letting Victor get pulled over. The police officer recognizes Victor as a well known character in the community and lets him off with a stern warning.
On a subsequent evening, Victor and Sal encounter Pablo again and actually drag race. Victor loses control and spins out and is charged with reckless driving. His license is revoked and his Porsche impounded as a result.
Forced to ride the bus, Victor meets Caroline Summers who owns an organic cafe called the \"Cuckoo Cafe\" and heads a grassroots organization to save the endangered desert tortoise. Victor particularly wins her heart when he and Sal, using Sal\'s expertise as a jeweler, repair a 19th century cuckoo clock, a family heirloom of Caroline\'s, which had not functioned for years, but for which her Cafe is named.
Victor\'s relationship with Caroline is not without rough patches. Victor\'s worst faux-pas is accusing Caroline of having an affair with Diego Lozana, a successful painter. It turns out that Caroline spends a lot of time with him because he is the main benefactor of her charity to save the tortoise, and she has commissioned him to paint a partially nude portrait of her (which resulted in Victor seeing her in a state of undress in his presence). It turns out that Diego is gay and happily married to a man. Victor must humbly apologize to Caroline.


# Senior Moment
Victor, twice, believes he sees his Porsche being driven in the area, and with the help of Pablo, who has befriended him and feels somewhat responsible for Victor losing his car and license, catches the private security guard at the impound lot illegally renting it out. The excitement and anger of this discovery cause Victor to have a heart attack and Pablo drives him to the hospital in the Porsche. Theft charges for taking the Porsche from the impound lot are dropped due to the emergency of the heart attack.
Eventually, Victor passes the necessary written and behind the wheel tests to get his driver\'s license reinstated. He sells his Porsche to Pablo for far below its value as thanks for saving his life, and buys a BMW i8 to replace it, and Sal is seen cruising in Pablo\'s lowrider, apparently having bought it.
Through their relationship, Victor develops a passion for saving the desert tortoise, and Caroline develops a guilty pleasure of riding in fast cars, despite her environmentalist leanings.
- William Shatner as Victor Martin - A retired pilot and sports car enthusiast.
- Jean Smart as Caroline Summers - Environmentalist who runs an organization to save the desert tortoise and owns an organic cafe. Victor meets her when forced to ride the bus, and they begin a romantic relationship.
- Christopher Lloyd as Sal Spinelli - Victor\'s best friend. A retired jeweler.
- Esai Morales as Diego Lozana - A successful artist and primary benefactor of Caroline\'s charity. Victor falsely believes at one point that Caroline is having an affair with him.
- Don McManus as Rock Kendall - A sleazy attorney who Victor hires to help get his Driver\'s License back.
- Carlos Miranda as Pablo Torres - Victor\'s street racing rival and, later, good friend.
- Beth Littleford as Assistant DA Tess Woodson - She prosecutes Victor for reckless driving. Victor learns that she has unfairly made the driving test considerably more difficult than it used to be.
- Katrina Bowden as Kristen - A model who has posed with Victor\'s car in car magazine spreads. She and Victor share a close but innocent platonic friendship.
- Ephraim Lopez as Steve - Victor\'s neighbor that he gets to know and becomes friends with when his lifestyle is forced to slow down when he loses his drivers license.
- Kaye Ballard
- Denise DuBarry
- Kal Smith as Timmy
- \"Hollywood\" Joe Estevez


# Senior Moment
Shatner was cast in the film in March 2017. Lloyd was cast in April 2017. Smart and Lopez were cast in May 2017.
The film was shot in Palm Springs, California in 2017.
In January 2021, Screen Media Films acquired worldwide distribution rights to the film, which was released in theaters and on demand in March 2021.
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 21% approval rating based on 19 reviews, with an average rating of 4.2/10. On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 41 out of 100, based on reviews from 5 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".
Glenn Kenny of *The New York Times* wrote: \"This is the kind of movie that is usually defended with one word: \'harmless\'.\"
Richard Roeper of *Chicago Sun-Times* gave it 2 out of 4 and wrote: \"Built of sitcom-style hijinks and pretty light on those, it\'s barely a movie\...\"


# 2gether: The Movie
***2gether: The Movie*** (; *The Movie*, \'Because We Belong Together the Movie\') is a 2021 Thai romantic comedy-drama film based on *2gether: The Series*, which is an adaptation of the 2019 Thai novel of the same name, and *Still 2gether* by JittiRain. It is directed by Weerachit Thongjila, Noppharnach Chaiwimol y Kanittha Kwanyu and produced by GMMTV with The One Enterprise. The film stars Metawin \"Win\" Opas-iamkajorn and Vachirawit \"Bright\" Chivaaree.
The film was originally set to be released theatrically in Thailand on 22 April 2021, but was postponed due to an upsurge of COVID-19 cases in the country. The film had its theatrical debut first in Japan on June 4, 2021, and was released in Thailand on November 11, 2021. It is later released on the Disney+ Hotstar streaming service in Thailand on February 11, 2022.
- Metawin Opas-iamkajorn (Win) as Tine Teepakorn
- Vachirawit Chivaaree (Bright) as Sarawat Guntithanon
- Korawit Boonsri (Gun) as Green
- Sivakorn Lertchuchot (Guy) as Dim
- Rachanun Mahawan (Film) as Earn
- Pattranite Limpatiyakorn (Love) as Pear
- Thanawat Rattanakitpaisan (Khaotung) as Fong
- Chayakorn Jutamat (JJ) as Ohm
- Chanagun Arpornsutinan (Gunsmile) as Boss
- Chinnarat Siriphongchawalit (Mike) as Man
- Sattabut Laedeke (Drake) as Mil
- Thanatsaran Samthonglai (Frank) as Phukong
- Jirakit Kuariyakul (Toptap) as Type

### Album
#### 2gether Special Album
Credits adapted from Spotify and Line Music.

### Singles
Title
Artist
Album Details
*Ten Years Later*
Metawin Opas-iamkajorn
- Released: March 30, 2021
- Language: Thai
*กอดที (ONE HUG)*


# 2gether: The Movie
### Singles
Vachirawit Chivaaree
- Released: October 1, 2021
- Language: Thai


# My Love (2021 film)
***My Love*** is a 2021 Chinese romantic comedy film directed and co-written by Han Tian. It is a remake of the 2018 South Korean film *On Your Wedding Day*. The film stars Greg Hsu and Zhang Ruonan, and features Ding Guansen, Yan Zidong, Guo Cheng and Wang Shasha in supporting roles. The plot follows a story of first love, spanning fifteen years, from teenagers to adults.
The film was released on April 30, 2021. It received mixed reviews from critics but was widely successful at the box office, making it the highest-grossing romantic comedy film of 2021 in China. The film has grossed over \$114 million worldwide.
Back in high school, Zhou Xiaoqi (Greg Hsu) was a student with swimming speciality. You Yongci (Zhang Ruonan) was a transfer student of the same high school. At the first sight, Zhou fell in love with You. Before Zhou expressed his true feelings, You left without saying goodbye. Zhou holds and protects this young and ignorant pure love inside his heart for over 15 years.
Principal photography began at the end of May 2020, at locations such as Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou in China and wrapped on July 28, 2020.
*My Love* premiered at the Saga Luxury Cinemas in Hangzhou on April 27, 2021, and was theatrically released in China on April 30, 2021. The film was released in Singapore on May 6 and in Brunei on May 13. Opening in theaters in North America, Australia and New Zealand starts from May 7. The film was released in Taiwan through streaming on July 9, and was released in South Korea theatrically on August 25. It had planned release date in Malaysia on May 6, and was delayed to September 16 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

### Box office
*My Love* grossed CN¥424 million (US\$65.6 million) in its three day opening weekend in China.

### Critical response
On the Chinese review aggregator Maoyan, more than 650,000 audiences rated this film and the average rating is 8.0/10.


