[
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/publicopinionsandsocialtrendsgreatbritain/may2026", "title": "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: May 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nThe following information is from data collected from 6 to 31 May 2026, based on adults in Great Britain.\nThe cost of living (89%), the NHS (80%), and the economy (72%) were the most commonly reported issues facing the UK today.\nAmong those who reported that their cost of living had increased compared with a month ago (66%), the most commonly reported reasons were the price of food shopping (93%), the price of fuel (77%), and gas or electricity bills (61%).\nAround 7 in 10 adults (70%) agreed or strongly agreed that their household income covers their household's minimum living expenses, while 17% neither agreed nor disagreed, and 13% disagreed or strongly disagreed.\nMore than 3 in 4 adults (77%) reported being very or somewhat worried about international conflict; the most commonly reported worries about international conflict were fuel availability or prices (67%), energy supply or prices (66%), and the safety or well-being of those directly affected (61%).\nAround 1 in 12 adults (8%) reported being unable to buy or access essential food items that they needed in the past two weeks, and 15% of adults reported being unable to buy or access other food items.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nImportant issues facing the UK\nIn the latest period (6 to 31 May 2026), the most frequently reported issues facing the UK today continued to be:\nthe cost of living (89%)\nthe NHS (80%)\nthe economy (72%)\nOther commonly reported issues during this time included:\ncrime (57%)\nimmigration (57%)\ninternational conflict (54%)\nhousing (53%)\nclimate change and the environment (53%)\nFigure 1: The cost of living, the NHS, and the economy have been the most commonly reported important issues facing the UK since October 2022\nProportion of adults reporting each important issue, Great Britain, October 2022 to May 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nRespondents could select more than one option.\nThe length of each data collection period presented in this time series may be different.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nCost of living\nIn the latest period (6 to 31 May 2026), around 2 in 3 adults (66%) reported that their cost of living had increased compared with one month ago. This proportion is lower than in April 2026, when it was 79%, but is similar to this time a year ago (62% in the period 7 May to 1 June 2025).\nWe also asked respondents how worried or unworried they were about rising costs of living. Around 6 in 10 adults (63%) reported being very or somewhat worried, while 20% were neither worried nor unworried, and 13% were somewhat unworried or not at all worried.\nAdults aged 30 to 49 years were more likely to say they were very or somewhat worried about rising costs of living (69%), compared with those aged 50 to 69 years (59%) or 70 years and over (58%). Around 2 in 3 adults aged 16 to 29 years (64%) reported being worried about rising costs of living.\nFigure 2: Nearly 7 in 10 adults (69%) aged 30 to 49 years reported being very or somewhat worried about rising costs of living in the past two weeks, compared with 63% of all adults\nProportion of adults reporting how worried or unworried they were about rising costs of living in the past two weeks, by age group and sex, Great Britain, 6 to 31 May 2026\nSource: Opinions and Lifestyle Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nEstimates may not sum to 100 because of rounding or suppression\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Nearly 7 in 10 adults (69%) aged 30 to 49 years reported being very or somewhat worried about rising costs of living in the past two weeks, compared with 63% of all adults\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nReasons for increases in the cost of living\nAmong those who reported that their cost of living had increased compared with a month ago, the most commonly reported reasons were:\nprice of food shopping (93%)\nprice of fuel (77%)\ngas or electricity bills (61%)\nActions taken because of increases in the cost of living\nAmong all adults, the most commonly reported actions taken because of increases in the cost of living were:\nspending less on non-essentials (61%)\nspending less on food shopping and essentials (41%)\nshopping around more (40%)\nusing less fuel such as gas or electricity in the home (35%)\nAround one-third of adults (34%) reported cutting back on non-essential journeys in their vehicle because of increases in the cost of living. This is similar to the proportion who reported this in April 2026 (37%), but is an increase from a similar period last year (25% in the period 7 May to 1 June 2025).\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nFinancial pressures\nIn the latest period (6 to 31 May 2026), we explored a range of different financial pressures facing adults across Great Britain.\nAbility to save money\nMore than 1 in 3 adults (35%) reported that they think they would be unable to save any money in the next 12 months. This is similar to the proportion who reported this in April 2026 (38%) and this time last year (33% in the period 7 May to 1 June 2025).\nAbility to pay an unexpected but necessary expense\nAround 1 in 4 adults (25%) reported their household would be unable to pay an unexpected but necessary expense of £850. This is similar to the proportion who reported this in April 2026 (23%) and this time last year (24% in the period 7 May to 1 June 2025).\nAdults aged 70 years and over were less likely to report that their household would be unable to pay an unexpected but necessary expense of £850 (15%), compared with:\n23% of those aged 50 to 69 years\n31% of those aged 30 to 49 years\n26% of those aged 16 to 29 years\nMen were also less likely to report this (20%), compared with women (30%).\nAbility to cover living expenses\nThis month, we also asked respondents to what extent they agreed or disagreed that their household income covers their household's minimum living expenses and found:\n70% agreed or strongly agreed\n17% neither agreed nor disagreed\n13% disagreed or strongly disagreed\nThis is similar to when we last asked this question between 13 March and 19 May 2024 when 69% agreed or strongly agreed, 18% neither agreed nor disagreed, and 13% disagreed or strongly disagreed.\nWhen asked how they expect their household income to change in the next 12 months:\n24% expected it to increase\n50% expected it to stay the same\n12% expected it to decrease\n14% said they did not know\nMen (30%) were more likely to report expecting an increase to their household income than women (19%).\nThe proportion of adults who said they expected their household income to increase in the next 12 months (24%) was lower than when we last asked this question between 13 March and 19 May 2024, when it was 29%.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nWorries about international conflict\nIn the latest period (6 to 31 May 2026), we asked respondents how worried or unworried they were about international conflict. More than 3 in 4 adults (77%) reported being very or somewhat worried about international conflict, while 11% were neither worried nor unworried, and 8% were somewhat unworried or not at all worried.\nOlder adults (those aged 50 to 69 years and those aged 70 years and over) were more likely to report being very or somewhat worried about international conflict, compared with younger adults (those aged 16 to 29 years and 30 to 49 years). This is broken down as:\n86% of those aged 70 years and over\n80% of those aged 50 to 69 years\n72% of those aged 30 to 49 years\n71% of those aged 16 to 29 years\nFigure 3: Older adults were more likely to report being worried about international conflict compared with younger adults\nProportion of adults reporting how worried or unworried they were about international conflict in the past two weeks, by age group and sex, Great Britain, 6 to 31 May 2026\nSource: Opinions and Lifestyle Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nEstimates may not sum to 100 because of rounding or suppression.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: Older adults were more likely to report being worried about international conflict compared with younger adults\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nWe also asked respondents which issues, if any, they were worried about because of international conflict. The most commonly selected worries were:\nfuel availability or prices (67%)\nenergy supply or prices (66%)\nsafety or well-being of those directly affected (61%)\ndisruption to travel or transport (39%)\nAround 1 in 20 (5%) adults reported that they were not worried about any of these issues.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nShortages of goods\nShortages of food and other items\nIn the latest period (6 to 31 May 2026), we asked adults what items, if any, they had not been able to buy or access in the past two weeks because they were not available. More than 6 in 10 (63%) adults said that everything they needed had been available in the past two weeks.\nAround 1 in 12 (8%) adults reported that in the past two weeks they had been unable to buy or access essential food items that they need on a regular basis, and 15% reported being unable to buy or access other food items.\nA smaller proportion of adults reported being unable to buy or access:\nfuel (5%)\nmedicine (3%)\nconstruction or DIY goods (3%)\nother items (2%)\nFigure 4: The majority of adults (63%) reported that all the items they needed had been available in the past two weeks\nProportion of adults reporting the items that they had not been able to buy or access, in the past two weeks, as they were not available, Great Britain, 6 to 31 May 2026\nSource: Opinions and Lifestyle Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nRespondents could select more than one option.\nOur accompanying datasets include confidence intervals, additional response options and related footnotes.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: The majority of adults (63%) reported that all the items they needed had been available in the past two weeks\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFood availability and variety\nWe also asked respondents about their experiences when food shopping in the past two weeks.\nOver half (53%) of adults reported that they had to spend more than usual in the past two weeks, to purchase what they normally buy. Other reported experiences included:\nthere was less variety in the shops than usual (22%)\nhaving to go to more shops than usual to get what was needed (18%)\nitems needed were not available, but a replacement was found (15%)\nitems needed were not available and a replacement could not be found (14%)\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nData on public opinions and social trends\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: household finances\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nPeople's experiences of changes in their cost of living and household finances in Great Britain; indicators from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: personal experiences of shortages of goods\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nPeople's experiences of shortages of food and other items when shopping in Great Britain; indicators from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: household income and subjective poverty\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nIndicators from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN) related to household income changes and subjective poverty.\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: personal well-being and loneliness\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nPersonal well-being, loneliness and what people in Great Britain felt were important issues; indicators from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: social mobility\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nSocial mobility and life opportunities across different generations in Great Britain; indicators from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: working arrangements\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nWorking arrangements of people in Great Britain; indicators from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: winter pressures\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nPeople's experiences of winter pressures in Great Britain; indicators from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: international travel plans\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nPeople's intentions and experiences of international travel; indicators from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: flooding\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026.\nPerceptions of flood risk in Great Britain, and actions taken as a result; indicators from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN). Contains linked data to the Environmental Agency's National Flood Risk Assessment (NaFRA) database.\nOpinions and Lifestyle Survey: sample sizes, response rates and user requested data\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nSurvey information including sample sizes, response rates and user requested data for the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nData sources and quality\nSample\nThe analysis in this bulletin is based on adults aged 16 years and over in Great Britain.\nIn the latest period, 6 to 31 May 2026, we sampled 8,770 households. This sample was randomly selected from people who had previously completed the Transformed Labour Force Survey (TLFS) or Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN). There were 3,780 individuals in the responding sample for the latest period, representing a 43% response rate.\nData quality\nWe applied survey weights to make estimates representative of the population, based on our population estimates. Estimates for some groups of the population may be subject to greater\nuncertainty\nbecause of smaller sample sizes for these groups (for example, younger adults).\nFrom the 1 to 26 April 2026 data collection period onwards, the population totals used in weighting OPN estimates are based on 2024 mid-year estimates using updated population projections. They are initially projected forward using scaling factors derived from 2022-based subnational population projections by local authority, age, and sex, and subsequently constrained to 2022-based national population projection totals. Further, these estimates are adjusted to cover only the population living in households and student halls of residence.\nWe provide\nconfidence intervals\nfor all estimates in the datasets. Where comparisons between estimates are made, associated confidence intervals should be used to assess the\nstatistical significance\nof the differences.\nFurther information on the survey design and quality is available in our\nOpinions and Lifestyle Survey quality and methodology information (QMI)\n.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nRelated links\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: April 2026\nBulletin | Released 15 May 2026\nSocial insights on daily life, including cost of living and attitudes to important issues and elections, from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nEconomic activity and social change real-time indicators, UK, dashboard\nOnline tool | Updated 18 June 2026\nAn overview of the UK economy and society, based on rapid response surveys, novel data sources, and innovative methods.\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy: 18 June 2026\nBulletin | Released 18 June 2026\nThe impact of challenges facing the economy and other events on UK businesses, including financial performance, workforce, trade, and business resilience.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 19 June 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: May 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/publicopinionsandsocialtrendsgreatbritain/may2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/publicopinionsandsocialtrendsgreatbritain/may2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Social insights on daily life, including cost of living, goods shortages, and worries about international conflict, from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "6", "31", "2026,", "89%", "80%", "72%", "66%", "93%", "77%", "61%", "7", "10", "70%", "17%", "13%", "3", "4", "67%", "12", "8%", "15%", "2", "2026", "57%", "54%", "53%", "2022", "79%", "62%", "2025", "63%", "20%", "30", "49 years", "69%", "50", "69 years", "59%", "70 years", "58%", "16", "29 years", "64%", "100", "41%", "40%", "35%", "34%", "37%", "25%", "12 months", "38%", "33%", "850", "23%", "24%", "31%", "26%", "30%", "13", "19", "2024", "18%", "50%", "12%", "14%", "19%", "2024,", "29%", "5", "11%", "86%", "71%", "39%", "20", "5%", "3%", "2%", "22%"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: sample sizes, response rates and user requested data", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/datasets/opinionsandlifestylesurveysamplesizesresponseratesanduserrequesteddata/current/samplesizesresponseratesanduserrequesteddata.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: flooding", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/datasets/publicopinionsandsocialtrendsgreatbritainflooding/8januaryto30march2025/flooding8januaryto30march2025.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/bulletins/retailsales/may2026", "title": "Retail sales, Great Britain: May 2026", "context": "1.\nOverview\nThe quantity of goods bought (volume) in retail sales is estimated to have risen by 0.4% in the three months to May 2026 compared with the three months to February 2026. Non-food stores’ sales volumes rose, with department stores performing well in May because of the good weather. Also within non-food stores, computer and telecoms retailers continued to grow following product releases in March 2026. Non-store retailers rose following strong March and May periods.\nRetail sales volumes are estimated to have risen by 1.2% in May 2026. This follows a fall of 1.0% in April 2026 (revised up from a 1.3% fall in our previous bulletin), and a rise of 0.7% in March 2026 (revised up from a 0.6% rise in our previous bulletin). Retailers suggested that promotions and the hot weather in May increased sales volumes for non-store retailers and department stores.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nRetail sales in May\nSales volumes rose over both the month and the three months to May 2026\nRolling three-month and monthly index for the quantity bought in all retailing, seasonally adjusted, Great Britain, May 2023 to May 2026\nSource: Monthly Business Survey, Retail Sales Inquiry from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nThe chart shows the quantity bought in retail sales over time, for both the rolling three-month and the monthly movements.\nThe monthly path shows more volatility than the smoother three-month series.\nDownload this chart\nSales volumes rose over both the month and the three months to May 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nSales volumes rose by 0.4% in the three months to May 2026 compared with the three months to February 2026, an increase of 1.4% compared with the three months to May 2025.\nSales volumes rose by 1.2% over the month during May 2026, following a fall of 1.0% in April 2026.\nSales volumes rose by 3.2% over the year to May 2026.\nVolumes fell by 0.4% compared with their pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic level in February 2020.\nThese data are available in our\nRetail Sales Index dataset\n.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nRetail sector volumes\nSales volumes in non-food stores and non-store retailers rose over the three months to May 2026\nVolume sales, three-monthly, and monthly percentage change, seasonally adjusted, Great Britain, May 2026\nSource: Monthly Business Survey, Retail Sales Inquiry from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nMonthly growth rates can be volatile. Monthly growth should therefore be used with caution and alongside other measures, such as the three-month growth rate.\nNon-store retailing refers to retailers that do not have a store presence. While the majority is made up of online retailers, it also includes other retailers, such as street stalls and markets.\nMore data are available in our\nRetail Sales Index datasets\n.\nDownload this chart\nSales volumes in non-food stores and non-store retailers rose over the three months to May 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nSales volumes rose by 0.4% in the three months to May 2026 compared with the three months to February 2026. Sales volumes for non-food stores (the total of department, clothing, household, and other non-food stores) rose by 1.2%. Department stores sales volumes rose by 2.7% following strong monthly growth in May, which was the largest three-monthly rise since September 2024. Retailers reported that hot weather in May boosted sales of items such as fans and paddling pools. Within other non-food stores, sales volumes among computer and telecoms retailers also rose, as product releases in March remained in demand. Meanwhile, non-store retailers (which are predominately online) performed well, following rises in both March and May.\nSales volumes rose by 1.2% over the month to May 2026. Sales volumes for non-store retailers rose by 6.1%, the largest monthly rise since February 2025, bringing volumes to their highest level since January 2022. Retailer comments suggested that promotions and hot weather boosted sales of items such as outdoor furniture and fans. Non-food stores grew on the month as well, with department stores also benefiting from promotions and the hot weather.\nThe\nMet Office Weather and Climate summaries\nreported that 2026 saw the joint-third warmest May on record.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nOnline retail values\nOnline sales rose across all sectors over the three months to May 2026\nValue sales, three-monthly, and monthly percentage change, seasonally adjusted, Great Britain, May 2026\nSource: Monthly Business Survey, Retail Sales Inquiry from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nMonthly growth rates can be volatile. Monthly growth should therefore be used with caution and alongside other measures, such as the three-month growth rate.\nNon-store retailing refers to retailers that do not have a store presence. While the majority is made up of online retailers, it also includes other retailers, such as street stalls and markets.\nMore data, such as the proportion of sales made online, are available in our\nRetail Sales Index internet sales datasets\n.\nDownload this chart\nOnline sales rose across all sectors over the three months to May 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe amount spent online, known as “online spending values”, rose by 3.4%, when comparing the three months to May 2026 with the three months to February 2026. Online spending values rose by 9.8% compared with the three months to May 2025.\nWithin the monthly series, online sales values rose by 3.3% over the month to May 2026, an increase of 12.2% compared with May 2025.\nThe total spend (the sum of in-store and online sales) rose by 0.9% over the month. As a result, the proportion of sales made online rose from 28.1% in April 2026 to 28.8% in May 2026.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nData on retail sales\nRetail Sales Index\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nA series of retail sales data for Great Britain in value and volume terms, seasonally and non-seasonally adjusted.\nRetail sales pounds data\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nTotal sales and average weekly spending estimates for each retail sector in Great Britain in thousands of pounds.\nRetail Sales Index internet sales\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nInternet sales in Great Britain by store type, month, and year.\nRetail Sales Index categories and their percentage weights\nDataset | Released 27 March 2026\nRetail sales categories and descriptions and their percentage of all retailing in Great Britain.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nData sources and quality\nFor May 2026, the Retail Sales Index (RSI) survey response rates were 57.0% based on returned forms, which is 3.9 percentage points below the average of the past 12 months. This accounted for 85.0% of total turnover coverage of the sample population, 2.6 percentage points below the average of the past 12 months. Historical response information is available in our\nRetail sales quality tables dataset\n.\nInformation on how we calculated the data, including strengths and limitations, and a glossary of relevant terms, is available in our\nRetail Sales Index quality and methodology information (QMI) report\n.\nSeasonal adjustment\nSeasonally adjusted estimates are derived by estimating and removing calendar effects (for example, Easter moving between March and April), and seasonal effects (for example, increased spending in December because of Christmas) from the non-seasonally adjusted estimates.\nWe use the X-13ARIMA-SEATS approach to seasonal adjustment. Seasonal adjustment parameters are monitored closely and are regularly reviewed. Improvements following our full annual seasonal adjustment review will be implemented as part of our next release on 24 July 2026. More information is available in our\nSeasonal adjustment methodology\n.\nSeasonal adjustment is applied at the industry level, and the seasonally adjusted series are aggregated to create estimates by industry sector and total retail. As part of our quality assurance approach, residual seasonality checks are completed regularly by our time series analysis team on both the seasonally adjusted series and the indirectly derived aggregate time series.\nBased on current data, we find no residual seasonality in the main aggregate for monthly retail sales estimates. We have separately published our comprehensive methodology on\nHow the Office for National Statistics (ONS) assesses statistical outputs for residual seasonality\n.\nAccredited official statistics\nThese\naccredited official statistics\nwere independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in March 2015. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality, and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled “accredited official statistics”.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 19 June 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nRetail sales, Great Britain: May 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/bulletins/retailsales/may2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/bulletins/retailsales/may2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Retail sales rose in the three months to May 2026, according to our first estimate.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "0.4%", "2026", "1.2%", "1.0%", "1.3%", "0.7%", "0.6%", "2", "2023", "2026,", "1.4%", "2025", "3.2%", "19", "2020", "3", "2.7%", "2024", "6.1%", "2025,", "2022", "4", "3.4%", "9.8%", "3.3%", "12.2%", "0.9%", "28.1%", "28.8%", "5", "27", "6", "57.0%", "3.9 percentage points", "12 months", "85.0%", "2.6 percentage points", "13", "24", "2015", "7"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Retail Sales Index", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/datasets/retailsalesindexreferencetables/current/mainreferencetables.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/bulletins/publicsectorfinances/may2026", "title": "Public sector finances, UK: May 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nBorrowing - the difference between total public sector spending and income - was £23.3 billion in May 2026; this was £5.4 billion (30.4%) more than in May 2025, and £5.6 billion more than the £17.7 billion forecast by the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR).\nCentral government debt interest payable was £11.7 billion in May 2026; this was £4.1 billion (54.4%) more than in May 2025 and the highest in any May on record (not adjusted for inflation).\nBorrowing in the financial year (FY) to May 2026 was £46.3 billion; this was £8.9 billion (23.9%) more than in the FY to May 2025, and £7.7 billion more than the £38.6 billion forecast by the OBR.\nBorrowing in the FY to May 2026 was 1.5% of gross domestic product (GDP); this was 0.2 percentage points more than in the FY to May 2025, and the fifth highest value since monthly records began, in 1993.\nThe current budget deficit - borrowing to fund day-to-day public sector activities - was £18.5 billion in May 2026, bringing the total current deficit in the FY to May 2026 to £34.5 billion; this was £7.0 billion (25.5%) more than in the FY to May 2025, and £6.0 billion more than the £28.5 billion forecast by the OBR.\nPublic sector net debt - a measure of the amount of money owed to the UK private sector and overseas less any liquid assets held - was provisionally estimated at 95.1% of GDP at the end of May 2026; this was 0.4 percentage points more than in May 2025 and remains at levels last seen in the early 1960s.\nPublic sector net financial liabilities - which consider a wider range of financial assets and liabilities than net debt - were provisionally estimated at 84.7% of GDP at the end of May 2026; this was 10.4 percentage points of GDP less than debt.\nCentral government net cash requirement (excluding UK Asset Resolution Limited and Network Rail Limited) - the additional cash needed to be raised from the financial markets to finance activities - was £25.3 billion in May 2026, which was £1.3 billion (5.2%) more than in May 2025.\n!\nThis release presents the third estimates of UK public sector finances for the FYE March 2026 and the first estimates for May 2026; these are not final figures, and they will be revised over the coming months as we replace our initial estimates with provisional and then final outturn data.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nMay 2026 indicators at a glance\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nBorrowing in May 2026\nThe public sector borrowed £23.3 billion in May 2026, £5.4 billion more than in May 2025. This was the second highest borrowing in any May on record (not adjusted for inflation).\nFigure 1: This month’s borrowing is the highest for May since 2020 (not adjusted for inflation)\nPublic sector net borrowing excluding public sector banks, UK, May 2020 to May 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nDataset identifier code: -J5II.\nFigures exclude those banks classified to the public sector between October 2007 and May 2024.\nPositive numbers indicate a deficit, while negative numbers indicate a surplus.\nEach January we usually see a surplus because of the additional self-assessed Income Tax receipts.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: This month’s borrowing is the highest for May since 2020 (not adjusted for inflation)\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nTable 1: Public sector net borrowing monthly summary\nPublic sector net borrowing by subsector, May 2026 compared with May 2025, £ billion, UK\nSub-sector\nMay 2026\n(£ billion)\nMay 2025\n(£ billion)\nDifference\n(£ billion)\nDifference\n(%)\nCentral government\nnet borrowing\n20.9\n15.7\n5.2\n33.2\nLocal government\nnet borrowing\n1.8\n1.2\n0.6\n53.0\nTotal public corporations\nnet borrowing\n0.6\n1.0\n-0.4\n-39.8\nOf which: non-financial\npublic corporations\n0.0\n-0.1\n0.2\n125.4\nOf which: funded public\nsector pensions\n-0.2\n-0.2\n0.0\n-20.4\nOf which: Bank of England\n0.8\n1.3\n-0.5\n-38.8\nPublic sector net borrowing\n23.3\n17.9\n5.4\n30.4\nMemo item: Public sector\ncurrent budget deficit\n18.5\n13.9\n4.7\n33.7\nMemo item: Central government\nnet cash requirement [note 2]\n25.3\n24.0\n1.3\n5.2\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nExcludes Network Rail Limited and UK Asset Resolution Limited.\nA breakdown of net borrowing by subsector and a summary of central government receipts and expenditure data are presented in Tables 1 to 3 in our Public sector finances summary tables: Appendix M dataset.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Public sector net borrowing monthly summary\n.xls\n.csv\nOur\nPublic sector finances borrowing by subsector: Appendix R dataset\nprovides further detail on data presented in Table 1 and includes the option to select other time periods.\nCentral government borrowing\nCentral government forms the largest part of the public sector and includes government departments such as the Department of Health and Social Care, the Department for Work and Pensions and the Department for Education.\nThe relationship between central government's receipts and expenditure is an important determinant of public sector net borrowing.\nCentral government receipts\nCentral government's receipts were £85.5 billion in May 2026, which was £3.4 billion (4.1%) more than in May 2025. Of this £3.4 billion increase in income:\ncentral government tax receipts increased by £2.7 billion to £63.7 billion; this included increases of £1.2 billion in Value Added Tax (VAT) receipts, £0.9 billion in Income Tax receipts, and £0.4 billion in Corporation Tax receipts\ncompulsory social contributions (which are largely comprised of receipts from National Insurance Contributions) increased by £0.3 billion, to £15.9 billion\nA detailed breakdown of central government income is presented in our\nPublic sector current receipts: Appendix D dataset\n.\n!\nIn most recent months, tax receipts recorded on an accrued basis are subject to some uncertainty. This is because many taxes, such as VAT, Pay As You Earn (PAYE) income tax, and Corporation Tax, contain some forecast cash receipts data. These data are liable to revision when actual cash receipts data are received.\nThe forecasts underlying current HM Revenue and Customs tax estimates reflect the expectations published in the\nEconomic and fiscal outlook - March 2026\nreport from the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR).\nCentral government current expenditure\nCentral government spending data for May are provisional. There is uncertainty around these estimates until more detailed departmental information becomes available over time.\nCentral government's current expenditure - spending to fund its day-to-day activities - was provisionally estimated at £95.7 billion in May 2026, which was £6.4 billion (7.1%) more than in May 2025. Of this £6.4 billion increase in spending:\ncentral government debt interest payable increased by £4.1 billion to £11.7 billion, with movements in the Retail Prices Index (RPI) adding volatility to the monthly debt interest costs\ncentral government departmental spending on goods and services increased by £2.2 billion to £39.6 billion, as inflation increased the cost of providing public services\nnet social benefits paid by central government increased by £1.2 billion to £28.4 billion; this was largely caused by inflation-linked increases in many benefits, and earnings-linked increases to State Pension payments\npayments to support the day-to-day running of local government decreased by £1.4 billion to £10.6 billion; these intra-government transfers are both central government spending and a local government receipt, so they have no effect on overall public sector borrowing\nCentral government debt interest costs\nBorrowing is largely financed by the issuance of central government gilts by the\nDebt Management Office\n, on which interest is paid to investors.\nCentral government debt interest payable in May 2026 was £11.7 billion; this was £4.1 billion more than in May 2025 and the highest in any May on record (not adjusted for inflation).\nThe interest payable on index-linked gilts rises and falls with the RPI, adding volatility to central government debt interest costs. This additional RPI inflation-linked component of interest is described as \"capital uplift\" and affects the value of the gilt principal.\nCapital uplift increased the total central government interest payable by £4.9 billion in May 2026. This largely reflects the 0.8% increase in the RPI between February and March 2026.\nCapital uplift is accrued throughout the life of each index-linked gilt but is paid to gilt holders as interest at redemption. Accrued capital uplift is shown as the light blue portion of each stacked bar in Figure 2.\nFigure 2: Recent movements in the Retail Prices Index added £4.9 billion to central government debt interest payable in May 2026\nCentral government debt interest payable, UK, May 2024 to May 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nNet of redemption proceeds.\nDataset identifier codes: NMFX, JNYY and JNYX.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Recent movements in the Retail Prices Index added £4.9 billion to central government debt interest payable in May 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nCentral government current budget deficit\nCentral government current budget deficit - the portion of net borrowing that funds day-to-day activities - was £14.0 billion in May 2026. This was £3.3 billion more than in May 2025, and £2.8 billion more than the £11.2 billion forecast by the OBR.\nThe £14.0 billion current budget deficit in May 2026 was the difference between the £85.5 billion in current receipts (income) and the £95.7 billion in current spending, while taking into account of £3.9 billion in depreciation.\nOur\nPublic sector finances borrowing by subsector: Appendix R dataset\nprovides further detail on central government current budget deficit data, as well as data on the other subsectors of the public sector.\nCentral government net investment\nCentral government net investment was £6.9 billion in May 2026, £2.0 billion more than in May 2025. This increase was largely because of the timing of capital payments made to local authorities, which were £1.1 billion higher than in in May 2025, but have a neutral effect on overall public sector borrowing. There was also another £0.6 billion in increases in both central government gross capital formation and capital payments to the private sector.\nComparing our May 2026 borrowing estimates with official forecasts\nThe OBR is responsible for the production of official forecasts for the UK government. These forecasts are usually produced twice a year, in spring and autumn.\nThe latest forecasts were published by the OBR in its\nEconomic and fiscal outlook - March 2026 report\n, on 3 March 2026. This subsection compares our provisional estimates for May 2026 with the corresponding forecasts published by the OBR.\nPublic sector borrowing was £5.6 billion higher than forecast in May 2026, largely because central government borrowing was more than anticipated.\nTable 2: Comparing our estimates for May 2026 with the corresponding OBR forecasts\nLatest public sector finances estimates compared with the corresponding Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) forecast, £ billion, UK\nMay 2026\nONS estimate\nOBR forecast\nDifference\n[note 3]\nCentral government total current receipts\n85.5\n86.7\n-1.1\nCentral government total expenditure\n106.4\n104.0\n2.4\nCentral government net borrowing\n20.9\n17.3\n3.6\nLocal government net borrowing\n1.8\n0.3\n1.5\nTotal public corporations net borrowing [note 4]\n0.6\n0.0\n0.6\nPublic sector net borrowing\n23.3\n17.7\n5.6\nMemo item: Public sector current budget deficit\n18.5\n13.7\n4.8\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nThis table uses the Economic and fiscal outlook – March 2026 and the corresponding monthly profiles published in April 2026.\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nYear-to-date comparisons offer a more reliable view of overall trends, while monthly figures can be more prone to short-term forecast volatility.\nIncludes non-financial public corporations, funded public sector pensions and the Bank of England.\nDownload this table\nTable 2: Comparing our estimates for May 2026 with the corresponding OBR forecasts\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nBorrowing in the financial year to May 2026\nBorrowing in the financial year (FY) to May 2026 was £46.3 billion. This was £8.9 billion (23.9%) more than in the FY to May 2025, and £7.7 billion more than the £38.6 billion forecast by the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR).\nFigure 3: Borrowing in the financial year to May 2026 was more than in the same two months last year and more than the Office for Budget Responsibility forecast\nCumulative public sector net borrowing excluding public sector banks, UK, financial year ending (FYE) March 2025 and FYE March 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics and the Office for Budget Responsibility\nNotes:\nDataset identifier code: -J5II.\nThis chart uses forecast data published by the Office for Budget Responsibility in their\nEconomic and fiscal outlook - March 2026 monthly forecast updates\n, in April 2026.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: Borrowing in the financial year to May 2026 was more than in the same two months last year and more than the Office for Budget Responsibility forecast\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nTable 3: Public sector net borrowing financial year-to-date summary\nPublic sector net borrowing by subsector: Financial year (FY) to May 2026 compared with the FY to May 2025, UK\nSub-sector\nFinancial year\nto May 2026\n(£ billion)\nFinancial year\nto May 2025\n(£ billion)\nDifference\n(£ billion)\nDifference\n(%)\nCentral government\nnet borrowing\n52.4\n42.6\n9.7\n22.8\nLocal government\nnet borrowing\n-2.2\n-3.3\n1.1\n34.5\nTotal public corporations\nnet borrowing\n-3.9\n-2.0\n-1.9\n-97.5\nOf which: non-financial\npublic corporations\n0.1\n-0.3\n0.4\n132.5\nOf which: funded public\nsector pensions\n-0.5\n-0.4\n-0.1\n-20.4\nOf which: Bank of England\n-3.5\n-1.3\n-2.2\n-174.8\nPublic sector net borrowing\n46.3\n37.4\n8.9\n23.9\nMemo item: Public sector\ncurrent budget deficit\n34.5\n27.5\n7.0\n25.5\nMemo item: Central government\nnet cash requirement [note 2]\n40.8\n39.9\n1.0\n2.5\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nExcludes Network Rail Limited and UK Asset Resolution Limited.\nA breakdown of net borrowing by subsector and a summary of central government receipts and expenditure data are presented in Tables 1 to 3 in our Public sector finances summary tables: Appendix M dataset.\nDownload this table\nTable 3: Public sector net borrowing financial year-to-date summary\n.xls\n.csv\nOur\nPublic sector finances borrowing by subsector: Appendix R dataset\nprovides further detail on data presented in Table 3 and includes the option to select other time periods.\nCentral government net borrowing\nCentral government forms the largest part of the public sector, and the relationship between its receipts and expenditure is an important determinant of public sector net borrowing.\nCentral government receipts\nCentral government's receipts were £172.2 billion in the FY to May 2026, which was £6.9 billion (4.1%) more than in the same two-month period a year ago. Of this £6.9 billion increase in income:\ncentral government tax receipts increased by £5.2 billion to £128.5 billion; this included increases of £2.5 billion in Income Tax receipts, £1.2 billion in Value Added Tax (VAT) receipts, and £0.7 billion in Corporation Tax receipts\ncompulsory social contributions (which are largely comprised of receipts from National Insurance Contributions) increased by £1.0 billion to £31.7 billion\nA detailed breakdown of central government income is presented in our\nPublic sector current receipts: Appendix D dataset\n.\nCentral government current expenditure\nCentral government's current expenditure - spending to fund its day-to-day activities - was provisionally estimated at £195.9 billion in the FY to May 2026, which was £11.9 billion (6.5%) more than in the same two-month period a year ago. Of this £11.9 billion increase in spending:\ninterest payable on central government debt increased by £4.7 billion to £21.5 billion, largely because the interest payable on index-linked gilts rises and falls with the Retail Prices Index\ncentral government departmental spending on goods and services increased by £4.1 billion to £78.6 billion, as pay rises and inflation increased running costs\nnet social benefits paid by central government increased by £4.0 billion to £57.9 billion, largely caused by inflation-linked increases in many benefits (including Universal Credit), and earnings-linked increases to State Pension payments\npayments to support the day-to-day running of local government decreased by £1.6 billion to £27.2 billion; these intra-government transfers have no impact on overall public sector borrowing\nCentral government current budget deficit\nCentral government current budget deficit - the portion of net borrowing that funds day-to-day activities - was £31.4 billion in the FY to May 2026 This was £5.6 billion more than the same two-month period a year ago, and £4.1 billion more than the £27.3 billion forecast by the OBR.