# My Love (2021 film)
### Critical response
Lim Yian Lu from Singapore, reviewing the film for Yahoo Life, wrote: \"Being a romance drama, the plot takes its audience through all the highs and lows of the couple's love story. Although 115 minutes can be a little long, the details are well executed, lending depth to not only the characters, but also their relationship.\"

### Accolades
`Year`
`Award`
`Category`
`Recipient`
`Result`
`2020`
`Douyin Entertainment Annual Awards`
`The Most Anticipated Romance Movie`
*`My Love`*
`2021`
`Huading Awards`
`Best New Actor`
`Greg Hsu`


# The Worst Person in the World (film)
***The Worst Person in the World*** () is a 2021 romantic black comedy-drama film directed by Joachim Trier. It is the third film in the director\'s \"Oslo Trilogy\", following *Reprise* (2006) and *Oslo, August 31st* (2011). The film premiered in competition at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival to widespread critical acclaim, with Renate Reinsve winning the award for Best Actress for her performance in the film. At the 94th Academy Awards, the film was nominated for Best International Feature Film and Best Original Screenplay. The score for the film was written by Ola Fløttum.
**Prologue**
Julie is a medical student in Oslo who, after having an epiphany, decides to pursue psychology and break up with her boyfriend. She then begins dating one of her professors. After going through her camera roll on her phone, she then decides to become a photographer. While out with her next boyfriend, a model, she meets Aksel Willman, an acclaimed comic artist fifteen years her senior. Despite their age gap, the two hit it off and begin a relationship.
**Chapter 1: The Others**
Julie, now dabbling in writing, spends a weekend with Aksel at his parents\' house. Aksel floats the idea of starting a family to Julie, but Julie says she is not ready and is unsure when she will be, especially after watching Aksel\'s niece having a tantrum. Later, a drunken party ends in disaster when the wife of Aksel\'s brother hits her head with a lamp, leading to a heated discussion that Aksel and Julie overhear. However, the next morning, Julie watches the couple reconcile, as well as Aksel coloring with his nephews.
**Chapter 2: Cheating**
While walking home from a publishing event for Aksel, Julie crashes a wedding reception and meets Eivind, a barista. Though both are in relationships, they spend the entire night together, sharing intimacies but arguably never cheating on their significant others. They exchange only their first names and plan no further encounter.
**Chapter 3: Oral Sex in the Age of #MeToo**
Julie writes a blog post about feminism and oral sex. Aksel is impressed with it and encourages her to post it online, where it receives attention.
**Chapter 4: Our Own Family**


# The Worst Person in the World (film)
Julie celebrates her 30th birthday at her divorced mother\'s home along with Aksel and Julie\'s grandmother. Julie\'s estranged father fails to attend, claiming he injured his back. Days later, Julie and Aksel visit her father. Julie asks him if he has read her article, and he claims he was unable to open the link. Julie\'s teenage half-sister inadvertently reveals that Julie\'s father was watching her play at a football tournament on the day of her birthday. He makes excuses to decline Aksel\'s invitation to visit him and Julie in Oslo. On the way home, Aksel tells Julie she needs to make her own family.
**Chapter 5: Bad Timing**
While working at a bookstore, Julie encounters Eivind and his girlfriend Sunniva. Julie and Eivind talk while Sunniva waits outside. While having dinner with Aksel\'s brother and sister-in-law, Aksel complains about the cinematic adaptation of his comic series Bobcat, in which his politically incorrect series is turned into a family-friendly Christmas film, leading to a complete monologue that makes Julie feel bored and ignored. Julie, feeling disillusioned, dreams that she goes on a date with Eivind, where they fall in love. Because of this, she breaks up with Aksel, but they have sex one last time before she leaves his apartment, though she implies that they could reconcile at some point.
**Chapter 6: Finnmark Highlands**
The history of Eivind and Sunniva\'s relationship is shown. After a close encounter with a reindeer while on a camping trip, Sunniva is compelled to research her ancestry, which determines that she is 3.1% Sámi. This leads her to becoming an avid climate change and indigenous peoples\' rights activist. Eivind begins to grow exhausted with their restrictive lifestyle, at which point he encounters Julie in the bookstore.
**Chapter 7: A New Chapter**
Julie and Eivind move in together. Though he has since broken up with Sunniva, he still follows her on Instagram, which does not trouble Julie.
**Chapter 8: Julie\'s Narcissistic Circus**


# The Worst Person in the World (film)
Eivind hosts a small party where one of his friends uncovers Eivind\'s stash of psychedelic mushrooms. After consuming them, Julie envisions herself completely naked, older and with a kid at her breast, she feels vulnerable at the gaze of all her former lovers and even Bobcat who eats her child in a hot dog, then she sees her father sitting on a couch and she sits in front of him angrily throwing her bloodied tampon. When she gets up she realizes she made a mess in Eivind\'s apartment. The following night, she confides in Eivind that she can be herself around him, but he seems to ignore her claims.
**Chapter 9: Bobcat Wrecks Xmas**
While exercising at the gym, Julie watches an NRK TV interview in which Aksel defends his Bobcat comics against a feminist critique. When the host accuses his comics of being sexist, Aksel goes into a fiery defense of his work.
**Chapter 10: First Person Singular**
Aksel\'s brother happens upon Julie at work and discloses that Aksel has inoperable pancreatic cancer. Sometime later, Eivind comes across a short story Julie had written. When he assumes it is based on her real-life experiences, Julie angrily denies this and accuses him of being satisfied with never achieving anything in his life.
**Chapter 11: Positive**
Julie learns she is pregnant and delays telling Eivind. She visits Aksel in the hospital and they review their lives apart. Aksel confides that he is devastated by the prospect that he no longer has a future, and Julie admits that she is pregnant. Despite his assertions that she would be a good mother, she is unsure of whether she wants to keep the baby. Returning home, Julie finally tells Eivind about her pregnancy, and they decide to separate while she determines whether she wants to keep the child.
**Chapter 12: Everything Comes to an End**


# The Worst Person in the World (film)
Aksel takes Julie to the building where he grew up and was inspired to become an artist. He tells her that he wishes he could continue living with her and not simply live on as a memory. She later receives a voicemail from Aksel\'s brother reporting that his condition has worsened and that he will likely not make it through the night. She sadly walks the streets of Oslo and watches the sunrise the following morning. While showering, Julie miscarries.
**Epilogue**
Some time later, Julie is working as an on-set photographer for a film shoot. She photographs an actress and then, gazing through a window, sees the actress outside with Eivind and a baby. She returns home to edit the day's photos.
MK2 Films secured a sales deal on the film in February 2021. The film had its world premiere in competition for the Palme d\'Or at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival on 7 July. A week later, the film\'s US distribution rights were sold to Neon, while the India, UK and Ireland rights were acquired by Mubi.
*The Worst Person in the World* had its North American premiere on 11 September as a Gala Presentation at the 2021 Toronto International Film Festival. The film was released theatrically in France on 13 October 2021 by Memento Distribution, in Norway on 15 October 2021 by SF Studios and in Sweden on 19 November 2021 by TriArt Film.
*The Guardian\'s* Peter Bradshaw described the film as \"one of Cannes\' best\" and \"an instant classic\". Richard Lawson of *Vanity Fair* called it \"exquisite, wistful (and downright sad)\", praising the cast performances and Trier\'s writing. In his review for *IndieWire*, David Ehrlich gave the film a grade of B and commended Reinsve\'s performance, stating \"If Julie is less of a character than a vividly realized archetype, Reinsve didn't get the message.\" *Vanity Fair* and *The Atlantic* declared *The Worst Person in the World* to be the best film of 2021.

### Accolades
`Award`
`Date of ceremony`
`Category`
`Recipient(s)`
`Result`
Cannes Film Festival
17 July 2021
`Palme d'Or`
`Joachim Trier`
`Best Actress`
`Renate Reinsve`


# The Worst Person in the World (film)
### Accolades
Gotham Independent Film Awards
`29 November 2021`
`Best International Feature`
*The Worst Person in the World*
`National Board of Review`
`3 December 2021`
`Top Five Foreign Language Films`
`New York Film Critics Circle`
`3 December 2021`
Best Foreign Language Film
`Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards`
`6 December 2021`
`Best Foreign Language Film`
European Film Awards
`11 December 2021`
`Best Screenwriter`
`Joachim Trier`
`Best Actress`
`Renate Reinsve`
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
15 December 2021
Best Foreign Language Film
*The Worst Person in the World*
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
18 December 2021
`Best Actress`
Renate Reinsve
Dallas--Fort Worth Film Critics Association
20 December 2021
`Best Foreign Language Film`
*`The Worst Person in the World`*
Alliance of Women Film Journalists Awards
January 2022
`Best Breakthrough Performance`
Renate Reinsve
`Most Daring Performance`
National Society of Film Critics
8 January 2022
`Best Actress`
`Renate Reinsve`
`Best Supporting Actor`
`Anders Danielsen Lie`
`Belgian Film Critics Association`
`8 January 2022`
`Grand Prix`
*The Worst Person in the World*
`San Diego Film Critics Society`
`10 January 2021`
`Best International Film`
San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle
10 January 2022
`Best Foreign Language Film`
Austin Film Critics Association
11 January 2022
`Best International Film`
`Toronto Film Critics Association`
`16 January 2022`
`Best Foreign Language Film`
Seattle Film Critics Society
17 January 2022
`Best Film Not in the English Language`
`Best Actress in a Leading Role`
`Renate Reinsve`
Houston Film Critics Society Awards
19 January 2022
`Best Foreign Language Film`
*The Worst Person in the World*
Online Film Critics Society Awards
24 January 2022
`Best Picture`
`Best Actress`
`Renate Reinsve`
`Best Film Not in the English Language`
*`The Worst Person in the World`*
London Film Critics Circle Awards
6 February 2022
`Actress of the Year`
`Renate Reinsve`
`Foreign Language Film of the Year`
*The Worst Person in the World*
`César Awards`
`25 February 2022`
`Best Foreign Film`
`Critics' Choice Awards`
`13 March 2022 `
`Best Foreign Language Film`
British Academy Film Awards
13 March 2022
`Best Actress in a Leading Role`
`Renate Reinsve`


# The Worst Person in the World (film)
### Accolades
`Best Film Not in the English Language`
*The Worst Person in the World*
Satellite Awards
2 April 2022
`Best Foreign Language Film`
`Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical`
`Renate Reinsve`
Academy Awards
27 March 2022
`Best Original Screenplay`
`Eskil Vogt and Joachim Trier`
`Best International Feature Film`
`Norway`
- List of submissions to the 94th Academy Awards for Best International Feature Film
- List of Norwegian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film


# AlphaGo (film)
***AlphaGo*** is a 2017 documentary directed by Greg Kohs about the Google DeepMind Challenge Match with top-ranked Go player Lee Sedol.
The film presents how AlphaGo, a computer program developed by DeepMind Technologies, mastered the game of Go through artificial intelligence. Its competence was tested by Lee Sedol, a South Korean world champion.
*AlphaGo* was released in New York City on September 29, 2017, and Los Angeles next month.

### Critical response
*AlphaGo* earned positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 100%, with an average score of 8/10, based on 10 reviews. Charlotte O\'Sullivan of *Evening Standard* gave the film 4 stars out of five, calling it a \"gripping, emotional documentary, which gets us thinking, about thinking, in a whole new way.\"

### Accolades
#### Winner
- Denver International Film Festival (2017) - Maysles Brothers Award, Best documentary
- New Media Film Festival (2018) - Best Trailer
- Traverse City Film Festival (2017) - Knowledge is Power Science Prize
- Warsaw International Film Festival (2017) - Audience Award, documentary feature

#### Nominee
- Anchorage International Film Festival (2017) - Best Documentary Feature
- Critics\' Choice Documentary Awards (2017) - Best Sports Documentary
- Philadelphia Film Festival (2017) - Student Choice Award


# Huling Ulan sa Tag-Araw
***Huling Ulan sa Tag-Araw*** () is a 2021 Philippine romantic comedy drama film directed by Louie Ignacio under Heaven\'s Best Entertainment. It stars Rita Daniela and Ken Chan.
Luis (Ken Chan), a seminarian, was given a leave to give him time to ponder whether he wants to become a priest. In his first night out, he encounters Luisa (Rita Daniela), a singer and sex worker, and unintentionally disrupted her transaction with a client. To compensate, Luis pays her money in exchange of going with him to his parents\' house in Pagsanjan. There, the two develop feelings for each other.
- Ken Chan as Luis
- Rita Daniela as Luisa
- Lotlot de Leon as Luis\' mother
- Richard Yap as Luis\' father
*Huling Ulan sa Tag-Araw* was produced under Heaven\'s Best Entertainment with Louie Ignacio as director. Filming took around eight to nine days in Pagsanjan, Laguna. *Huling Ulan sa Tag-Araw* marks the film debut for Rita Daniela and Ken Chan as a love team.
*Huling Ulan sa Tag-Araw* will premiere on December 25, 2021 in the Philippines as one of the official entries of the 2021 Metro Manila Film Festival.


# The Ultimate Playlist of Noise
***The Ultimate Playlist of Noise*** is a 2021 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Bennett Lasseter and written by Mitchell Winkie. The film stars Keean Johnson and Madeline Brewer.
*The Ultimate Playlist of Noise* was released in the United States on January 15, 2021, by Hulu. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the performances of Johnson and Brewer, as well as their chemistry together, but criticized the film\'s predictability and overreliance on clichés.
Before undergoing surgery for a brain tumor that will render him deaf, high school senior Marcus embarks on a cross-country road trip to record a playlist of sounds before he can no longer hear them.
- Keean Johnson as Marcus Lund
- Madeline Brewer as Wendy
- Rya Kihlstedt as Alyssa
- Ian Gomez as Dominic
- Bonnie Hunt as Dr. Lubinsky
- Emily Skeggs as Laura
- Ariela Barer as Sarah
- Oliver Cooper as Dennis
- Jake Weary as Benjie
- Carol Mansell as Aunt Delilah
- Gordon Winarick as Alex
On November 1, 2019, it was announced that Keean Johnson and Madeline Brewer were cast as the leads of the film, with Bennett Lasseter directing from a screenplay by Mitchell Winkie, with LD Entertainment and American High producing, and Hulu distributing. Later that month, on November 22, it was reported that Emily Skeggs, Oliver Cooper, Ariela Barer, Jake Weary, and Gordon Winarick would also be joining the cast.

### Filming
Principal photography occurred in late 2019 and wrapped in mid-December. The film was shot in downtown Syracuse, New York, which served as a stand in for New York City.
*The Ultimate Playlist of Noise* was digitally released by Hulu on January 15, 2021.

### Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 43% rating based on 14 reviews.
In a negative review, Adam Graham of The Detroit News wrote that the film is, "is a teen romance with no new material to offer." Allen Adams of The Maine Edge opined that the film, "is well-intentioned and competently-made, but it simply can't hit all the notes to which it aspires."


# The Ultimate Playlist of Noise
### Critical response
Critics also noted the film\'s similarities to *Sound of Metal*, a film released less than two months before *The Ultimate Playlist of Noise* in which a drummer played by Riz Ahmed struggles to adapt to the sudden loss of his hearing.


# Skjær i sjøen
***Skjær i sjøen*** (Obstacles) is a Norwegian romantic drama film from 1965 directed by Knut Andersen. The film is about an aging author that has retired to a deserted place in Southern Norway. He is divorced and burdened by his own problems. When his cheerful teenage daughter and two of her friends come to visit, the spark gradually returns to his life. The main roles are played by Henki Kolstad, Tone Danielsen, Solfrid Heier, and Kai Remlov. It is based on Arthur Omre\'s short story \"Sensommer\" (Indian Summer).
The aging and divorced author Johannes Mørk relives youth\'s intoxicating infatuation when his teenage daughter Eva, together with two young friends, sweeps into his lazy southern idyll. Mørk has long revolved around his own problems and guilt over his failed marriage. He has unconsciously been about to stagnate into a dull habit and just let old age come. Lone, one of his daughter\'s girlfriends, makes a strong impression on him, and soon something begins to develop between them. Both the eccentric and the dour person in him have begun to stand out, but with his daughter\'s girlfriend in his focus, new feelings awaken in Johannes Mørk. This awakening leads him to resume his relationship with his ex-wife. This also affects his daughter Eva, who has been afraid to commit because she is the child of a divorce.
- \"Åh -- for en dag!\" (melody: Egil Monn-Iversen, lyrics: Bjørn Sand), released as the single Nor-Disc NOR 118 by Winnie (Solfrid Heier) and others in 1965
- \"Minnene fra i fjor\" (melody: Egil Monn-Iversen, lyrics: Knut Andersen and Bjørn Sand), released on the same single as above
- \"Sjøen har mange skjær\" (melody: Egil Monn-Iversen, lyrics: Bjørn Sand).
- \"De evige tre\" (melody: Walter Schrøder, lyrics: Tove Ditlevsen)
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# Skjær i sjøen
- Henki Kolstad as Johannes Mørk, an author
- Tone Danielsen as Eva Mørk, Johannes\' daughter
- Solfrid Heier as Lone
- Wenche Sandnæs as Marit
- Kai Remlov as Carsten, Eva\'s boyfriend
- Carl Henrik Størmer as Einar, Lone\'s boyfriend
- John Andreassen as Kalle, Marit\'s boyfriend
- Synnøve Gleditsch as Mrs. Ås, Marit\'s mother
- Kjell Hofstad as the mailman