\nThe £31.4 billion current budget deficit in the FY to May 2026 was the difference between the £172.2 billion in current receipts (income) and the £195.9 billion in current spending, while taking into account of £7.7 billion depreciation.\nOur\nPublic sector finances borrowing by subsector: Appendix R dataset\nprovides further detail on central government current budget deficit data, as well as data on the other subsectors of the public sector.\nCentral government net investment\nCentral government net investment was £20.9 billion in the FY to May 2026, which was £4.1 billion more than in the FY to May 2025.\nOver this period, central government made payments totalling £5.1 billion to the Bank of England (BoE) Asset Purchase Facility Fund, which was £1.0 billion more than in the FY to May 2025. These payments are recorded as both central government net investment expenditure and BoE receipts, so have no effect on overall public sector borrowing.\nThere was also an increase of £1.6 billion in central government gross capital formation, as well as increases in capital payments to other sectors. These payments included an increase of £1.0 billion in capital payments to local authorities, which are public sector borrowing neutral, meaning this increase had no effect on overall public sector borrowing.\nLocal government borrowing\nInitial estimates show that local government was in surplus by £2.2 billion in the FY to May 2026; this surplus was smaller by £1.1 billion than in the FY to May 2025.\nLocal government data for the current financial year are highly provisional estimates for the UK. They are largely based on the OBR's\nEconomic and fiscal outlook - March 2026 report\n.\nFurther information on the quality of our local government data is discussed in\nSection 11: Data sources and quality\n.\nIn our\nGovernment expenditure in the UK article\n, we discuss the types of government expenditure and their trends over the last 30 years, including current and capital spending by central and local government.\nPublic corporations' borrowing\nInitial estimates show that overall, public corporations' borrowing was £0.1 billion in the FY to May 2026; this was £0.4 billion more than in the FY to May 2025, when there was a surplus of £0.3 billion.\nPublic corporations' data for the current financial year are highly provisional estimates for the UK. They are largely based on the OBR's\nEconomic and fiscal outlook - March 2026 report\n.\nFurther information on the quality of our public corporations' data is discussed in\nSection 11: Data sources and quality\n.\nComparing our financial year to May 2026 borrowing estimates with official forecasts\nThe OBR is responsible for the production of official forecasts for the UK government.\nThe latest forecasts were published by the OBR in its\nEconomic and fiscal outlook - March 2026 report\n, on 3 March 2026. This section compares our provisional estimates for the financial year to May 2026 with the corresponding forecasts published by the OBR.\nPublic sector borrowing was £7.7 billion higher than forecast in the FY to May 2026, largely because central government borrowing was more than anticipated.\nTable 4: Comparing our estimates for the financial year to May 2026 with the corresponding OBR forecasts\nLatest public sector finances estimates compared with the corresponding Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) forecast, £ billion, UK\nFinancial year to May 2026\nONS estimate\nOBR forecast\nDifference\n[note 4]\nCentral government total current receipts\n172.2\n173.1\n-0.9\nCentral government total expenditure\n224.6\n220.5\n4.0\nCentral government net borrowing\n52.4\n47.5\n4.9\nLocal government net borrowing\n-2.2\n-3.8\n1.6\nTotal public corporations net borrowing [note 5]\n-3.9\n-5.1\n1.2\nPublic sector net borrowing\n46.3\n38.6\n7.7\nMemo item: Public sector current budget deficit\n34.5\n28.5\n6.0\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nThis table uses the Economic and fiscal outlook – March 2026 and the corresponding monthly profiles published in April 2026.\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nYear-to-date comparisons offer a more reliable view of overall trends, while monthly figures can be more prone to short-term forecast volatility.\nIncludes non-financial public corporations, funded public sector pensions, and the Bank of England.\nDownload this table\nTable 4: Comparing our estimates for the financial year to May 2026 with the corresponding OBR forecasts\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nExpressing borrowing as a percentage of gross domestic product\nProvisional estimates show that the public sector borrowed £128.0 billion in the financial year ending (FYE) March 2026. This is the sixth-highest amount borrowed in any financial year since records began in the FYE March 1947. However, these estimates have not been adjusted for inflation.\nExpressing borrowing as a ratio of gross domestic product (GDP) - the value of everything produced in the UK economy in a 12-month period - gives an estimate of its affordability and is recommended for comparison of the UK's fiscal position over time.\nBorrowing was provisionally estimated at 4.2% of GDP in the FYE March 2026.\nThis was 1.0 percentage points less than in the FYE March 2025 and is the 37th highest borrowing ratio in any financial year since records began in the FYE March 1901.\nOur provisional estimate is broadly in line with the Office for Budget Responsibility forecast of 4.3% of GDP.\nFigure 4: Financial year borrowing has been stable at between 4% and 5% of GDP since the end of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic period\nPublic sector net borrowing as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), UK, financial year ending (FYE) March 1901 to FYE March 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics and Office for Budget Responsibility\nNotes:\nDataset identifier code: -J5IJ.\nFigures exclude those banks classified to the public sector between October 2007 and May 2024.\nThis chart uses historical data published in the Office for Budget Responsibility's\nPublic finances databank 2025 to 2026\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: Financial year borrowing has been stable at between 4% and 5% of GDP since the end of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic period\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBorrowing in the financial year (FY) to May 2026 was 1.5% of GDP. This was 0.2 percentage points more than in the FY to May 2025, and the fifth highest since monthly records began in 1993.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nThe public sector balance sheet\nThe public sector balance sheet describes its financial position at a point in time. It shows its liabilities and assets. There are several measures of the public sector balance sheet that we discuss in our\nWhat the UK government owns and what it owes blog\n.\nTable 5: The public sector balance sheet\nBalance sheet measures as of the end of May 2026, £ billion, UK\nClassification of\nassets and\nliabilities\n[note 1] [note 2]\n[note 10]\nGeneral\ngovernment\ngross debt\nPSND\nexcluding\nboth BoE\nand public\nsector banks\n(PSND ex\nBoE)\nPSND\nexcluding\npublic sector\nbanks\n(PSND ex)\nPSNFL\nexcluding\npublic sector\nbanks\nPublic sector\nnet worth\nexcluding\npublic sector\nbanks\nTotal [note 3]\n3,143.2\n2,835.0\n2,984.3\n2,656.8\n-750.4\nAssets: Non-financial\n[note 4]\n1,906.4\nAssets: Illiquid\nfinancial [note 5]\n1,069.0\n1,069.0\nAssets: Liquid\nfinancial [note 5]\n278.3\n486.5\n486.5\n486.5\nLiabilities: Currency\nand deposits\n274.9\n279.9\n1,071.5\n1,071.5\n1,071.5\nLiabilities: Gilts [note 6]\n2,695.4\n2,656.1\n2,201.3\n2,201.3\n2,201.3\nLiabilities: Other debt\nsecurities and loans\n173.0\n177.4\n197.9\n197.9\n197.9\nLiabilities: Other financial\nliabilities [note 7]\n741.6\n741.6\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics and Debt Management Office\nNotes\nAll aggregates are presented on a 2010 European system of national and regional accounts (ESA 2010) basis, unless indicated otherwise.\nConsolidation between subsectors means that the size of assets and liabilities (such as gilts) affecting the measure can change as the coverage increases.\nTotal equals liabilities less assets except public sector net worth, where total equals assets less liabilities.\nNon-financial account data based on the UK national balance sheet.\n“Liquid financial assets” mainly consists of foreign exchange reserves and cash deposits; “illiquid financial assets” includes assets such as loans, financial derivatives, and other accounts receivable.\nGilt liabilities have been adjusted to remove those held by Pool Re, which is classified as a central government body.\n“Other financial liabilities” includes monetary gold and special drawing rights, standardised guarantees, financial derivatives, funded pension liabilities and other accounts payable.\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nWe publish an additional presentation of the UK public sector balance sheet following International Monetary Fund’s Government Finance Statistics framework in the public sector finances: Appendix E.\nPSND - Public sector net debt and PSNFL - public sector net financial liabilities.\nDownload this table\nTable 5: The public sector balance sheet\n.xls\n.csv\nAs a part of the quantitative easing activities of the Bank of England (BoE), it purchased central government gilts from the market through the Asset Purchase Facility (APF) Fund. These gilt holdings consolidate within the public sector balance sheet, leaving only the difference between their purchase price and their redemption value.\nSubsequent movements in the market value of these consolidated gilt holdings have no effect on the public sector balance sheet.\nThe reserves created by the BoE and subsequently loaned to the APF to purchase these gilts remain on the public sector balance sheet as a liability in currency and deposits until the loan is repaid.\nOur\nPublic sector balance sheet tables: Appendix N dataset\npresents a detailed reconciliation between the balance sheet measures summarised in Table 5.\nPublic sector net debt\nPublic sector net debt is a widely quoted balance sheet measure. Expressing net debt as a ratio of gross domestic product (GDP) gives an estimate of its affordability and provides a more consistent measure for comparison of the UK's fiscal position over time.\nThe net debt-to-GDP ratio at the end of May 2026 was provisionally estimated at 95.1%; this was 0.4 percentage points more than in May 2025 and 0.7 percentage points more than the 94.4% forecast by the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) in March 2026.\nOur\nHow the ONS estimates UK debt to GDP figures blog\nexplains why our estimates of the debt to GDP ratio are susceptible to revision.\nFigure 5: Net debt as a percentage of GDP remains at levels last seen in the early 1960s\nPublic sector net debt as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), UK, financial year ending (FYE) March 1901 to May 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics and Office for Budget Responsibility\nNotes:\nDataset identifier code: HF6X.\nFigures exclude those banks classified to the public sector between October 2007 and May 2024.\nThis chart uses historical data published in the Office for Budget Responsibility's\nPublic finances databank 2025 to 2026\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: Net debt as a percentage of GDP remains at levels last seen in the early 1960s\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nPublic sector net financial liabilities\nPublic sector net financial liabilities (PSNFL) has a broader scope than debt (PSND). It adds further financial assets and financial liabilities to those recorded in PSND.\nPSNFL was 84.7% of GDP at the end of May 2026, which was 1.9 percentage points more than at the end of May 2025.\nThese extra financial assets are currently valued at more than the extra financial liabilities, meaning that PSNFL was 10.4 percentage points of GDP less than PSND at the end of May 2026.\nWe explain the financial assets and liabilities captured in PSNFL in our\nPublic sector net financial liabilities (PSNFL) methodology\n.\nAdditionally, we published\na blog explaining the PSNFL measure\n, because it has been selected by the UK government as the reference for a balance sheet fiscal rule.\nFigure 6: The upward trend in public sector net financial liabilities is largely because of increases in net debt\nPublic sector net financial liabilities, UK, month end May 2005 to May 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nDataset identifier codes: KSE6, JMET, JMEU and CPNF.\nFigures exclude those banks classified to the public sector between October 2007 and May 2024.\nPSND ex – public sector net debt excluding public sector banks.\nPSNFL ex – public sector net financial liabilities excluding public sector banks.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: The upward trend in public sector net financial liabilities is largely because of increases in net debt\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe additional financial assets and liabilities included in PSNFL that fall outside of the PSND boundary are not updated monthly. Instead, they are updated quarterly, or when data become available. These data were last updated on 19 June 2026 and will next be updated on 22 September 2026.\nA detailed presentation of public sector net financial liabilities is available in our\nPublic sector net financial liabilities by subsector: Appendix G dataset\n, last updated on 19 June 2026.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nUK fiscal targets\nThe\nUK government has legislated for fiscal targets\nto constrain its management of the public finances. The Autumn Budget 2024 announced that from January 2025, these fiscal targets focus on the public sector current budget deficit and public sector net financial liabilities.\nThe targets are that by the end of the financial year ending (FYE) 2030, the current budget should be brought into surplus, and that public sector financial liabilities should be falling relative to the size of the economy (or gross domestic product - GDP) compared with the previous year.\nOur latest figures show that:\nthe public sector current budget deficit was £47.1 billion in the FYE March 2026; this was £29.2 billion less than in the FYE March 2025\npublic sector net financial liabilities were initially estimated at 83.2% of GDP at the end of March 2026; this was 2.2 percentage points more than at the end of March 2025\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nRevisions\nThe data for the latest months of every release contain a degree of forecasts. These are then replaced by improved estimates, as further data are made available, and finally by outturn data.\n!\nOur initial estimates of borrowing for the most recent months are prone to revisions in later months. This is because some tax receipts contain a degree of Office for Budget Responsibility-based forecast data. Both central government and local government spending profiles are provisional.\nTable 6: Revisions to public sector net borrowing by subsector\nPublic sector net borrowing by subsector compared with the previous publication, UK\nSub-sector\nApril 2026\n(£ billion)\nChange since\nMay 2026\npublication\n[note 3]\n(£ billion)\nFinancial Year\nending March\n2026\n(£ billion)\nChange since\nMay 2026\npublication\n[note 3]\n(£ billion)\nCentral government\nnet borrowing\n31.4\n-1.9\n123.0\n0.5\nLocal government\nnet borrowing\n-4.0\n0.5\n13.3\n-2.2\nTotal public corporations\nnet borrowing\n-4.4\n0.0\n-8.4\n0.7\nOf which: non-financial\npublic corporations\n0.1\n0.0\n-2.3\n0.5\nOf which: funded\npublic sector pensions\n-0.2\n0.0\n-2.4\n0.0\nOf which: Bank of England\n-4.3\n0.0\n-3.7\n0.2\nPublic sector net borrowing\n23.0\n-1.3\n128.0\n-1.0\nMemo item: Public sector\ncurrent budget deficit\n16.0\n-1.4\n47.1\n-0.2\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nFigures exclude those banks classified to the public sector between October 2007 and May 2024.\nA positive figure indicates that we have increased our previously published estimate; conversely, a negative figure indicates that we have reduced our previous estimate.\nPublic sector finances summary tables: Appendix M dataset compares our latest public sector finances data with those in our Public sector finances, UK: April 2026 bulletin, published on 22 May 2026 in more detail.\nDownload this table\nTable 6: Revisions to public sector net borrowing by subsector\n.xls\n.csv\nOur\nPublic sector finance revisions analysis: Appendix P dataset\nrecords monthly borrowing data, as at first and at subsequent publications, graphically illustrating any potential bias to our early estimates.\nNotable updates in June 2026\nSome of the data used to compile monthly public sector finance statistics are sourced quarterly from the wider national accounts, or updated annually from published datasets.\nThis month, we have:\nupdated local government and public corporations' estimates using the latest available quarterly data; this includes data for local authorities in England for the FYE March 2026, published by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government\nincorporated annual updates to our Student loans and COVID-19 loan guarantee datasets\nCanal and River Trust\nThis month, we have implemented the reclassification of the Canal and River Trust from the public corporations' subsector to the private sector, effective from October 2023.\nAs part of this work, we reviewed the historical treatment of the trust while it was classified as a public corporation, including the recording of boat licence income within fiscal statistics.\nThis update has a limited effect on the public sector balance sheet. Public sector net debt increased by approximately £0.2 billion as of end-September 2023, alongside a corresponding reduction of around £0.1 billion in public sector net financial liabilities. This change had a negligible effect on public sector net borrowing.\nFurther detail on the fiscal treatment of the Canal and River Trust and boat licences is provided in our\nEconomic statistics classifications and developments in public sector finances: April 2026 article\n.\nRevisions to public sector net borrowing in April 2026\nSince releasing our\nPublic sector finances, UK: April 2026 bulletin\n, we have reduced our previous estimate of public sector net borrowing (PSNB ex) in April 2026 by £1.3 billion to £23.0 billion, reflecting updated central government data.\nCentral government receipts have been revised up by £1.2 billion, following the replacement of forecasts with reported data.\nCentral government spending has been revised down by £0.7 billion overall. Our previous estimate of current grants to local authorities was reduced by £0.6 billion, reducing central government borrowing but increasing local authority borrowing by equal and offsetting amounts.\nRevisions to public sector net borrowing in the financial year ending March 2026\nSince releasing our\nPublic sector finances, UK: April 2026 bulletin\n, we have reduced our previous estimate of public sector net borrowing (PSNB ex) in the financial year ending (FYE) March 2026 by £1.0 billion, to £128.0 billion.\nFollowing the routine quarterly update of local authority data, estimated local government borrowing for the 12 months to March 2026 has been reduced by £2.2 billion. This is largely because of a £1.9 billion downward revision to local authorities' gross fixed capital formation, alongside a range of other smaller, largely offsetting changes.\nThe reduction in local government borrowing was partially offset by upward revisions of £0.5 billion to both central government and public corporations' net borrowing.\nRevisions to public sector net borrowing in the financial year ending March 2025\nSince releasing our\nPublic sector finances, UK: April 2026 bulletin\n, we have reduced our previous estimate of public sector net borrowing (PSNB ex) in the FYE March 2025 by £0.3 billion, to £151.5 billion\nThis change largely reflects a downward revision of £0.8 billion to the capital transfer associated with our recording of coronavirus (COVID-19)-related loan guarantees, partially offset by a range of other smaller changes.\nRevisions to public sector net debt at the end of April 2026\nSince releasing our\nPublic sector finances, UK: April 2026 bulletin\n, we have reduced our previous estimate of public sector net debt (PSND ex) at the end of April 2026 by £2.2 billion, to £2,940.8 billion.\nThis change was largely because a reduction of £3.2 billion to our previous estimate of the Bank of England's (BoE) contribution to debt. This change was largely because of updates to our previous estimate of the BoE's liabilities (reducing by £1.2 billion) and liquid assets data (increasing by £1.7 billion).\nLarge changes to our estimate of the BoE's contribution are not uncommon because some of the data used in these estimates are published in arrears by one month.\nIn addition to the updates to our BoE dataset, we have made our regular quarterly updates to previous estimates of both public corporations' and local government balance sheet data.\nRevisions to public sector net financial liabilities at the end of April 2026\nSince releasing our\nPublic sector finances, UK: April 2026 bulletin\n, we have reduced our previous estimate of public sector net financial liabilities excluding public sector banks (PSNFL ex) at the end of April 2026 by £0.5 billion, to £2,613.2 billion.\nThis overall reduction reflects offsetting revisions to the components of PSNFL ex, including:\na £2.2 billion reduction in our previous estimate of net debt\nan £8.5 billion increase in our previous estimate of additional financial liabilities outside the boundary of net debt\na £6.8 billion increase in our previous estimate of additional financial assets outside the boundary of net debt\nThe additional financial assets and liabilities used in the calculation of our PSNFL ex measure are reported in arrears by a quarter, so large revisions are not uncommon.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nData on public sector finances\nPublic sector finances tables 1 to 10: Appendix A\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nThe data underlying the public sector finances statistical bulletin are presented in the tables PSA 1 to 10.\nPublic sector current receipts: Appendix D\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nA breakdown of UK public sector income by latest month, financial year-to-date and full financial year, with comparisons with the same period in the previous financial year.\nPublic sector finances summary tables: Appendix M\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nThe latest public sector net borrowing by subsector and a summary of central government receipts and expenditure data.\nPublic sector balance sheet tables: Appendix N\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nA reconciliation of the latest public sector balance sheet measures.\nPublic sector finances borrowing by subsector: Appendix R\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nPublic sector finances analytical tables (PSAT) showing transactions related to borrowing by subsector. Total Managed Expenditure (TME) is also provided.\nPublic sector net financial liabilities by subsector: Appendix G\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nA reconciliation of public sector net borrowing and movements in net financial liabilities.\nInternational Monetary Fund's Government Finance Statistics framework in the public sector finances: Appendix E\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nPresents the balance sheet, statement of operations, and statement of other economic flows for the public sector, compliant with the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014: GFSM 2014 presentation. Updated quarterly, depending on the availability of data.\nPublic sector net worth: Appendix O\nDataset | Released 19 June 2026\nPresents the balance sheet for the public sector, consistent with the 2010 European system of national and regional accounts (ESA 2010), and Eurostat's Manual on Government Deficit and Debt (MGDD). Updated quarterly, depending on the availability of data.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nGlossary\nPublic sector\nThe UK public sector comprises of six subsectors: central government, local government, public non-financial corporations, public sector-funded pensions, the Bank of England, and public financial corporations.\nFigures in this release exclude public sector banks, following the reclassification of NatWest Group to the private sector in June 2024.\nPublic sector net borrowing\nPublic sector net borrowing (often referred to as the deficit) is the difference between total expenditure and receipts. Positive numbers indicate a deficit, while negative numbers indicate a surplus.\nPublic sector current budget deficit\nPublic sector current budget deficit is the difference between current expenditure and receipts, after accounting for depreciation. It measures the borrowing needed to fund day-to-day activities and is the reference statistic for a UK government fiscal rule. Positive numbers indicate a deficit, while negative numbers indicate a surplus.\nBoth current budget deficit and borrowing are recorded on an accrual basis, that is, income when earned and spending when incurred, rather than when cash is paid.\nCentral government net cash requirement\nThe central government net cash requirement is the cash the government must raise from financial markets to finance its activities. It reflects the timing of payments and receipts rather than when liabilities arise.\nPublic sector net debt\nPublic sector net debt (often referred to as the national debt) measures the public sector's liabilities to the private sector and overseas, net of its liquid financial assets.\nPublic sector net financial liabilities\nPublic sector net financial liabilities (often referred to as PSNFL or net financial debt) is a broader balance sheet measure than net debt, capturing all financial assets and liabilities recognised in the national accounts.\nPSNFL is the reference statistic for a UK government fiscal rule.\nPublic sector net worth\nAdding non‑financial assets to PSNFL results in public sector net worth, the widest measure of the public sector balance sheet.\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nData sources and quality\nAbout the statistics\nEconomic statistics classifications and developments in public sector finances: April 2026\nArticle | Released 19 June 2026\nIncludes the latest economic statistics classification updates and information on future developments to the public sector finance statistics.\nPensions in the public sector finances: a methodological guide\nMethodology | Released 4 December 2024\nExplains the methods and data sources we use to record pensions in fiscal statistics.\nMonthly statistics on the public sector finances: a methodological guide\nMethodology | Released 4 October 2023\nProvides comprehensive contextual and methodological information on the monthly public sector finances statistical bulletin.\nPublic sector finances quality and methodology information (QMI)\nMethodology | Released 4 October 2023\nQuality and Methodology Information for the UK public sector finances and government deficit and debt under the Maastricht Treaty, detailing the strengths and limitations of the data, methods used, and data uses and users.\nStudent loans in the public sector finances: a methodological guide\nMethodology | Released 22 January 2020\nExplains the methods we will use to partition student loans into government expenditure and a financial transaction.\nAbout our data sources\nCalculation of interest payable on government gilts\nMethodology | Released 18 July 2022\nExplains the recording of interest payable to holders of UK government gilts in the UK public sector finances.\nThe use of gross domestic product (GDP) in public sector fiscal ratio statistics\nMethodology | Released 21 September 2016\nExplains the methodology used for the presentation of GDP ratios in the UK PSF publication.\nStatistical designation\nThe Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) independently reviewed the public sector net borrowing, cash requirement, and debt statistics in June 2017, concluding that they comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality, and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled\naccredited official statistics\n.\nThe public sector net financial liabilities and public sector net financial worth statistics are both official statistics. These measures were introduced after June 2017, so have not yet been reviewed by the OSR.\nThe public sector net worth statistics are labelled as\nofficial statistics in development\n. They are based on information from public sector finance and data from ONS's non-financial accounts.\nHM Revenue and Customs data quality review\nOn 8 October 2025,\nHM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) reported an under-estimation in its VAT cash receipts data for the period April to August 2025\n. HMRC implemented immediate improvements to quality assurance processes, including comparisons with independent data sources, working with HM Treasury and the Office for National Statistics (ONS). HMRC is carrying out a robust review across all receipts to consider the underlying issue and to identify actions to minimise the risk of similar incidents in future.\nWe are working with HM Treasury to support this process. The Office for Statistics Regulation will provide an independent perspective on HMRC's review to ensure compliance with the Code of Practice for Statistics.\nWe reported on progress with work to improve the quality of public sector finance statistics as part of the second quarterly update on the Economic Statistics Plan in our\nONS strategic improvement update: April 2026.\nLocal government data quality\nLocal government data for the financial year ending (FYE) March 2026 are provisional estimates for the UK. They are largely based on budget data for England, Scotland and Wales, and with estimates included for Northern Ireland.\nFor the FYE March 2025, estimates of the current expenditure of local authorities in England are based on published second release data, while capital expenditure and receipts are based on published final outturn data.\nEstimates for the devolved administrations for the FYE March 2025 are based on published outturn data for Wales and Scotland, and final returned data for Northern Ireland.\nIn recent years, planned local government current and capital expenditure in local authority budgets have differed from the final outturn expenditure reported in the audited accounts, with current expenditure systematically lower than what was reported at final outturn.\nTherefore, we may include adjustments to increase or decrease the amounts reported at the budget stage.\nFor the FYE March 2026, these adjustments include:\na £2.0 billion upward adjustment to England's current expenditure\na £3.0 billion upward adjustment to England's capital expenditure\na £2.4 billion upward adjustment to Scotland's current expenditure\nTo reflect the most recently available data for housing benefits, we have applied a further £2.7 billion downward adjustment to current expenditure in the FYE March 2026.\nPublic corporations' data quality\nPublic corporations' data for the current financial year are highly provisional estimates for the UK. They are largely based on the OBR's\nEconomic and fiscal outlook - March 2026 report\n.\nEstimates for the FYE March 2025 and FYE March 2026 remain largely based on the OBR's\nEconomic and fiscal outlook - November 2025 report\n, supplemented by in-year data for train operating companies, the Housing Revenue Account, and surveyed public corporations.\nBack to table of contents\n12.\nRelated links\nEconomic statistics classifications and developments in public sector finances: May 2026\nArticle | Released 19 June 2026\nIncludes the latest economic statistics classification updates and information on future developments to the public sector finance statistics.\nHMRC tax receipts and National Insurance contributions for the UK\nBulletin | Updated 19 June 2026\nSummary of HM Revenue and Customs' (HMRC) tax receipts, National Insurance contributions (NICs), and expenditure for the UK.\nGovernment expenditure in the UK\nArticle | Released 18 May 2026\nTypes of government expenditure and their trends over the last 30 years, including current and capital spending by central and local government.\nEconomic and fiscal outlook - March 2026\nArticle | Released 3 March 2026\nThe latest set of economic forecasts published by the Office for Budget Responsibility.\nLooking ahead - developments in public sector finance statistics: 2025\nArticle | Released 27 June 2025\nWhat we see as areas for future development in public sector finance statistics.\nPublic sector net financial liabilities (PSNFL)\nMethodology | Last revised 30 October 2024\nAn explanation of the financial assets and liabilities captured in public sector net financial liabilities (PSNFL), how PSNFL compares with public sector net debt (PSND), and how it has changed over time.\nCountry and regional public sector finances, UK: financial year ending March 2025\nArticle | Released 26 May 2026\nPublic sector revenue, expenditure, and net fiscal balance on a country and regional basis.\nEffects of the economy on public sector net debt, UK: April 2024\nArticle | Released 10 May 2024\nExamines the economic reasons behind the large increase in public sector net debt as a percentage of gross domestic product over the last two decades.\nCalculation of interest payable on government gilts\nMethodology | Last revised 18 July 2022\nExplains the recording of interest payable to holders of UK government gilts in the UK public sector finances.\nBack to table of contents\n13.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 19 June 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nPublic sector finances, UK: May 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/bulletins/publicsectorfinances/may2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/bulletins/publicsectorfinances/may2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "How the relationship between UK public sector monthly income and expenditure leads to changes in deficit and debt.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "23.3 billion", "2026", "5.4 billion", "30.4%", "2025,", "5.6 billion", "17.7 billion", "11.7 billion", "4.1 billion", "54.4%", "2025", "46.3 billion", "8.9 billion", "23.9%", "7.7 billion", "38.6 billion", "1.5%", "0.2 percentage points", "1993", "18.5 billion", "2026,", "34.5 billion", "7.0 billion", "25.5%", "6.0 billion", "28.5 billion", "95.1%", "0.4 percentage points", "1960", "84.7%", "10.4 percentage points", "25.3 billion", "1.3 billion", "5.2%", "2", "3", "2020", "2007", "2024", "20.9", "15.7", "5.2", "33.2", "1.8", "1.2", "0.6", "53.0", "1.0", "-0.4", "-39.8", "0.0", "-0.1", "0.2", "125.4", "-0.2", "-20.4", "0.8", "1.3", "-0.5", "-38.8", "23.3", "17.9", "5.4", "30.4", "18.5", "13.9", "4.7", "33.7", "25.3", "24.0", "85.5 billion", "3.4 billion", "4.1%", "2.7 billion", "63.7 billion", "1.2 billion", "0.9 billion", "0.4 billion", "0.3 billion"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Government debt and deficit", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/datasets/governmentdeficitanddebtreturn/current/rftm17tables.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Changes to public sector finance statistics: Appendix L", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/datasets/changestopublicsectorfinancestatisticsappendixl/current/changestopublicsectorfinancestatisticsappendixl.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Detailed tax and social contributions: ESA questionnaire", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicspending/datasets/esaquestionnairedetailedtaxandsocialcontributions/current/esantl0999.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "efaf28e117ee267a799a"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/earningsandemploymentfrompayasyouearnrealtimeinformationuk/june2026", "title": "Earnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK: June 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nEarly estimates for May 2026 indicate that the number of payrolled employees was 30.3 million, which is a fall of 0.4% from May 2025; this is equivalent to 119,000 fewer employees.\nThe largest annual decrease was in the accommodation and food service activities sector, with a fall of 80,000 employees; the largest increase was in the administrative and support services sector, with a rise of 34,000 employees.\nPayrolled employment increased by 2,000 employees (0.0%) in May 2026, compared with April 2026; figures for May should be treated as provisional estimates and are likely to be revised when more data are received next month.\nUK payrolled employee growth for April 2026, compared with March 2026, has been revised from a decrease of 100,000, reported in our last bulletin, to a decrease of 53,000; this is because of the incorporation of additional real time information (RTI) submissions into the statistics, which takes place every publication and reduces the need for imputation.\nEarly estimates for May 2026 indicate that median monthly pay increased by 4.6%, compared with May 2025.\nAnnual growth in median pay in May 2026 was highest in the health and social work sector, with an increase of 7.0%; it was lowest in the finance and insurance sector, with an increase of 1.8%.\nAbout the data in this bulletin\nEarly estimates for May 2026 are provided to give an indication of the likely level of employees as well as median pay in the latest period. These early estimates are, on average, based on around 85% of information being available. They are of lower quality and will be subject to revision in next month's bulletin when between 98% and 99% of data will be available. A\nrevisions triangle\nis available for employees and median pay at the UK level.\nFlash estimates for months earlier in the tax year, such as those reported in this bulletin, can carry a greater degree of uncertainty than other periods.\nStatistics in this bulletin are based on people who are employed in at least one job paid through Pay As You Earn (PAYE), and monthly estimates reflect the average of such people for each day of the calendar month. These estimates are formed using a\nmethodology for monthly earnings and employment estimates\ndesigned to align with international guidelines for labour market statistics.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nPayrolled employees\nEarly estimates for May 2026 indicate that there were 30.3 million payrolled employees (Figure 1), a fall of 0.4% compared with the same period of the previous year. This is a decrease of 119,000 employees over the 12-month period. Compared with the previous month, the number of payrolled employees was largely unchanged in May 2026, an increase of 2,000 people.\nThis monthly change should be treated as provisional, because it is based on an early estimate of May 2026. Flash estimates for months earlier in the tax year can carry a greater degree of uncertainty than other periods. More information on revisions is available in\nSection 9: Data sources and quality\n.\nWhen comparing the number of payrolled employees in April 2026 with the previous month, the number decreased by 0.2%. This is revised upwards from the early estimate of a 0.3% decrease, reported in our previous\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK: May 2026 bulletin\n.\nFigure 1: The number of payrolled employees has decreased from a peak in 2024\nPayrolled employees, seasonally adjusted, UK, July 2014 to May 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period, highlighted in orange, is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nThe April 2026 figure is not a flash estimate of payrolled employees; this is included purely for graphing purposes.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: The number of payrolled employees has decreased from a peak in 2024\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nAnnual growth in the number of employees remained broadly within a range of 1.0% to 1.5% from mid-2016 until 2019. Growth rates before mid-2016 were higher than 1.5% (Figure 2). Starting around early 2019, employee growth began a slight downward trend.\nHowever, employee growth slowed more substantially past March 2020, coinciding with the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, becoming negative in April 2020. At the start of 2021, growth rates began to recover and remained high as the labour market recovered from the effects of the pandemic.\nThe annual growth rate has been falling since April 2022, which was partially caused by the comparison with the increase in employee numbers from March 2021. After this period, employee numbers stabilised, as we no longer compared against this higher baseline, but growth rates then continued to decrease throughout 2023, 2024, and 2025.\nFigure 2: The growth rate of the number of payrolled employees remains negative, although the rate of decrease has reduced\nPercentage change on same month in previous year, seasonally adjusted, UK, July 2015 to May 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nThe April 2026 figure is not a flash estimate of payrolled employees; this is included purely for graphing purposes.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: The growth rate of the number of payrolled employees remains negative, although the rate of decrease has reduced\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nMedian monthly pay\nEarly estimates for May 2026 indicate that median monthly pay was £2,626, an increase of 4.6% compared with the same period of the previous year.\nFigure 3: Median pay continues to increase\nMedian pay per month, seasonally adjusted, UK, July 2014 to May 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nThe April 2026 figure is not a flash estimate of median pay; this is included purely for graphing purposes.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: Median pay continues to increase\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFollowing a general trend of increasing pay growth between mid-2015 and mid-2018, pay growth tended to fluctuate around 3.6% until 2020, when it became negative. This coincided with the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and related economic and policy responses. From June 2020, median pay growth became positive again.\nThe growth rate of median pay continued to increase in line with pre-pandemic trends throughout 2022, but with increasing volatility in late 2022 and early 2023. This pace of growth slowed in late 2023 and remained close to 6.0% throughout 2024 and 2025. A series of lower median pay growth figures were observed in late 2025, likely influenced by the timing of public sector pay settlements having differed from the previous year. In recent months, median pay growth has remained below 6.0%.\nFigure 4: The rate of growth in median pay has fallen in recent months, after a period of relative stability from 2023 to 2025\nPercentage change on same month in previous year, seasonally adjusted, UK, July 2015 to May 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nThe April 2026 figure is not a flash estimate of median pay growth; this is included purely for graphing purposes.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: The rate of growth in median pay has fallen in recent months, after a period of relative stability from 2023 to 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nRegional data\nThe regional figures in this bulletin are based on where employees live and not the location of their place of work. Figures include data for May 2026, and cover\nNomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS): NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3 regions, and local administrative units (LAUs)\n.\nNumbers of payrolled employees in the UK for the regions ranged from 820,000 in Northern Ireland, to 4,344,000 in London in May 2026 (Figure 5).