# Fahrenheit 451
***Fahrenheit 451*** is a 1953 dystopian novel by American writer Ray Bradbury. Often regarded as one of his best works, the novel presents a future American society where books are outlawed and \"firemen\" burn any that are found. The book\'s tagline explains the title as \"the temperature at which book paper catches fire, and burns\": the autoignition temperature of paper. The lead character, Guy Montag, is a fireman who becomes disillusioned with his role of censoring literature and destroying knowledge, eventually quitting his job and committing himself to the preservation of literary and cultural writings.
People have used this novel to focus on the historical role of book burning. In a 1956 radio interview, Bradbury said that he wrote *Fahrenheit 451* because of his concerns at the time (during the McCarthy era) about the threat of book burning in the United States. In later years, he described the book as a commentary on how mass media reduces interest in reading literature.
In 1954, *Fahrenheit 451* won the American Academy of Arts and Letters Award in Literature and the Commonwealth Club of California Gold Medal. It later won the Prometheus \"Hall of Fame\" Award in 1984 and a \"Retro\" Hugo Award in 2004. Bradbury was honoured with a Spoken Word Grammy nomination for his 1976 audiobook version.
Adaptations of the novel include François Truffaut\'s 1966 film, Ramin Bahrani\'s 2018 film, and two BBC Radio dramatizations.
Bradbury published a stage play version in 1979 and helped develop a 1984 interactive fiction computer game of the same name, as well as a collection of his short stories titled *A Pleasure to Burn*.
*Fahrenheit 451* is set in an unspecified city in the year 2049 (according to Ray Bradbury\'s Coda), though it is written as if set in a distant future. The earliest editions make clear that it takes place no earlier than the year 1960.
The novel is divided into three parts: \"The Hearth and the Salamander,\" \"The Sieve and the Sand,\" and \"Burning Bright.\"


# Fahrenheit 451
### \"The Hearth and the Salamander\"
Guy Montag is a fireman employed to burn outlawed books, along with the houses they are hidden in. He is married but has no children. One fall night while returning from work, he meets his new neighbor, a teenage girl named Clarisse McClellan, whose free-thinking ideals and liberating spirit cause him to question his life and his own perceived happiness. Montag returns home to find that his wife Mildred has overdosed on sleeping pills, and he calls for medical attention. Two uncaring EMTs pump Mildred\'s stomach, drain her poisoned blood, and fill her with new blood. After the EMTs leave to rescue another overdose victim, Montag goes outside and overhears Clarisse and her family talking about the way life is in this hedonistic, illiterate society. Montag\'s mind is bombarded with Clarisse\'s subversive thoughts and the memory of his wife\'s near-death. Over the next few days, Clarisse faithfully meets Montag each night as he walks home. She tells him about how her simple pleasures and interests make her an outcast among her peers and how she is forced to go to therapy for her behavior and thoughts. Montag looks forward to these meetings, and just as he begins to expect them, Clarisse goes missing. He senses something is wrong.
In the following days, while at work with the other firemen ransacking the book-filled house of an old woman and drenching it in kerosene before the inevitable burning, Montag steals a book before any of his coworkers notice. The woman refuses to leave her house and her books, choosing instead to light a match and burn herself alive. Jarred by the woman\'s suicide, Montag returns home and hides the stolen book under his pillow. Later, Montag wakes Mildred from her sleep and asks her if she has seen or heard anything about Clarisse McClellan. She reveals that Clarisse\'s family moved away after Clarisse was hit by a speeding car and died four days ago. Dismayed by her failure to mention this earlier, Montag uneasily tries to fall asleep. Outside he suspects the presence of \"The Mechanical Hound\", an eight-legged robotic dog-like creature that resides in the firehouse and aids the firemen in hunting book hoarders.


# Fahrenheit 451
### \"The Hearth and the Salamander\"
Montag awakens ill the next morning. Mildred tries to care for her husband but finds herself more involved in the \"parlor wall\" entertainment in the living room -- large televisions filling the walls. Montag suggests that maybe he should take a break from being a fireman after what happened last night, and Mildred panics over the thought of losing the house and her parlor wall \"family\". Captain Beatty, Montag\'s fire chief, personally visits Montag to see how he is doing. Sensing his concerns, Beatty recounts the history of how books lost their value and how the firemen were adapted for their current role: over the course of several decades, people began to embrace new media (in this case, film and television), sports, and an ever-quickening pace of life. Books were ruthlessly abridged or degraded to accommodate short attention spans. At the same time, advances in technology resulted in nearly all buildings being made out of fireproof materials, and the traditional role of firemen in preventing fires was no longer necessary. The government instead turned the firemen into officers of society\'s peace of mind: instead of putting out fires, they became responsible for starting them, specifically for the purpose of burning books, which were condemned as sources of confusing and depressing thoughts that only complicated people\'s lives. After an awkward exchange between Mildred and Montag over the book hidden under Montag\'s pillow, Beatty becomes suspicious and casually adds a passing threat as he leaves, telling Montag that if a fireman had a book, he would be asked to burn it within the following twenty-four hours. If he refused, the other firemen would come and burn it for him. The encounter leaves Montag shaken.
After Beatty leaves, Montag reveals to Mildred that, over the last year, he has accumulated a stash of books that he has kept hidden in the air-conditioning duct in their ceiling. In a panic, Mildred grabs a book and rushes to throw it in the kitchen incinerator. Montag subdues her and tells her that the two of them are going to read the books to see if they have value. If they do not, he promises the books will be burned and all will return to normal.


# Fahrenheit 451
### \"The Sieve and the Sand\"
Montag and Mildred discuss the stolen books, and Mildred refuses to go along with it, questioning why she or anyone else should care about books. Montag goes on a rant about Mildred\'s suicide attempt, Clarisse\'s disappearance and death, the old woman who burned herself, and the imminent threat of war that goes ignored by the masses. He suggests that perhaps the books of the past have messages that can save society from its own destruction. The conversation is interrupted by a call from Mildred\'s friend, Mrs. Bowles, and they set up a date to watch the \"parlor walls\" that night at Mildred\'s house.
Montag concedes that Mildred is a lost cause and he will need help to understand the books. He remembers an old man named Faber, an English professor before books were banned, whom he once met in a park. Montag makes a subway trip to Faber\'s home along with a rare copy of the Bible, the book he stole at the woman\'s house. Once there, Montag forces the scared and reluctant Faber into helping him by methodically ripping pages from the Bible. Faber concedes and gives Montag a homemade earpiece communicator so that he can offer constant guidance.
At home, Mildred\'s friends, Mrs. Bowles and Mrs. Phelps arrive to watch the \"parlor walls.\" Not interested in this insipid entertainment, Montag turns off the walls and tries to engage the women in meaningful conversation, only for them to reveal just how indifferent, ignorant, and callous they truly are. Enraged by their idiocy, Montag leaves momentarily and returns with a book of poetry. This confuses the women and alarms Faber, who is listening remotely. Mildred tries to dismiss Montag\'s actions as a tradition firemen act out once a year: they find an old book and read it as a way to make fun of how silly the past is. Montag proceeds to recite the poem *Dover Beach*, causing Mrs. Phelps to cry. At the behest of Faber in the earpiece, Montag burns the book. Mildred\'s friends leave in disgust, while Mildred locks herself in the bathroom and attempts to kill herself again by overdosing on sleeping pills.


# Fahrenheit 451
### \"The Sieve and the Sand\"
Montag hides his books in the backyard before returning to the firehouse late at night, where he finds Beatty playing cards with the other firemen. Montag hands Beatty a book to cover for the one he believes Beatty knows he stole the night before, which is unceremoniously tossed into the trash. Beatty tells Montag that he had a dream in which they fought endlessly by quoting books to each other. Thus Beatty reveals that, despite his disillusionment, he was once an enthusiastic reader. A fire alarm sounds and Beatty picks up the address from the dispatcher system. They drive recklessly in the fire truck to the destination: Montag\'s house.