\nLondon and Northern Ireland experienced higher growth than the UK average between January 2017 and early 2020, while the North East and Scotland experienced lower growth than the UK overall. Employee numbers within LAUs, and NUTS1, NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions are available in our\naccompanying datasets\n.\nFigure 5: Other than Northern Ireland, all regions currently have negative employee growth\nPercentage change on same month in previous year, seasonally adjusted, UK, January 2017 to May 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nComparing May 2026 with the same period of the previous year for NUTS1 regions, changes in payrolled employees ranged from a 1.0% decrease in London to a 1.3% increase in Northern Ireland.\nExamining NUTS3 regions, Westminster experienced a decrease of 2.3% in payrolled employees compared with May 2025, and Mid Ulster experienced an increase of 1.9% (Figure 6).\nThere is greater variation at the LAU level, with growth rates varying between negative 3.1% and positive 1.9%.\nFigure 6: Growth in payrolled employees varies across the UK\nPercentage change on same month in previous year, seasonally adjusted, UK, NUTS3 level, May 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nMedian pay across NUTS3 regions of the UK in May 2026 ranged from £2,279 in Isle of Wight to £3,984 in Wandsworth (Figure 7).\nInner London generally differs from Outer London, with median pay ranging from £2,596 in Enfield to £3,984 in Wandsworth. Median pay in May 2026 for London as a whole was £3,082.\nMedian pay across LAUs in May 2026 ranged from £2,150 in Arran and Cumbrae to £6,288 in the City of London.\nFigure 7: Median pay varies across the UK\nMedian pay, seasonally adjusted, UK, NUTS3 level, May 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nIndustry data\nThe industrial sectors in this bulletin are based on the\nUK Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes\n, as defined by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). These codes have been determined from both the most recent\nInter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR)\nand data from Companies House for each Pay As You Earn (PAYE) enterprise. The findings from the 14 largest sectors are presented. The seven smaller sectors have been removed from the bulletin for presentational purposes, but their estimates are available in our\naccompanying datasets\n.\nThe three largest sectors (health and social work, wholesale and retail, and education) account for around 39% of UK employees. These three sectors, combined with professional, scientific and technical; administrative and support services; manufacturing; and accommodation and food service activities, account for around 70% of UK employees.\nSince January 2017, employee growth has not been even across sectors (Figure 8). Sectors such as construction, transportation and storage, and information and communication experienced higher growth than the UK average between January 2017 and early 2020. Sectors such as manufacturing, and wholesale and retail experienced lower growth than the UK overall.\nAll sectors highlighted experienced a decrease in employee growth around April 2020, with the smallest decrease being in health and social work. Public administration and defence, and health and social work saw early recoveries in their growth rates, as did administrative and support services, and education from early 2021 onwards.\nWhen comparing early estimates for May 2026 with the same period of the previous year, percentage changes in payrolled employees ranged from negative 3.7% in accommodation and food service activities to positive 1.6% in public administration and defence.\nFigure 8: Employee growth has varied across sectors\nPercentage change on same month in previous year, seasonally adjusted, UK, January 2017 to May 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nThe largest decrease in payrolled employees between May 2025 and May 2026 was in the accommodation and food service activities sector (a fall of 80,000 employees) while the largest increase was in the administrative and support services sector (a rise of 34,000 employees).\nFigure 9: Since May 2025, many sectors show a decrease in payrolled employees, while administrative and support services has seen the greatest increase\nPayrolled employees, absolute change on May 2025, seasonally adjusted, UK, May 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 9: Since May 2025, many sectors show a decrease in payrolled employees, while administrative and support services has seen the greatest increase\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nMedian pay in May 2026 across the highlighted sectors ranged from £1,427 in the accommodation and food service activities sector to £4,193 in finance and insurance (Figure 10).\nFigure 10: Median pay varies by industry, with the finance and insurance sector and the information and communication sector having notably higher median pay\nMedian pay, seasonally adjusted, UK, May 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 10: Median pay varies by industry, with the finance and insurance sector and the information and communication sector having notably higher median pay\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nCompared with the same month in the previous year, median pay grew fastest in the health and social work sector, at positive 7.0% (Figure 11), and slowest in the finance and insurance sector, at positive 1.8%.\nEstimates of mean pay for each sector are available in our\naccompanying datasets\n.\nFigure 11: Median pay increased most in the health and social work sector\nPercentage change on same month in previous year, seasonally adjusted, UK, May 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 11: Median pay increased most in the health and social work sector\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nAge data\nThe age figures in this bulletin are calculated based on an individual's age at the time they receive a payment.\nOf the 30.3 million payrolled employees in the UK in May 2026, 94.4% are aged 18 to 64 years.\nBetween May 2025 and May 2026, there was a decrease of 36,000 payrolled employees aged under 25 years. During the same period, payrolled employees aged 65 years and over increased by 65,000.\nFigure 12: The 65 years and over age group has seen the greatest increase in payrolled employees since May 2025\nPayrolled employees, absolute change on May 2025, seasonally adjusted, UK, May 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 12: The 65 years and over age group has seen the greatest increase in payrolled employees since May 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nMedian pay in May 2026 ranged from £457 for those aged under 18 years to £3,062 for those aged 35 to 49 years (Figure 13). Overall, median pay is higher in the central age bands, of those studied.\nFigure 13: Median pay varies by age\nMedian pay, seasonally adjusted, UK, May 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 13: Median pay varies by age\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nEarnings and employment data\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, non-seasonally adjusted\nDataset | Released 18 June 2026\nEarnings and employment statistics from Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI), UK, NUTS 1, 2 and 3 areas and local authorities, monthly, non-seasonally adjusted.\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, revision triangle\nDataset | Released 18 June 2026\nRevisions of earnings and employment statistics from Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI), UK, monthly.\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, seasonally adjusted\nDataset | Released 18 June 2026\nEarnings and employment statistics from Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI), UK, NUTS 1, 2 and 3 areas and local authorities, monthly, seasonally adjusted.\nIt is also possible for suitable applicants to access a sample of RTI data through HM Revenue and Customs' (HMRC's) Datalab. These samples contain the full population of payrolled individuals but only contain selected variables and a shorter timeframe.\nMore information and how to apply for access to HMRC data can be found on GOV.UK's\nAbout the HMRC Datalab page\n.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nGlossary\nMedian monthly pay\nMedian monthly pay shows what a person in the middle of all employees would earn each month. The median pay is generally considered to be a more accurate reflection of the \"average wage\" because it discounts the extremes at either end of the scale.\nPay figures given in this bulletin are based on gross pay.\nNational Minimum Wage and National Living Wage\nThe National Minimum Wage (NMW) is a minimum amount per hour that most workers in the UK are entitled to be payrolled. There are different rates of minimum wage depending on a worker's age and whether they are an apprentice. The NMW applies to employees aged 16 to 20 years. The government's National Living Wage (NLW) was introduced on 1 April 2016 and currently applies to employees aged 21 years and over. See current and previous rates for the NMW and NLW on\nthe GOV.UK website\n.\nPay As You Earn\nPay As You Earn (PAYE) is the system employers and pension providers use to take Income Tax and National Insurance contributions before they pay wages or pensions to employees and pensioners. It was introduced in 1944 and is now the way most employees pay Income Tax in the UK. This publication relates to employees only and not pensioners.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nData sources and quality\nData source and collection\nThe data for this release come from HM Revenue and Customs' (HMRC's) Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI) system. They cover the whole population rather than a sample of people or companies, and they will allow for more detailed estimates of the population. More information on the quality of the data and the steps we take to quality assure it can be found in our\nQuality assurance of administrative used in earnings and employment from PAYE RTI methodology\n.\nOur statistical practice is regulated by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR). OSR sets the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nthat all producers of official statistics should adhere to. You are welcome to contact us directly with any comments about how we meet these standards by emailing\nrtistatistics.enquiries@hmrc.gov.uk\n. Alternatively, you can contact OSR by emailing\nregulation@statistics.gov.uk\nor via the OSR website.\nCoverage\nThis publication covers employees payrolled by employers only. It does not cover self-employment income or income from other sources such as pensions, property rental and investments. Where individuals have multiple sources of income, only income from employers is included.\nThe figures in this release are for the period July 2014 to May 2026 and are seasonally adjusted.\nUpcoming changes\nFollowing the UK's withdrawal from the EU, a replacement to the Eurostat geographical classification NUTS regions has been created. The UK-managed classification of International Territorial Levels (ITLs) will replace the NUTS classification in future publications.\nPlease contact us at labour.market@ons.gov.uk and rtistatistics.enquiries@hmrc.gov.uk if you would like to offer feedback on how the contents can be improved in the future.\nMethodology\nOur accompanying methodology has more information on the\ncalendarisation and imputation methodologies\nused in this bulletin. It also includes comparisons with other earnings and employment statistics, and possible quality improvements for the future.\nPre-release data\nHM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) grants pre-release access to\nofficial statistics\npublications. As this is a joint release, and in accordance with the HMRC policy, pre-release access has been granted to a number of people to enable the preparation of statistical publications and ministerial briefing. Further details, including a\nlist of those granted access to official statistics by HMRC\n, can be found on\ntheir website\n.\nThe Bank of England was granted exceptional pre-release access to this bulletin and its accompanying tables, at 8:30am on Monday 15 June 2026, so that the data were available for the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting held on that day. More information is available on this in our\nexchange of letters requesting exceptional pre-release access so that data are available for discussion at the MPC\n.\nAccredited Official Statistics\nThese accredited official statistics were independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in July 2025. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality, and value in the Code of Practice for Statistics and should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nThis is a joint release between HMRC and the ONS.\nStrengths of the data\nAs Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI) data cover the whole population, rather than a sample of people or companies, we are able to use these to produce estimates for geographic areas and other more detailed breakdowns of the population. The methods for producing such breakdowns are under development and we expect to include further statistics in a future release. These statistics can help inform decision-making across the country. They also have the potential to provide more timely estimates than existing measures.\nThese statistics also have the potential to replace some of those based on surveys, which could reduce the burden on businesses needing to fill in statistical surveys.\nIndustry sector classifications\nThe industrial sectors in this bulletin are based on the UK Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes, as defined by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). These codes have been determined from both the most recent Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR) and data from Companies House for each Pay As You Earn (PAYE) enterprise.\nLarge enterprises that cover multiple SIC codes are classified into a single SIC code based on the relative number of employees in each SIC code. Changes to the proportion of employees across SIC codes in large enterprises can result in the enterprise being reclassified to a different SIC code. To obtain the SIC code we link to the most recent quarterly versions of the IDBR. Once a year when we refresh data for the whole series, the IDBR link is refreshed using the most recent version available, and any reclassifications are then used for the entirety of the time series until the next year.\nThis means that sector level time series represent the current employers classified in each sector and are less likely to be distorted by employers being reclassified at the enterprise level because of small changes at the lower unit level. However, it also means that these time series may be revised between publications and, in the historical sections of the time series, employers are classified in sectors in which they were not classified at that point in time. However, this method should minimise discrepancies in the data caused by reclassifications and should more easily allow the tracking of job movements between sectors.\nImputation and revisions\nRTI data used in this release are extracted in the weeks following the end of the latest reference month. For some individuals this means payments relating to work done in recent reference months are yet to be received. Rather than wait until all payment returns have been received, we produce timelier measures by imputing the values for missing returns.\nFor the latest reference month around 15% of the data are imputed. We refer to this as the \"flash\" or \"early\" estimate in the bulletin, as this figure is the most subject to revision as payment returns are received and the imputed payments replaced with actual data.\nFrom our July 2022 publication, two changes were made to the imputation model. A seasonal factor was incorporated into the imputation model. The model was also made more responsive to recent changes to the labour market that would affect the likelihood of a payment existing. The latter change in particular should reduce the scale of revisions seen to the \"flash\" estimate, but cannot eliminate revisions completely.\nEarlier months also contain some imputed data. Some payment frequencies mean that we have not received the relevant payment data more than a month after the reference period. Also, in some circumstances, returns might be submitted late. Therefore, earlier months are also subject to revision, but these revisions are likely to be much smaller because the level of imputation is smaller. The proportion of imputed data for a reference month two months before data extraction is around 1% to 2% of the data.\nFor the majority of months, post-flash revisions will occur in small amounts gradually each month as more submissions are received. However, all RTI submissions must be received before the end of the tax year. Therefore, for months close to the end of the tax year these submissions and associated minor revisions that would have accumulated through the year instead need to be received all at once in the final submissions of the tax year. The months of January and February will be most affected by this and see sharper non-flash revisions at the end of the tax year if the imputed submissions are not received by that point. From July 2022, changes were incorporated into the imputation model to try to control for these seasonal differences, as well as other seasonal factors that might affect whether submissions are received through different points of the year. Further information on the impact of the changes to the imputation model can be found in our methods article,\nImpact of imputation changes in employment statistics from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information methodology\n.\nThe seasonal adjustment model will also update each month as the model is refined on the latest data available. These adjustments will appear as revisions in the seasonally adjusted data, and in the supporting seasonally adjusted revisions triangle.\nStarting with the December 2020 publication, we introduced a new revisions policy. For each publication, we incorporate new input data only for the current tax year and the previous tax year. Revisions to estimates can potentially be made for up to the last two years as data can continue to be received, though updates to data outside of the most recent tax year are minimal.\nChanges to the seasonally adjusted data also occur earlier than this limit, as the seasonal adjustment model is refined. The benefit of introducing this revisions policy is that we can use the processing time saved to produce and publish more detailed breakdowns. We capture any new input data referencing earlier years by incorporating data for the whole time series once a year.\nSeasonal adjustment\nThe seasonal adjustment applied in this bulletin follows established best practice. This approach assumes that any seasonal patterns remain broadly consistent over time. If the seasonal pattern changes in strength, this will be represented as greater volatility in the seasonally adjusted figures. Both the seasonal and non-seasonally adjusted datasets are released alongside this bulletin.\nMaking our published spreadsheets accessible\nFollowing the\nGovernment Statistical Service (GSS) guidance on releasing statistics in spreadsheets\n, we will be amending our published tables over the coming months to improve the usability, accessibility, and machine readability of our published statistics. To help users change to the new formats, we will be publishing sample versions of a selection of our tables, which will not be updated each month with the latest available data. We have made available\nan example of an accessible seasonally adjusted dataset for Earnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information\n. If you have any questions, feedback or comments, please email us at\nlabour.market@ons.gov.uk\nor\nrtistatistics.enquiries@hmrc.gov.uk\n.\nDifferences compared with other labour market statistics\nThe Labour Force Survey (LFS) is our survey of households, while Workforce Jobs (WFJ) is based mainly on business surveys for employee jobs, with the LFS covering self-employed jobs. HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Indicators (RTI) data are derived from administrative tax records and only cover payrolled employees.\nEach of these three sources are collected and processed in different ways, so we do expect differences in levels (for example, jobs versus people, differing reference periods). Divergence across indicators for more than one period is not unusual. For further information please see Trends and considerations around comparisons in our Labour market overview.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nRelated links\nLabour market overview: June 2026\nBulletin | Released 18 June 2026\nEstimates of employment, unemployment, economic inactivity and other employment-related statistics for the UK.\nEmployment in the UK: June 2026\nBulletin | Released 18 June 2026\nEstimates of employment, unemployment and economic inactivity for the UK.\nLabour market in the regions of the UK: June 2026\nBulletin | Released 18 June 2026\nRegional, local authority and parliamentary constituency breakdowns of changes in UK employment, unemployment, and economic inactivity and other related statistics.\nAverage weekly earnings in Great Britain: June 2026\nBulletin | Released 18 June 2026\nEstimates of growth in earnings for employees before tax and other deductions from pay.\nVacancies and jobs in the UK: June 2026\nBulletin | Released 18 June 2026\nEstimates of the number of vacancies and jobs for the UK.\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS) and HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC), released 18 June 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK: June 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/earningsandemploymentfrompayasyouearnrealtimeinformationuk/june2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/earningsandemploymentfrompayasyouearnrealtimeinformationuk/june2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Monthly estimates of payrolled employees and their pay from HM Revenue and Customs’ (HMRC’s) Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI) data. This is a joint release between HMRC and the Office for National Statistics (ONS).", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2026", "30.3 million", "0.4%", "2025", "119,000", "80,000", "34,000", "2,000", "0.0%", "2026,", "100,000,", "53,000", "4.6%", "7.0%", "1.8%", "85%", "98%", "99%", "2", "12", "9", "0.2%", "0.3%", "2024", "2014", "1.0%", "1.5%", "2016", "2019", "2019,", "2020,", "19", "2020", "2021,", "2022,", "2021", "2023,", "2024,", "2015", "3", "2,626,", "2018,", "3.6%", "2022", "2023", "6.0%", "2025,", "4", "820,000", "4,344,000", "5", "2017", "1.3%", "2.3%", "1.9%", "6", "3.1%", "2,279", "3,984", "7", "2,596", "3,082", "2,150", "6,288", "14", "39%", "70%", "2017,", "8", "3.7%", "1.6%", "1,427", "4,193", "10", "11", "94.4%", "18", "64 years", "36,000"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "an example of an accessible seasonally adjusted dataset for Earnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/methodologies/aguidetolabourmarketdata/exampleofaccessiblertisadataset.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Earnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, non-seasonally adjusted", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/realtimeinformationstatisticsreferencetablenonseasonallyadjusted/current/rtinsajun2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Earnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, revision triangle", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/earningsandemploymentfrompayasyouearnrealtimeinformationrevisiontriangle/june2026/rtirevisiontrianglejun2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "b845a5aee9d9d71846b0"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/publicsectorpersonnel/bulletins/publicsectoremployment/march2026", "title": "Public sector employment, UK: March 2026", "context": "1.\nOther pages in this release\nLabour market overview, UK\nAverage weekly earnings in Great Britain\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK\nEmployment in the UK\nLabour market in the regions of the UK\nVacancies and jobs in the UK\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nMain points\nEmployment in the public sector was estimated at 6.19 million in March 2026, an increase of 2,000 (0.0%) compared with December 2025, and an increase of 37,000 (0.6%) compared with March 2025.\nOf those in employment, it is estimated that 18.0% were employed in the public sector in March 2026; this is unchanged on the quarter from December 2025 and down 0.1 percentage points compared with March 2025.\nEmployment in central government was at a record high, at an estimated 4.07 million in March 2026, an increase of 6,000 (0.1%) compared with December 2025 and an increase of 46,000 (1.1%) compared with March 2025; the main contributors to the increase since the previous year were some local authority schools becoming academies, the NHS and the Civil Service.\nThe Civil Service employed 558,000 people in March 2026, an increase of 3,000 (0.5%) compared with December 2025, and an increase of 8,000 (1.5%) compared with March 2025.\nEmployment in the NHS was an estimated 2.07 million in March 2026; this was a decrease of 1,000 (0.0%) compared with December 2025 but an increase of 6,000 (0.3%) compared with March 2025.\nEmployment in local government was at a record low, at an estimated 1.96 million in March 2026; this was a decrease of 3,000 (0.2%) compared with December 2025 and a decrease of 13,000 (0.7%) compared with March 2025.\nThe estimated transfer of employment from local government to central government because of academy conversions in March 2026 was 5,000 on the quarter, and 26,000 on the year.\nEmployment in public corporations was an estimated 159,000 in March 2026, a decrease of 1,000 (0.6%) compared with December 2025 but an increase of 4,000 (2.6%) compared with March 2025; part of the annual increase is affected by a minor reclassification between March 2025 and June 2025.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nData on public sector employment\nPublic sector employment\nDataset | Released 18 June 2026\nQuarterly estimates of UK and regional public sector employment, made up of central government, local government, and public corporations.\nPublic sector employment time series\nDataset | Dataset ID: PSE | Released 18 June 2026\nSeasonally adjusted and non-seasonally adjusted quarterly time series of UK public sector employment, containing the latest estimates.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nData sources and quality\nExecutive non-departmental public bodies\nWe collect data from all public bodies set out in our\nPublic sector classification guide and forward work plan\n(if they have 20 or more employees), and therefore all executive non-departmental public bodies (NDPBs) meeting these criteria are included in our overall public sector employment estimates. However, our estimates of employment in executive NDPBs in Table 10 of our\naccompanying Public Sector Employment dataset\nmay not include all executive NDPBs included in the overall estimates. We are currently reviewing this methodology and aim to provide data for a definitive list of executive NDPBs shortly.\nLabour Force Survey\nEstimates of total employment and private sector employment are derived from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) as part of this release.\nOngoing challenges with response rates and levels mean that LFS-based labour market statistics will be badged as official statistics in development, and we advise caution when using the data, until further review. For more information, please see the Data sources and quality section of our\nEmployment in the UK: June 2026 bulletin\n.\nSources\nPublic sector employment (PSE) statistics are derived from a range of sources. The primary source is the Quarterly Public Sector Employment Survey (QPSES), which comprises three separate data collections: the home Civil Service, local authorities in England and Wales, and Great Britain public corporations and non-departmental public bodies (NDPBs), which is supplemented by data from external sources. Further information can be found in our\nPSE quality and methodology information (QMI) report\n.\nThe QPSES response rate for each separate collection is:\n100% for Civil Service\n95% for local authorities\n93% for public corporations and NDPBs\nFull-time equivalents\nWhile this bulletin focuses on headcount estimates of PSE, full-time equivalent estimates (based on the number of hours worked divided by the standard full-time hours) are available in our\naccompanying PSE datasets\n.\nData collected for our public sector employment estimates are collected from a range of providers. These include through Office for National Statistics (ONS) surveys, devolved administration surveys, and admin sources, a full list of which can be found in our\nPSE QMI report\n.\nData collected through the ONS Quarterly Public Sector Employment Survey (QPSES) ask organisations for total headcount estimates and full-time equivalent (FTE) estimates based on an employee's contracted hours, regardless of contract type. However, some data collected by other agencies include FTE estimates based on an employee's actual worked hours during the survey reference period. We are working with suppliers to investigate the impact and next steps.\nSeasonal adjustment\nAll\nPSE data time series\nin this release, with the exception of the regional series, are seasonally adjusted to aid interpretation. Relationships that hold in the unadjusted series do not necessarily hold for the seasonally adjusted series. For example, total PSE equals the total of all public sector industry estimates before seasonal adjustment, but this is not necessarily true after seasonal adjustment.\nReclassifications between the public and private sectors\nComparisons of public and private sector employment over time are complicated by several major reclassifications. This is where bodies employing large numbers of people have moved between the public and private sectors. We produce estimates of public and private sector employment excluding the effects of major reclassifications to help you understand underlying trends in employment. We publish these alongside estimates of total public and private sector employment in\nTables 5, 6a, and 7a of our accompanying PSE datasets\n.\nMore quality and methodology information\nMore quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nPSE QMI report.\nAccredited official statistics\nThese\naccredited official statistics\nwere independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in April 2022. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nRelated links\nCivil Service statistics\nStatistical release | Released 30 July 2025\nDetailed information on the UK Civil Service workforce, including pay, diversity, and location. Responsibility for the collection and publication of this annual release was transferred from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) to the Cabinet Office with effect from 1 October 2018.\nPublic sector employment in Scotland\nStatistical release | Released 18 June 2026\nEstimates of public sector employment (PSE) in Scotland, published quarterly by the Scottish Government on the same day as this bulletin.\nQuarterly Employment Survey\nStatistical release | Released 18 June 2026\nEstimates of short-term employee jobs in Northern Ireland, including public and private sector employment estimates, published by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) on the same day as this bulletin.\nLocal government employment\nDataset | Released quarterly\nEstimates of employment for each local authority in England and Wales, sourced from the ONS Quarterly Public Sector Employment Survey (QPSES), and published quarterly by the Local Government Association.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), published 18 June 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nPublic sector employment, UK: March 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/publicsectorpersonnel/bulletins/publicsectoremployment/march2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/publicsectorpersonnel/bulletins/publicsectoremployment/march2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "The official measure of people employed in the UK public sector, including private sector estimates.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2", "6.19 million", "2026,", "2,000", "0.0%", "2025,", "37,000", "0.6%", "2025", "18.0%", "2026", "0.1 percentage points", "4.07 million", "6,000", "0.1%", "46,000", "1.1%", "558,000", "3,000", "0.5%", "8,000", "1.5%", "2.07 million", "1,000", "0.3%", "1.96 million", "0.2%", "13,000", "0.7%", "5,000", "26,000", "159,000", "4,000", "2.6%", "3", "18", "4", "20", "10", "100%", "95%", "93%", "5,", "6", "7", "2022", "5", "30", "2018"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Public sector employment", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/publicsectorpersonnel/datasets/publicsectoremploymentreferencetable/march2026/datasets.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Public sector employment", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/publicsectorpersonnel/datasets/publicsectoremploymentreferencetable/december2025/datasets8.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Public sector employment", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/publicsectorpersonnel/datasets/publicsectoremploymentreferencetable/september2025/datasets.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/employmentintheuk/june2026", "title": "Employment in the UK: June 2026", "context": "1.\nOther pages in this release\nLabour market overview\nAverage weekly earnings in Great Britain\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK\nLabour market in the regions of the UK\nVacancies and jobs in the UK\nPublic Sector Employment, UK\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nMain points\nEstimates from January to March 2025 include the full effect of the improvements in Labour Force Survey (LFS) data collection and sampling methods introduced from January 2024 onwards.\nSome volatility remains in the LFS estimates, particularly those for mid-2023 and throughout 2024, as well as for granular breakdowns, in which sample sizes are smaller.\nWe recommend using the LFS estimates as part of our suite of labour market indicators, alongside workforce jobs, Claimant Count, and Pay As You Earn Real Time Information (PAYE RTI) estimates.\nThe estimated UK employment rate remained largely unchanged on both the year and in the latest quarter (February to April 2026), at 75.0%\nThe estimated UK unemployment rate increased by 0.3 percentage points on the year, but decreased by 0.3 percentage points, to 4.9%, in the latest quarter, compared with the previous quarter (November 2025 to January 2026).\nThe estimated UK economic inactivity rate decreased by 0.3 percentage points on the year, but increased by 0.3 percentage points in the latest quarter, to 21.0%.\n!\nThese labour market statistics, based on the Labour Force Survey and the Annual Population Survey, are considered\nofficial statistics in development\n. Read more in\nSection 11: Data sources and quality\n.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nMeasuring the labour market\nThe latest Labour Force Survey (LFS) estimates are based on interviews that took place from February to April 2026.\nWe had to make operational changes to the LFS because of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which introduced an increased non-response bias to the survey. We reduced this bias by introducing housing tenure-based weights into the survey in October 2020, as detailed in our\nCoronavirus and its impact on the Labour Force Survey article\n.\nHowever, further improvement work was required to deal with the increase in non-response from those with a non-UK country of birth or nationality. As a result, we introduced an adjusted\nLabour Force Survey weighting methodology\nin May 2021.\nLFS periods from January to March 2019 onwards were reweighted from our December 2024 labour market release. The reweighted LFS estimates incorporate information on the size and composition of the UK population, based on 2022 mid-year estimates. For England, Wales and Northern Ireland, they are projected forward using scaling factors from 2021-based national population projections, published in January 2024. For Scotland, they are projected forward using scaling factors from 2020-based national population projections, published in January 2023. The constraint to country-of-birth information was also removed.\nThis reweighting creates a discontinuity between the December 2018 to February 2019 and January to March 2019 periods. Users should take this discontinuity into consideration when looking at long-term movements in the series. However, we have modelled the seasonally adjusted UK levels of employment, unemployment and economic inactivity, by sex and age band, back to the start of the population revisions in July to September 2011. This ensures that the headline series in Table 1, Table 2 (1) and Table 2 (2) (also available in datasets A02SA, A05SA, and A01 Tables 1 and 2) are comparable over the full series. Further information is available in our\nImpact of reweighting on Labour Force Survey key indicators, UK: December 2024 article\n.\nEstimates from January to March 2025 include the full effect of the improvements in LFS data collection and sampling methods introduced from January 2024 onwards. Some volatility remains, particularly for estimates for mid-2023 and throughout 2024, as well as for granular breakdowns, in which sample sizes are smaller. Therefore, we advise users to use caution when drawing conclusions from short-term changes, and to focus on long-term movements in the data.\nWe recommend using LFS estimates as part of our suite of labour market indicators, alongside workforce jobs, Claimant Count, and Pay As You Earn Real Time Information (PAYE RTI) estimates.\nWe published an update of our\nLFS quality update article: April 2026\n. This article provides users with information about current response rates and known biases in LFS data, to help them better understand the current quality of the data.\nAs part of our work to address quality concerns with the LFS, we have seen improvements in response levels and rates, with responses now close to their pre-pandemic level. The achieved sample, including imputed cases (the dataset size), has increased from 77,927 individuals in October to December 2025 to 80,078 individuals in January to March 2026. This is shown in our\nLFS performance and quality monitoring report: January to March 2026 methodology\n.\nLFS estimates are designated as\nofficial statistics in development\n, and are currently not considered accredited official statistics.\nIn our next July 2026 bulletin, we intend to implement the results of our LFS series' seasonal adjustment review. We expect this to result in revisions to this series dating back to the start of 2020.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nSummary\nTable 1: February to April 2026 headline measures and changes\nUK headline economic status levels and rates, total weekly hours, and redundancy levels and rates, seasonally adjusted, February to April 2026\nLevel or rate\nSampling\nvariability\nof level\nor rate\nChange\non quarter\nSampling\nvariability\nof change\non quarter\nChange\non year\nSampling\nvariability\nof change\non year\nEmployment\n(thousands, aged\n6 and over)\n34,410\n± 212\n100\n± 180\n399\n± 293\nEmployment rate\n(aged 16 to 64)\n75.0\n± 0.4\n0.0\n± 0.4\n0.0\n± 0.6\nUnemployment\n(thousands, aged\n16 and over)\n1,764\n± 94\n-105\n± 104\n124\n± 134\nUnemployment rate\n(aged 16+)\n4.9\n± 0.3\n-0.3\n± 0.3\n0.3\n± 0.4\nEconomically inactive\n(thousands, aged\n16 to 64)\n9,136\n± 181\n137\n± 157\n-51\n± 255\nEconomic inactivity rate\n(aged 16 to 64)\n21.0\n± 0.4\n0.3\n± 0.4\n-0.3\n± 0.6\nTotal weekly hours\n(millions)\n1,095.8\nN/A\n5.7\nN/A\n13.5\nN/A\nRedundancies\n(thousands, aged\n16 years and over)\n113\n± 22\n-20\n± 32\n11\n± 32\nRedundancy rate\n(per thousand, aged\n16+)\n3.8\nN/A\n-0.7\nN/A\n0.3\nN/A\nSource: Labour Force Survey (LFS) from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nGiven the volatility of LFS estimates we advise users to use caution when drawing conclusions from short-term changes and to focus on long-term movements in the data.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: February to April 2026 headline measures and changes\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nEmployment\nFollowing an increase in the\nemployment\nrate since early 2012, there was a decrease from the start of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. There was an increase from the end of 2020, followed by a decrease between mid-2023 and early 2024. The rate then increased until mid-2024 and has been relatively stable since.\nThe employment rate remained largely unchanged both over the year, since February to April 2025, and in the latest quarter (February to April 2026).\nFigure 1: The employment rate was largely unchanged on both the year and in the latest quarter\nUK employment rates, people, men, and women (aged 16 to 64 years), seasonally adjusted, between December 2019 to February 2020 and February to April 2026\nSource: Labour Force Survey (LFS) from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nGiven the volatility of LFS estimates, we advise users to use caution when drawing conclusions from short-term changes, and to focus on long-term movements in the data.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: The employment rate was largely unchanged on both the year and in the latest quarter\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nIn the latest year since February to April 2025, both the number of full-time and part-time workers increased. However, in the latest quarter (February to April 2026), while the number of full-time workers increased, the number of part-time workers decreased. The increase in full-time workers over the year was caused by an increase in employees working full-time. The increase in part-time workers in the same period was caused by an increase in self-employed people working part-time.\nFollowing increases in 2024 and early 2025, the number of people with second jobs decreased both over the year to 1.277 million (3.7% of people in employment) and in the latest quarter (February to April 2026).\nWe also publish estimates of payrolled employees in our\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK bulletin\nand estimates of the number of jobs in our\nVacancies and jobs in the UK bulletin\n.\nHours worked\nThe number of total actual weekly hours worked has generally been increasing in the UK since 2020. Total actual weekly hours worked increased both over the year and in the latest quarter. Hours worked for both men and women increased over the year. Men's hours worked increased in the latest quarter, while women's hours worked decreased in the same period.\nAverage actual weekly hours worked remained largely unchanged over the year, but increased in the latest quarter.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nUnemployment\nFollowing decreases since late 2013, the\nunemployment\nrate increased during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. From early 2021, it decreased to below pre-pandemic rates until mid-2022. The rate has been largely increasing since.\nThe unemployment rate increased over the year, since February to April 2025, but decreased in the latest quarter (February to April 2026).\nFigure 2: The unemployment rate was up on the year, but was down in the latest quarter\nUK unemployment rates, people, men, and women (aged 16 years and over), seasonally adjusted, between December 2019 to February 2020 and February to April 2026\nSource: Labour Force Survey (LFS) from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nGiven the volatility of LFS estimates, we advise users to use caution when drawing conclusions from short-term changes, and to focus on long-term movements in the data.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: The unemployment rate was up on the year, but was down in the latest quarter\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe number of people that were unemployed for up to 6 months decreased both over the year and in the latest quarter. The number of those unemployed for between 6 to 12 months increased over the year, but remained largely unchanged in the latest quarter. The number of those unemployed for over 12 months increased over the year, but decreased in the latest quarter. The increase in the number of people unemployed over the year was the result of an increase in the number of both unemployed men and women.