### \"Burning Bright\"
Beatty orders Montag to destroy his house with a flamethrower, rather than the more powerful \"salamander\" that is usually used by the fire team, and tells him that his wife and her friends reported him after what happened the other night. Montag watches as Mildred walks out of the house, too traumatized about losing her parlor wall family to even acknowledge her husband\'s existence or the situation going on around her, and catches a taxi. Montag obeys the chief, destroying the home piece by piece, but Beatty discovers Montag\'s earpiece and plans to hunt down Faber. Montag threatens Beatty with the flamethrower and, after Beatty taunts him, Montag burns Beatty alive and knocks his co-workers unconscious. As Montag escapes the scene, the Mechanical Hound attacks him, managing to inject his leg with a tranquilizer. He destroys the Hound with the flamethrower and limps away. Before he escapes, however, he concludes that Beatty had wanted to die a long time ago and had purposely goaded Montag as well as provided him with a weapon.


# Fahrenheit 451
### \"Burning Bright\"
Montag runs through the city streets towards Faber\'s house. On his way, he crosses a wide road as a speeding car attempts to run him over, but he manages to evade the vehicle, and realizes he almost suffered the same fate as Clarisse. Faber urges him to make his way to the countryside and contact the exiled book-lovers who live there. He mentions he will be leaving on an early bus heading to St. Louis and that he and Montag can rendezvous there later. On Faber\'s television, they watch news reports of another Mechanical Hound being released to track down and kill Montag, with news helicopters following it to create a public spectacle. After wiping his scent from around the house in hopes of thwarting the Hound, Montag leaves Faber\'s house. He escapes the manhunt by wading into a river and floating downstream. Montag leaves the river in the countryside, where he meets the exiled drifters, led by a man named Granger. Granger shows Montag the ongoing manhunt on a portable battery TV and predicts that "Montag" will be caught within the next few minutes; as predicted, an innocent man is then caught and killed.
The drifters are all former intellectuals. They have each memorized books should the day arrive that society comes to an end and is forced to rebuild itself anew, with the survivors learning to embrace the literature of the past. Granger asks Montag what he has to contribute to the group and Montag finds that he had partially memorized the Book of Ecclesiastes, discovering that the group has a special way of unlocking photographic memory. While learning the philosophy of the exiles, Montag and the group watch helplessly as bombers fly overhead and annihilate the city with nuclear weapons: the imminent war has begun and ended in the same night. While Faber would have left on the early bus, everyone else (possibly including Mildred) is immediately killed. Montag and the group are injured and dirtied, but manage to survive the shockwave.


# Fahrenheit 451
### \"Burning Bright\"
The following morning, Granger teaches Montag and the others about the legendary phoenix and its endless cycle of long life, death in flames, and rebirth. He adds that the phoenix must have some relationship to mankind, which constantly repeats its mistakes, but explains that man has something the phoenix does not: mankind can remember its mistakes and try to never repeat them. Granger then muses that a large factory of mirrors should be built so that people can take a long look at themselves and reflect on their lives. When the meal is over, the exiles return to the city to rebuild society.


# Fahrenheit 451
### \"Burning Bright\"
- **Guy Montag** is the protagonist and a fireman who presents the dystopian world in which he lives first through the eyes of a worker loyal to it, then as a man in conflict about it, and eventually as someone resolved to be free of it. Throughout most of the book, Montag lacks knowledge and believes only what he hears. Clarisse McClellan inspires Montag's change, even though they don't know each other for very long.
- **Clarisse McClellan** is a young girl one month short of her 17th birthday who is Montag\'s neighbor. She walks with Montag on his trips home from work. A modern critic has described her as an example of the Manic Pixie Dream Girl, as Clarisse is an unusual sort of person compared to the others inhabiting the bookless, hedonistic society: outgoing, naturally cheerful, unorthodox, and intuitive. She is unpopular among peers and disliked by teachers for asking \"why\" instead of \"how\" and focusing on nature rather than on technology. A few days after her first meeting with Montag, she disappears without any explanation; Mildred tells Montag (and Captain Beatty confirms) that Clarisse was hit by a speeding car and that her family moved away following her death. It is implied that Beatty may have assassinated Clarisse. In the afterword of a later edition, Bradbury notes that the film adaptation changed the ending so that Clarisse (who, in the film, is now a 20-year-old schoolteacher who was fired for being unorthodox) was living with the exiles. Bradbury, far from being displeased by this, was so happy with the new ending that he wrote it into his later stage edition.
- **Mildred \"Millie\" Montag** is Guy Montag\'s wife. She is addicted to sleeping pills, absorbed in the shallow dramas played on her \"parlor walls\" (flat-panel televisions), and indifferent to the oppressive society around her. She is described in the book as \"thin as a praying mantis from dieting, her hair burnt by chemicals to a brittle straw, and her flesh like white bacon.\" Despite her husband\'s attempts to break her from the spell society has on her, Mildred continues to be shallow and indifferent. After Montag scares her friends away by reading *Dover Beach*, and finding herself unable to live with someone who has been hoarding books, Mildred betrays Montag by reporting him to the firemen and abandoning him, and presumably dies when the city is bombed.
- **Captain Beatty** is Montag\'s boss and the book\'s main antagonist. Once an avid reader, he has come to hate books due to their unpleasant content and contradicting facts and opinions. After he forces Montag to burn his own house, Montag kills him with a flamethrower. In a scene written years later by Bradbury for the *Fahrenheit 451* play, Beatty invites Montag to his house where he shows him walls of books left to molder on their shelves.
- **Stoneman**and **Black** are Montag\'s coworkers at the firehouse. They do not have a large impact on the story and function only to show the reader the contrast between the firemen who obediently do as they are told and someone like Montag, who formerly took pride in his job but subsequently realizes how damaging it is to society. Black is later framed by Montag for possessing books.
- **Faber** is a former English professor. He has spent years regretting that he did not defend books when he saw the moves to ban them. Montag turns to him for guidance, remembering him from a chance meeting in a park sometime earlier. Faber at first refuses to help Montag and later realizes Montag is only trying to learn about books, not destroy them. He secretly communicates with Montag through an electronic earpiece and helps Montag escape the city, then gets on a bus to St. Louis and escapes the city himself before it is bombed. Bradbury notes in his afterword that Faber is part of the name of a German manufacturer of pencils, Faber-Castell.
- **Mrs. Ann Bowles**and **Mrs. Clara Phelps** are Mildred\'s friends and representative of the anti-intellectual, hedonistic mainstream society presented in the novel. During a social visit to Montag\'s house, they brag about ignoring the bad things in their lives and have a cavalier attitude towards the upcoming war, their husbands, their children, and politics. Mrs. Phelps\' husband Pete was called in to fight in the upcoming war (and believes that he\'ll be back in a week because of how quick the war will be) and thinks having children serves no purpose other than to ruin lives. Mrs. Bowles is a three-times-married single mother. Her first husband divorced her, her second died in a jet accident, and her third committed suicide by shooting himself in the head. She has two children who do not like or respect her due to her permissive, often negligent and abusive parenting; Mrs. Bowles brags that her kids beat her up, and she\'s glad she can hit back. When Montag reads *Dover Beach* to them, he strikes a chord in Mrs. Phelps, who starts crying over how hollow her life is. Mrs. Bowles chastises Montag for reading \"silly awful hurting words\".
- **Granger** is the leader of a group of wandering intellectual exiles who memorize books in order to preserve their contents.