\nWe also publish our\nClaimant Count dataset\n, which is a measure of the number of people who are receiving a benefit principally for the reason of being unemployed. Claimant Count statistics are currently designated as\nofficial statistics in development\n. The Claimant Count figure for the latest month is provisional, and is subject to revisions after first publication. This is because of later amendments to records in the administrative systems, for example, as work capability assessments conclude and more information is available about benefit claimants' ability to work.\nRevisions in recent months have tended to be made downwards. Further information on\nClaimant Count revisions\nis published each month, and is also available in our latest\nLabour Force Survey quality update article\n.\nBefore this, the Claimant Count had generally been falling since a change was made to the Administrative Earnings Threshold (AET) in mid-2024, which added around 120,000 claimants to the count.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nEconomic inactivity\nSince comparable records began in 1971, the\neconomic inactivity\nrate had generally been falling. However, it increased during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and has since fluctuated around this increased rate.\nThe economic inactivity rate decreased over the year, since February to April 2025, but increased in the latest quarter (February to April 2026).\nFigure 3: The economic inactivity rate was down on the year, but was up in the latest quarter\nUK economic inactivity rates, people, men, and women (aged 16 to 64 years), seasonally adjusted, between December 2019 to February 2020 and February to April 2026\nSource: Labour Force Survey (LFS) from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nGiven the volatility of LFS estimates, we advise users to use caution when drawing conclusions from short-term changes, and to focus on long-term movements in the data.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: The economic inactivity rate was down on the year, but was up in the latest quarter\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nAll age groups experienced an annual decrease in inactivity rate since February to April 2025, except for those aged 35 to 49 years, who saw an increase. In the latest quarter (February to April 2026), the quarterly increase in inactivity rate was largely because of those aged between 16 to 24 years and 35 to 49 years.\nThe annual decrease in economic inactivity since February to April 2025 was largely because of those looking after their family and home. The quarterly increase in inactivity rate was largely because of those looking after their family and home, and students not looking for work.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nRedundancies\nThe number of people reporting\nredundancy\nin the three months before interview increased over the year, but decreased in the latest quarter, to 3.8 per 1,000 employees in February to April 2026.\nWe also publish our\nHR1: Potential redundancies dataset\n, which shows potential redundancies, covering those notified by employers to the Insolvency Service through the form, broken down by region and industry.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nData on employment in the UK\nEmployment, unemployment and economic inactivity by age group (seasonally adjusted)\nDataset A05 SA | Released 18 June 2026\nEmployment, unemployment and economic inactivity levels and rates by age group, UK, rolling three- monthly figures, seasonally adjusted. Labour Force Survey. These are official statistics in development.\nLabour Force Survey sampling variability (not seasonally adjusted)\nDataset A11 | Released 18 June 2026\nSampling variability for Labour Force Survey estimates of employment, unemployment and economic inactivity, 95% confidence intervals, rolling three-monthly figures, non-seasonally adjusted. These are official statistics in development.\nFull-time, part-time and temporary workers (seasonally adjusted)\nDataset EMP01 SA | Released 18 June 2026\nFull-time, part-time and temporary workers, by sex, UK, rolling three-monthly figures published monthly, seasonally adjusted. Labour Force Survey. These are official statistics in development.\nActual weekly hours worked (seasonally adjusted)\nDataset HOUR01 SA | Released 18 June 2026\nActual weekly hours worked including by sex, full-time, part-time and second jobs, UK, rolling three-monthly figures published monthly, seasonally adjusted. Labour Force Survey. These are official statistics in development.\nUnemployment by age and duration (seasonally adjusted)\nDataset UNEM01 SA | Released 18 June 2026\nUnemployment by age and duration (seasonally adjusted). These estimates are sourced from the Labour Force Survey, a survey of households. These are official statistics in development.\nEconomic inactivity by reason (seasonally adjusted)\nDataset INAC01 SA | Released 18 June 2026\nEconomic inactivity (aged 16 to 64 years) by reason (seasonally adjusted). These estimates are sourced from the Labour Force Survey, a survey of households. These are official statistics in development.\nView all related data on our\nrelated data page\n.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nGlossary\nActual and usual hours worked\nStatistics for\nusual hours worked\nmeasure how many hours people usually work per week. Compared with actual hours worked, they are not affected by absences and so can provide a better measure of normal working patterns. For example, a person who usually works 37 hours a week, but who was on holiday for a week, would be recorded as working zero actual hours for that week, while usual hours would be recorded as 37 hours.\nWorkers temporarily absent from a job because of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic would still be classed as employed; however, they would be employed working no hours. This has directly affected estimates of total actual hours worked during the pandemic. As the average actual weekly hours are the average of all in employment, those temporarily absent from a job also affected these estimates.\nClaimant Count\nThe Claimant Count is an\nofficial statistic in development\nthat measures the number of people who are receiving a benefit principally for the reason of being unemployed. Currently the Claimant Count consists of those receiving Jobseekers' Allowance, and Universal Credit claimants in the \"searching for work\" conditionality group.\nEconomic inactivity\nPeople not in the labour force (also known as\neconomically inactive\n) are not in employment, but do not meet the internationally accepted definition of unemployment because they have not been seeking work within the last four weeks and/or are unable to start work in the next two weeks. The economic inactivity rate is the proportion of people aged between 16 and 64 years who are not in the labour force.\nEmployment\nThe term\nemployment\nmeasures the number of people in paid work or who had a job that they were temporarily away from (for example, because they were on holiday or off sick). This differs from the number of jobs because some people have more than one job. The employment rate is the proportion of people aged between 16 and 64 years who are in employment.\nWorkers furloughed under the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (CJRS), or those who were self-employed, but temporarily not in work, had a reasonable expectation of returning to their jobs after a temporary period of absence. Therefore, they were classified as employed under the International Labour Organization (ILO) definition. A more detailed explanation is available in our\nGuide to labour market statistics methodology\n.\nRedundancies\nThe\nredundancy\nestimate measures the number of people who were made redundant or who took voluntary redundancy in the three months before the Labour Force Survey (LFS) interviews; it does not take into consideration planned redundancies.\nUnemployment\nThe\nunemployment\nestimates measure the number of people without a job who have been actively seeking work within the last four weeks and are available to start work within the next two weeks. The unemployment rate is not the proportion of the total population that is unemployed. It is the proportion of the economically active population (that is, those in work plus those seeking and available to work) that is unemployed.\nA\nmore detailed glossary\nis available.\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nData sources and quality\nThis bulletin relies on data collected from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), the largest household survey in the UK.\nOfficial statistics in development\nThese statistics are labelled as\nofficial statistics in development\n. Until September 2023, these were called \"experimental statistics\". Read more about the change in our\nGuide to official statistics in development methodology\n.\nThese statistics are based on information from the LFS. The reweighting exercise has improved the coherence of our LFS estimates with workforce jobs (WFJ) and Pay As You Earn Real Time Information (PAYE RTI) estimates for periods from January to March 2019.\nNonetheless, the ongoing challenges with response rates and levels mean that LFS-based labour market statistics are now badged as official statistics in development until further review. This is also in line with the\nletter from the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR)\n, stating that LFS statistics should not be published as accredited official statistics until the OSR has reviewed them.\nWe are transforming how we collect and produce the LFS data to improve the quality of these statistics. We have published our\nLabour market transformation article\n, which provides an update on the transformation of labour market statistics.\nMore quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nLabour Force Survey quality and methodology information (QMI)\n.\nCoronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic\nRead more about how the labour market data sources are affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in our\nCoronavirus and the effects on UK labour market statistics article\n.\nFor a comparison of our labour market data sources and the main differences, read our\nComparison of our labour market data sources methodology\n.\nCountry of birth and nationality labour market outputs\nThe RTI adjustment applied from January to March 2020 to June to August 2022 was removed from the LFS weighting methodology, as part of the reweighting exercise in December 2024 described in our\nImpact of reweighting on LFS key indicators: December 2024 article\n.\nBecause of quality concerns during the pandemic (as explained in more detail in our A12 dataset), we have removed the labour market status by country of birth and nationality from our\nA01: Summary of labour market statistics dataset\n, from tables accompanying this bulletin, and from our\nLabour market overview bulletins\n. The country of birth and nationality labour market data has also be withdrawn from our time series data.\nOur\nEMP06: Employment by country of birth and nationality dataset\nand our\nA12: Employment, unemployment and economic inactivity by nationality and country of birth dataset\nwill continue to be made available with additional guidance for users.\nA more in depth look at how country of birth information has changed on the survey is included in our\nLabour Force Survey quality update: April 2026 article\n. We will continue to review and update users accordingly.\nStrengths and limitations\nUncertainty in these data\nThe estimates presented in this bulletin contain uncertainty. For more information on uncertainty, please see our\nUncertainty and how we measure it for our surveys methodology\n.\nThe figures in this bulletin come from the LFS, which gathers information from a sample of households across the UK, rather than from the whole population. The sample is designed to be as accurate as possible, given practical limitations. Results from sample surveys are always estimates, not precise figures. This can have an impact on how changes in the estimates should be interpreted, especially for short-term comparisons. For more information on sampling, see\nSection 2 of our Uncertainty and how we measure it for our surveys methodology\n.\nThe LFS is a survey of households. It is not practical to survey every household each quarter, so these statistics are estimates based on a large sample. As the sample gets smaller, the variability of the estimates gets larger. Estimates for small groups, which are based on small subsets of the LFS sample, are less reliable and tend to be more volatile than for larger aggregated groups.\nIn general, changes in the numbers (and especially the rates) reported in this bulletin between quarters are small and are not usually greater than the level that can be explained by sampling variability. Short-term movements in reported rates should be considered alongside longer-term patterns in the series, and corresponding movements in other sources, to give a fuller picture.\nInformation on the quality of estimates is available in our\nLabour Force Survey sampling variability dataset\n.\nComparability\nThe data in this bulletin follow internationally accepted definitions specified by the\nInternational Labour Organization (ILO)\n. This ensures that the estimates for the UK are comparable with those for other countries.\nWe compare the latest workforce jobs series estimates with the equivalent estimates of jobs from the LFS in our annual\nReconciliation report of job estimates article\n. In June 2026, we updated our\nX03: Reconciliation of estimates of employment and jobs dataset\nto reflect the latest estimates.\nWe compare data sources and discuss some of the main differences between data sources in our\nComparison of labour market data sources methodology\n.\nBack to table of contents\n12.\nRelated links\nImpact of reweighting on Labour Force Survey important indicators: December 2024\nArticle | Released 3 December 2024\nIndicative estimates of the Labour Force Survey (LFS) reweighting methodology on key indicators for the UK, up to and including April to June 2024.\nLabour market transformation - update on progress and plans: April 2026\nArticle | Released 15 April 2026\nLabour market transformation overview, building on previous engagement on the transformed Labour Force Survey.\nWorking and workless households in the UK: January to March 2026\nBulletin | Released 3 June 2026\nThe economic status of households in the UK and the people living in them, where at least one person is aged 16 to 64 years. Taken from the Labour Force Survey.\nYoung people not in education, employment or training (NEET), UK: May 2026\nBulletin | Released 28 May 2026\nEstimates of young people (aged 16 to 24 years) who are not in education, employment or training, by age and sex. These are official statistics in development.\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy\nBulletin | Released 18 June 2026\nThe impact of challenges facing the economy and other events on UK businesses, including financial performance, workforce, trade, and business resilience.\nBack to table of contents\n13.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 18 June 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nEmployment in the UK: June 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/employmentintheuk/june2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/employmentintheuk/june2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Estimates of employment, unemployment and economic inactivity for the UK.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2", "2025", "2024", "2023", "2024,", "2026", "75.0%", "0.3 percentage points", "4.9%", "21.0%", "11", "3", "19", "2020,", "2021", "2019", "2022", "2020", "2018", "2011", "1,", "77,927", "80,078", "4", "6", "34,410", "212", "100", "180", "399", "293", "16", "64", "75.0", "0.4", "0.0", "0.6", "1,764", "94", "-105", "104", "124", "134", "4.9", "0.3", "-0.3", "9,136", "181", "137", "157", "-51", "255", "21.0", "1,095.8", "5.7", "13.5", "16 years", "113", "22", "-20", "32", "3.8", "-0.7", "5", "2012,", "2025,", "64 years", "1.277 million", "3.7%", "2013,", "2021,", "6 months", "12 months", "120,000", "7", "1971,", "35", "49 years", "24 years"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "A02 NSA: Employment, unemployment and economic inactivity for people aged 16 and over and aged from 16 to 64 (not seasonally adjusted)", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/nsaemploymentunemploymentandeconomicinactivityforpeopleaged16andoverandagedfrom16to64a02/current/a02nsajun2026.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "A02 SA: Employment, unemployment and economic inactivity for people aged 16 and over and aged from 16 to 64 (seasonally adjusted)", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/employmentunemploymentandeconomicinactivityforpeopleaged16andoverandagedfrom16to64seasonallyadjusteda02sa/current/a02sajun2026.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "A04: Summary of employment, unemployment and economic inactivity for people below state pension age", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/summaryofemploymentunemploymentandeconomicinactivityforpeoplebelowstatepensionagea04/current/a04may2026.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "0c2c5e628473cf077208"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/uklabourmarket/june2026", "title": "Labour market overview, UK: June 2026", "context": "1.\nOther pages in this release\nAverage weekly earnings in Great Britain\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK\nEmployment in the UK\nLabour market in the regions of the UK\nPublic sector employment, UK\nVacancies and jobs in the UK\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nMain points\nEstimates for payrolled employees in the UK fell by 138,000 (0.5%) between April 2025 and April 2026, and decreased by 53,000 (0.2%) between March and April 2026. This is based on administrative data from HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC).\nWhen looking at February to April 2026, the period comparable with our Labour Force Survey (LFS) estimates, the number of payrolled employees fell by 103,000 (0.3%) over the year and by 31,000 (0.1%) over the quarter.\nThe early estimate of payrolled employees for May 2026 decreased by 119,000 (0.4%) on the year, but was largely unchanged on the month, increasing by just 2,000 (0.0%) to 30.3 million. Figures for May should be treated as provisional estimates and are likely to be revised when more data are received next month. Early months in the tax year typically carry a greater degree of uncertainty in their initial estimates; such estimates in recent years have received larger than average upward revisions. Information on\nrevisions to payrolled employees\nis published monthly. We have published analysis of recent revisions in our\nLFS quality update: January 2026 article\n.\nEstimates from January to March 2025 include the full effect of the improvements in Labour Force Survey (LFS) data collection and sampling methods introduced from January 2024 onwards. However, some volatility remains, particularly for estimates for mid-2023 and throughout 2024, and for granular breakdowns, where sample sizes are smaller. Caution should be taken when drawing conclusions from short-term changes, and we advise users to focus on long term movements in the data.\nWe recommend using as part of our suite of labour market indicators, alongside workforce jobs, Claimant Count and Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI) estimates.\nThe UK employment rate (based on the LFS) for people aged 16 to 64 years was estimated at 75.0% in February to April 2026. This is largely unchanged on both the year and the latest quarter.\nThe UK unemployment rate for people aged 16 years and over was estimated at 4.9% in February to April 2026. This is up 0.3 percentage points on the year but down 0.3 percentage points on the latest quarter.\nThe UK economic inactivity rate for people aged 16 to 64 years was estimated at 21.0% in February to April 2026. This is down 0.3 percentage points on the year but up 0.3 percentage points on the latest quarter.\nThe UK Claimant Count for May 2026 increased on both the month and the year to an estimated 1.712 million. The Claimant Count figure for the latest month is provisional and is subject to revisions after first publication. This is the result of later amendments to records in the administrative systems, for example, as work capability assessments conclude and more information is available about benefit claimants' ability to work.\nRevisions in recent months have tended to be made downwards, as shown in our\nLFS quality update: January 2026 article\n. Further information on\nClaimant Count revisions\nis published each month, and our latest\nLFS quality update: April 2026 article\nincludes information on definitional differences with LFS unemployment.\nThe estimated number of vacancies in the UK decreased in the latest quarter. Early estimates for March to May 2026 suggest a decrease of 19,000 (2.6%) to 707,000, compared with December 2025 to February 2026. This is the lowest level of vacancies since February to April 2021.\nThe estimated number of workforce jobs in the UK was 36.8 million in March 2026. This is an increase of 256,000 (0.7%) from December 2025, with an increase of 177,000 (4.4%) in the self-employment jobs component and an increase of 81,000 (0.3%) in the employee jobs component. Over the year, the estimated number of workforce jobs was down by 98,000 (0.3%), with a decrease of 127,000 (2.9%) in the self-employment jobs component but an increase of 30,000 (0.1%) in the employee jobs component.\nEmployment in the public sector was estimated at 6.19 million in March 2026, with an increase of 2,000 (0.0%) compared with December 2025, and an increase of 37,000 (0.6%) compared with March 2025.\nAnnual growth in employees' average earnings in Great Britain was 3.4% for regular earnings (excluding bonuses), and 4.4% for total earnings (including bonuses) in February to April 2026. Annual average regular earnings growth was 5.1% for the public sector and 2.9% for the private sector. Public sector pay growth is once again affected by the timing of pay awards varying this year.\nWe also publish RTI pay data, which provide a provisional, timelier estimate of median pay. The two data sources generally trend well for mean total pay.\nAnnual growth in real terms, adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH), was 0.1% for regular pay and 1.2% for total pay in February to April 2026.\nAnnual growth in real terms, adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Prices Index excluding owner occupiers' housing costs (CPI), was 0.3% for regular pay and 1.3% for total pay in February to April 2026.\nThere were an estimated 120,000 working days lost because of labour disputes across the UK in April 2026, with the majority of working days lost in the health and social work sector because of the doctors' strikes in England.\n!\nThis bulletin includes data from business and social surveys, as well as data from administrative sources. It includes a combination of accredited official statistics and official statistics in development, so we advise taking this into consideration when using. Read more in\nSection 7: Data sources and quality\n.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nTrends and considerations around comparisons\nThis section provides additional commentary to help users assess differences between the employment-related data sources we publish.\nThe Labour Force Survey (LFS) is our survey of households and remains the lead measure for data on labour market participation. Workforce jobs (WFJ) primarily uses business surveys to measure employee jobs with the LFS covering self-employed jobs. HM Revenue and Customs Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI) data come from administrative tax records and cover only payrolled employees.\nBecause these sources are collected and processed differently, differences in levels are expected (for example, jobs compared with people, or varying reference periods). Divergence across indicators for more than one period is not unusual. Our\nComparison of labour market data sources methodology\ncompares data sources and discusses some of the main differences.\nDespite the coherence challenges, the LFS remains the sole source for unemployment, economic inactivity and self-employment data, offering detailed breakdowns unavailable elsewhere.\nLatest employee data\nEnhancements to the LFS, introduced since January 2024, mean that movements in the LFS over the past year reflect both underlying developments in the economy and improved survey quality (including obtaining more responses from employed people). As a result, levels have moved closer to RTI, but measures of change may be less aligned with RTI because they capture both real labour market shifts and changes arising from the survey improvements.\nWe have published the latest estimate of WFJ in our June 2026 labour market publication. In the latest periods, the employee component of WFJ has shown two quarterly increases. WFJ can sometimes lag behind other indicators, as seen at the start of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic; it is often brought more in-line following our annual benchmarking exercise, which has revised the series down in recent years.\nWe have undertaken additional analysis on our headline workforce jobs series as part of our quality assurance and following the publication of our recent article\nHow the ONS assesses statistical outputs for residual seasonality\non gross domestic product (GDP). Our analysis indicates mixed and emerging evidence of evolving seasonal patterns in both our headline employee jobs and self-employment jobs, although stronger in the latter. This needs further investigation at a more disaggregated level. We are therefore bringing forward our annual seasonal adjustment review of workforce jobs data. We will provide an update in September 2026, alongside the next release of workforce jobs data. Until then, caution should be taken when looking at short-term changes in these series.\nFigure 1 shows the three employee indicators over a longer time series. RTI and the employee component of WFJ generally follow similar trends, but have diverged in some periods, including the most recent periods.\nOver the last year, LFS employee-level estimates have aligned more closely with RTI, helped by recent operational improvements to the LFS. As movements in the LFS over the past year reflect both underlying developments in the economy and improved survey quality, we continue to advise caution when comparing current LFS results with earlier periods.\nOur view remains that RTI currently provides the most reliable measure of employees. The number of payrolled employees continued to fall in the three months to April 2026. The latest flash estimate is largely unchanged on the month, with a small increase of 2,000, though this is subject to revision when more data are received next month.\nFigure 1: RTI has continued to decrease over the year\nComparison of employee estimates over time, UK, July to September 2014 to February to April 2026\nSource: Labour Force Survey (LFS) and workforce jobs (WFJ) from the Office for National Statistics, and Pay As You Earn Real Time Information (RTI) from HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC)\nNotes:\nThree-month averages of RTI payrolled employees have been used here for comparability.\nWorkforce jobs are published for March, June, September, and December. For presentational purposes, they have been plotted against the middle month of the time period shown. For example, March is plotted against February to April.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: RTI has continued to decrease over the year\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFurther information\nTo deepen our understanding of possible bias in our surveys, we have launched a new project to link LFS and Transformed Labour Force Survey (TLFS) data with HM Revenue and Customs's PAYE data at the record level. Updates on progress will be provided in our\nLabour market transformation articles\n.\nAlongside the labour market release in April, we published our\nLabour Force Survey quality update: April 2026 article\n. This article provides information about current response rates, trends and known biases in LFS data, and provides users with information to better understand the current quality of the data. Alongside our July publication, we plan to publish a new edition of our LFS quality article, which will include presenting information on RTI payrolled employees, relative to the population.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nLatest indicators at a glance\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nData on labour market\nSummary of labour market statistics\nDataset A01 | Released 18 June 2026\nLabour market statistics summary data table, including earnings, employment, unemployment, redundancies and vacancies, Great Britain and UK, published monthly.\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, seasonally adjusted\nDataset | Released 18 June 2026\nEarnings and employment statistics from Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI), UK, NUTS 1, 2 and 3 areas and local authorities, monthly, seasonally adjusted.\nA guide to labour market data\nMethodology | Last revised 12 August 2025\nSummary of labour market datasets, providing estimates of employment, unemployment, average weekly earnings, and the number of vacancies. Tables are listed alphabetically and by topic.\nView all related data on our\nrelated data page\n.\nAlternatively,\nNomis\nprovides free access to the most detailed and up-to-date UK labour market statistics.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nGlossary\nAverage weekly earnings\nAverage weekly earnings (AWE) are calculated using information based on the Monthly Wages and Salaries Survey (MWSS). AWE measures money paid by employers to employees in Great Britain before tax and other deductions from pay. The estimates are not just a measure of pay rises, because they also reflect, for example, changes in the overall structure of the workforce. More high-paid jobs in the economy would have an upward effect on the earnings growth rate.\nEconomic inactivity\nPeople not in the labour force who are not in employment but do not meet the internationally accepted definition of unemployment. This is because they have not been seeking work within the last four weeks or they are unable to start work in the next two weeks. The economic inactivity rate is the proportion of people aged between 16 and 64 years who are not in the labour force. The Labour Force Survey (LFS) estimates are official statistics in development.\nEmployment\nEmployment measures the number of people in paid work or who had a job that they were temporarily away from (for example, because they were on holiday or off sick). This differs from the number of jobs because some people have more than one job. The employment rate is the proportion of people aged between 16 and 64 years who are in employment. The LFS estimates are official statistics in development.\nUnemployment\nUnemployment measures people without a job who have been actively seeking work within the last four weeks and are available to start work within the next two weeks. The unemployment rate is not the proportion of the total population who are unemployed. It is the proportion of the economically active population (people in work and those seeking and available to work) who are unemployed. The LFS estimates are\nofficial statistics in development\n.\nClaimant Count\nThe Claimant Count is an official statistic in development that measures the number of people who are receiving a benefit principally for the reason of being unemployed. Currently, the Claimant Count consists of those receiving Jobseeker's Allowance, and Universal Credit claimants in the \"searching for work\" conditionality group.\nVacancies\nVacancies are defined as positions for which employers are actively seeking recruits from outside their business or organisation. The estimates are based on the Vacancy Survey. This is a survey of businesses designed to provide estimates of the stock of vacancies across the economy, excluding agriculture, forestry and fishing (a small sector for which the collection of estimates would not be practical).\nPay As You Earn Real Time Information\nThese data come from HM Revenue and Customs's (HMRC's) Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI) system. They cover the whole population, rather than a sample of people or companies, and they will allow for more detailed estimates of the population.\nIn July 2025, the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) published a\nletter confirming the accreditation of HMRC and the Office for National Statistics (ONS) on earnings and employment from PAYE RTI\n.\nA more detailed glossary is available in our\nGuide to labour market statistics methodology\n.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nData sources and quality\nThe estimates presented in this bulletin contain uncertainty. For more information, see our\nUncertainty and how\nwe measure it for our surveys methodology\n.\nInformation on revisions is available in our\nLabour market statistics revisions policy\n.\nFurther information is available in our\nGuide to labour market statistics methodology\n.\nAccredited official statistics\nOn 7 June 2024, the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) introduced the new accredited official statistics badge, to denote official statistics that have been independently reviewed by the OSR. Accredited official statistics comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\n.\nThis UK labour market bulletin includes a combination of\naccredited official statistics\nand\nofficial statistics in\ndevelopment\n(until September 2023, these were called \"experimental statistics\"). Read more about the change in our\nGuide to official statistics in development\n.\nThe following labour market outputs are accredited official statistics:\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI) (accredited by the OSR in July 2025)\nVacancy statistics (reviewed by the OSR in April 2022)\nWorkforce jobs (WFJ) (reviewed by the OSR in April 2022)\nAverage weekly earnings (AWE) (reviewed by OSR in December 2014)\nThe following labour market outputs are official statistics in development:\nLabour Force Survey (LFS) estimates from the Office for National Statistics (ONS)\nClaimant Count\nLabour Force Survey\nWe have been facing the challenge of falling response rates for household surveys, as have other comparable countries. This issue became more acute in the LFS data collected for August 2023. The LFS estimates due to be published in October 2023 were suspended because of quality concerns. We developed a comprehensive plan to address these concerns and reintroduce the LFS, as described in our\nLabour Force Survey: planned improvements and its reintroduction methodology\n. We reinstated reweighted LFS estimates into our monthly publication from February 2024, as described in our\nImpact of reweighting on LFS key indicators: 2024 article\n. In December 2024, we carried out a\nfurther LFS reweighting exercise, based on 2022 mid-year estimates\n.\nEstimates from January to March 2025 include the full effect of the improvements in LFS data collection and sampling methods introduced from January 2024 onwards. Some volatility remains, particularly for estimates for mid-2023 and throughout 2024, and for granular breakdowns, where sample sizes are smaller. Caution should be taken when drawing conclusions from short-term changes, and we advise users to focus on long-term movements in the data.\nWe recommend using LFS estimates as part of our suite of labour market indicators, alongside workforce jobs, Claimant Count, and PAYE RTI estimates.\nMore information on LFS quality can be found in our\nLFS quality update: April 2026 article\n.\nAs part of work to address quality concerns with the LFS, response levels and rates have shown clear improvement, with responses now close to their pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic level. The achieved sample, including imputed cases (the dataset size), has increased from 77,927 individuals in October to December 2025 to 80,078 individuals in January to March 2026, as shown in our\nLFS performance and quality monitoring report: January to March 2026\n.\nLabour market transformation\nWe have provided an update on the transformation of labour market statistics in our\nLabour market transformation\nupdate on progress and plans: April 2026 article\n.\nWe welcome your feedback on this latest update and our plans. Please email us at labour.market. transformation@ons.gov.uk to tell us what you think.\nCoronavirus\nFor more information on how labour market data sources were affected by the coronavirus pandemic, see our\nCoronavirus and the effects on UK labour market statistics article\n.\nPre-release data\nThe Bank of England was granted exceptional pre-release access to our Labour market overview, UK: June 2026 bulletin and accompanying datasets at 8:30am on Monday 15 June 2026. This was so that the data were available for the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting held that day. For further information, see the\nExchange of letters requesting exceptional pre-release access\n.\nRevisions\nIn the July 2026 edition of this bulletin, we plan to implement the results of a review of the seasonal adjustment of Labour Force Survey (LFS) estimates. This is expected to result in revisions to series back to the start of 2020.\nWe are also currently reviewing the seasonal adjustment parameters as part of the average weekly earnings annual review. The review may lead to revisions to the entire historical average weekly earnings time series and will be implemented either in our July 2026 or August 2026 publication.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nRelated links\nONS economic statistics and surveys improvement plan, quarterly progress update: April 2026\nArticle | Released 15 April 2026\nProgress across the ONS against our recovery plans for improving our economic statistics and surveys, between December 2025 and March 2026.\nLabour market transformation - update on progress and plans: April 2026\nArticle | Released 15 April 2026\nLabour market transformation overview, building on previous engagement on the Transformed Labour Force Survey.\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators: 21 May 2026\nBulletin | Released 21 May 2026\nData on the UK economy and society. These faster indicators are created using rapid response surveys, novel data sources, and innovative methods. These are official statistics in development.\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy: 4 June 2026\nBulletin | Released 4 June 2026\nThe impact of challenges facing the economy and other events on UK businesses, including financial performance, workforce, trade, and business resilience.\nLabour Force Survey performance and quality monitoring report: January to March 2026\nMethodology | Released 19 May 2026\nResponse rates, sample size and quality assessment of our quarterly Labour Force Survey.\nLabour Force Survey quality update: April 2026\nArticle | Released 21 April 2026\nAssessment of Labour Force Survey data quality, including the impact of recent changes on the statistics, response levels and rates, and respondent characteristics.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 18 June 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nLabour market overview, UK: June 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/uklabourmarket/june2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/uklabourmarket/june2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Estimates of employment, unemployment, economic inactivity, and other employment-related statistics for the UK.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2", "138,000", "0.5%", "2025", "2026,", "53,000", "0.2%", "2026", "103,000", "0.3%", "31,000", "0.1%", "119,000", "0.4%", "2,000", "0.0%", "30.3 million", "2024", "2023", "2024,", "16", "64 years", "75.0%", "16 years", "4.9%", "0.3 percentage points", "21.0%", "1.712 million", "19,000", "2.6%", "707,000,", "2021", "36.8 million", "256,000", "0.7%", "2025,", "177,000", "4.4%", "81,000", "98,000", "127,000", "2.9%", "30,000", "6.19 million", "37,000", "0.6%", "3.4%", "5.1%", "1.2%", "1.3%", "120,000", "7", "3", "19", "2,000,", "2014", "4", "5", "18", "1,", "12", "6", "2023,", "2022", "77,927", "80,078", "8", "30", "15", "2020", "21", "9"], "numeric_evidence": [], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "f9bfc75fbceb34cd7fdb"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/consumerpriceinflation/may2026", "title": "Consumer price inflation, UK: May 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nThe Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) rose by 3.0% in the 12 months to May 2026, unchanged from the 12 months to April.\nOn a monthly basis, CPIH rose by 0.2% in May 2026, the same rate as in May 2025.\nThe Consumer Prices Index (CPI) rose by 2.8% in the 12 months to May 2026, unchanged from the 12 months to April.\nOn a monthly basis, CPI rose by 0.2% in May 2026, the same rate as in May 2025.\nTransport made the largest upward contribution to the monthly change in both CPIH and CPI annual rates; food and non-alcoholic beverages made the largest, partially offsetting, downward contribution.\nCore CPIH (CPIH excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco) rose by 2.8% in the 12 months to May 2026, unchanged from the 12 months to April; the CPIH goods annual rate slowed from 2.4% to 2.0%, while the CPIH services annual rate rose from 3.4% to 3.6%.\nCore CPI (CPI excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco) rose by 2.6% in the 12 months to May 2026, up from 2.5% in the 12 months to April; the CPI goods annual rate slowed from 2.4% to 2.0%, while the CPI services annual rate rose from 3.2% to 3.7%.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nConsumer price inflation rates\nTable 1: CPIH, OOH component and CPI index values, and annual and monthly rates\nUK, May 2025 to May 2026\nCPIH\nIndex\n(UK,\n2015=\n100)\nCPIH\n12-\nmonth\nrate\n(%)\nCPIH 1-\nmonth\nrate\n(%)\nCPI Index\n(UK,\n2015=100)\nCPI 12-\nmonth\nrate\n(%)\nCPI 1-\nmonth\nrate\n(%)\nOOH Index\n(UK,\n2015=100)\nOOH 12-\nmonth\nrate\n(%)\n2025\nMay\n138.0\n4.0\n0.2\n138.4\n3.4\n0.2\n133.7\n6.7\nJun\n138.4\n4.1\n0.3\n138.9\n3.6\n0.3\n134.2\n6.4\nJul\n138.5\n4.2\n0.0\n139.0\n3.8\n0.1\n134.0\n5.5\nAug\n138.9\n4.1\n0.3\n139.3\n3.8\n0.3\n134.5\n5.3\nSep\n138.9\n4.1\n0.1\n139.3\n3.8\n0.0\n135.1\n5.2\nOct\n139.5\n3.8\n0.4\n139.8\n3.6\n0.4\n135.7\n4.8\nNov\n139.4\n3.5\n-0.1\n139.5\n3.2\n-0.2\n136.5\n4.5\nDec\n139.9\n3.6\n0.4\n140.1\n3.4\n0.4\n136.8\n4.2\n2026\nJan\n139.4\n3.2\n-0.3\n139.5\n3.0\n-0.5\n137.0\n3.9\nFeb\n140.0\n3.2\n0.4\n140.1\n3.0\n0.4\n137.4\n3.8\nMar\n140.8\n3.4\n0.6\n141.0\n3.3\n0.7\n137.7\n3.6\nApr\n141.8\n3.0\n0.8\n142.1\n2.8\n0.7\n137.9\n3.6\nMay\n142.1\n3.0\n0.2\n142.4\n2.8\n0.2\n138.1\n3.3\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 1: CPIH, OOH component and CPI index values, and annual and monthly rates\n.xls\n.csv\nFigure 1: CPIH and CPI annual inflation rates were unchanged from April 2026\nCPIH, owner occupiers’ housing (OOH) costs component and CPI annual inflation rates, UK, May 2016 to May 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: CPIH and CPI annual inflation rates were unchanged from April 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) rose by 3.0% in the 12 months to May 2026, unchanged from the 12 months to April (Figure 1).\nOn a monthly basis, CPIH rose by 0.2% in May 2026, the same rate as in May 2025.\nThe Consumer Prices Index (CPI) rose by 2.8% in the 12 months to May 2026, unchanged from the 12 months to April.\nOn a monthly basis, CPI rose by 0.2% in May 2026, the same rate as in May 2025.\nThe main drivers of the annual inflation rate for CPIH and CPI are the same where they are common to both measures. However, the owner occupiers' housing (OOH) costs component accounts for approximately 18% of the CPIH and is the main driver for differences between the CPIH and CPI inflation rates. This makes CPIH our most comprehensive measure of inflation. We cover this in more detail in\nSection 4: Latest movements in CPIH inflation\nand provide a commentary on the CPI in\nSection 5: Latest movements in CPI inflation\n. We also cover both CPIH and CPI in\nSection 3: Notable movements in prices\n, though the figures reflect CPIH.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nNotable movements in prices\nTable 2: CPIH annual and monthly inflation rates by division\nUK, May 2025, April 2026, and May 2026\nCPIH 12-month rate (%)\nCPIH 1-month rate (%)\nApril 2026\nMay 2026\nMay 2025\nMay 2026\nCPIH All items\n3.0\n3.0\n0.2\n0.2\nFood and non-alcoholic beverages\n3.0\n2.2\n0.7\n-0.1\nAlcohol and tobacco\n2.8\n2.4\n0.1\n-0.3\nClothing and footwear\n0.7\n0.2\n0.8\n0.3\nHousing and household services\n3.0\n2.7\n0.3\n0.1\nof which owner occupiers' housing\ncosts\n3.6\n3.3\n0.4\n0.1\nFurniture and household goods\n0.5\n-0.1\n1.5\n0.8\nHealth\n2.4\n2.4\n0.3\n0.3\nTransport\n4.5\n6.8\n-1.8\n0.4\nCommunication\n4.5\n5.1\n-0.2\n0.4\nRecreation and culture\n1.7\n1.5\n0.3\n0.1\nEducation\n5.1\n5.1\n0.0\n0.0\nRestaurants and hotels\n4.4\n4.2\n0.8\n0.6\nMiscellaneous goods and services\n2.6\n2.4\n0.4\n0.2\nAll goods\n2.4\n2.0\n0.4\n0.0\nAll services\n3.4\n3.6\n0.1\n0.3\nCPIH exc food, energy, alcohol and\ntobacco (core CPIH)\n2.8\n2.8\n0.2\n0.3\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 2: CPIH annual and monthly inflation rates by division\n.xls\n.csv\nFigure 2: Offsetting contributions led to unchanged CPIH annual inflation\nContributions to change in the CPIH annual inflation rate, UK, between April and May 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nIndividual contributions may not sum to the total because of rounding.\nMore information on the contents of each division can be found in Table 3 of our\nConsumer price inflation dataset\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Offsetting contributions led to unchanged CPIH annual inflation\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 2 shows the contributions from the 12 divisions to the change in the annual Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) inflation rate between April and May 2026. These sum to the change in the annual rate between the latest two months.\nThere was no change in the rate between April and May 2026. The contributions to change offset each other, with upward contributions from two divisions and downward contributions from eight divisions. The largest upward contribution came from transport. The largest downward contribution came from food and non-alcoholic beverages.\nTransport\nPrices in the transport division rose overall by 6.8% in the 12 months to May 2026, up from 4.5% in the 12 months to April (Figure 3). The May annual rate was the highest recorded since December 2022. On a monthly basis, prices rose by 0.4% in May 2026, compared with a fall of 1.8% a year ago.\nFigure 3: Transport inflation rate was at its highest since December 2022\nTransport, motor fuels and air fares 12-month inflation rates, UK, May 2016 to May 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: Transport inflation rate was at its highest since December 2022\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe main effects behind the increase in the transport annual rate came from air fares, motor fuels, and sea fares, together with the correction of an error in the Vehicle Excise Duty (VED) series in 2025.\nAir fares rose by 10.3% between April and May 2026, compared with a fall of 5.0% between the same two months in 2025. These movements may have been influenced by the timing of Easter and the associated school holidays. In 2026, Easter was in early April, over a week before the April pricing period. This may have contributed to relatively low fares in April, which subsequently rose in May. In 2025, Easter was in the middle of April, within the pricing period for the outward and return flights used to construct the index. This possibly contributed towards relatively high fares in April, which then fell in May.\nThe upward effect from air fares came mainly from European and, to a lesser extent, domestic routes. European flights are priced three months and one month before departure; domestic flights are priced one month before departure. Flights priced three months in advance were collected before the outbreak of the conflict in the Middle East on 28 February 2026. Flights priced one month in advance were collected after the outbreak of the conflict.\nThere was also an upward effect from VED. This is usually only updated once a year in April. However, in 2025, it was updated in April and then again in May to correct an error. More information is available in\nSection 8: Data sources and quality of our Consumer price inflation, UK: May 2025 bulletin\n. The index was unchanged between April and May 2026, but fell between the same two months in 2025, leading to an upward contribution to the change in the all-items CPIH annual rate in 2026.\nThe average price of petrol rose by 0.6 pence per litre between April and May 2026, compared with a fall of 2.1 pence per litre between April and May 2025. The average price stood at 157.4 pence per litre in May 2026. This is the highest price since November 2022, when it was 163.6 pence per litre following the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine earlier in the year.\nThese movements resulted in overall motor fuel prices rising by 24.6% in the 12 months to May 2026, compared with a rise of 23.0% in the 12 months to April. The rate in May was the highest recorded since September 2022.\nSea fares rose by 3.4% in May 2026, compared with a fall of 10.2% in May 2025. The upward effect came mainly from international routes. The price movements may have been affected by the timing of Easter, similar to air fares.\nFood and non-alcoholic beverages\nFood and non-alcoholic beverage prices rose by 2.2% in the 12 months to May 2026, down from 3.0% in the 12 months to April. The rate in May was the lowest since December 2024, when it was 2.0%. On a monthly basis, food and non-alcoholic beverage prices fell by 0.1% in May 2026, but rose by 0.7% a year ago.\nFigure 4: Food and non-alcoholic beverages inflation rate was at its lowest since December 2024\nCPIH, and food and non-alcoholic beverages 12-month inflation rates, UK, May 2016 to May 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: Food and non-alcoholic beverages inflation rate was at its lowest since December 2024\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThere were small downward effects behind the change in the annual rate from 4 of the 11 detailed classes, namely meat (particularly beef and cooked ham), dairy (particularly cheese), vegetables, and fish. These were partially offset by a small upward effect from oils and fats.\nHousing and household services\nThe 12-month rate for housing and household services was 2.7% in May 2026, down from 3.0% in April. The rate in May was the lowest since June 2024. Prices rose by 0.1% in the month to May 2026, compared with 0.3% a year ago.\nThe easing in the 12-month rate between April and May 2026 mainly reflected a downward effect from owner occupiers' housing (OOH) costs. These rose by 3.3% in the 12 months to May 2026, down from 3.6% in the 12 months to April. The 12-month rate has slowed from the beginning of 2025 and the figure for May was the lowest since June 2022. Monthly OOH costs rose by 0.1% in May 2026, compared with a rise of 0.4% a year ago.\nThere was also a small downward effect from domestic heating oil, where prices fell by 18.7% in May 2026, compared with a fall of 4.5% a year ago. Prices for domestic heating oil are not capped in a similar way to electricity and gas prices. They rose sharply following the outbreak of the conflict in the Middle East before partially falling back in May.\nFurniture and household goods\nPrices of furniture and household goods overall fell by 0.1% in the 12 months to May 2026, compared with a rise of 0.5% in the 12 months to April. On a monthly basis, prices rose by 0.8% in May 2026, compared with a larger rise of 1.5% a year ago.\nThe easing in the 12-month rate resulted principally from prices of furniture and furnishings rising in May 2026 by less than a year ago. This was partially offset by a small upward contribution from non-durable household goods, where prices rose this year but fell a year ago, particularly for cleaning products such as household cleaner cream and surface wipes.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nLatest movements in CPIH inflation\nFigure 5: Core CPIH annual inflation in April and May 2026 was joint lowest since September 2021\nCPIH goods, services and core annual inflation rates, UK, May 2016 to May 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: Core CPIH annual inflation in April and May 2026 was joint lowest since September 2021\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 5 shows the 12-month inflation rates for the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) series for all goods and all services, together with CPIH excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco (often referred to as core CPIH). The CPIH inflation rate is added for comparison.\nThe core CPIH annual inflation rate was 2.8% in May 2026, unchanged from April. These are the joint lowest rates since September 2021.\nThe CPIH all-goods index rose by 2.0% in the 12 months to May 2026, down from 2.4% in the 12 months to April. There were large downward contributions to the change in the annual rate from non-energy industrial goods and from food, alcoholic beverages and tobacco, particularly non-processed food.\nThe CPIH all-services index rose by 3.6% in the 12 months to May 2026, up from 3.4% in the 12 months to April. The largest upward contribution to the change in the annual rate came from travel and transport services.\nFigure 6: Contribution from housing and household services to the CPIH annual inflation rate was the smallest since June 2024\nContributions to the CPIH annual inflation rate, UK, May 2024 to May 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nIndividual contributions may not sum to the total because of rounding.\nMore information on the contents of each division can be found in Table 3 of our\nConsumer price inflation dataset\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: Contribution from housing and household services to the CPIH annual inflation rate was the smallest since June 2024\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 6 shows the extent to which the distinct categories of goods and services have contributed to the overall annual CPIH inflation rate over the last two years. The contribution of each category to the annual rate depends on the price movement in that category and its weight, which is updated annually.\nThe largest positive contribution to the CPIH annual inflation rate came from housing and household services. The division has made the largest contribution for the last 23 months, starting from July 2024. However, its contribution has eased from a recent high in April 2025 and was, in May 2026, the smallest since June 2024.\nThe contribution from food and non-alcoholic beverages has also broadly eased over recent months. It was 0.20 percentage points in May 2026, the smallest since December 2024.\nConversely, the contribution from transport has increased sharply over recent months. It was 0.75 percentage points in May 2026, the largest since December 2022.\nFigure 7: Annual contribution from owner occupiers’ housing costs lowest since June 2022\nContributions of housing components to the CPIH annual inflation rate, UK, May 2016 to May 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nIndividual contributions may not sum to the total because of rounding.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 7: Annual contribution from owner occupiers’ housing costs lowest since June 2022\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 7 shows the contributions from owner occupiers’ housing (OOH) costs and Council Tax to the annual CPIH inflation rate in the context of wider housing-related costs. The Consumer Prices Index (CPI) differs from the CPIH because it does not include these two components.\nThe annual contribution from OOH costs continued to slow and was 0.57 percentage points in May 2026. This contribution was the smallest since June 2022, when it was 0.56 percentage points. The contribution has decreased for 16 consecutive months from a recent high of 1.31 percentage points in January 2025.\nThe annual contribution from electricity, gas and other fuels fell slightly from negative 0.15 percentage points in April 2026 to negative 0.17 percentage points in May. This was because of a large fall in the price of domestic heating oil following the rises in the previous two months.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nLatest movements in CPI inflation\nWhile the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) is our most comprehensive measure of consumer price inflation, the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) is based on a harmonised methodology developed by Eurostat. This enables international comparisons to be drawn. It is also used to set the operational inflation target for UK monetary policy, and to uprate working-age benefits and tax credits. More information on the use cases for our consumer price inflation statistics can be found in our\nMeasuring changing prices and costs for consumers and households: December 2023 article\n.\nFigure 8 shows annual CPI inflation for the UK compared with the EU average and selected G7 countries. While the UK CPI is produced on a comparable basis with EU countries, the US Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) differs in some respects. More information is available in Note 1 to Figure 8.\nThe UK's CPI inflation rate of 2.8% was the same as the first (or \"flash\") estimate of inflation for France and slightly above that for Germany (2.7%) in May 2026. The UK rate had been above France's since August 2024, when both were 2.2%.\nFigure 8: UK inflation rate the same as France’s\nCPI compared with selected G7 and EU annual inflation rates, May 2016 to May 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics, Eurostat, and the US Bureau of Labor Statistics\nNotes:\nThere are some differences in the definition of the US Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) that may limit comparison. More information is available on the\nUS Bureau of Labor Statistics R-HICP homepage\n. The latest available figure is for December 2024.\nMay 2026 data for France and Germany are flash estimates and are not final; the final HICP dataset, including the EU27 aggregate, for May 2026 is published on 17 June 2026. The latest Euro area inflation estimates can be found in the\nEurostat Data Browser\n.\nThe international data in this figure are sometimes revised.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 8: UK inflation rate the same as France’s\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nTable 3: CPI annual and monthly inflation rates by division\nUK, May 2025, April 2026, and May 2026\nCPI 12-month rate (%)\nCPI 1-month rate (%)\nApril 2026\nMay 2026\nMay 2025\nMay 2026\nCPI All items\n2.8\n2.8\n0.2\n0.2\nFood and non-alcoholic beverages\n3.0\n2.2\n0.7\n-0.1\nAlcohol and tobacco\n2.8\n2.4\n0.1\n-0.3\nClothing and footwear\n0.7\n0.2\n0.8\n0.3\nHousing and household services\n1.4\n1.2\n0.1\n-0.1\nFurniture and household goods\n0.5\n-0.1\n1.5\n0.8\nHealth\n2.4\n2.4\n0.3\n0.3\nTransport\n4.5\n6.8\n-1.8\n0.4\nCommunication\n4.5\n5.1\n-0.2\n0.4\nRecreation and culture\n1.7\n1.5\n0.3\n0.1\nEducation\n5.1\n5.1\n0.0\n0.0\nRestaurants and hotels\n4.4\n4.2\n0.8\n0.6\nMiscellaneous goods and services\n2.6\n2.4\n0.4\n0.2\nAll goods\n2.4\n2.0\n0.4\n0.0\nAll services\n3.2\n3.7\n-0.1\n0.4\nCPI exc food, energy, alcohol and\ntobacco (core CPI)\n2.5\n2.6\n0.2\n0.3\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 3: CPI annual and monthly inflation rates by division\n.xls\n.csv\nFigure 9: CPI goods inflation slowed in May 2026, while CPI services and core rates rose\nCPI goods, services and core annual inflation rates, UK, May 2016 to May 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 9: CPI goods inflation slowed in May 2026, while CPI services and core rates rose\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 9 shows the 12-month inflation rates for the CPI all-goods and all-services series, together with CPI excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco (often referred to as core CPI). The headline CPI inflation rate is added for comparison.\nThe core CPI annual inflation rate was 2.6% in May 2026, up from 2.5% in April.\nThe CPI all-goods index rose by 2.0% in the 12 months to May 2026, down from 2.4% in the 12 months to April.\nThe CPI all-services index rose by 3.7% in the 12 months to May 2026, up from 3.2% in the 12 months to April.\nAs with the all-items annual inflation rates, the drivers of CPIH and CPI goods and services inflation are the same (except for owner occupiers' housing (OOH) costs and Council Tax, which are excluded from CPI). The drivers are discussed in more detail in\nSection 4: Latest movements in CPIH inflation\n.\nFigure 10: Offsetting contributions led to unchanged CPI annual inflation\nContributions to change in the CPI annual inflation rate, UK, between April and May 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nIndividual contributions may not sum to the total because of rounding.\nMore information on the contents of each division can be found in Table 4 of our\nConsumer price inflation dataset\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 10: Offsetting contributions led to unchanged CPI annual inflation\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 10 shows how each of the main groups of goods and services contributed to the change in the CPI annual inflation rate between April and May 2026.\nThe contributions to change between the two months offset each other, with upward contributions from two divisions and downward contributions from eight divisions. The largest upward contribution came from transport. The largest downward contribution came from food and non-alcoholic beverages.\nThough the sizes of the contributions differ from CPIH, the main drivers to the change are the same where they are common to both measures.\nFigure 11: Contribution from transport to the CPI annual inflation rate was the largest since November 2022\nContributions to the CPI annual inflation rate, UK, May 2024 to May 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\n1. Individual contributions may not sum to the total because of rounding.\n2. More information on the contents of each division can be found in Table 4 of our\nConsumer price inflation dataset\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 11: Contribution from transport to the CPI annual inflation rate was the largest since November 2022\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 11 shows the extent to which the distinct categories of goods and services have contributed to the overall annual CPI inflation rate over the last two years.\nThe CPIH includes extra housing components not included in the CPI. This can sometimes result in the largest contributions to the annual CPI and CPIH inflation rates coming from different divisions. In May 2026, the largest contributing division to CPI was transport (0.95 percentage point contribution to the CPI rate), while the largest contributing division to CPIH was housing and household services (0.84 percentage point contribution to the CPIH rate). OOH costs made a large upward contribution to housing and household services in CPIH, but are excluded from CPI.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nData on consumer price inflation\nConsumer price inflation tables\nDataset | Released 17 June 2026\nMeasures of monthly UK inflation data including the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH), Consumer Prices Index (CPI) and Retail Prices Index (RPI). These tables complement the consumer price inflation time series dataset.\nConsumer price inflation time series\nDataset MM23 | Released 17 June 2026\nComprehensive database of time series covering measures of inflation data for the UK including CPIH, CPI and RPI.\nConsumer price inflation detailed briefing note\nDataset | Released 17 June 2026\nThe consumer price inflation detailed briefing note contains details of the items contributing to the changes in the CPIH, details of any notable movements, a summary of the reconciliation of CPIH and RPI, and the outlook, which looks ahead to next month's release.\nConsumer price inflation consumption segment indices and price quotes\nDataset | Released 17 June 2026\nPrice quote data (for locally collected data only) and consumption segment indices (that underpin consumer price inflation statistics), giving users access to the detailed data that are used in the construction of the UK's inflation figures. From publication in March 2026, this dataset no longer includes price quote data for food and non-alcoholic beverages, and alcohol and tobacco. More information is included in\nSection 8: Data sources and quality\n.\nContributions to the 12-month rate of CPI(H) by import intensity\nDataset | Released 17 June 2026\nA time series of the contributions to the CPIH and CPI annual rates broken down by the import intensity of household purchases.\nConsumer price inflation, historical data, UK, 1950 to 1988\nDataset | Released 18 May 2022\nData tables of historical estimates modelled for the CPIH and CPI over the period 1950 to 1988. Data in these tables are not accredited official statistics and are provided for indicative purposes only.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nGlossary\nAnnual inflation rate\nThe most common approach to measuring inflation is the 12-month or annual inflation rate, which compares prices for the latest month with the same month a year ago. In any given month, the annual rate is determined by the balance between upward and downward price movements across the range of goods and services included in the index.\nConsumer price inflation\nConsumer price inflation is the rate at which the prices of goods and services bought by households rise or fall. It is estimated by using price indices. For an overview of the range of indices available and their uses, please see our\nConsumer price indices, a brief guide: 2026\nand our\nMeasuring changing prices and costs for consumers and households: December 2023 article\n.\nCPIH\nThe Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) is the most comprehensive measure of inflation. It extends the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) to include a measure of the costs associated with owning, maintaining and living in one's own home, known as owner occupiers' housing (OOH) costs, along with Council Tax. Both are substantial expenses for many households and are not included in the CPI.\nCPI\nThe CPI is a measure of consumer price inflation produced to international standards, and is based on European regulations for the\nHarmonised Index of Consumer Prices\n. The CPI is the inflation measure used in the government's target for inflation.\nThe CPI is produced at the same level of detail as the CPIH in our accompanying\nConsumer price inflation dataset\nand in our accompanying\nConsumer price inflation time series\n.\nOwner occupiers' housing costs\nOOH costs are the costs of housing services associated with owning, maintaining and living in one's own home.\nRPI\nThe Retail Prices Index (RPI) and its subcomponents do not meet the required standard for designation as\naccredited official statistics\n. In recognition that the index continues to be widely used in contracts, we continue to publish the RPI, its subcomponents, and RPI excluding mortgage interest payments (RPIX). To view the all-items RPI, please see the\ndata time series section of the Inflation and price indices area of our website\n. The annual RPI inflation rate was 3.1% in May 2026.\nThe UK Statistics Authority (The Authority) and HM Treasury launched a consultation in 2020 on The Authority's proposal to address the shortcomings of the RPI. From 2030 (at the earliest), as outlined in\nThe Authority's response to the joint consultation on reforming the methodology of the Retail Prices Index\n, the CPIH methods and data sources will be introduced into the RPI. Additionally, the supplementary and lower-level indices of the RPI will be discontinued.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nData sources and quality\nIntroducing scanner data into consumer price inflation statistics\nWe introduced scanner data for approximately 50% of the grocery market with the February 2026 index, published on 25 March 2026. Instead of collecting 25,000 prices per month directly from shops by price collectors, we are now using approximately 300 million price points derived from sales of over a billion units of products per month, collected directly from supermarket scanners at the checkouts or online. For the remaining 50% of the groceries market, we continue to manually collect prices in-store and online.\nFor comparison, we produced the all-items headline rates for February 2026 without using scanner data. Based on locally collected grocery data, the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) rose by 3.3% in the year to February 2026, and the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) rose by 3.1%. These were slightly above the official rates of 3.2% and 3.0%, respectively.\nYou can find more about this change and how it affects our headline measures of inflation in our\nImpact analysis on transformation of UK consumer price statistics: January 2026 article\n.\nWe also published our\nOverview of how we use scanner data in consumer price inflation statistics: January 2026\nand our\nHow multilateral index methods help us understand grocery scanner data article\n, which support user understanding of how we use the data.\nFollowing the\nBank of England's response to the proposed changes to the Retail Prices Index (RPI) in 2026 (PDF, 140KB)\n, required under the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007, this change was included in the RPI released in March 2026. It was also incorporated into the Household Costs Indices (HCIs) published on 28 May 2026.\nThis followed some changes introduced with the February 2025 consumer price indices in March 2025, as a necessary step towards incorporating scanner data. At that point, the process for aggregating the detailed information changed. Goods and services were allocated into \"consumption segments\" for different categories of expenditure.\nIn some cases, we defined these consumption segments to correspond to one \"item\" for which we track prices over time. However, in cases where more comprehensive source data were going to become available, a consumption segment was set up to include much more than just one item. There is more information on the use of consumption segments in our\nIntroducing alternative data into consumer price statistics: aggregation and weights article\n. For simplicity, we continue to refer to \"items\" in our statistical bulletin and detailed briefing note.\nChanges to published microdata\nDespite the benefits of introducing scanner data into the consumer price indices, we can no longer publish the price quote data for food and non-alcoholic beverages, alcohol and tobacco (Divisions 1 and 2 of the CPIH and CPI), or the equivalent categories of RPI in our\nConsumer price inflation consumption segment indices and price quotes dataset\n. This is because of our data-sharing agreements with retailers.\nInstead, we have developed new aggregate output statistics to meet the needs of users. We are publishing regional consumption segment indices and weights, and counts of indicator marker codes (for example, sales and recoveries) that are manually collected as part of the traditional data collection. We first published these from March 2026, with the release of the February 2026 indices. Further outputs will be introduced in summer 2026. More information on the new outputs is available in our\nChanges to the provision of microdata outputs for consumer price inflation statistics: January 2026 article\n.\nHouseholds and the cost of living\nTo assist individuals in understanding how the rise in inflation affects their expenditure, we have produced a\npersonal inflation calculator\n. The calculator allows users to enter the amount they spend across either a reduced or a wide range of categories, to produce an estimate of their personal inflation based on those spending patterns.\nOur\nShopping prices comparison tool\nshows how the average prices of items have changed over time. Please note that the newly introduced consumption segments for food, drink and tobacco will not have data before 2025 in the tool. However, the historical average prices for food, drink and tobacco items, that were in the tool before the update in 2025, can be found in our\nShopping prices comparison tool data download before the 2025 update dataset\n.\nPlease also note that Table 55 in our historical\nConsumer price inflation dataset\n, which provided time series of prices for petrol and diesel, has not been published since 19 February 2025, and the two series have been discontinued. Historical average prices are still available from the time series explorer function on our website, using the four-character identifiers CZMK for petrol and CZML for diesel.\nOn 28 May 2026, we published our quarterly\nHousehold Costs Indices (HCIs) for UK household groups: January to March 2026 bulletin\n. The HCIs reflect how different types of households experience changing prices, and differ from CPIH and CPI. The CPIH and CPI are based on recognised economic principles and provide an aggregate measure of inflation for household spending in the UK.\nThe HCIs are\nofficial statistics in development\nand this release included new estimates for January to March 2026. This release uses updated 2025 weights. It has not been possible to update to 2026 weights in line with the standard methodology for consumer prices. This is because of delays in processing the underlying survey data and the need for further quality assurance. We will update the weights as soon as the data are available to use.\nThe latest HCI dataset also includes scanner data for the first time.\nPassenger transport by air\nA monthly index for passenger transport by air is included in the monthly consumer price inflation dataset. From March 2025, we also began publishing a set of subindices and weights on an annual basis. We updated our\nDomestic, European and long-haul airfares consumer prices subindices and weights dataset\non 25 March 2026 with data for March 2025 to February 2026, and a longer historical time series back to 2007. From March 2026, we have also started to release\nquarterly and annual average air fares\n, again on an annual basis. The analyses are released in\nthe user requested data section of our website\n.\nClassification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose\nThe Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP) is the classification that underpins some of the main statistics that we produce. To reflect changes in household expenditure patterns since its inception in the late 1990s, the\nclassification was updated in 2018 (PDF, 1,286KB)\n.\nThe UK currently uses the\nversion of COICOP introduced in 1999, which was updated in 2017\nto add additional detail at the subclass level. However, we plan to have implemented the updated COICOP 2018 by 2029, as referenced in\nSection B4 of our Economic statistics plan\nand\nSection 5 of our Economic statistics progress report\n. We will also consider re-referencing the CPI as part of the move to the new classification and will provide users with full details of our plans, once finalised.\nFor further information, please email\ncpi@ons.gov.uk\n.\nWeights for 2026 consumer price inflation statistics\nIn line with usual practice at the start of each year, the expenditure weights used in compiling the CPIH and CPI were calculated using updated spending information. The first update of weights was implemented with the January indices. The second update was introduced, along with the usual basket update, with the February indices released in March. We published our\nConsumer price inflation, updating weights: 2026 article\nand our\nConsumer price inflation basket of goods and services: 2026 article\non 16 March 2026.\nThe 2026 weights for CPIH and CPI were calculated using national accounts household final consumption expenditure (HHFCE) data for 2024. They reflect our most comprehensive and complete estimate of the latest household spending at the time of the weights update. This is in line with our standard methodology. More information is available in our\nConsumer price inflation, updating weights articles\n.\nThe weights for the RPI were also updated and introduced with the February 2026 index.\nConsumer price inflation historical estimates, UK, 1950 to 1988\nOn 18 May 2022, we published our\nConsumer price inflation, historical estimates, UK, 1950 to 1988 – methodology\nand our\nConsumer price inflation, historical estimates and recent trends, UK: 1950 to 2022 article\n. These include new estimates of CPIH and improved estimates of CPI for 1950 to 1988. These estimates (published in response to user need for a longer series) are indicative and are for analytical purposes only. They are not intended for official use and do not constitute part of the\naccredited official statistics\nseries.\nPreviously, in December 2018, we published our\nConsumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) historical series: 1988 to 2004 article\n. These series are also not classed as accredited official statistics, reflecting the historical uncertainty around the backcasts.\nPre-release access\nThe Bank of England was granted exceptional pre-release access to an estimate of consumer price inflation data at 8:30am on Monday 15 June 2026 so that the data were available for the Monetary Policy Committee meeting held on that day. The letters requesting and agreeing to pre-release are available in the\nExchange of letters between the Bank of England and the Office for National Statistics for exceptional pre-release access to ONS publications, June 2026\n.\nMethodology information\nThe consumer price indices are based on prices collected manually from outlets around the country, information collected centrally over the internet and by phone, and, from February 2026, data collected from supermarket scanners at the checkouts or online. The traditionally sourced data used in this release were collected on or around 12 May 2026.\nAn overview of consumer price statistics is given in our\nConsumer price indices, a brief guide: 2026\n. The concepts and methodologies underpinning the indices in more detail are covered in our\nConsumer prices indices technical guidance\n.\nInformation on the users and uses of these statistics, and the characteristics of the different measures of inflation related to potential use, is included in our\nUsers and uses of consumer price inflation statistics: July 2018 update methodology\n.\nStrengths and limitations\nIn our\nMeasuring changing prices and costs for consumers and households article\n, we illustrated our approach to the process using three \"use cases\", and described how they relate to the measures published and under development.\nThe three cases refer firstly to the CPIH as our lead measure of inflation, based on economic principles. They also refer to the HCIs as a set of measures that reflect the change in costs and prices experienced by different households, and the RPI as a legacy measure that is required to meet existing user needs. The issues with the RPI are described in our\nShortcomings of the Retail Prices Index as a measure of inflation article\n.\nAccredited official statistics\nThese\naccredited official statistics\nwere independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in July 2017. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nRevisions and correction of errors policies for consumer price inflation statistics\nOur\nRevisions and correction of errors policies for consumer price inflation statistics\nare stated separately to highlight the differences between them. Within each policy, there is information on how the policy is applied, in what circumstances users will be notified and how users will be notified. This policy replaces our previous\nRevisions policy for consumer price inflation statistics\n, published in March 2017.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nRelated links\nProducer price inflation, UK\nBulletin | Released 17 June 2026\nChanges in the prices of goods bought and sold by UK manufacturers, including price indices of materials and fuels purchased (input prices) and factory gate prices (output prices).\nPrivate rent and house prices, UK\nBulletin | Released 17 June 2026\nThe Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) measures private rent inflation for new and existing tenancies. The UK House Price Index (HPI) measures house price inflation.\nShopping prices comparison tool\nInteractive | Released 17 June 2026\nSearch to see how the average prices of hundreds of shopping items are changing.\nConsumer price inflation, updating weights: 2026\nArticle | Released 16 March 2026\nAn overview of the latest annual update of Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) weights.\nHousehold Costs Indices for UK household groups: January to March 2026\nBulletin | Released 28 May 2026\nHousehold Costs Indices, 12-month growth rates, expenditure shares and contributions for UK household groups and all households. These are official statistics in development.\nUK Statistics Authority National Statistician's Advisory Panels on Consumer Price Statistics\nWeb page | Updated when needed\nReports, papers and minutes of the two independent advisory panels on consumer price statistics: a technical panel to advise the National Statistician on technical aspects of the statistics, and a stakeholder panel to provide advice on the uses and applications of price indices.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 17 June 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nConsumer price inflation, UK: May 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/consumerpriceinflation/may2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/consumerpriceinflation/may2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Price indices, percentage changes, and weights for the different measures of consumer price inflation.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "3.0%", "12 months", "2026,", "0.2%", "2025", "2.8%", "2.4%", "2.0%", "3.4%", "3.6%", "2.6%", "2.5%", "3.2%", "3.7%", "2", "2026", "2015", "100", "12", "138.0", "4.0", "0.2", "138.4", "3.4", "133.7", "6.7", "4.1", "0.3", "138.9", "3.6", "134.2", "6.4", "138.5", "4.2", "0.0", "139.0", "3.8", "0.1", "134.0", "5.5", "139.3", "134.5", "5.3", "135.1", "5.2", "139.5", "0.4", "139.8", "135.7", "4.8", "139.4", "3.5", "-0.1", "3.2", "-0.2", "136.5", "4.5", "139.9", "140.1", "136.8", "-0.3", "3.0", "-0.5", "137.0", "3.9", "140.0", "137.4", "140.8", "0.6", "141.0", "3.3", "0.7", "137.7", "141.8", "0.8", "142.1", "2.8", "137.9", "142.4"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Consumer price inflation detailed briefing note", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/consumerpriceinflationdetailedbriefingnote/may2026/briefingtablesmay2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Consumer price inflation detailed briefing note", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/consumerpriceinflationdetailedbriefingnote/april2026/briefingtablesapril2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Consumer price inflation detailed briefing note", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/consumerpriceinflationdetailedbriefingnote/march2026/briefingtablesmarch2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/producerpriceinflation/may2026", "title": "Producer price inflation, UK: May 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nProducer input prices rose by 8.7% in the year to May 2026, up from a revised rise of 7.9% in the year to April.\nProducer output (factory gate) prices rose by 4.0% in the year to May 2026, down from a revised rise of 4.1% in the year to April.\nOn a monthly basis, producer input prices rose by 0.2% and producer output (factory gate) prices rose by 0.5% in May 2026.\nCrude oil and refined petroleum products provided the largest upward contributions to the annual inflation rates for input and output prices, respectively.\nChemicals and other outputs from manufacturing provided the largest upward contributions to the monthly inflation rates for input and output prices, respectively, with price rises partly caused by increased plastic costs.\nThe Import Price Index (IPI) rose by 10.1% in the year to May 2026, up from a revised rise of 8.8% in the year to April.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nInflation figures\nProducer input prices rose by 8.7% in the year to May 2026, which is up from a revised increase of 7.9% in the year to April (Figure 1). This is the largest annual increase in producer input prices since February 2023. Monthly input prices rose by 0.2% in May 2026, down from a revised increase of 2.6% in April (Table 1).\nProducer output (factory gate) prices rose by 4.0% in the year to May 2026, which is down from a revised increase of 4.1% in the year to April (Figure 1). Monthly output prices rose by 0.5% in May 2026, down from a revised increase of 1.5% in April (Table 1).\nThe largest contribution to the annual input producer price inflation rate was an upward contribution from inputs of crude oil. Find more detail in\nSection 3: Input prices\n.\nThe largest contribution to the annual output producer price inflation rate was an upward contribution from outputs of coke and refined petroleum products. Find more detail in\nSection 4: Output prices\n.\nThe data published this month continue to be affected by the conflict in the Middle East. For more information on the data used for oil and energy prices, see\nSection 7: Data sources and quality\n.\nTable 1: PPI values and inflation rates\nUK, May 2025 to May 2026\nAll materials and fuels purchased (GHIP)\nAll manufactured products (GB7S)\nInput PPI\n(2015=100)\nMonthly\ninflation\nrate (%)\nAnnual\ninflation\nrate (%)\nOutput PPI\n(2015=100)\nMonthly\ninflation\nrate (%)\nAnnual\ninflation\nrate (%)\n2025\nMay\n156.0\n-0.5\n-1.0\n142.9\n0.6\n1.8\nJune\n155.7\n-0.2\n-1.0\n143.1\n0.2\n2.3\nJuly\n156.6\n0.6\n-0.2\n143.9\n0.5\n2.7\nAug\n156.7\n0.0\n0.2\n144.2\n0.2\n3.1\nSept\n156.6\n0.0\n0.8\n144.3\n0.1\n3.5\nOct\n156.4\n-0.1\n0.8\n144.4\n0.0\n3.6\nNov\n157.1\n0.4\n1.0\n144.6\n0.1\n3.4\nDec\n156.2\n-0.6\n0.4\n144.3\n-0.2\n3.1\n2026\nJan\n156.8\n0.4\n-0.3\n144.3\n0.0\n2.5\nFeb\n158.1\n0.8\n0.7\n143.7\n-0.4\n1.8\nMar\n165.0\n4.4\n5.3\n145.7\n1.4\n3.1\nApr\n169.2\n2.6\n7.9\n147.9\n1.5\n4.1\nMay\n169.6\n0.2\n8.7\n148.6\n0.5\n4.0\nSource: Producer Price Index (PPI) from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 1: PPI values and inflation rates\n.xls\n.csv\nFigure 1: The annual inflation rate for input PPI rose in May 2026 while the rate for output PPI fell slightly\nInput and output PPI annual inflation rates, UK, May 2016 to May 2026\nSource: Producer Price Index (PPI) from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: The annual inflation rate for input PPI rose in May 2026 while the rate for output PPI fell slightly\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nProducer Price Index (PPI) estimates for both April and May 2026 are provisional. PPI figures for the latest 12 months are subject to revisions as additional survey data are returned and validated. Effective response rates at the time of first publishing can be found in\nSection 7: Data sources and quality\n.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nInput prices\nOf the 10 product groups for the input Producer Price Index (PPI), eight made upward contributions to the annual inflation rate in May 2026. The largest of these came from inputs of:\ncrude oil\nmetals and non-metallic mineral products\nother produced material\nThe prices of inputs of crude oil rose by 71.8% in the year to May 2026, compared with a revised increase of 76.8% in the year to April (Table 2). On a monthly basis, crude oil prices fell by 5.9% in May 2026, down from a revised increase of 12.9% in April. This is the first monthly price fall in crude oil prices since December 2025.\nThe prices of inputs of metals and non-metallic mineral products rose by 6.8% in the year to May 2026, compared with a revised increase of 5.3% in the year to April (Table 2). The annual price rise in May was partly caused by non-EU imports of precious metals, such as silver and platinum.