# Fahrenheit 451
### \"Burning Bright\"
The title page of the book explains the title as follows: *Fahrenheit 451---The temperature at which book paper catches fire and burns\...*. On inquiring about the temperature at which paper would catch fire, Bradbury had been told that was the autoignition temperature of paper. In various studies, scientists have placed the autoignition temperature at a range of temperatures between , depending on the type of paper.
Bradbury\'s lifelong passion for books began at an early age. After he graduated from high school, his family could not afford for him to attend college, so Bradbury began spending time at the Los Angeles Public Library where he essentially educated himself. As a frequent visitor to his local libraries in the 1920s and 1930s, he recalls being disappointed because they did not stock popular science fiction novels, like those of H. G. Wells, because, at the time, they were not deemed literary enough. Between this and learning about the destruction of the Library of Alexandria, a great impression was made on the young man about the vulnerability of books to censure and destruction. Later, as a teenager, Bradbury was horrified by the Nazi book burnings and later by Joseph Stalin\'s campaign of political repression, the \"Great Purge\", in which writers and poets, among many others, were arrested and often executed.
Shortly after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the conclusion of World War II, the United States focused its concern on the Soviet atomic bomb project and the expansion of communism. The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), formed in 1938 to investigate American citizens and organizations suspected of having communist ties, held hearings in 1947 to investigate alleged communist influence in Hollywood movie-making. These hearings resulted in the blacklisting of the so-called \"Hollywood Ten\", a group of influential screenwriters and directors. This governmental interference in the affairs of artists and creative types greatly angered Bradbury. Bradbury was bitter and concerned about the workings of his government, and a late 1949 nighttime encounter with an overzealous police officer would inspire Bradbury to write \"The Pedestrian\", a short story which would go on to become \"The Fireman\" and then *Fahrenheit 451*. The rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy\'s hearings hostile to accused communists, beginning in 1950, deepened Bradbury\'s contempt for government overreach.


# Fahrenheit 451
### \"Burning Bright\"
The year HUAC began investigating Hollywood is often considered the beginning of the Cold War, as in March 1947, the Truman Doctrine was announced. By about 1950, the Cold War was in full swing, and the American public\'s fear of nuclear warfare and communist influence was at a feverish level. The stage was set for Bradbury to write the dramatic nuclear holocaust ending of *Fahrenheit 451*, exemplifying the type of scenario feared by many Americans of the time.
Bradbury\'s early life witnessed the Golden Age of Radio, while the transition to the Golden Age of Television began right around the time he started to work on the stories that would eventually lead to *Fahrenheit 451*. Bradbury saw these forms of media as a threat to the reading of books, indeed as a threat to society, as he believed they could act as a distraction from important affairs. This contempt for mass media and technology would express itself through Mildred and her friends and is an important theme in the book.
*Fahrenheit 451* developed out of a series of ideas Bradbury had visited in previously written stories. For many years, he tended to single out \"The Pedestrian\" in interviews and lectures as sort of a proto-*Fahrenheit 451*. In the Preface of his 2006 anthology *Match to Flame: The Fictional Paths to Fahrenheit 451* he states that this is an oversimplification. The full genealogy of *Fahrenheit 451* given in *Match to Flame* is involved. The following covers the most salient aspects.
Between 1947 and 1948, Bradbury wrote the short story \"Bright Phoenix\" (not published until the May 1963 issue of *The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction*) about a librarian who confronts a book-burning \"Chief Censor\" named Jonathan Barnes.
In late 1949, Bradbury was stopped and questioned by a police officer while walking late one night. When asked \"What are you doing?\", Bradbury wisecracked, \"Putting one foot in front of another.\" This incident inspired Bradbury to write the 1951 short story \"The Pedestrian\".


# Fahrenheit 451
### \"Burning Bright\"
In *The Pedestrian*, Leonard Mead is harassed and detained by the city\'s remotely operated police cruiser (there\'s only one) for taking nighttime walks, something that has become extremely rare in this future-based setting: everybody else stays inside and watches television (\"viewing screens\"). Alone and without an alibi, Mead is taken to the \"Psychiatric Center for Research on Regressive Tendencies\" for his peculiar habit. *Fahrenheit 451* would later echo this theme of an authoritarian society distracted by broadcast media.
Bradbury expanded the book-burning premise of \"Bright Phoenix\" and the totalitarian future of \"The Pedestrian\" into \"The Fireman\", a novella published in the February 1951 issue of *Galaxy Science Fiction*. \"The Fireman\" was written in the basement of UCLA\'s Powell Library on a typewriter that he rented for a fee of ten cents per half hour. The first draft was 25,000 words long and was completed in nine days.
Urged by a publisher at Ballantine Books to double the length of his story to make a novel, Bradbury returned to the same typing room and made the story 25000 words longer, again taking just nine days. The title \"Fahrenheit 451\" came to him on January 22. The final manuscript was ready in mid-August, 1953. The fixup was published by Ballantine in 1953.

### Supplementary material
Bradbury has supplemented the novel with various front and back matter, including a 1979 coda, a 1982 afterword, a 1993 foreword, and several introductions.
The first U.S. printing was a paperback version from October 1953 by The Ballantine Publishing Group. Shortly after the paperback, a hardback version was released that included a special edition of 200 signed and numbered copies bound in asbestos. These were technically collections because the novel was published with two short stories: *The Playground* and *And the Rock Cried Out*, which have been absent in later printings. A few months later, the novel was serialized in the March, April, and May 1954 issues of nascent *Playboy* magazine.


# Fahrenheit 451
### Expurgation
Starting in January 1967, *Fahrenheit 451* was subject to expurgation by its publisher, Ballantine Books with the release of the \"Bal-Hi Edition\" aimed at high school students. Among the changes made by the publisher were the censorship of the words \"hell\", \"damn\", and \"abortion\"; the modification of seventy-five passages; and the changing of two incidents.
In the first incident a drunk man was changed to a \"sick man\", while the second involved cleaning fluff out of a human navel, which instead became \"cleaning ears\" in the other. For a while both the censored and uncensored versions were available concurrently but by 1973 Ballantine was publishing only the censored version. That continued until 1979, when it came to Bradbury\'s attention:
In 1979, one of Bradbury\'s friends showed him an expurgated copy. Bradbury demanded that Ballantine Books withdraw that version and replace it with the original, and in 1980 the original version once again became available. In this reinstated work, in the Author\'s Afterword, Bradbury relates to the reader that it is not uncommon for a publisher to expurgate an author\'s work, but he asserts that he himself will not tolerate the practice of manuscript \"mutilation\".
The \"Bal-Hi\" editions are now referred to by the publisher as the \"Revised Bal-Hi\" editions.

### Non-print publications
An audiobook version read by Bradbury himself was released in 1976 and received a Spoken Word Grammy nomination. Another audiobook was released in 2005 narrated by Christopher Hurt. The e-book version was released in December 2011.


# Fahrenheit 451
### Non-print publications
In 1954, *Galaxy Science Fiction* reviewer Groff Conklin placed the novel \"among the great works of the imagination written in English in the last decade or more.\" The *Chicago Sunday Tribune*s August Derleth described the book as \"a savage and shockingly prophetic view of one possible future way of life\", calling it \"compelling\" and praising Bradbury for his \"brilliant imagination\". Over half a century later, Sam Weller wrote, \"upon its publication, *Fahrenheit 451* was hailed as a visionary work of social commentary.\" Today, *Fahrenheit 451* is still viewed as an important cautionary tale about conformity and the evils of government censorship.
When the novel was first published, there were those who did not find merit in the tale. Anthony Boucher and J. Francis McComas were less enthusiastic, faulting the book for being \"simply padded, occasionally with startlingly ingenious gimmickry, \... often with coruscating cascades of verbal brilliance but too often merely with words.\" Reviewing the book for *Astounding Science Fiction*, P. Schuyler Miller characterized the title piece as \"one of Bradbury\'s bitter, almost hysterical diatribes,\" while praising its \"emotional drive and compelling, nagging detail.\" Similarly, *The New York Times* was unimpressed with the novel and further accused Bradbury of developing a \"virulent hatred for many aspects of present-day culture, namely, such monstrosities as radio, TV, most movies, amateur and professional sports, automobiles, and other similar aberrations which he feels debase the bright simplicity of the thinking man\'s existence.\"
*Fahrenheit 451* was number seven on the list of \"Top Check Outs OF ALL TIME\" by the New York Public Library

### Censorship/banning incidents
In the years since its publication, *Fahrenheit 451* has occasionally been banned, censored, or redacted in some schools at the behest of parents or teaching staff either unaware of or indifferent to the inherent irony in such censorship. Notable incidents include:


# Fahrenheit 451
### Censorship/banning incidents
- In Apartheid South Africa the book was burned along with thousands of banned publications between the 1950s and 1970s.
- In 1987, *Fahrenheit 451* was given \"third tier\" status by the Bay County School Board in Panama City, Florida, under then-superintendent Leonard Hall\'s new three-tier classification system. Third tier was meant for books to be removed from the classroom for \"a lot of vulgarity.\" After a resident class-action lawsuit, a media stir, and student protests, the school board abandoned their tier-based censorship system and approved all the currently used books.
- In 1992, Venado Middle School in Irvine, California, gave copies of *Fahrenheit 451* to students with all \"obscene\" words blacked out. Parents contacted the local media and succeeded in reinstalling the uncensored copies.
- In 2006, parents of a 10th-grade high school student in Montgomery County, Texas, demanded the book be banned from their daughter\'s English class reading list. Their daughter was assigned the book during Banned Books Week, but stopped reading several pages in due to what she considered the offensive language and description of the burning of the Bible. In addition, the parents protested the violence, portrayal of Christians, and depictions of firemen in the novel.
Discussions about *Fahrenheit 451* often center on its story foremost as a warning against state-based censorship. Indeed, when Bradbury wrote the novel during the McCarthy era, he was concerned about censorship in the United States. During a radio interview in 1956, Bradbury said:I wrote this book at a time when I was worried about the way things were going in this country four years ago. Too many people were afraid of their shadows; there was a threat of book burning. Many of the books were being taken off the shelves at that time. And of course, things have changed a lot in four years. Things are going back in a very healthy direction. But at the time I wanted to do some sort of story where I could comment on what would happen to a country if we let ourselves go too far in this direction, where then all thinking stops, and the dragon swallows his tail, and we sort of vanish into a limbo and we destroy ourselves by this sort of action.


# Fahrenheit 451
### Censorship/banning incidents
As time went by, Bradbury tended to dismiss censorship as a chief motivating factor for writing the story. Instead he usually claimed that the real messages of *Fahrenheit 451* were about the dangers of an illiterate society infatuated with mass media and the threat of minority and special interest groups to books. In the late 1950s, Bradbury recounted:In writing the short novel *Fahrenheit 451*, I thought I was describing a world that might evolve in four or five decades. But only a few weeks ago, in Beverly Hills one night, a husband and wife passed me, walking their dog. I stood staring after them, absolutely stunned. The woman held in one hand a small cigarette-package-sized radio, its antenna quivering. From this sprang tiny copper wires which ended in a dainty cone plugged into her right ear. There she was, oblivious to man and dog, listening to far winds and whispers and soap-opera cries, sleep-walking, helped up and down curbs by a husband who might just as well not have been there. This was *not* fiction.


# Fahrenheit 451
### Censorship/banning incidents
This story echoes Mildred\'s \"Seashell ear-thimbles\" (i.e., a brand of in-ear headphones) that act as an emotional barrier between her and Montag. In a 2007 interview, Bradbury maintained that people misinterpret his book and that *Fahrenheit 451* is really a statement on how mass media like television marginalizes the reading of literature. Regarding minorities, he wrote in his 1979 Coda:There is more than one way to burn a book. And the world is full of people running about with lit matches. Every minority, be it Baptist/Unitarian, Irish/Italian/Octogenarian/Zen Buddhist, Zionist/Seventh-day Adventist, Women\'s Lib/Republican, Mattachine/Four Square Gospel feels it has the will, the right, the duty to douse the kerosene, light the fuse. \... Fire-Captain Beatty, in my novel *Fahrenheit 451*, described how the books were burned first by minorities, each ripping a page or a paragraph from this book, then that, until the day came when the books were empty and the minds shut and the libraries closed forever. \... Only six weeks ago, I discovered that, over the years, some cubby-hole editors at Ballantine Books, fearful of contaminating the young, had, bit by bit, censored some seventy-five separate sections from the novel. Students, reading the novel, which, after all, deals with censorship and book-burning in the future, wrote to tell me of this exquisite irony. Judy-Lynn del Rey, one of the new Ballantine editors, is having the entire book reset and republished this summer with all the damns and hells back in place.
Book-burning censorship, Bradbury would argue, was a side-effect of these two primary factors; this is consistent with Captain Beatty\'s speech to Montag about the history of the firemen. According to Bradbury, it is the people, not the state, who are the culprit in *Fahrenheit 451*. Nevertheless, the role of censorship, state-based or otherwise, is still perhaps the most frequent theme explored in the work.


# Fahrenheit 451
### Censorship/banning incidents
A variety of other themes in the novel besides censorship have been suggested. Two major themes are resistance to conformity and control of individuals via technology and mass media. Bradbury explores how the government is able to use mass media to influence society and suppress individualism through book burning. The characters Beatty and Faber point out that the American population is to blame. Due to their constant desire for a simplistic, positive image, books must be suppressed. Beatty blames the minority groups, who would take offense to published works that displayed them in an unfavorable light. Faber went further to state that the American population simply stopped reading on their own. He notes that the book burnings themselves became a form of entertainment for the general public.
In a 1994 interview, Bradbury stated that *Fahrenheit 451* was more relevant during this time than in any other, stating that, \"it works even better because we have political correctness now. Political correctness is the real enemy these days. The black groups want to control our thinking and you can\'t say certain things. The homosexual groups don't want you to criticize them. It\'s thought control and freedom of speech control.\"
Bradbury described himself as \"a *preventor* of futures, not a predictor of them.\" He did not believe that book burning was an inevitable part of the future; he wanted to warn against its development. In a later interview, when asked if he believes that teaching *Fahrenheit 451* in schools will prevent his totalitarian vision of the future, Bradbury replied in the negative. Rather, he states that education must be at the kindergarten and first-grade level. If students are unable to read then, they will be unable to read *Fahrenheit 451*.
On account of technology, Sam Weller notes that Bradbury \"predicted everything from flat-panel televisions to earbud headphones and twenty-four-hour banking machines.\"

### Television
*Playhouse 90* broadcast \"A Sound of Different Drummers\" on CBS in 1957, written by Robert Alan Aurthur. The play combined plot ideas from *Fahrenheit 451* and *Nineteen Eighty-Four*. Bradbury sued and eventually won on appeal.


# Fahrenheit 451
### Film
A film adaptation written and directed by François Truffaut and starring Oskar Werner and Julie Christie was released in 1966.
A film adaptation directed by Ramin Bahrani and starring Michael B. Jordan, Michael Shannon, Sofia Boutella, and Lilly Singh was released in 2018 for HBO.

### Theater
In the late 1970s Bradbury adapted his book into a play. At least part of it was performed at the Colony Theatre in Los Angeles in 1979, but it was not in print until 1986 and the official world premiere was only in November 1988 by the Fort Wayne, Indiana Civic Theatre. The stage adaptation diverges considerably from the book and seems influenced by Truffaut\'s movie. For example, fire chief Beatty\'s character is fleshed out and is the wordiest role in the play. As in the movie, Clarisse does not simply disappear but in the finale meets up with Montag as a book character (she as Robert Louis Stevenson, he as Edgar Allan Poe).
The UK premiere of Bradbury\'s stage adaptation was not until 2003 in Nottingham, while it took until 2006 before the Godlight Theatre Company produced and performed its New York City premiere at 59E59 Theaters. After the completion of the New York run, the production then transferred to the Edinburgh Festival where it was a 2006 Edinburgh Festival *Pick of the Fringe*.
The Off-Broadway theatre The American Place Theatre presented a one man show adaptation of *Fahrenheit 451* as a part of their 2008--2009 Literature to Life season.
*Fahrenheit 451* inspired the Birmingham Repertory Theatre production *Time Has Fallen Asleep in the Afternoon Sunshine*, which was performed at the Birmingham Central Library in April 2012.

### Radio
In 1982, Gregory Evans\' radio dramatization of the novel was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 starring Michael Pennington as Montag. It was broadcast eight more times on BBC Radio 4 Extra, twice each in 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2015.
BBC Radio\'s second dramatization, by David Calcutt, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2003, starring Stephen Tomlin in the same role.

### Music
In 1984 the new wave band Scortilla released the song Fahrenheit 451 inspired by the book by R. Bradbury and the film by F. Truffaut.


# Fahrenheit 451
### Computer games
In 1984, the novel was adapted into a computer text adventure game of the same name by the software company Trillium.