\nThe prices of inputs of other produced materials rose by 10.2% in the year to May 2026, compared with a revised increase of 9.1% in the year to April (Table 2). The annual price rise in May was partly caused by refined petroleum products.\nThe largest offsetting downward contribution to the annual inflation rate came from inputs of domestic food, where prices fell by 0.7% in the year to May 2026, up from a revised fall of 1.4% in the year to April (Table 2). On a monthly basis, domestic food input prices rose by 1.0%, while imported food prices fell by 2.1%.\nChemicals provided the largest contribution to change in the annual inflation rate between April and May 2026. Prices rose by 5.6% in the year to May 2026, up from a revised rise of 2.4% in April (Table 2). This upward change was partly caused by increased costs for plastics in primary forms, which were due to both the wider cost pressures within the chemical sector and the impact of the conflict in the Middle East.\nTable 2: Input producer price inflation rates and weights\nUK, April and May 2026\nApril 2026\nMay 2026\nProduct group\nMonthly\ninflation\nrate (%)\nAnnual\ninflation\nrate (%)\nMonthly\ninflation\nrate (%)\nAnnual\ninflation\nrate (%)\n2026\nweight (%)\nBeverages and tobacco\n0.3\n3.1\n-0.4\n3.9\n0.4\nFuel\n1.0\n1.3\n3.6\n6.7\n2.5\nCrude petroleum and\nnatural gas; Metal ores\n12.9\n76.8\n-5.9\n71.8\n6.9\nFood (Domestic)\n0.6\n-1.4\n1.0\n-0.7\n13.1\nFood (Imported)\n0.4\n0.5\n-2.1\n0.0\n2.4\nOther produced material\n4.6\n9.1\n0.8\n10.2\n9.8\nMetals and non-metallic\nmineral products\n1.2\n5.3\n1.0\n6.8\n20.6\nChemicals\n2.5\n2.4\n2.8\n5.6\n17.2\nOther parts and equipment\n0.3\n1.1\n0.0\n1.5\n24.1\nOther inputs\n0.6\n3.6\n0.2\n4.0\n3.0\nSource: Producer Price Index (PPI) from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 2: Input producer price inflation rates and weights\n.xls\n.csv\nFuel covers electricity and gas (D35) and coal (B05), according to Eurostat's\nClassification of products by activity (CPA 2.1)\n.\nThe Import Price Index (IPI) measures the price of materials and fuels imported by UK manufacturers. It rose by 10.1% in the year to May 2026, up from a revised increase of 8.8% in the year to April. On a monthly basis, import prices were flat between April and May 2026, compared with a revised increase of 3.7% between March and April. The annual price rise was mainly caused by non-EU imports of crude petroleum. The Sterling Index fell by 0.8% in the year to May 2026, down from a rise of 0.1% in April (Table 3).\nTable 3: Imported materials and fuels purchased and sterling effective exchange rate, index values and inflation rates\nUK, May 2025 to May 2026\nImported materials and\nfuels purchased (GD74)\nSterling effective exchange rate -\nmonth average (BK67)\nImport Price\nIndex\n(2015=100)\nMonthly\ninflation\nrate (%)\nAnnual\ninflation\nrate (%)\nSterling Index\n(Jan 2005=100)\nMonthly rate\n(%)\nAnnual rate\n(%)\n2025\nMay\n139.7\n-1.2\n-3.1\n85.7\n1.2\n3.4\nJune\n140.2\n0.3\n-2.4\n86.0\n0.3\n2.9\nJuly\n141.7\n1.1\n-1.1\n85.1\n-1.1\n0.9\nAug\n141.3\n-0.3\n-1.3\n85.0\n0.0\n1.6\nSept\n141.2\n-0.1\n0.5\n84.9\n-0.1\n0.0\nOct\n141.6\n0.3\n0.9\n84.4\n-0.6\n-0.5\nNov\n143.3\n1.2\n1.5\n83.5\n-1.1\n-1.0\nDec\n142.1\n-0.8\n0.9\n84.5\n1.1\n-0.1\n2026\nJan\n142.2\n0.1\n-0.8\n85.1\n0.7\n2.2\nFeb\n143.2\n0.7\n0.5\n84.8\n-0.3\n0.9\nMar\n148.4\n3.6\n4.2\n84.5\n-0.4\n-0.4\nApr\n153.9\n3.7\n8.8\n84.8\n0.3\n0.1\nMay\n153.8\n0.0\n10.1\n85.0\n0.3\n-0.8\nSource: Import Price Index (IPI) from the Office for National Statistics, sterling effective Exchange Rate Index (ERI) from the Bank of England\nNotes\nTotal imports (GD74) represent roughly one-fifth of overall materials and fuels (input prices) in terms of index weight.\nDownload this table\nTable 3: Imported materials and fuels purchased and sterling effective exchange rate, index values and inflation rates\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nOutput prices\nOf the 10 product groups for the output Producer Price Index (PPI), eight made upward contributions to the annual inflation rate in May 2026. The largest of these came from:\noutputs of coke and refined petroleum products\nother outputs from manufacturing\nbasic metals, fabricated metal products and machinery\nPrices for coke and refined petroleum products rose by 55.6% in the year to May 2026, up from a revised rise of 51.1% in the year to April (Table 4). On a monthly basis, prices for this product group fell by 0.5% in May 2026, down from a revised increase of 15.0% in April. This is the first monthly price fall in coke and refined petroleum prices since January 2026.\nPrices for other outputs from manufacturing rose by 4.3% in the year to May 2026, up from a revised rise of 3.1% in the year to April (Table 4). While this contribution came from several divisions, the impact of increased costs for plastics or plastic products, caused by higher oil prices resulting from the conflict in the Middle East, contributed to many of these divisions.\nPrices for basic metals, fabricated metal products and machinery rose by 4.2% in the year to May 2026, up from a revised rise of 4.1% in the year to April (Table 4).\nOutputs of motor vehicles and other transport equipment provided the largest downward contribution to change in the annual inflation rate between April and May 2026. Prices fell by 1.7% in the year to May 2026, down from a revised rise of 2.2% in April (Table 4). This was because of supply chain issues and other market factors, leading to increased prices in the first half of 2025, which were partly mitigated by early 2026.\nTable 4: Output producer price inflation rates and weights\nUK, April and May 2026\nApril 2026\nMay 2026\nProduct group\nMonthly\ninflation\nrate (%)\nAnnual\ninflation\nrate (%)\nMonthly\ninflation\nrate (%)\nAnnual\ninflation\nrate (%)\n2026\nweight (%)\nFood products\n0.3\n0.3\n0.1\n-0.1\n26.9\nAlcoholic beverages\nand tobacco products\n-1.0\n1.7\n-1.1\n0.6\n4.3\nTextiles; wearing apparel\nand leather products\n0.8\n2.8\n1.6\n4.0\n1.1\nPaper; paper products\nand printed material\n1.5\n0.5\n1.3\n1.6\n5.6\nCoke and refined\npetroleum products\n15.0\n51.1\n-0.5\n55.6\n4.5\nChemicals and\npharmaceutical\npreparations\n2.4\n2.5\n1.5\n4.1\n4.9\nBasic metals;\nfabricated metal\nproducts and\nmachinery\n1.1\n4.1\n0.6\n4.2\n12.9\nComputer products;\nelectronic and electrical\nproducts\n0.7\n2.5\n0.5\n3.0\n3.2\nMotor vehicles and\nother transport\nequipment\n0.1\n2.2\n0.6\n-1.7\n14.8\nOther outputs\n1.0\n3.1\n0.8\n4.3\n21.8\nSource: Producer Price Index (PPI) from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 4: Output producer price inflation rates and weights\n.xls\n.csv\nThe Export Price Index (EPI) rose by 9.7% in the year to May 2026, up from a revised rise of 8.4% in the year to April. On a monthly basis, export prices rose by 0.1% in May 2026, down from a revised rise of 2.4% in April. The annual price rise was partly caused by exports of refined petroleum products.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nData on producer price inflation\nProducer price inflation time series\nDataset PPI | Released 17 June 2026\nA comprehensive selection of data on input and output indices. Contains producer price indices of materials and fuels purchased and output of manufacturing industry by broad sector.\nProducer price inflation statistics\nDataset | Released 17 June 2026\nPrice index data and monthly and annual inflation rates for UK producer price inflation (input, output, import, export).\nServices producer price inflation time series\nDataset PPI | Released 22 April 2026\nQuarterly estimates monitoring the changes in prices charged for services provided to UK-based customers for a range of industries.\nServices producer price inflation statistics\nDataset | Released 22 April 2026\nPrice index data, and quarterly and annual inflation rates for UK service producer price inflation.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nGlossary\nContribution\nAs the aggregate producer prices indices are built up from individual product indices, it is possible to decompose overall inflation into contributions from different products. Those contributions reflect both the inflation rates for each product and their weight in the index.\nInput prices\nThe price of materials and fuels bought by UK manufacturers for processing. It includes materials and fuels that are either imported or sourced from within the domestic market. It is not limited to materials used in the final product but includes what is required by businesses in their normal day-to-day running, such as fuels.\nOutput prices\nThe amount received by UK producers for the goods that they sell to the domestic market, also known as factory gate prices. It includes the margin that businesses make on goods, in addition to costs, such as labour, raw materials and energy, as well as interest on loans, site or building maintenance, or rent.\nProducer price inflation\nThe change in the prices of goods bought and sold by UK manufacturers, including price indices of materials and fuels purchased (input prices) and factory gate prices (output prices). If the producer price inflation rate is a positive value, this indicates that prices have risen, while a negative value indicates that prices have fallen.\nServices producer price inflation\nThe quarterly estimates monitoring the changes in prices charged for services provided to UK-based customers for a range of industries.\nWeight\nThe importance of the price of interest relative to other prices collected. With annual chain-linking, this is updated every year, using business sales revenue data.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nData sources and quality\nFor information on the strengths and limitations of the data, methods used, and the data uses and users, please see our\nProducer Price Indices (PPI) quality and methodology information (QMI)\nand our\nServices Producer Price Indices (SPPI) QMI\n.\nDevelopment of producer price statistics\nWe are continuing to improve the quality of these statistics to address the findings and requirements set out in the Office for Statistics Regulation's (OSR's)\nSpotlight on Quality: PPI publication\n. Information on how we plan to address the OSR requirements can be found in our\nProducer prices development plan: October 2025 article\n. Once the developments are complete, we will begin the process for seeking reaccreditation. These statistics are currently designated as official statistics.\nOil and energy data\nThe crude oil data are collected from the four crude oil refining businesses within the UK. It is based on the volume and value of oil purchases made in the first part of the month (typically the first week), supplemented with the refining businesses' estimate of the volume and value of purchases for the remainder of the month. It should be noted that these purchases will represent a (varying) mix of future and spot prices.\nThe oil derivatives data (diesel, gas oil and aviation turbine fuel) are also collected from the refining businesses. The process is like that used for crude oil but refers to sales rather than purchases.\nThe unleaded petrol data are sourced from pump prices from a range of business types. They are based on weekly data with the necessary tax elements removed.\nThe gas and electricity data are an average price for the month from a panel of suppliers relating to the supply of gas and electricity to industrial and commercial end-users. These data differ from the data provided for the purposes of the Consumer Prices Index (CPI). The data include a mixture of fixed price contracts and flexible price contracts, compiled by the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ). Like the oil data, the first estimate is based on the average price for the first part of the month (based upon the volume and value of the energy supplied), supplemented with the suppliers' estimate of the volume and value for the remainder of the month.\nAll these figures are revised as new data (for example, on the volumes and values of oil purchased) and are received after one to two months.\nResponse rates\nIn May 2026, the response rates for the domestic PPI and Export Price Index (EPI) were lower than they were in May 2025, while the response rate for the Import Price Index (IPI) was higher (Table 5).\nTable 5: PPI, IPI and EPI overall effective response rates at time of first publishing\nPercentage, UK, May 2025 to May 2026\nWeighted response (%)\nPPI (domestic)\nIPI\nEPI\nMay 2025\n81.4\n75.2\n78.2\nJune 2025\n77.4\n68.9\n78.0\nJuly 2025\n80.2\n68.7\n76.1\nAugust 2025\n75.3\n65.6\n80.0\nSeptember 2025\n78.9\n78.3\n80.0\nOctober 2025\n79.0\n81.8\n78.5\nNovember 2025\n78.0\n78.5\n74.3\nDecember 2025\n76.1\n72.0\n75.7\nJanuary 2026\n80.4\n81.8\n77.9\nFebruary 2026\n82.3\n86.3\n77.5\nMarch 2026\n85.4\n84.2\n76.5\nApril 2026\n81.6\n81.3\n72.8\nMay 2026\n81.3\n83.3\n74.2\nSource: Producer Price Index (PPI), Import Price Index (IPI) and Export Price Index (EPI) from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nPublications from February to August 2025 were cancelled.\nDownload this table\nTable 5: PPI, IPI and EPI overall effective response rates at time of first publishing\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nRelated links\nConsumer price inflation, UK\nBulletin | Released 17 June 2026 07:00am\nPrice indices, percentage changes, and weights for the different measures of consumer price inflation.\nPrivate rent and house prices, UK\nBulletin | Released 17 June 202 09:30am\nThe Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) measures private rent inflation for new and existing tenancies. The UK House Price Index measures house price inflation.\nHousehold Costs Indices for UK household groups\nBulletin | Released 28 May 2026 09:30am\nHousehold Costs Indices, 12-month growth rates, expenditure shares, and contributions for UK household groups and all households.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), Released 17 June 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nProducer price inflation, UK: May 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/producerpriceinflation/may2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/producerpriceinflation/may2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Changes in the prices of goods bought and sold by UK manufacturers, including price indices of material and fuels purchased, and factory gate prices.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "8.7%", "2026,", "7.9%", "4.0%", "4.1%", "0.2%", "0.5%", "2026", "10.1%", "8.8%", "2", "2023", "2.6%", "1.5%", "3", "4", "7", "2025", "2015", "100", "156.0", "-0.5", "-1.0", "142.9", "0.6", "1.8", "155.7", "-0.2", "143.1", "0.2", "2.3", "156.6", "143.9", "0.5", "2.7", "156.7", "0.0", "144.2", "3.1", "0.8", "144.3", "0.1", "3.5", "156.4", "-0.1", "144.4", "3.6", "157.1", "0.4", "1.0", "144.6", "3.4", "156.2", "-0.6", "156.8", "-0.3", "2.5", "158.1", "0.7", "143.7", "-0.4", "165.0", "4.4", "5.3", "145.7", "1.4", "169.2", "2.6", "7.9", "147.9", "1.5", "4.1", "169.6", "8.7", "148.6", "4.0", "2016", "12 months", "10"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Producer price inflation statistics", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/producerpriceinflationstatistics/december2008tomay2026/ppistatisticsmay2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Producer price inflation statistics", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/producerpriceinflationstatistics/december2008toapril2026/ppistatisticsapr2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Producer price inflation statistics", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/producerpriceinflationstatistics/december2008tomarch2026/ppistatisticsmar2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/privaterentandhousepricesuk/june2026", "title": "Private rent and house prices, UK: June 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nAverage UK monthly private rent inflation continued to slow, increasing by 3.3%, to £1,383, in the 12 months to May 2026 (provisional estimate); this annual growth rate is down from 3.5% in the 12 months to April 2026.\nAverage rents increased to £1,442 (3.4%) in England, £836 (4.7%) in Wales, and £1,009 (1.0%) in Scotland, in the 12 months to May 2026.\nIn Northern Ireland, average rents increased to £876 (3.3%) in the 12 months to March 2026.\nIn England, private rent annual inflation was highest in the North East (5.9%), and lowest in London (2.0%), in the 12 months to May 2026.\nAverage UK house prices increased by 3.8%, to £270,000, in the 12 months to April 2026 (provisional estimate); this annual growth rate is up from 0.0% in the 12 months to March 2026.\nThe rise in annual UK house price inflation between March and April 2026 is caused by a base effect; this is because average UK prices rose moderately between March and April 2026, while decreasing sharply in the same period a year ago, following Stamp Duty Land Tax changes in England and Northern Ireland on 1 April 2025.\nAverage house prices increased to £291,000 (3.9%) in England, £212,000 (3.5%) in Wales, and £192,000 (2.8%) in Scotland, in the 12 months to April 2026.\n!\nPrice Index of Private Rents (PIPR) data became\nofficial statistics\non 20 May 2026. Because of data collection differences, we advise caution when comparing Scotland and Northern Ireland estimates with other UK countries. Read more in\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nUK private rent and house prices\nFigure 1: UK house price inflation increased while rent inflation slowed since last month\nPrivate rent and house price annual inflation, UK, January 2016 to May 2026\nSource: Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) and UK House Price Index (HPI) from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nNorthern Ireland private rent data are currently available up to March 2026. To produce UK rent statistics up to May 2026, Northern Ireland's index for the latest two months has been estimated using the monthly average of Northern Ireland's latest two-month inflation rate.\nPIPR estimates for the UK series for April 2026 and May 2026 will be revised in line with PIPR's two-month revision policy. More information is available in\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: UK house price inflation increased while rent inflation slowed since last month\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nAverage UK monthly private rents increased by 3.3% in the 12 months to May 2026 (provisional estimate). This was down from 3.5% in the 12 months to April 2026, and continues the general trend of slowing UK rent annual inflation since December 2024.\nAverage UK house prices were £270,000 in April 2026 and increased by 3.8% (provisional estimate) in the 12 months to April 2026. This annual growth was up from 0.0% (revised estimate) in the 12 months to March 2026, and represents the highest annual inflation rate since March 2025, before Stamp Duty Land Tax (SDLT) changes implemented on 1 April 2025.\nThe annual rate increased because average UK house prices experienced a modest monthly rise (0.7%) between March and April 2026, while there was a large monthly fall (negative 2.9%) in the same period a year ago. A rise in the annual rate because of a large monthly fall a year ago is called a\nbase effect\n. The large monthly fall in average UK house prices in April 2025 coincided with changes to SDLT in England and Northern Ireland on 1 April 2025. This observed impact on the annual rate is similar to that reported in 2021 following changes to SDLT that same year.\nHM Land Registry (HMLR) publishes the full\nUK House Price Index report\nand monthly data.\nOur\nlocal housing statistics tool\nsummarises the latest private rents and house price statistics for local areas across the UK.\nRevisions\nUK monthly rent estimates for the latest two months and UK House Price Index (HPI) estimates for the latest 12 months are provisional and subject to revision (see\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n). All statistics are non-seasonally adjusted estimates, unless stated otherwise.\nUK HPI first estimates (provisional) are based on sales volumes reflecting around 47% of all sales in Great Britain in April 2026. Transaction volumes for older periods and new builds remain lower than they have been historically.\n!\nUsers should be aware that UK HPI revisions may be larger than those seen historically and should note the uncertainty around new build prices. However, recent methodology improvements reduce this uncertainty.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nHouse prices across the UK and by English region\nThe average house price for England was £291,000 in April 2026, up 3.9% (£10,000) from a year earlier. This annual inflation rate was higher than in the 12 months to March 2026 (negative 0.7%). The sharp rise in England's annual inflation rate this month was caused by a\nbase effect\nfrom large monthly price falls a year ago coinciding with SDLT changes in England in April 2025. The average house price for England rose by a modest 0.6% (provisional estimate) between March and April 2026.\nThe average house price for Wales was £212,000 in April 2026, up 3.5% (£7,000) from a year earlier. This annual rise was higher than in the 12 months to March 2026 (2.8%).\nThe average house price for Scotland was £192,000 in April 2026, up 2.8% (£5,000) from a year earlier. This annual rise was higher than in the 12 months to March 2026 (1.7%).\nThe average house price for Northern Ireland was £198,000 in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026, up 7.4% (£14,000) from Quarter 1 2025.\nFigure 2: Annual house price inflation is highest in the North East\nAnnual house price inflation, English regions, April 2026\nSource: UK House Price Index from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nEstimates are not seasonally adjusted.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Annual house price inflation is highest in the North East\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe North East was the English region with the highest house price inflation, at 9.9%, in the 12 months to April 2026. This was up from a fall of 0.9% in the 12 months to March 2026. The sharp rise in the North East's annual inflation was caused by a\nbase effect\nfrom large monthly price falls a year ago, coinciding with SDLT changes in England in April 2025.\nAnnual house price inflation was lowest in London. The SDLT changes had minimal impact on areas such as London where average prices are higher. Prices fell by 2.1% in the 12 months to April 2026, unchanged from the 12 months to March 2026. This is the ninth consecutive month in which London has seen an annual fall in house prices.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nPrivate rents across the UK\nThe average monthly private rent in the UK was £1,383 per month in May 2026. This is £44 (3.3%) higher than 12 months ago.\nFigure 3: The average rent in the UK was £1,383 in May 2026\nAverage private rent, UK overview and across the UK, January 2015 to May 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nNorthern Ireland private rent data are currently available up to March 2026. To produce UK rent statistics up to May 2026, Northern Ireland's index for the latest two months has been estimated using the monthly average of Northern Ireland's latest two-month inflation rate.\nUK PIPR estimates for April 2026, and May 2026 will be revised in line with PIPR's two-month revision policy. More information is available in\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n.\nNorthern Ireland rent data are for advertised new lets.\nBecause of data collection limitations, Scotland rent data (used in the PIPR) have historically been predominately advertised new lets. Users should bear this in mind when comparing data from across the UK.\nEngland\nAverage monthly rent for England was £1,442 in May 2026, up 3.4% (£48) from a year earlier. This annual rise was lower than in the 12 months to April 2026 (3.5%).\nWales\nAverage monthly rent for Wales was £836 in May 2026, up 4.7% (£37) from a year earlier. This annual rise was lower than in the 12 months to April 2026 (4.9%) and down from the most recent peak of 8.9% in March 2025.\nScotland\nAverage monthly rent for Scotland was £1,009 in May 2026, up 1.0% (£10) from a year earlier. This annual rise was lower than in the 12 months to April 2026 (2.0%) and represents the lowest annual rise for almost a decade.\nScotland's annual inflation rate has been generally slowing since the record-high annual rise of 11.7%, in August 2023. This trend of the past three years has continued this month, with the annual rate for Scotland continuing to slow, caused by slowing annual inflation in 14 of the 18 broad rental market areas.\nPrevious data collection limitations meant that Scotland rent data, which are used in the Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) stock measure, were mainly for advertised new lets. Scottish Government are extending their data collection process, which is increasing their collection of achieved rents for both existing and new tenancies.\nFrom September 2022 to March 2025, measures relating to in-tenancy rent increases were implemented in Scotland (see\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n). We advise users to bear this in mind when interpreting estimates for Scotland and comparing them with those for other UK countries.\nNorthern Ireland\nAverage monthly rent in Northern Ireland was £876 in March 2026, up 3.3% (£28) from a year earlier. This annual rise was lower than in the 12 months to February 2026 (4.0%) and the lowest in over five years. Northern Ireland's annual inflation rate has been slowing since the record-high annual rise of 9.9%, in April 2024.\nNorthern Ireland's rent data are for advertised new lets. We advise users to bear this in mind when comparing data from across the UK (see\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n).\nFigure 4: Rent annual inflation slowed in England, Wales and Scotland\nPrivate rent annual inflation, across the UK, January 2016 to May 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nNorthern Ireland rent data are currently available up to March 2026 and are for advertised new lets.\nBecause of data collection limitations, Scotland rent data (used in the PIPR) have historically been predominately advertised new lets (see\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n). Users should bear this in mind when comparing data from across the UK.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nPrivate rents by English region\nFigure 5: The North East was the English region with the highest annual rent inflation\nPrivate rent annual inflation, English regions, May 2026\nSource: Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: The North East was the English region with the highest annual rent inflation\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe North East continued to have the highest rent annual inflation rate of all English regions, at 5.9%, in the 12 months to May 2026. This annual rise was lower than in the 12 months to April 2026 (6.5%).\nRent annual inflation remained lowest in London, at 2.0%, in the 12 months to May 2026, and was unchanged from the 12 months to April 2026.\nAverage rent was highest in London (£2,294) and lowest in the North East (£776) in May 2026.\nFigure 6: Privately renting a property is most expensive in London\nAverage private rent, English regions, January 2015 to May 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nPrivate rents for local areas\nAverage monthly private rents vary across local authorities in England and Wales, and Broad Rental Market Areas in Scotland and Northern Ireland.\nIn May 2026, average monthly rent was highest in Kensington and Chelsea, London (£3,591) and lowest in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland (£551). Excluding London, the local area with the highest average monthly rent in May 2026 was Oxford, South East (£1,958).\nFigure 7: Average rent was more than six times higher in the most expensive local area than in the least expensive\nAverage private rent and annual inflation, local authorities in England and Wales, and Broad Rental Market Areas in Scotland and Northern Ireland, January 2015 to May 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nValues of [x] in this tool represent data which are not available.\nNorthern Ireland rent data are currently available up to March 2026.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nPrivate rents by property size\nThe average UK monthly private rent in May 2026 was highest for detached properties (£1,572) and lowest for flats and maisonettes (£1,351). Average UK private rent was highest for properties with four or more bedrooms (£2,056) and lowest for properties with one bedroom (£1,123).\nFigure 8: The average private rent increases with property size\nAverage private rent, local authorities in England and Wales (May 2026), and Broad Rental Market Areas in Scotland (May 2026) and Northern Ireland (March 2026)\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nNorthern Ireland rent data are currently available up to March 2026.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nData on private rent and house prices\nPrice Index of Private Rents, UK: monthly price statistics\nDataset | Released 17 June 2026\nPrivate rent price statistics, including indices, annual percentage change, and price levels.\nPrivate Index of Private Rents, UK: historical series\nDataset | Released 26 March 2025\nPrice Index of Private Rents (PIPR) data chain-linked to Index of Private Housing Rental Prices. This is a historical series from January 2005 to February 2025.\nUK House Price Index: monthly price statistics\nDataset | Released 17 June 2026\nSummary of UK House Price Index (HPI) price statistics covering England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.\nFull UK HPI data\nare available on GOV.UK.\nHouse price data: quarterly tables\nDataset | Released 20 May 2026\nQuarterly house price data based on a sub-sample of the Regulated Mortgage Survey.\nHouse price data: annual tables\nDataset | Released 25 March 2026\nAnnual house price data based on a sub-sample of the Regulated Mortgage Survey.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nGlossary\nAdministrative data\nData that are already collected for other purposes through day-to-day activities. Examples include health records or social security payments.\nAnnual percentage change\nThe rate at which prices rise and fall over a 12-month period. Interchangeable with \"annual inflation\" (or \"annual growth\", if positive).\nNon-seasonally adjusted\nA non-seasonally adjusted series is one that includes seasonal effects.\nPrice inflation\nInflation is the rate at which prices rise and fall over time.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nData sources and quality\nFollowing actions taken in response to the Office for Statistics Regulation's (OSR's)\nSpotlight on Quality Assessment: PIPR report\n, in October 2024, we reviewed the \"official statistics in development\" status of the Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR). On 20 May 2026, PIPR data became \"official statistics\" and are no longer considered to be \"in development\". We will continue to work on PIPR as part of our commitment to the continuous improvement of our statistics. Read more in our\nGuide to official statistics in development\nand our\nPrivate rental prices development plan article\n.\nUK House Price Index\nHM Land Registry (HMLR) publishes the full\nUK House Price Index (HPI) report\nand monthly data. Additionally, the Registers of Scotland publishes\nUK HPI reports\n, and Land and Property Services Northern Ireland publishes\nNorthern Ireland HPI reports\n.\nUK HPI's revision policy is in Section 4.4 of HMLR's\nAbout the UK House Price Index guidance\n. We introduced an improvement to HPI's imputation method for Great Britain on 20 August 2025, which reduces initial overestimation of new build estimates in provisional estimates. More detail about this methods improvement is available in our\nHow we are developing our house price statistics blog post\nand in Section 4.9 of HMLR's\nAbout the UK House Price Index guidance\n.\nUK HPI sales volume estimates for older periods and new builds remain lower than historical averages but continue to improve. Users should be aware that revisions may be larger than they have been historically, and should note the\nuncertainty\nin new build estimates. This is because of low availability of new build data for the most recent months.\nThe methods improvement enacted on 20 August 2025 reduces uncertainty in new build estimates, and HMLR continues ongoing activity to reduce the average time to register new build sales. We will continue to monitor the new build series and UK HPI revisions, and to identify potential areas for further improvements in the future.\nPrice Index of Private Rents\nThe reference period for indexing the PIPR is January 2023, and statistics are available from January 2015. PIPR coverage was expanded to the whole of the UK, and small improvements were made to the Great Britain historical series by incorporating additional data, in March 2025.\nOur\nPrice Index of Private Rents, UK: historical series dataset\nlinks the Index of Private Housing Rental Prices (IPHRP) trends before 2015, with PIPR trends from 2015 onwards, down to region level. We advise caution when comparing the trends before 2015 with later estimates because of the methodology change in January 2015.\nOur\nPrivate rental prices development plan, UK: updated May 2026 article\nsummarises our updated responses and actions taken relating to user requests. It also outlines planned further developments relating to PIPR.\nSources for Price Index of Private Rents\nOur\nQuality assurance of administrative data used in the PIPR methodology\ndescribes PIPR data sources.\nData collection for Price Index of Private Rents\nIn England and Wales, achieved rent data are collected for both new and existing tenancies.\nIn Northern Ireland, rent data are for newly advertised lets.\nUntil recently, Scotland rent data were predominantly for advertised new lets, with only a small proportion based on existing lets data. Therefore, price changes for existing tenancies were largely estimated for Scotland. The Scottish Government have been extending their data collection process, which is increasing their collection of achieved rents for both existing and new tenancies.\nMeasures relating to in-tenancy rent increases were implemented in Scotland from September 2022 to March 2025. More detail is available in our\nPrice Index of Private Rents, UK dataset\nand in Section 10: Data sources and quality of our\nPrivate rent and house prices, UK: March 2025 bulletin\n. During this period, these measures did not apply to the price of new lets used to estimate the price of existing tenancies. Scottish Government statisticians believe that the lack of data on existing tenants, to which these measures previously applied, will have led to overestimation in stock prices and indices for Scotland during this period.\nRevision policy for Price Index of Private Rents\nNorthern Ireland rents data are not available for the latest two months. For a given Northern Ireland series (including breakdowns), index values for the latest two months have been estimated by applying the monthly average of the latest available two-month inflation rate for that series to the latest available index value for that series.\nThese imputed index values for the latest two months for Northern Ireland were aggregated with the corresponding data for Great Britain. We used PIPR weights to produce provisional UK estimates for the latest two months for each UK series (including UK-level breakdowns).\nEach subsequent month, updated Northern Ireland data are used to revise estimates for the UK, providing a two-month revision period for the UK series in PIPR.\nStrengths and limitations\nStrengths\nThe PIPR reflects price changes for all privately rented properties, including existing tenancies and newly advertised lets.\nThe PIPR produces prices that are comparable over time, and publishes to an increased level of geographic granularity.\nOur\nHow we measure rental price inflation blog post\nexplains the differences between measures of new-let annual inflation and PIPR. The PIPR measures the price change of the entire privately rented stock.\nLimitations\nWhile mitigation efforts are made, price changes at a local level can be influenced by the type and number of properties collected in any given period, which may lead to volatility. Longer-term trends should be considered for lower-level geographic breakdowns, rather than monthly movements.\nEstimates for the City of London and Isles of Scilly are not published because of low collection volumes.\nBecause of differences in data collection and housing policy, caution is advised when comparing estimates for Scotland and Northern Ireland with other areas in England and Wales, and within Scotland. More information is available in our\nPIPR quality and methodology Information (QMI)\n.\nFuture developments\nFollowing our request for a quality-focused assessment of PIPR, the OSR published their\nSpotlight on Quality Assessment: PIPR report\nin October 2024.\nWe have been reported progress through our\nPrivate rental prices development plan\n, with the last update published in May 2026. On 20 May 2026, we updated the status of PIPR from \"official statistics in development\" to \"official statistics\". We are engaging with the OSR to review our progress towards meeting the requirements laid out in their October 2024\nSpotlight on Quality Assessment: PIPR report\n, and the next steps to obtain \"accredited official statistics\" status for PIPR.\nContact us at\nhpi@ons.gov.uk\n.\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nRelated links\nHousing prices in your area\nInteractive tool | Updated 17 June 2026\nFind house prices and private rental prices for local authority and Broad Rental Market Areas across the UK.\nUK House Price Index: reports\nWeb page | Updated 17 June 2026\nMonthly house price movements, including average price by property type, sales, and cash mortgage sales, as well as information on first-time buyers, new builds, and former owner occupiers. Data are collected by HM Land Registry, Registers of Scotland and Northern Ireland Land and Property Services and published on GOV.UK.\nPrivate rental prices development plan, UK: updated May 2026\nArticle | Released 7 May 2026\nOverview of our plans for the statistical development of rental prices statistics, including a timeline for development.\nPrice Index of Private Rents QMI\nMethodology | Last updated 20 May 2026\nQuality and Methodology Information (QMI) for Price Index of Private Rents, detailing the strengths and limitations of the data, methods used, and data uses and users.\nQuality assurance of administrative data used in the Price Index of Private Rents\nMethodology | Last updated 20 May 2026\nQuality assurance of administrative data (QAAD) used in the Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR).\nConsumer price inflation, UK: May 2026\nBulletin | Released 17 June 2026\nPrice indices, percentage changes, and weights for the different measures of consumer price inflation.\nBack to table of contents\n12.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 17 June 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nPrivate rent and house prices, UK: June 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/privaterentandhousepricesuk/june2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/privaterentandhousepricesuk/june2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "The Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) measures private rent inflation for new and existing tenancies. The UK House Price Index (HPI) measures house price inflation.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "3.3%", "1,383,", "12 months", "2026", "3.5%", "1,442", "3.4%", "836", "4.7%", "1,009", "1.0%", "876", "5.9%", "2.0%", "3.8%", "270,000,", "0.0%", "2026,", "2025", "291,000", "3.9%", "212,000", "192,000", "2.8%", "20", "10", "2", "2016", "2024", "270,000", "2025,", "0.7%", "2.9%", "2021", "47%", "3", "10,000", "0.6%", "7,000", "5,000", "1.7%", "198,000", "7.4%", "14,000", "9.9%", "0.9%", "2.1%", "4", "1,383", "44", "2015", "48", "37", "4.9%", "8.9%", "11.7%", "2023", "14", "18", "2022", "28", "4.0%", "5", "6.5%", "2,294", "776", "6", "3,591", "551", "1,958", "7", "1,572", "1,351", "2,056", "1,123", "8", "17", "26", "2005"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "House price data: annual tables", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/housepriceindexannualtables2039/current/housepricedataannualtables.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "House price data: quarterly tables", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/housepriceindexmonthlyquarterlytables1to19/current/housepricedataquarterlytables.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Price Index of Private Rents, UK: annual weights", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/priceindexofprivaterentsukannualweights/25march2026/priceindexofprivaterentsukannualweights.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "0c88eae56c5933835a5f"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/indexofproduction/april2026", "title": "Index of Production, UK: April 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nProduction output was estimated to have decreased by 0.1% during the three months to April 2026, compared with the three months to January 2026; this is the first fall in three-monthly growth since November 2025 (down 0.5%).\nThere were negative contributions from three of the main sectors in the three months to April 2026; \"electricity and gas\" (down 2.4%), \"water supply and sewerage\" (down 1.0%), and \"mining and quarrying\" (down 0.8%); these were mostly offset by growth from \"manufacturing\" (up 0.6%).\n8 of the 13 subsectors in \"manufacturing\" increased during the three months to April 2026, with the largest positive contributions coming from \"basic pharmaceutical products\" (up 2.2%) and \"computer, electronic and optical products\" (up 2.9%); this was offset by negative contributions from \"machinery and equipment\" (down 4.0%) and \"electrical equipment\" (down 4.4%).\nMonthly production output was estimated to have no growth (0.0%) in April 2026; this follows a fall in March 2026 (down 0.2%) and a rise in February 2026 (up 0.3%).\nMonthly production saw a rise from \"manufacturing\" (up 0.4%) and \"mining and quarrying\" (up 2.5%); these were offset by falls from \"electricity and gas\" (down 3.2%) and \"water supply and sewerage\" (down 0.5%).\n8 of the 13 manufacturing subsectors saw increased output in April 2026, with the largest positive contributions coming from \"basic pharmaceutical products\" (up 4.2%) and \"basic metals\" (up 1.8%); the largest negative contributions came from \"transport equipment\" (down 1.9%) and \"electrical equipment\" (down 5.5%).\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nData on the Index of Production\nIndex of Production time series\nDataset DIOP | Released 12 June 2026\nMovements in the volume of production for the UK production industries: manufacturing, mining and quarrying, energy supply, and water and waste management. Figures are seasonally adjusted.\nOutput of the production industries\nDataset | Released 12 June 2026\nIndex values and growth rates for production, manufacturing, and the main industrial groupings in the UK.\nIndex of Production and industry sectors to four decimal places\nDataset | Released 12 June 2026\nMonthly index values for production and the main Index of Production sectors in the UK to four decimal places.\nMonthly Business Survey turnover in production industries\nDataset | Released 12 June 2026\nMonthly Business Survey production industries' total turnover, domestic sales, and exports in the UK. Figures are in current price and are non-seasonally adjusted.\nExport proportions for manufacturing industries\nDataset | Released 12 June 2026\nMonthly, quarterly, and annual export data for the manufacturing industries, collected by the Monthly Business Survey at industry level in the UK.\nAll data related to the Index of Production (IoP) are available on our\nRelated data\npage.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nData sources and quality\nThe Index of Production (IoP) uses data from a variety of sources. It is calculated by taking turnover and removing the effect of price changes, or by using direct volume estimates.\nMost of these data are collected as “turnover values” through the Monthly Business Survey (MBS). Direct volume series are also collected by the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ), and the International Steel Statistics Bureau (ISSB) for steel industries.\nThe MBS is fully online. Business owners can log in from any location and submit their data at an appropriate time.\nValue Added Tax (VAT) data have also been included for 64 production industries for small and medium-sized businesses from January 2018. More information is available in our\nVAT turnover data in National Accounts: background and methodology\n.\nA comprehensive list of the IoP source data can be found in our\nGross domestic product (GDP) data sources catalogue\n.\nResponse rates for April 2026\nMBS response rates were 74.1% for April 2026, based on forms returned. This accounted for 86.5% of total turnover coverage of the sample population. For further information, see our\nMonthly Business Survey (production) response rates dataset\n.\nQuality and methodology\nThe data reported in IoP bulletins and datasets are estimates that are subject to uncertainty, such as sampling variability and non-sampling error. More information is available in Section 2 of our\nUncertainty and how we measure it for our surveys methodology\n.\nMore quality and methodology information (QMI) on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nIndex of Production, UK QMI\n.\nAccredited official statistics\nThese accredited official statistics were\nindependently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in April 2014\n. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality, and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\n, and should be labelled “accredited official statistics”.\nRevisions to Index of Production\nThis release gives data for April 2026 for the first time, with no other periods open for revision.\nIn our next IoP publication on 16 July 2026, we will open for revision back to January 2024. This release will incorporate the revisions from our\nGDP quarterly national accounts, UK; January to March 2026 bulletin\n, published on 30 June 2026.\nSeasonal adjustment\nThe monthly estimates of IoP are seasonally adjusted. Seasonal adjustment is the process of removing the variations associated with the time of year, or the arrangement of the calendar, from a data time series.\nIoP estimates, as for many data time series, are difficult to analyse using raw data because seasonal effects dominate short-term movements. Identifying and removing the seasonal component leaves the trend and irregular components.\nWe use the X-13-ARIMA-SEATS approach to seasonal adjustment. Seasonal adjustment parameters are monitored closely and are regularly reviewed. For more information, please see our\nSeasonal adjustment methodology\n.\nIn our IoP estimates, seasonal adjustment is applied at the industry level. The seasonally adjusted series are aggregated to create estimates by sector and total IoP output. As part of our quality assurance approach,\nresidual seasonality checks\nare regularly completed by our time series analysis team on both the directly seasonally adjusted series and the indirectly derived aggregate time series.\nBased on our quality assurance as part of this publication, there is no statistically significant residual seasonality in our aggregate estimates for IoP in the period from January 1997 to April 2026.\nThis topic is explored further in our\nHow the ONS assesses statistical outputs for residual seasonality methodology\n, published on 12 May 2026.\nWe have published non-seasonally adjusted chained volume measure time series in our updated Monthly GDP\nlow level industry dataset\n. There are conceptual differences between indirect and direct seasonal adjustment. Indirect seasonal adjustment is the sum of the directly seasonally adjusted component series, typically chosen at an optimal level and depending on user needs. For the National Accounts, GDP aggregates are created with indirect seasonal adjustment. Because of processing, including benchmarking and chain-linking, direct seasonal adjustment of the non-seasonally adjusted GDP aggregate will not give the same results as the indirect seasonally adjusted output.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nRelated links\nGDP monthly estimate, UK: April 2026\nBulletin | Released 12 June 2026\nGross domestic product (GDP) measures the value of goods and services produced in the UK. It estimates the size of the economy and its growth.\nGDP first quarterly estimate, UK: January to March 2026\nBulletin | Released 14 May 2026\nFirst quarterly estimate of gross domestic product (GDP). Contains current and constant price data on the value of goods and services to indicate the economic performance of the UK.\nIndex of Services, UK: April 2026\nBulletin | Released 12 June 2026\nMovements in the volume of output for the UK services industries. Figures are seasonally adjusted.\nUK manufacturers’ sales by product: 2024\nBulletin | Released 22 July 2025\nAnnual estimates for UK manufacturers’ sales by product covered by the ProdCom survey.\nEnergy Trends and Prices: monthly data\nDataset | Last updated 28 May 2026\nStatistics on energy prices and monthly production, trade, electricity generation and consumption of coal, electricity, gas, oil, and total energy in the UK.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 12 June 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nIndex of Production, UK: April 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/indexofproduction/april2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/indexofproduction/april2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Movements in the volume of production for UK production industries: manufacturing, mining and quarrying, energy supply, and water and waste management.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "0.1%", "2026,", "2026", "2025", "0.5%", "2.4%", "1.0%", "0.8%", "0.6%", "8", "13", "2.2%", "2.9%", "4.0%", "4.4%", "0.0%", "0.2%", "0.3%", "0.4%", "2.5%", "3.2%", "4.2%", "1.8%", "1.9%", "5.5%", "2", "12", "2026\nMonth", "3", "64", "2018", "74.1%", "86.5%", "2014", "16", "2024", "30", "1997", "4", "14", "22", "28", "5"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Export proportions for manufacturing industries", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/exportproportionsformanufacturingindustries/current/rftexportproportionsapr2026.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Index of Production and industry sectors to four decimal places", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/indexofproductionandsectorsto4decimalplaces/current/rftiopandsectorsto4dpapr2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "dc8e55739db9163fb383"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/uksectoraccounts/bulletins/thenationalbalancesheetandcapitalstockspreliminaryestimatesuk/2026", "title": "The national balance sheet and capital stocks, preliminary estimates, UK: 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nThe UK's net worth in current prices, presented as the national balance sheet, is estimated to be £13.3 trillion in 2025, up from £13.1 trillion in 2024.\nUK net worth was revised upwards by £13.3 billion in 2024, which was caused by transfer costs between produced and non-produced assets.\nThe UK's financial net worth position is estimated to be negative £199.8 billion in 2025, down from negative £172.4 billion in 2024.\nThe household sector's net worth is estimated to be £10.8 trillion in 2025, up from £10.7 trillion in 2024.\nThe UK's net capital stock grew by 1.5% to £5.9 trillion in 2025 in chained volume measures (CVMs).\nOur preliminary estimates for capital stock include revisions to previously published data, primarily to the other buildings and structures asset, to reflect both the latest data and methodology updates.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nUK net worth\nOur preliminary estimate of the UK's net worth in current prices is estimated to be £13.3 trillion in 2025; this is up from £13.1 trillion in 2024, equating to a rise of £215.6 billion.\nFigure 1: UK net worth increased by £215.6 billion to £13.3 trillion in 2025\nUK total economy net worth, current prices, 1995 to 2025\nSource: National balance sheet from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nThe components of net worth may not always add to the total because of rounding.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: UK net worth increased by £215.6 billion to £13.3 trillion in 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 1 shows the UK net worth in current prices from 1995 to 2025, broken down by asset. The main cause of the £215.6 billion rise in 2025 was an increase in the value of produced assets.\nFigure 2: Produced assets form the main contribution to growth in 2025\nContributions to growth in UK net worth by asset, current prices, 1996 to 2025\nSource: National balance sheet from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nThe components of net worth may not always add to the total because of rounding.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Produced assets form the main contribution to growth in 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 2 shows the contributions to growth in net worth for the UK from 1995 to 2025, broken down by asset. Produced assets grew by 4.0% in 2025 to £6.6 trillion, and contributed 1.9 percentage points to the growth of the UK's net worth. The other buildings and structures asset was the biggest contributor to growth in produced assets, increasing by 5.1%. Within that, other structures, and buildings other than dwellings grew by 6.3% and 4.0%, respectively. Dwellings also grew by 3.7%.\nNon-produced assets accounted for a negative 0.1 percentage-point contribution to the growth of the UK's net worth, falling by 0.2% to £6.9 trillion. This was largely attributed to a fall of 0.2% in the value of land underlying buildings and structures.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nFinancial net worth\nThe UK's financial net worth position is estimated to be negative £199.8 billion in 2025, a decrease of £27.4 billion from the estimated 2024 value of negative £172.4 billion.\nFigure 3: The UK's financial net worth is estimated to be negative £199.8 billion in 2025, down from negative £172.4 billion in 2024\nUK financial net worth, current prices, 1995 to 2025\nSource: National balance sheet from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nThe components of financial net worth may not always add to the total because of rounding.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: The UK's financial net worth is estimated to be negative £199.8 billion in 2025, down from negative £172.4 billion in 2024\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 3 shows the financial net worth for the UK from 1995 to 2025, broken down by asset. Financial liabilities increased by £656.8 billion to £38.2 trillion, offset by financial assets, which increased by £629.4 billion to £38.0 trillion, causing an overall decrease in financial net worth. This was because of decreases in the net positions of currency and deposits, debt securities, and financial derivatives and employee stock options. This was offset by year-on-year increases in the net positions of: loans, equity and investment fund shares or units, monetary gold and special drawing rights, other accounts receivable or payable, and insurance, pension and guarantee schemes.\nThe UK's 2024 financial net worth position has been revised downwards by £26.8 billion, from the previous estimate of negative £145.6 billion to an estimated negative £172.4 billion. This is because of upwards revisions of £40.4 billion to total financial liabilities, offset by upwards revisions of £13.6 billion to total financial assets. The net positions of equity and investment fund shares or units, and debt securities were revised downwards by £18.7 billion and £6.2 billion, respectively. Financial derivatives and employee stock options were revised upwards by £1.5 billion.\nThe financial data are sourced from our\nUK Economic Accounts data for Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025\n. Revisions cited in this release compare UK Economic Accounts data for Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025 to UK Economic Accounts Quarter 2 (April to June) 2025.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nHousehold net worth\nHousehold net worth grew by £146.1 billion between 2024 and 2025.\nFigure 4: Household net worth increased by £146.1 billion in 2025\nHousehold net worth by asset, current prices, 1995 to 2025\nSource: National balance sheet from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nThe components of household net worth may not always add to the total because of rounding.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: Household net worth increased by £146.1 billion in 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 4 shows UK net worth for the households sector from 1995 to 2025, broken down by asset. Total household net worth for 2025 is estimated at £10.8 trillion. Produced assets, mainly the result of growth in dwellings, increased by 3.3% in 2025 to £2.1 trillion. This was caused by an increase in average house prices as shown in HM Land Registry's\nUK House Price Index summary: February 2026 statistical release\n.\nNon-produced assets fell by 0.9% in 2025, and now stand at £4.5 trillion, mainly the result of a decrease in land.\nHousehold financial net worth grew by 2.9% to £4.3 trillion. The assets that had net growth were: equity and investment fund shares or units, which increased by £116.3 billion, currency and deposits, which increased by £91.0 billion, and financial derivatives and employee stock options, which increased by £0.6 billion.\nThis was partially offset by a decrease in the net value of £22.2 billion in all other financial assets. Household total financial assets increased by £194.4 billion, resulting in a rise of £118.9 billion in overall household financial net worth.\nHousehold net worth for 2024 was revised down by £83.8 billion, which was largely attributed to downwards revisions to financial net worth and non-produced assets of £59.4 billion and £36.0 billion, respectively. This was partially offset by upwards revisions to produced assets of £11.6 billion.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nNet capital stocks\nThe volume of the UK's net capital stock is estimated to have grown by 1.5% to £5.9 trillion in 2025, after a 1.8% rise in 2024, revised up from an initial 1.4% rise.\nFigure 5: UK net capital stock continued to grow in 2025\nUK net capital stock by asset, chained volume measures (CVMs), 1995 to 2025\nSource: Capital stocks from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nThe components of net capital stock growth do not always add to the total because of rounding or because CVMs data are not additive until the reference year.\nCVMs are referenced to 2023.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: UK net capital stock continued to grow in 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 5 shows the composition of the UK net capital stock over time by asset type. In 2025, dwellings remained the largest component, accounting for 42.9%, followed by other buildings and structures, at 36.1%. While dwellings remained the largest component, other buildings and structures made the largest contribution to the 1.5% increase in UK net capital stock volume.\nOther buildings and structures continued to grow following the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and, in line with 2024, increased by 1.9% to an estimated £2.1 trillion, contributing 0.7 percentage points to overall growth. This is primarily driven by 3.1% growth in the other structures sub-asset.\nNet capital stock volume in dwellings grew by 1.4% to an estimated £2.5 trillion in 2025, contributing 0.6 percentage points to overall growth, consistent with the rise in 2024. This returns growth to levels seen before the COVID-19 pandemic, but remains below rates observed in the years preceding the financial crisis, which peaked at 3.0% in 2004.\nIntellectual property products (IPP) have grown steadily since 1995 and increased by 3.0% to £515 billion in 2025, contributing 0.3 percentage points to overall growth. The software and databases asset remained the main contributor of growth, but overall growth in IPP was slowed by weaker growth in research and development in 2025.\nMachinery, equipment and weapons systems grew by 0.1% to £714 billion in 2025, forming a negligible contribution to overall growth. Information and communication technology (ICT) made a positive contribution to this growth, while offset by a decline in transport and other machinery.\nFigure 6: Private non-financial corporations remain as the largest contributor to growth of UK net capital stock in 2025\nUK net capital stock by sector, chained volume measures (CVMs), 1995 to 2025\nSource: Capital stocks from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nThe components of net capital stock growth do not always add to the total because of rounding or because chained volume measures data are not additive until the reference year.\nCVMs are referenced to 2023.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: Private non-financial corporations remain as the largest contributor to growth of UK net capital stock in 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 6 shows the value of the UK's net capital stock in chained volume measures over time, broken down by sector, where private non-financial corporations have held the largest share since 1996.\nIn 2025, the net capital stock of private non-financial corporations rose by 1.7% to £2.5 trillion, contributing 0.7 percentage points to total growth and increasing their sector share from 42.8% to 42.9%. Sector growth in 2025 remained slightly above the post-COVID-19 pandemic average of 1.6% from 2021 to 2024.\nCentral government's net capital stock volumes grew by 3.7% to £595 billion in 2025. They expanded their share from 9.9% to 10.1% and contributed 0.4 percentage points to overall growth. Net capital stock growth for central government has seen an uptick in the years following the COVID-19 pandemic (5.0% average; 2021 to 2025) compared with the period between the financial crisis and the pandemic (1.9% average; 2011 to 2019).\nThe households sector contributed 0.3 percentage points to overall growth following a rise of 1.0%, which brought their net capital stock volumes to an estimated £2.0 trillion, equating to a 33.5% sector share.\nThe primary cause of growth in both the private non-financial corporations and central government sectors was an increase in the other buildings and structures asset. Changes to dwellings stocks predominantly caused growth within the households sector.\nFinancial corporations and non-profit institutions serving households both experienced a loss of volumes in 2025 of negative 0.9% and negative 0.6%, respectively. This marked the sixth consecutive year of contraction for financial corporations. The remaining sectors, local government and public non-financial corporations, each contributed 0.1 percentage points to total growth, in line with their 2023 and 2024 contributions.\nRevisions to net capital stock\nAs part of an ongoing quality assurance process following the methodological improvements introduced in the 2025 annual national accounts, differences between vintages were identified in capital stock estimates published in our\nCapital stocks and fixed capital consumption, UK: 2024 bulletin\nand in our\nCapital stocks and fixed capital consumption, UK: 2025 bulletin\n. Further details of the methodological improvements are available in the 2025 release. This preliminary release is the first opportunity to refine the methodology, incorporating improvements that resolve the variation, and aligning headline capital stock estimates with those published in 2024. Minor revisions to Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) input data, which are scheduled to be released as part of Blue Book 2026, are also included.\nFigure 7: Total UK net capital stock estimates in current prices over time across vintages\nTotal UK net capital stock, current prices, 1995 to 2024\nSource: Capital stocks from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 7: Total UK net capital stock estimates in current prices over time across vintages\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 7 presents total UK net capital stock estimates in current prices from this preliminary release alongside the final published estimates for 2024 and 2025. The improvements and revised GFCF data have brought current estimates closer to the 2024 vintage, reducing the downwards revisions seen in the 2025 estimates.\nCompared with the 2025 estimates, total net capital stock increased by an average of 2.1% between 1995 and 2024. This was driven primarily by upwards revisions to other buildings and structures (5.6% on average), while intellectual property products and dwellings increased by 1.4% and 0.2%, respectively.\nFigure 8: Total UK net capital stock estimates in chained volume measures over time across vintages\nTotal UK net capital stock, chained volume measures (CVMs), 1995 to 2024\nSource: Capital stocks from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nCVMs are referenced to 2023 for both series.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 8: Total UK net capital stock estimates in chained volume measures over time across vintages\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 8 shows total UK net capital stock in chained volume measures from this preliminary release alongside the 2025 final estimates. Across 1995 to 2024, the volume of the UK’s net capital stock has been revised up by an average of 2.4%. This mainly reflects revisions to other buildings and structures (up 5.7% on average), with notable effects in the agriculture, forestry and fishing, and mining and quarrying industries.\nOver the same period, dwellings and intellectual property products were revised up by an average of 0.7% and 1.6%, respectively, while machinery, equipment and weapons systems increased marginally by 0.1%. These changes include updated estimates of annual GFCF.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nData on the national balance sheet and capital stocks, preliminary estimates, UK\nThe national balance sheet and capital stocks, preliminary estimates, UK: 2025\nDataset | Released 5 June 2025\nPreliminary annual estimates of the national balance sheet, by type of financial and non-financial asset for the UK.\nThe UK national balance sheet time series\nDataset | Dataset ID: CAPSTK | Released 18 December 2025\nAnnual estimates of the market value of financial and non-financial assets for the UK, providing a measure of the nation's wealth.\nCapital stocks and fixed capital consumption time series\nDataset | Dataset ID: NBS | Released 27 November 2025\nThe value and types of non-financial assets used in the production of goods or services within the UK economy and their loss in value over time, annual estimates.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nGlossary\nCapital consumption\nThe decline in the stock of fixed assets over a period of time as a result of physical deterioration, normal obsolescence, or normal accidental damage; measures the loss in value of assets as they age.\nCapital stocks\nCapital stocks are the quantity of produced non-financial assets with a lifespan of more than a year (for example, buildings and machinery), which contribute to the production of goods and services, without being completely used up or transformed in the process. Capital stock produces a flow of capital services into the production process.\nChained volume measure (CVM)\nThese time series have the effects of inflation removed by considering changes in quantity between consecutive periods, which holds prices from previous periods constant.\nFinancial assets and liabilities\nThese are economic assets, including all financial claims, equity, and the gold bullion component of monetary gold. Liabilities are created when debtors must make a payment or a series of payments to creditors.\nFinancial net worth\nFinancial net worth is the balancing item of financial assets and liabilities.\nFixed assets\nProduced assets that are repeatedly used in the production process for more than one year.\nGross capital stocks\nThe stock of assets surviving from past investment and revalued at the purchasers' prices of new capital goods of a reference period; the value of all fixed assets still in use at a point in time.\nGross fixed capital formation\nMeasures the value of a producer's acquisitions of fixed assets and certain expenditure on services for non-produced assets, minus disposals of fixed assets.\nNet capital stocks\nThe stock of assets surviving from past investment after accounting for consumption of fixed capital. Calculated using gross capital stock less the consumption of fixed capital accrued up to that point.\nNet worth\nThe value of assets owned, less the value of all outstanding liabilities, presented in current prices.\nNon-produced non-financial assets\nThese are economic assets that come into existence other than through processes of production.\nProduced non-financial assets\nThese are outputs from production processes with a lifespan of more than a year (for example, buildings and machinery) that contribute to the production of goods and services, without being completely used up or transformed.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nData sources and quality\nThe Office for National Statistics (ONS) is publishing more data and analysis than ever before. We are constantly reviewing our publications based on your feedback to make sure that we continue to meet the needs of our users. As a result, future editions of this publication may focus more strongly on headline indicators and main messages. Thank you for your continued support.\nNational balance sheet\nThe national balance sheet is a measure of the wealth, or total net worth, of the UK, presented in current prices. It shows the estimated market value of financial assets and non-financial assets. The data are used to monitor economic performance, to inform monetary and fiscal policy decisions, and for international comparisons.\nThe components of net worth can be roughly categorised as produced assets, non-produced assets, and net financial assets. Non-produced assets are land. Produced assets fit under either inventories or net-capital stock in current prices.\nProduced assets include:\ndwellings\nother buildings and structures\nmachinery, equipment, and weapons\nintellectual property products\ncultivated assets\nNet financial assets include:\nmonetary gold and special drawing rights\ncurrency and deposits\ndebt securities\nloans\nequity and investment fund shares or units\ninsurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes\nfinancial derivatives and employee stock options\nother accounts receivable or payable\nAll data referring to net worth in this bulletin are annual estimates at current prices and include changes in prices, as well as in the volume of assets. These data use market value, which is an estimate of how much these assets would sell for on the market today. If all these assets were sold simultaneously, prices would be affected, but this effect is put to one side.\nAnnual growth rates are calculated using compound annual growth.\nPlease note that the estimates of household wealth in the national balance sheet and those produced in our Household total wealth in Great Britain: April 2020 to March 2022 bulletin are not directly comparable. This is because of differences in the concepts, data sources and methods reflecting the different purposes for which the two sources are designed.\nCapital stock\nThe capital stock estimates are an important variable within the accumulation accounts. They show how the value of assets within an economy changes over time. Net capital stock estimates of produced assets are identical to the market value of these assets presented in the National balance sheet, which measures the net worth of the UK.\nAnnual growth rates are calculated using compound annual growth.\nStrengths and limitations\nThis bulletin presents preliminary estimates of net worth and capital stock in the UK. Previously, the national balance sheet and capital stock and fixed capital publications have been compiled approximately 11 months after the latest year in their data time series and have been consistent with the Blue Book estimates. They have been compiled using annual data sources that primarily focus on collecting information on levels and informing structural industry analysis, in conjunction with the annual supply use balancing exercise. Typically, annual statistical production processes provide a better quality of structural industry analysis, however, they take longer to compile.\nThe gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) data inputs for 2025 are Accredited official statistics and are consistent with those published in our\nBusiness investment in the UK: January to March 2026 provisional results bulletin\n.\nEstimates of net capital stock are consistent with the values of produced assets in the national balance sheet. Estimates of the financial assets and liabilities for the latest year were derived using quarterly national statistics data from our\nQuarterly sector accounts, UK: October to December 2025 bulletin\n. Estimates of land for 2025 have been produced using the house price index, administrative data, available company accounts, and modelling.\nThis process has enabled us to publish more timely annual estimates of net worth and capital stock six months earlier than our main publication.\nData for 2025 are preliminary, as they have not had the opportunity to go through the annual supply use balancing exercise. Quarterly data sources are designed to capture short-term growth patterns, rather than structural industry analysis. The 2025 data in this publication are preliminary and are likely to be revised in Blue Book 2026.\nMore quality and methodology information\nMore quality and methodology information (QMI) on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created, is available in our\nUK national balance sheet estimates QMI\nand our\nCapital stock and fixed capital consumption QMI\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nRelated links\nCapital stocks and fixed capital consumption, UK: 2025\nBulletin | Released 27 November 2025\nThe value and types of non-financial assets used in the production of goods or services within the UK economy and their loss in value over time, annual estimates.\nNational balance sheet estimates for the UK: 2025\nBulletin | Released 18 December 2025\nAnnual estimates of the market value of financial and non-financial assets for the UK, providing a measure of the nation's wealth.\nBusiness investment in the UK: January to March 2026 provisional results\nBulletin | Released 14 May 2026\nEstimates of short-term indicators of investment in non-financial assets; business investment and asset and sector breakdowns of total gross fixed capital formation.\nQuarterly sector accounts, UK: October to December 2025\nBulletin | Released 31 March 2026\nDetailed estimates of quarterly sector accounts that can be found in the UK Economic Accounts October to December 2025\nUK House Price Index summary: February 2026 publication\nBulletin | Released 19 February 2025\nThe UK House Price Index is a National Statistic that shows changes in the value of residential properties in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 10 June 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nThe national balance sheet and capital stock, preliminary estimates, UK: 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/nationalaccounts/uksectoraccounts/bulletins/thenationalbalancesheetandcapitalstockspreliminaryestimatesuk/2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/uksectoraccounts/bulletins/thenationalbalancesheetandcapitalstockspreliminaryestimatesuk/2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Preliminary annual estimates of the national balance sheet, by type of financial and non-financial asset for the UK.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "13.3 trillion", "2025,", "13.1 trillion", "2024", "13.3 billion", "2024,", "199.8 billion", "172.4 billion", "10.8 trillion", "10.7 trillion", "1.5%", "5.9 trillion", "2025", "2", "215.6 billion", "1995", "1996", "4.0%", "6.6 trillion", "1.9 percentage points", "5.1%", "6.3%", "3.7%", "0.1", "0.2%", "6.9 trillion", "3", "27.4 billion", "656.8 billion", "38.2 trillion", "629.4 billion", "38.0 trillion", "26.8 billion", "145.6 billion", "40.4 billion", "13.6 billion", "18.7 billion", "6.2 billion", "1.5 billion", "4", "146.1 billion", "3.3%", "2.1 trillion", "2026", "0.9%", "4.5 trillion", "2.9%", "4.3 trillion", "116.3 billion", "91.0 billion", "0.6 billion", "22.2 billion", "194.4 billion", "118.9 billion", "83.8 billion", "59.4 billion", "36.0 billion", "11.6 billion", "5", "1.8%", "1.4%", "2023", "42.9%", "36.1%", "19", "1.9%", "0.7 percentage points", "3.1%", "2.5 trillion", "0.6 percentage points", "3.0%", "2004", "515 billion", "0.3 percentage points", "0.1%", "714 billion", "6", "1.7%", "42.8%"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Preliminary UK national balance sheet estimates", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/nationalaccounts/uksectoraccounts/datasets/preliminaryuknationalbalancesheetestimates/current/preliminarynbs2026referencetables.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/measuringprogresswellbeingandbeyondgdpintheuk/june2026", "title": "Beyond GDP insights, UK measures of National Well-being: June 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nWhile income and wealth measures remain broadly stable in the short-term, with some inequality improvements, around one in four adults (24.6%) reported that they find it fairly or very difficult to get by financially, accompanied by low consumer confidence.\nHealth outcomes have worsened in the long term, with declines in healthy life expectancy and self-reported health, and an increase in depression and anxiety; satisfaction with the healthcare system has increased compared with a year ago.\nSome positive progress in aspects of social cohesion has been reported, particularly in regard to people's sense of belonging to their neighborhood, and in perceptions of influence over government decision-making; however, trust in government remains below the 3 in 10 level.\nEnvironmental measures show short- and long-term progress in emissions reduction but limited short-term improvement in areas such as biodiversity, recycling and water quality.\nOutcomes for young people are mixed, with little short-term change but an increase over the past five years in the proportion of those aged 16 to 24 years not in education, employment or training.\nHigh levels of satisfaction are reported across several aspects of life, including social relationships (85.8%), accommodation (88.6%), and main job (73.6%); these measures have remained stable, compared with a year ago.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nThe UK Measures of National Well-being framework\nThis edition of the bulletin is designed to complement the UK Measures of National Well-being (UKMNW) comprehensive measure set, which is presented in our\nUK Measures of National Well-being dashboard\n. This framework has tracked national well-being since 2011. The dashboard provides a holistic view of progress and well‑being in the UK through a focus on 10 \"topic areas\". These topic areas provide a structure to understand the dynamics and trade-offs between different aspects of life in the UK and how they affect well-being.\nOur data sources vary in their geographical coverage and data collection periods. Short-term change is usually assessed by comparing the latest period with the previous year. Long-term change is generally defined as the change between the latest period and five years earlier. These may vary for some measures. Changes over time presented in this bulletin are either statistically significant or have been assessed as significant by the data owners.\nFor more information on our methods, please see the How we analyse and interpret our data subsection in\nSection 14: Data sources and quality\nand our\nUK Measures of National Well-being framework user guide\n.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nPersonal well-being\nPersonal well-being provides the most direct insight into how people feel about their lives. The latest data paint a picture of stability in the short term, with all recent estimates showing no change compared with the previous year. However, there has been a long-term positive trajectory in the comparisons with data from five years earlier for some personal well-being measures.\nIn October to December 2025, 4.9% of adults reported low life satisfaction, 3.9% reported low feelings of worthwhileness, and 8.1% reported low happiness. In contrast, high levels of anxiety were more common, with 23.6% of adults reporting high anxiety. None of these measures showed a short-term change compared with the same period a year earlier.\nHowever, there have been improvements in several of these measures over the longer term. Levels of low life satisfaction, happiness and anxiety have improved, compared with October to December 2020, while worthwhileness has remained stable. This comparison should be interpreted with caution, as October to December 2020 was during the COVID-19 pandemic period when well-being outcomes were particularly low. As a result, the observed improvements partly reflect recovery from an unusual base period, rather than sustained underlying gains compared with longer term pre-pandemic averages.\nOther aspects of personal well-being also show short-term stability. In April 2026, 64.4% of adults reported feeling hopeful about their future, while 18.2% felt very or somewhat unfairly treated by society, with no meaningful change compared with a year before.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nOur relationships\nPeople's relationships play an important role in overall well-being. They influence quality of life and happiness and encompass the connections individuals have with family, friends and their wider community.\nPeople's relationships remain strong and broadly stable for most adults, particularly in terms of close personal connections. High proportions report positive relationship outcomes; 6 in 7 (85.8%) adults were satisfied with their social relationships in September 2025 and just under 9 in 10 (87.4%) reported that they had people they could rely on in April 2026, both showing no significant short-term change.\nWithin this stability, a small but persistent minority report poorer experiences. Around 1 in 16 (6.1%) adults reported feeling lonely often or always in April 2026, while 1 in 20 (5.0%) were fairly or extremely unhappy with their relationships in January 2023 to December 2024. These measures have shown no change over both the short and longer term.\nBroader measures of community connection and trust show more moderate levels and have also remained stable. In April 2026, around 6 in 10 adults (60.5%) agreed or strongly agreed that people from different backgrounds get along well in their local area, while approximately two-thirds (67.7%) reported trusting most other people in March 2026, with neither measure showing significant short-term change.\nThese findings point to strong social relationships for most adults and stable but moderate levels of community connection and trust, alongside a small but persistent fraction of the population experiencing poorer relationship outcomes.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nHealth\nPhysical and mental health are important components of well-being. Measures in this topic area include both objective and subjective measures of health, and satisfaction with the healthcare system, which reflects how the nation’s health is supported.\nRecent data show mixed trends across these measures. Healthy life expectancy at birth in the UK has declined for both males and females in 2022 to 2024, compared with earlier periods. Males are expected to live 60.7 years in good health, which is down from around 62.4 years in 2019 to 2021 and 62.7 years in 2011 to 2013. Females are expected to live 60.9 years in good health, which is down from around 63.4 years in 2019 to 2021 and 63.7 years in 2011 to 2013. Self-reported health has also declined over the long term, with 70.4% of UK adults reporting good or very good health in early 2026, compared with 75.4% five years earlier.\nMental health measures show a similar pattern, with 24.6% of UK adults reporting some evidence of depression or anxiety (as assessed using the General Health Questionnaire) between January 2023 and December 2024. This is up from 21.8% in 2021 to 2022 and 19.7% in 2018 to 2019.\nDespite these trends, around 7 in 10 adults (70.4%) reported being fairly or very satisfied with their health in March 2026, with no significant change in the short term. Additionally, satisfaction with the healthcare system has increased in the short term, with 57.2% of adults reporting satisfaction in March 2026, which is up from 50.1% the previous year.\nOverall, these findings indicate a mixed picture of declines in healthy life expectancy and self-reported health, increases in measures of mental ill health, stable levels of satisfaction with health, and improved views of healthcare services in the short term.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nWhat we do\nThis topic area focuses on how people spend their time, including participation in work, leisure, and volunteering, and their satisfaction with these activities.\nSatisfaction with main time use activities has remained broadly stable, including satisfaction with work and overall use of time. In March 2026, 73.6% of adults reported being fairly or very satisfied with their main job and, between December 2025 and January 2026, 59.3% were fairly or very satisfied with how they spend their time in a typical week. Both measures show no significant short-term change.\nDespite this stability, differences remain in how time is allocated by sex. In March 2024, women spent an average of 57 minutes more per day on unpaid work than men. This highlights continuing differences in how unpaid work is shared between men and women.\nAdditionally, levels of participation differ across activities. Physical activity has increased over both the short and longer term, with 64.6% of adults meeting recommended levels (average of 150 minutes a week of \"moderate plus intensity\" sport and/or physical activity). This is up from 63.8% the previous year and 61.4% in 2019 to 2020. In contrast, other activities show stability or recent decline. Volunteering remained unchanged at 33.1% in April 2026. Engagement with arts and culture fell to 82.9% in October to December 2025, which is down from 90.0% the previous year. Visits to green and natural spaces remained stable at 60.9% in December 2025, with no change over time.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nWhere we live\nWhere people live, the quality of their local area and their community, and how they feel about it can affect personal well-being. People's experiences of where they live remain broadly positive and stable, particularly in relation to housing and local conditions. A high proportion of adults (88.6%) reported being very or fairly satisfied with their accommodation in March 2026, and 74.7% were very or fairly satisfied with their local area as a place to live in December 2025 to January 2026 (both with no significant short-term change).\nThere are signs of improvement in aspects of community connection. The proportion of adults who felt they belonged to their neighbourhood increased from 53.3% in June 2025 to 63.6% in April 2026, which indicates strengthening perceptions of social cohesion.\nHowever, other measures show more persistent patterns over time. Crime levels remained stable in April 2024 to March 2025 at 43.0 personal crimes per 1,000 adults, with no short- or long-term change. Perceptions of safety have also remained steady over this period. Notably, there is a consistent gender difference, with 88.8% of men reporting feeling safe walking alone after dark, compared with 68.2% of women.\nAccess to digital infrastructure has shown no recent change, but has improved over the longer term, with the proportion of adults without internet access falling from 10.7% in 2020 to 4.9% in 2025.