### Comics
In June 2009, a graphic novel edition of the book was published. Entitled *Ray Bradbury\'s Fahrenheit 451: The Authorized Adaptation*, the paperback graphic adaptation was illustrated by Tim Hamilton. The introduction in the novel is written by Bradbury.
Michael Moore\'s 2004 documentary *Fahrenheit 9/11* refers to Bradbury\'s novel and the September 11 attacks, emphasized by the film\'s tagline \"The temperature where freedom burns\". The film takes a critical look at the presidency of George W. Bush, the War on Terror, and its coverage in the news media, and became the highest grossing documentary of all time. Bradbury, a conservative, was upset by what he considered the appropriation of his title, and wanted the film renamed. Moore filmed a subsequent documentary about the election of Donald Trump called *Fahrenheit 11/9* in 2018.
In 2015, the Internet Engineering Steering Group approved the publication of *An HTTP Status Code to Report Legal Obstacles*, now , which specifies that websites forced to block resources for legal reasons should return a status code of 451 when users request those resources.
Guy Montag (as Gui Montag), is used in the 1998 real-time strategy game *Starcraft* as a terran firebat hero.
- *Brave New World*
- Dystopia
- Firefighter arson
- *Nineteen Eighty-Four*
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# Keep the Aspidistra Flying
Book cover of a *Penguin Books* edition.
***Keep the Aspidistra Flying***, first published in 1936, is a socially critical novel by George Orwell. It is set in 1930s London. The main theme is Gordon Comstock\'s romantic ambition to defy worship of the money-god and status, and the dismal life that results.
Orwell wrote the book in 1934 and 1935, when he was living at various locations near Hampstead in London, and drew on his experiences in these and the preceding few years. At the beginning of 1928 he lived in lodgings in Portobello Road from where he started his tramping expeditions, sleeping rough and roaming the poorer parts of London. At this time he wrote a fragment of a play in which the protagonist Stone needs money for a life-saving operation for his child. Stone would prefer to prostitute his wife rather than prostitute his artistic integrity by writing advertising copy.


# Keep the Aspidistra Flying
Orwell\'s early writings appeared in *The Adelphi*, a left-wing literary journal edited by Sir Richard Rees, a wealthy and idealistic baronet who made Orwell one of his protégés. The character of Ravelston, the wealthy publisher in *Keep the Aspidistra Flying*, has a lot in common with Rees. Ravelston is acutely self-conscious about his upper-class status and defensive about his unearned income. Comstock speculates that Ravelston receives nearly two thousand pounds a year after tax---a very comfortable sum in those days---and Rees, in a volume of autobiography published in 1963, wrote: \"I have never had the spending of much less than £1,000 a year of unearned income, and sometimes considerably more. \... Before the war, this was wealth, especially for an unmarried man. Many of my socialist and intellectual friends were paupers compared to me \...\" In quoting this, Orwell\'s biographer Michael Shelden comments that \"One of these \'paupers\'---at least in 1935---was Orwell, who was lucky if he made £200 that year. \... He appreciated Rees\'s editorial support at the *Adelphi* and sincerely enjoyed having him as a friend, but he could not have avoided feeling some degree of resentment toward a man who had no real job but who enjoyed an income four or five times greater than his.\"
In 1932 Orwell took a job as a teacher in a small school in West London. From there he visited Burnham Beeches and other places in the countryside. There are allusions to Burnham Beeches and walks in the country in Orwell\'s correspondence at this time with Brenda Salkeld and Eleanor Jacques.


# Keep the Aspidistra Flying
In October 1934, after Orwell had spent nine months at his parents\' home in Southwold, his aunt Nellie Limouzin found him a job as a part-time assistant in Booklovers\' Corner, a second-hand bookshop in Hampstead run by Francis and Myfanwy Westrope. The Westropes, who were friends of Nellie in the Esperanto movement, had an easygoing outlook and provided Orwell with comfortable accommodation at Warwick Mansions, Pond Street. He was job sharing with Jon Kimche who also lived with the Westropes. Orwell worked at the shop in the afternoons, having the mornings free to write and the evenings to socialise. He was at Booklovers\' Corner for fifteen months. His essay \"Bookshop Memories\", published in November 1936, recalled aspects of his time at the bookshop, and in *Keep the Aspidistra Flying* \"he described it, or revenged himself upon it, with acerbity and wit and spleen.\" In their study of Orwell the writers Stansky & Abrahams remarked upon the improvement on the \"stumbling attempts at female portraiture in his first two novels: the stereotyped Elizabeth Lackersteen in *Burmese Days* and the hapless Dorothy in *A Clergyman\'s Daughter*\" and contended that, in contrast, \"Rosemary is a credible female portrait\". Through his work in the bookshop Orwell was in a position to become acquainted with women, \"first as a clerk, then as a friend\", and found that, \"if circumstances were favourable, he might eventually embark upon a \'relationship\' \... This, for Orwell the author and Blair the man, was the chief reward of working at Booklovers\' Corner.\" In particular, Orwell met Sally Jerome, who was then working for an advertising agency (like Rosemary in *Keep the Aspidistra Flying*), and Kay Ekevall, who ran a small typing and secretarial service that did work for the *Adelphi*.


# Keep the Aspidistra Flying
By the end of February 1935 Orwell had moved into a flat in Parliament Hill; his landlady, Rosalind Obermeyer, was studying at the University of London. It was through a joint party with his landlady that Orwell met his future wife, Eileen O\'Shaughnessy. In August Orwell moved into a flat in Kentish Town, which he shared with Michael Sayers and Rayner Heppenstall. Over this period he was working on *Keep the Aspidistra Flying*, and had two novels, *Burmese Days* and *A Clergyman\'s Daughter*, published. At the beginning of 1936 Orwell was dealing with pre-publication issues for *Keep the Aspidistra Flying* while he was touring the North of England collecting material for *The Road to Wigan Pier*. The novel was published by Victor Gollancz Ltd on 20 April 1936.
Two aspidistra plants -- \"The types he saw all round him, especially the older men, made him squirm. That was what it meant to worship the money-god! To settle down, to Make Good, to sell your soul for a villa and an aspidistra! To turn into the typical bowler-hatted sneak -- Strube\'s \'little man\' -- What a fate!\" (Ch III)
The aspidistra is a hardy, long-living plant that is used as a house plant in England, and which can grow to an impressive, even unwieldy size. It was especially popular in the Victorian era, in large part because it could tolerate not only weak sunlight but also the poor indoor air quality that resulted from the use of oil lamps and, later, coal gas lamps. They had fallen out of favour by the 20th century, following the advent of electric lighting. Their use had been so widespread among the middle class that they had become a music hall joke appearing in songs such as \"Biggest Aspidistra in the World,\" of which Gracie Fields made a recording.
In the titular phrase, Orwell uses the aspidistra, a symbol of the stuffiness of middle-class society, in conjunction with the locution \"to keep the flag (or colours) flying.\" The title can thus be interpreted as a sarcastic exhortation in the sense of \"Hooray for the middle class!\"


# Keep the Aspidistra Flying
Orwell also used the phrase in his previous novel *A Clergyman\'s Daughter* (1935), where a character sings the words to the tune of the German national anthem.
In subsequent adaptions and translations, the original title has frequently been altered; in German, to \"The Joys of the Aspidistra,\" in Spanish to \"Don\'t Let the Aspidistra Die,\" in Italian to \"May the Aspidistra Bloom,\" in Dutch to \"Keep the Sanseveria High.\" The 1997 movie adaptation was released in the United States as *A Merry War*.
\"Keep the aspidistra flying!\" is the final line of *Nexus* by Henry Miller, published in 1959. Orwell owned some of Miller\'s works while he was working at Booklovers\' Corner. The books were banned in the U.K. at the time.
Gordon Comstock has \'declared war\' on what he sees as an \'overarching dependence\' on money by leaving a promising job as a copywriter for an advertising company called \'New Albion\'---at which he shows great dexterity---and taking a low-paying job instead, ostensibly so he can write poetry. Coming from a respectable family background in which the inherited wealth has now become dissipated, Gordon resents having to work for a living. The \'war\' (and the poetry), however, aren\'t going particularly well and, under the stress of his \'self-imposed exile\' from affluence, Gordon has become absurd, petty and deeply neurotic.
Comstock lives without luxuries in a bedsit in London, which he affords by working in a small bookshop owned by a Scot, McKechnie. He works intermittently at a *magnum opus* he plans to call \'London Pleasures\', describing a day in London; meanwhile, his only published work, a slim volume of poetry entitled *Mice*, collects dust on the remainder shelf. He is simultaneously content with his meagre existence and also disdainful of it. He lives without financial ambition and the need for a \'good job,\' but his living conditions are uncomfortable and his job is boring.