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nPersonal finance\nHow households and individuals are managing financially affects many aspects of their lives, including living standards and economic security. The data suggest that the UK's financial position at the aggregate level has remained stable in recent years, with slight growth that we report as no short-term change in either income or wealth. Median equivalised disposable household income (in real terms) was £36,663 in financial year ending (FYE) 2024, showing no significant change from the previous year. Median household wealth was £293,700 in April 2020 to March 2022, which was unchanged from the previous period. However, income remains higher than pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels (£35,224 in FYE 2019), which indicates some longer-term improvement.\nThere are also signs of gradual improvement in aspects of financial inequality. Income inequality - as measured by the Gini coefficient - was 32.9% in FYE 2024, with no significant change from FYE 2023 (33.1%), but lower than FYE 2019 (36.0%). The gender pay gap for full-time employees was 6.9% in April 2025, narrowing slightly from 7.1% in April 2024 and 7.0% in April 2020. This continues a longer-term downward trend, falling by more than a quarter over the past decade.\nThese aggregate trends hide continued financial pressures for a proportion of households. In FYE March 2025, around one in five individuals (19.6%) were living in relative low income, after housing costs. In addition, 24.6% of adults reported finding it fairly or very difficult to get by financially in April 2026. This measure has shown no short-term change.\nTogether, these data show a mixed picture. Measures of income and wealth are stable in the short-term, and some structural inequalities have improved over the longer term. However, a substantial minority of households continue to experience financial difficulty, which indicates that improvements at the aggregate level are not evenly experienced across the population.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nEducation and skills\nEducation and skills are important factors in people's socioeconomic outcomes; they shape employment opportunities, earnings and overall life chances. Recent data show continued short-term improvements in attainment and moderate, stable levels of public satisfaction with the education system and perceptions of education and skill levels. There are emerging longer-term challenges in youth labour market participation, indicating improvements in attainment are not consistently resulting in improved outcomes for all groups.\nIn 2025, 6.4% of UK adults aged 16 to 64 years had no qualifications. This is a short-term improvement from 6.9% in 2024, but no long-term improvement since 2020. Attainment at higher levels remains relatively high, with 68.9% of adults holding A level or equivalent qualifications or above in 2025, which is an increase from 67.5% in 2024.\nDespite these improvements, the proportion of those aged 16 to 24 years who are not in education, employment or training (NEET) was 13.5% in January to March 2026. This is not a significant change compared with January to March 2025 (12.5%), but is an increase over the longer term from 10.7% in January to March 2021, indicating that outcomes for young people are more mixed.\nMeasures of human capital provide a broader view of the value of skills and experience within the workforce. In 2024, the UK's human capital stock - measured as the total projected lifetime earnings of working-age people in real terms - was estimated at £28.6 trillion. This is a decrease in the short term, though the overall level remains higher than in 2019 (£27.8 trillion). This shows the increasing value of workforce and experience in the long term.\nFinally, self-reported perceptions show relatively stable levels of satisfaction with education and skills and the education system. In March 2026, just over three-quarters of adults (77.4%) reported being fairly or very satisfied with their own education and skills (with no significant short-term change). Satisfaction with the education system itself was lower, at 48.9%, and has also remained unchanged in the short term.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nEconomy\nThe economy plays an important role in shaping the financial well-being of individuals, communities and the UK. Recent economic measures suggest a stable picture, with some signs of improvement in underlying conditions but weaker sentiment among households.\nEconomic output has shown modest short-term improvement, with gross domestic product (GDP) per head increasing by 0.9% in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 to £10,215, compared with the same quarter a year earlier. This also shows a long-term positive change, with GDP per head increasing by 11.6% compared with Quarter 1 2021.\nLabour market conditions also remain relatively stable. Between January and March 2026, around 1 in 20 economically active adults were unemployed and the unemployment rate was 5.0%. This represents no significant change compared with January to March 2025 (4.5%) or January to March 2021 (4.9%), which indicates relative stability in the labour market.\nInflation - as measured by the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) - rose by 2.8% in the 12 months to April 2026. This shows a positive short-term change from 3.5% in the year to April 2025, suggesting a slowing in price growth and no long term-change compared with April 2021 (1.5%). This is because this measure reflects the symmetric nature of the inflation target, where positive 1% is the same as negative 1% around the 2% target.\nDespite these relatively stable and improving measures, economic sentiment presents a less positive picture. The GfK Consumer Confidence Barometer stood at negative 25.4 in April 2026, which is the lowest level since October 2023. This suggests consumers remain pessimistic about both their personal financial situation and the general economic outlook.\nOverall, these findings point to a divergence between economic conditions and public sentiment. While labour market measures show stability, and inflation and GDP per head show improvement, consumer confidence remains low.\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nGovernance\nThe story of governance and civic engagement is one of cautious stability. It is shaped by moderate confidence in institutions, and low trust in government and voter participation, but short-term improvement in people's sense of influence over government decision-making.\nSatisfaction varies across important institutions, but shows little movement over time. One in three adults (33.8%) reported they are satisfied with the courts and legal system in March 2026 (with no significant change from the previous year). Views of the police are more positive, with around half of adults (50.9%) reporting satisfaction (also unchanged in the short term).\nTrust in government remains below 3 in 10 adults, with only 29.2% saying they tend to trust the UK government in March 2026. This continues a pattern of limited confidence, with no significant short-term change.\nPerceptions of influence show a more encouraging shift. In April 2026, 63.8% of adults agreed they do not have any say in what the government does. This is an improvement compared with 69.2% in June 2025, which suggests fewer people feel disconnected from decision-making than in the previous year. Although this is still a clear majority, this shift indicates a modest strengthening in perceptions of civic voice. However, this change should be interpreted with some caution, as the data were collected shortly before the UK local elections on 7 May, which may have temporarily affected people's views.\nThis improvement is set against a decline in formal political participation. Voter turnout at the 2024 General Election was 59.7%, which is the lowest turnout since 2001. This marks a decrease from 67.3% in 2019 and 68.8% in 2017, which highlights both short-term and long-term declines in electoral engagement.\nPublic attitudes towards institutions appear stable, with higher confidence in the police than in the justice system or government. Trust in government remains low, but perceptions of having a voice have improved slightly.\nBack to table of contents\n12.\nEnvironment\nThe environment is relevant to people's quality of life because it makes human life and activity possible. Measures in this topic area cover aspects of climate change, the UK's natural environment and natural capital, and the effects of human activity on the environment.\nThere are signs of steady forward movement on climate change. UK territorial greenhouse gas emissions had fallen to 366.6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2025, continuing a long-running downward trend. Emissions are now less than half of what they were in 1990, reflecting sustained changes in how energy is produced and used. This shift may be supported by the growing role of renewable energy, which reached a record high of 16.2% of total energy consumption in 2024. While the pace of change has been gradual, the direction has remained consistently positive.\nHowever, this progress is not reflected equally across all aspects of the environment topic area. Household recycling, for example, has remained unchanged. Around 44.6% of household waste was recycled in 2023, and this has changed little over the past decade.\nSimilarly, efforts to protect nature have achieved long-term gains, but recent progress has slowed. By 2025, 36.4 million hectares of land and sea in the UK were designated as protected areas. This was a substantial increase compared with the mid-20th century when these protections did not formally exist. In the short term, this coverage has remained largely unchanged since 2020. However, these protections have not been enough to stop biodiversity loss. The abundance of priority species has declined sharply over the long term, falling to around 38.1% of 1970 levels by 2023 (1970 equals 100). Although this decline has stabilised in recent years, the overall picture remains one of substantial ecological loss.\nAir pollution presents a more mixed but cautiously improving picture. The number of days with moderate or higher pollution levels in the UK has declined considerably in urban areas, falling from 15.6 days in 2010 to 6.2 days in 2024. Pollution levels in rural areas remain higher, with 11.0 days recorded in 2024. While air pollution in both urban and rural areas has improved since its peaks, rural levels have not yet returned to those seen in the early 2010s.\nWater quality is another area where progress has been limited. Just under one-third (32.8%) of UK surface water bodies were classified as having \"good\" or \"high\" ecological status in 2024. This has changed little since 2009, suggesting that improvements to water quality have been difficult to achieve.\nAgainst this backdrop of environmental pressures and gradual change, public behaviour offers an encouraging perspective. Around 86.0% of adults reported making at least some lifestyle changes to help tackle environmental issues in March 2026. This suggests a high level of awareness and a willingness among the public to act.\nOverall, there has been clear and sustained progress in reducing emissions and increasing renewable energy use, alongside widespread public engagement. However, this contrasts with areas of limited change, such as recycling and water quality, and continuing long-term challenges, particularly for biodiversity.\nBack to table of contents\n13.\nGlossary\nDefinitions of important terms used in this bulletin are available in the Definitions section of our\nUK Measures of National Well-being dashboard\n.\nBack to table of contents\n14.\nData sources and quality\nAll data sources for the measures referenced in this release can be found in our\naccompanying dataset\n.\nThis release brings together statistics across different geographies, sampled populations and time periods. Users should take care when making comparisons across measures, as the underlying data sources may differ in their definitions, coverage, question wording, and frequency. Where possible, we describe trends using the latest available data and comparable time points (for example, using the same quarter or period in a previous year).\nThis release contains accredited official statistics (previously called National Statistics), official statistics, official statistics in development (previously called Experimental Statistics), and non-official statistics.\nUK-wide estimates are not available for some measures. Data may instead be presented for Great Britain, England and Wales, or another geography, depending on the data owner and collection approach. We present alternative sources for the devolved administrations, where they exist, in our\nUK Measures of National Well-being: measures metadata\n, though differences in methodology can limit comparability.\nSome measures are produced using self-completion household surveys. These estimates may not be representative of people who do not live in private residential households, such as those living in communal establishments.\nIf you would like to provide additional feedback or share any opinions on our UK Measures of National Well-being outputs, email\nqualityoflife@ons.gov.uk\n.\nHow we analyse and interpret the data\nWe publish the time series for each measure and its change over time, where available. Change in each estimate is assessed over the short-term and long-term. Short-term change is typically assessed by comparison of the latest period with the previous year. Long-term change is typically defined as change from the latest period to five years previous.\nFor measures sourced from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, short-term change is based on the time point closest to the previous year. This may vary between 7 and 14 because of the rotation of survey questions.\nThe periods used to assess change for healthy life expectancy differ from other measures, to reflect overlapping assessment windows. The short-term assessment is made using the last non-overlapping period. The long‑term assessment is made using the latest estimate with the earliest period available, which ensures sufficient separation from the short‑term change point and avoids situations where overlapping years would result in assessing change over only a very short interval.\nSome of the environment-related measures differ in the periods that change is assessed, based on guidance from the data owners. Short-term change is assessed by comparison of the latest period with estimates over the previous five years. Long-term change compares the latest estimate with the earliest period available. This is to reflect the relatively slow movement of change in these measures.\nWe report confidence intervals and sample sizes, where available, to aid data interpretation. These can be found in our\naccompanying dataset\n. Where confidence intervals are available, we use these to assess the statistical significance of the change over time. Where confidence intervals are not available, change over time is assessed based on guidance from the data owner.\nWe assess change for each measure by evaluating whether it has had a positive change, negative change, or has stayed the same. We make this assessment based on the sentiment of the measure. For example, for the \"life satisfaction\" measure, we would report a positive change for \"people reporting low levels of life satisfaction\" if the percentage of people reporting feeling low life satisfaction had decreased.\nFor more information on our methods, please see our\nUK measures of National Well-being framework user guide\n.\nBack to table of contents\n15.\nRelated links\nUK Measures of National Well-being framework user guide\nUser guide | Last revised 8 June 2026\nUser guide for the UK measures of National Well-being, providing more detail on the framework. Includes metadata tables of the measures, detail on how we produce estimates, and measure change over time.\nUK Measures of National Well-being Dashboard\nDashboard | Last revised 8 June 2026\nAn overview of well-being in the UK on an individual, community and national level. Considers change across 59 measures of well-being, grouped by 10 topic areas.\nQuarterly personal well-being statistics, May 2026\nDataset | Released 28 May 2026\nNon-seasonally adjusted and seasonally adjusted quarterly estimates of life satisfaction, feeling that the things done in life are worthwhile, happiness and anxiety in the UK.\nBack to table of contents\n16.\nCite this bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 8 June 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nBeyond GDP insights, measures of National Well-being: June 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/measuringprogresswellbeingandbeyondgdpintheuk/june2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/measuringprogresswellbeingandbeyondgdpintheuk/june2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Exploring quality of life and progress beyond GDP in the UK, drawing on the 59 national well-being measures.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "24.6%", "3", "10", "16", "24 years", "85.8%", "88.6%", "73.6%", "2", "2011", "14", "2025,", "4.9%", "3.9%", "8.1%", "23.6%", "2020,", "2020", "19", "2026,", "64.4%", "18.2%", "4", "6", "7", "2025", "9", "87.4%", "6.1%", "20", "5.0%", "2023", "2024", "60.5%", "67.7%", "5", "2022", "2024,", "60.7 years", "62.4 years", "2019", "2021", "62.7 years", "2013", "60.9 years", "63.4 years", "63.7 years", "70.4%", "75.4%", "21.8%", "19.7%", "2018", "57.2%", "50.1%", "59.3%", "57", "64.6%", "150", "63.8%", "61.4%", "33.1%", "2026", "82.9%", "90.0%", "60.9%", "74.7%", "53.3%", "63.6%", "43.0", "1,000", "88.8%", "68.2%", "10.7%", "8", "36,663", "293,700", "2022,", "35,224", "32.9%"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "UK Measures of National Well-being", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/datasets/ukmeasuresofnationalwellbeing/june2026/ukmeasuresofnationalwellbeingjune2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "UK Measures of National Well-being", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/datasets/ukmeasuresofnationalwellbeing/february2025/ukmeasuresofnationalwellbeingfeb20251.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "UK Measures of National Well-being", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/datasets/ukmeasuresofnationalwellbeing/november2024/ukmeasuresofnationalwellbeingnov2024.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "20a377a9996db9baaf30"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/bulletins/ukenvironmentalaccounts/2026", "title": "UK Environmental Accounts: 2026", "context": "1.\nOverview\nEmissions and direct energy use\nWe estimate that the UK emitted 478 million tonnes of greenhouse gases (GHG) on a residence basis in 2024. This measure includes emissions from UK residents and UK-registered businesses wherever they are in the world.\nEmissions are measured in million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) and were down by 0.4% compared with 2023. They were the lowest since current records began in 1990.\nIn 2024:\nhouseholds accounted for the largest share of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions (25.9%) on this measure, followed by the transport industry (16.3%)\n140 tonnes of CO2e were emitted for every million pounds of economic activity, down by 72.0% since 1990\nfossil fuels remained the largest source of direct energy consumption in the UK; they accounted for 77.7%, with renewable energy increasing to 15.3%\nEnvironmental goods and services sectors\nThere were 506,200 full-time equivalent (FTE) jobs in the environmental goods and services sector (EGSS) in 2023, up by 3.2% compared with 2022.\nThis sector contributed an estimated £54.2 billion of gross value added (GVA) to the UK economy in 2023.\nEnvironmental taxes\nEnvironmental taxes as a proportion of gross domestic product (GDP) fell from 1.9% in 2024 to 1.8% in 2025. The latest tax incidence data show that in 2023, businesses paid 64.5% and households paid 34.6% of environmental taxes.\nFor taxes paid by households, the average per household in 2023 (the latest year available) was up by 6.2% to £666 compared with £627 in 2022.\n!\nThe latest year of available statistics changes throughout this release depending on topic. Some UK breakdowns and international comparisons are only available for earlier years.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nHow to use these statistics\nOur environmental accounts follow the\nUnited Nations System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) Central Framework accounting rules\n, which are aligned with the United Nations\nSystem of National Accounts\nand the\nUK National Accounts\n.\nWith these statistics, you can:\nanalyse long-term trends in estimated UK greenhouse gas emissions and energy use between 1990 and 2024, and compare different industries and divisions at a two-digit Standard Industrial Classification code level\nexplore the changing contribution of the environmental sector to the UK economy between 2010 and 2023, including numbers of jobs\nunderstand how much environmental taxes were raised between 1997 and 2025\nWith these statistics, you cannot:\ndraw conclusions about the UK's progress towards international and domestic targets such as net zero\nunderstand the impact of emissions embedded in goods and services imported into the UK, as only emissions from UK residents and UK-registered businesses are included\ncompare all the measures on a like-for-like basis, as the latest data are from different years\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nEmissions and energy use\nGreenhouse gases\nMost greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions come from households or industries using energy, but they can also come from other sources such as the degradation of peatland. To measure GHG we use carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e), a metric that compares emissions by converting amounts of other GHGs gases into the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide with the same\nglobal warming potential.\nTotal GHG emissions on a residence basis were 478 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (MtCO2e) in 2024, the lowest since current records began in 1990.\nEmissions have fallen by 41.8% since 1990. This is mainly because emissions from the energy industry decreased by 67.4% over the same period. Households remained the largest single contributor to emissions in 2024 (25.9%), when compared with individual industries. However, industrial emissions as a whole made up 74.1% of total emissions.\nEmissions by industry and households\nIndustry emissions\nFigure 1: Transport was the single largest industry (excluding households) emitter of greenhouse gases in the UK in 2024\nResidence-based greenhouse gas emissions for the four highest emitting industries, UK, 1990 to 2024\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nIndustry aggregations are based on the UK Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 2007. The electricity, gas, steam and air-conditioning supply industry is referred to as the energy supply sector or industry. The transport and storage industry is referred to as the transport sector or industry.\nThe Air Emission Accounts these data come from only include direct residence-based emissions, defined as '\"scope 1\" under the greenhouse gas protocol guidance.\n\"Energy\" includes \"Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply\".\nAmong industries, transport had the highest emissions in 2024. This includes all forms of transport from taxis, underground rail, water transport and air travel. The sector's emissions were an estimated 78 MtCO2e, 16.3% of the total.\nTransport industry emissions have remained relatively stable until 2020, when the UK was affected by coronavirus (COVID-19), shown in Figure 1.\nAir transport still plays a major role in travel emissions, accounting for 51.6% of all transport emissions in 2024. This includes flights by UK-based airlines around the world. Air transport emissions fell by 58.1% in 2020 when most international travel was heavily restricted because of coronavirus. The first full year with no restrictions was 2022, where air travel emissions were up by 83.5% from 2021 levels. They are now 40 MtCO2e, more than double the 2020 level.\nThere was a year-on-year fall among the energy industries, down by 5.5% from 2023 levels, though smaller than the 13.7% decrease between 2022 and 2023. The second-largest decrease in 2024, of 4.9%, was in manufacturing.\nWe have also analysed\nemployment in high-emissions industries across UK regions\n.\nHousehold emissions\nHouseholds have been the largest single source of UK GHG emissions since 2015 and accounted for 25.9% of the total in 2024.\nWe measure emissions by households by assigning them based on the things individual consumers buy and use. The measure also includes emissions from activities where households act as an employer (such as when a family hires a gardener) or as a producer of goods for their own use (for example, people growing their own vegetables).\nThe main contributors to household emissions are domestic travel (particularly driving) and heating homes. Non-travel emissions have historically been higher than for travel. However, they have been around the same level since 2023.\nFigure 2: Travel and non-travel greenhouse gas emissions made up a similar proportion of household emissions in 2024\nResidence-based greenhouse gas emissions from households measured through consumer expenditure, UK, 1990 to 2024\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nIndustry aggregations are based on the UK Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 2007. Households include \"consumer expenditure\" and \"activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods and services - producing activities of households for own use\" (for example, employing a cleaner and growing vegetables for your own consumption).\nNon-travel related emissions are from the consumption of fuels and other products by individuals in the UK, as opposed to the production of these by industry. Travel-related emissions consist almost entirely of road transport emissions. Travel and non travel add up to total household emissions, known as consumer expenditure.\nThe Air Emission Accounts these data come from only include direct residence-based emissions, defined as \"scope 1\" under the greenhouse gas protocol guidance.\nEmissions intensity\nEmissions intensity looks at GHG emissions per unit of economic output.\nFigure 3: The UK’s economy emissions intensity declined steadily between 1990 and 2024\nResidence-based greenhouse gas emissions intensity, UK, 1990 to 2024\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nGreenhouse gas emissions intensity is calculated by dividing the level of greenhouse gas emissions by gross value added (GVA). GVA is the difference between output and intermediate consumption for any given industry. This means the difference between the value of goods and services produced (output) and the cost of raw materials and other inputs that are used up in production (intermediate consumption). GVA are chained volume measures, in constant prices with 2023 as the base year. All emissions intensity figures are calculated excluding consumer expenditure (often referred to as \"households\" in the article accompanying this dataset).\nThere was no change in the UK economy's emissions intensity between 2023 and 2024. However, emissions intensity has fallen by 72.0% compared with 1990, from 500 to 140 tonnes of CO2 equivalent (CO2e) emitted per £1 million of gross value added (GVA) between 1990 and 2024.\nWhile this could suggest the UK is moving towards a lower carbon economy, these residence-based statistics do not include emissions from goods and services produced overseas but imported to the UK. The\nDepartment for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) publishes a further measure\nof UK emissions focusing on consumption, which is known as the \"carbon footprint\".\n!\nWe have revised our emissions intensity data time series to reflect changes in how we calculate GVA. Previously, energy was estimated as the most emissions-intensive sector in the UK. Following revision, agriculture is now estimated as the most intensive.\nOur GVA measurement has improved the accuracy of import and export prices of crude oil, natural gas and petroleum products, which has caused the GVA figures to be revised upwards for the energy sector.\nMore information on our revisions process, and on the rebasing of gross domestic product (GDP), which affects GVA, is available in our\nBlue Book 2025: advanced aggregate estimates article\n.\nFigure 4: The agriculture industry has consistently been the most emissions-intense industry since 1990\nResidence-based greenhouse gas intensity for the four highest-emitting industries, UK, 1990 to 2024\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nGreenhouse gas emissions intensity is calculated by dividing the level of greenhouse gas emissions by gross value added (GVA). GVA is the difference between output and intermediate consumption for any given industry. This means the difference between the value of goods and services produced (output) and the cost of raw materials and other inputs that are used up in production (intermediate consumption). GVA are chained volume measures, in constant prices with 2023 as the base year. All emissions intensity figures are calculated excluding consumer expenditure (often referred to as \"households\" in the article accompanying this dataset).\nAll emissions intensity figures are calculated excluding consumer expenditure, often referred to as \"households\".\n\"Energy\" includes \"Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply\" and \"Water supply\" includes \"Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities\".\nDirect energy use\nWe measure energy use using a common unit called million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe). This is based on the equivalent amount of energy that would be released by burning one million tonnes of crude oil. Using this measure allows us to compare the energy released by fossil fuels (including oil, coal and gas) and renewable (including wind, wood and solar) energy sources.\nThe UK used 165.4 Mtoe of energy in 2024, of which 77.7% was from fossil fuels. The biggest single source was natural gas, which accounts for 45.2% of all fossil fuel use, followed by Diesel Engine Road Vehicle (DERV) fuel, then Aviation fuel.\nThe proportion of energy use that comes from renewable sources has increased steadily, from 0.8% in 1990 to 15.3% in 2024. The biggest source was wind, wave and tidal. That accounts for 28.4% of all renewable energy.\nFigure 5: Since 1990, fossil fuel use has fallen among three out of the top four fossil fuel energy-using industries\nTrend of energy use from fossil fuel sources, UK, 1990 to 2024\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nIndustry aggregations are based on the UK Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 2007. The electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply industry is referred to as the energy supply sector or industry. The transport and storage industry is referred to as the transport sector or industry.\nDirect use of energy refers to the energy content of fuel for energy at the point of use, allocated to the original purchasers and consumers of fuels. Reallocated energy consumption is where losses incurred during transformation and distribution are allocated to the final consumer of the energy rather than the electricity generation industry.\n\"Energy\" includes \"Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply\".\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nEnvironmental goods and services sector\nOur UK environmental goods and services sector (EGSS) statistics measure 17 economic activities producing goods and services for environmental protection and resource management purposes. These statistics are classified as\nofficial statistics in development\n.\nOutput\nThe goods and services produced by the EGSS were worth £128.7 billion in 2023, up from £122.5 billion in 2022. This is known as the output of the sector and does not take into account the costs the industry incurred while producing the goods and services. For example, if a solar panel installation company charges customers £1 million for installations in a year, its annual output is £1 million.\nThe highest output activity was renewable energy production, valued at £36.2 billion.\nFigure 6: Since 2018, renewable energy has been the largest contributor to environmental goods and services sector output\nEnvironmental goods and services sector output, UK, 2010 to 2023\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNote:\nEnvironmental low emission vehicles includes \"Environmental low emission vehicles, carbon capture and storage, and inspection and control\".\nGross value added\nIn gross value added (GVA) terms, the EGSS was worth £54.2 billion to the UK economy in 2023.\nGVA is the additional value that businesses generate: their output less the costs of the goods and services they bought from other businesses.\nFor example, if a solar panel installation company with £1 million worth of sales (output) spent £400,000 on solar panel parts, cables and fuel for its vans, its GVA would be £600,000. This £600,000 pays for staff wages, taxes and profits.\nIn 2023, the EGSS made up 2.2% of total UK GVA. Production of renewable energy was the largest GVA contributor in 2023, replacing wastewater, the largest contributor between 2010 and 2022.\nEmployment\nFigure 7: Employment across the environmental goods and services sector has continued to grow, with the smaller activities making up the “Other” category contributing to the growth\nEnvironmental goods and services sector employment, UK, 2010 to 2023\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNote:\nEnvironmental low emission vehicles includes \"Environmental low emission vehicles, carbon capture and storage, and inspection and control\".\nThe UK EGSS had an estimated 506,200 (FTE) employees in 2023, up by 3.2% from 490,300 in 2022. The waste sector made up the largest share, with 129,300 FTE, or 25.5% of the total.\nFor a wider measure of green jobs, please see our\nEstimates of green jobs, UK: March 2026 bulletin\n.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nEnvironmental taxes\nWhat is an environmental tax?\nEnvironmental taxes are charged on goods or activities that harm the environment, such as a charge per tonne of waste sent to landfill. They aim to discourage these activities and so reduce environmental damage. More information is available in our\nEnvironmental accounts on environmental taxes quality and methodology information (QMI) report.\nRevenue\nBetween 1997 and 2025, UK environmental tax revenue has increased in current price terms, but has fallen both as a share of total tax and relative to the size of the economy. Revenue:\nincreased from £24.3 billion to £54.6 billion (not adjusted for inflation)\nfell from 2.5% to 1.8% of gross domestic product (GDP)\ndecreased from 8.4% to 5.1% of total taxes and social contributions\nFigure 8: Environmental taxes as a percentage of GDP in 2025 are at their lowest since the start of the time series\nEnvironmental taxes as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), UK and EU-27, 1997 to 2025\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nAll data are presented in current prices and not adjusted for inflation.\n[z] = Data are not available.\nThe UK had a proportion of environmental tax revenue to GDP of 1.8% in 2025. This was a decrease from 1.9% in 2024, and the lowest proportion between 1997 and 2025.\nThe UK proportion remains lower than the average of 27 EU member states in 2024, which was 2.2%. International comparison data can be found in our\nEnvironmental taxes dataset\n.\nContributions by tax\nEnvironmental taxes are made up of three categories: energy, transport, and pollution and resources. Some of each kind of tax is paid by businesses and some by households.\nThe latest tax data show that in 2023, businesses paid 64.5% and households paid 34.6% of environmental taxes, with businesses and households both paying some of each category of tax.\nFigure 9: Increases in energy and transport taxes offset the 40% decline in the UK Emissions Trading Scheme revenue between 2024 and 2025\nContributors to growth in environmental tax revenue by tax type, UK, 2024 and 2025\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nEnvironmental tax revenue increased by 1.3% between 2024 and 2025. Revenue from the UK Emissions Trading Scheme declined by 40%, offset by increased revenue from Motor Vehicle Duty by household (13.6%), Contracts for Difference (20.6%), and other taxes, shown in Figure 9.\nEnergy taxes\nEnergy was the largest category of environmental taxes. Revenue was £39.4 billion in 2025.\nOf this, £24.5 billion (62.1% of energy taxes) was made up of Fuel Duty on petrol, diesel and other fuels.\nTransport taxes\nTransport tax revenue was £13.8 billion in 2025, 25.3% of total environmental taxes, its largest share of environmental taxes since 2012.\nMotor Vehicle Duty paid accounted for 65.3% of total transport tax revenue, £5.5 billion by households and £3.5 billion by businesses. Air Passenger Duty was the second-largest contribution, raising £4.4 billion (31.9%) in 2025.\nPollution and resource taxes\nPollution and resource taxes are the smallest category of environmental tax revenue. They raised £1.4 billion in 2025, around 2.5% of total environmental taxes. The largest contributors were Landfill Tax (£712 million) and Aggregates Levy (£369 million).\nHousehold taxes\nFigure 10: Average environmental taxes per household increased by 6.2% annually in 2023, but remain below pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) levels in 2019\nAverage environmental tax paid per household in pounds, UK, 1997 to 2023\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nOverall, UK households paid 34.6% of total environmental taxes in 2023. These taxes averaged £666 per household, down from a peak of £766 per household in 2010.\nIn 2023, almost two-thirds of this revenue came from energy taxes (average of £412 per household) and around a third from transport taxes (average of £254 per household). Pollution and resource taxes relating to fishing licences contributed less than an average of £1.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nDefinitions\nCO2 equivalent\nCO2 equivalent or CO2e is a metric measure used to compare the emissions from various\ngreenhouse gases (GHG)\non the basis of their\nglobal-warming potential (GWP)\n, by converting amounts of other gases to the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide with the same global warming potential.\nCurrent prices\nData series that represents actual prices observed in an economy during a period without adjusting for inflation. Each data point is expressed in the prices specific to the year of observation. Year-on-year changes in current prices data can result from a change in price levels or a change in the base quantity of the statistical measure.\nEmissions intensity\nGreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions intensity measures the level of emissions of a pollutant per unit of gross value added (GVA) and can be used to examine the relationship between economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions.\nFor example, a reduction in overall UK GHG emissions intensity may indicate the UK is moving towards a more environmentally sustainable economy. This could be through individual industries becoming more efficient in their processes and emitting fewer GHG emissions per unit of GVA. At the same time, it may also reflect changes to the structure of the economy, for example, a change from manufacturing to services, which produce fewer GHG emissions.\nEnergy use\nDirect use of energy refers to the energy content of fuel for energy at the point of use, allocated to the original purchasers and consumers of fuels. Reallocated energy consumption is where losses incurred during transformation and distribution are allocated to the final consumer of the energy rather than the electricity generation industry.\nEnvironmental goods and services sector (EGSS)\nThe UK\nenvironmental goods and services sector accounts\nfollow the\nUN System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) Central Framework\nand measure areas of the economy engaged in producing goods and services for environmental protection purposes. This includes areas of the economy engaged in conserving and maintaining natural resources as well as climate change.\nEnvironmental protection expenditure\nEnvironmental protection expenditure (EPE) includes all activities and actions that have as their main purpose the prevention, reduction and elimination of pollution or any other degradation of the environment. Examples of EPE include:\nmanaging sewage\nmanaging solid waste\ntreatment of exhaust gases\nprotection of biodiversity and natural landscapes\nEnvironmental protection types are classified in this bulletin according to an internationally recognised categorisation scheme devised in\nEurostat's Classification of Environmental Protection Activities and Expenditure (CEPA) (PDF, 360KB)\n.\nEnvironmental taxes\nEnvironmental taxes\nare based on a physical unit that has a proven negative impact on the environment. The tax also needs to be defined as a tax and not another type of payment in the\nSystem of National and Regional Accounts (SNA 2008) (PDF, 9.1MB)\n. These data are based on\nSystem of Environmental Economic Accounting\nguidance.\nGreenhouse gases\nThe greenhouse gases (GHG) included in the atmospheric emissions accounts are those covered by the\nParis Agreement\n, which has superseded the\nKyoto Protocol\n:\ncarbon dioxide (CO2)\nmethane (CH4)\nnitrous oxide (N2O)\nhydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)\nperfluorocarbons (PFCs)\nsulphur hexafluoride (SF6)\nnitrogen trifluoride (NF3)\nThese gases contribute directly to global warming and climate change, because of their positive radiative forcing effect. The potential of each GHG to cause global warming is assessed in relation to a given weight of CO2, so all greenhouse gas emissions are measured as carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e).\nHouseholds\nHouseholds include \"consumer expenditure\" and \"activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods and services -- producing activities of households for own use\" (for example, employing a cleaner and growing vegetables for your own consumption).\nResidence basis\nEstimates compiled on a\nresidence basis\ninclude data relating to UK residents and UK-registered businesses, regardless of whether they are in the UK or overseas. Data relating to foreign visitors and foreign businesses in the UK are excluded. This is the same basis on which gross domestic product and gross value added are estimated, enabling them to be directly compared with emissions.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nQuality, methods and data sources\nAbout the statistics\nEnvironmental accounts on air emissions quality and methodology information (QMI)\nReleased: 4 July 2023 | Methodology\nQuality and methodology information for air emissions in the UK Environmental Accounts, detailing the strengths and limitations of the data, methods used, and data uses and users.\nEnvironmental accounts on the environmental goods and services sector (EGSS) quality and methodology information (QMI)\nReleased: 20 August 2024 | Methodology\nInformation for environmental goods and services sector statistics, detailing the strengths and limitations of the data, methods used and data uses and users.\nEnvironmental accounts on environmental taxes quality and methodology information (QMI)\nReleased: 19 August 2024 | Methodology\nInformation for environmental taxes statistics, detailing the strengths and limitations of the data, methods used, and data uses and users.\nMeasuring UK greenhouse gas emissions\nReleased: 17 October 2026 | Methodology\nThe UK's material footprint captures the amount of domestic and foreign extraction of materials needed to produce the goods and services used by households, governments and charities in the UK.\nStatistical accreditation\nThe Office for Statistics Regulation independently reviewed the Environmental taxes and Air Emissions estimates as\naccredited official statistics\n. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nThe EGSS statistics are labelled as\nofficial statistics in development\n. We are developing how we collect the data and produce the statistics to improve their quality.\nOnce we have completed the developments, we will review the statistics with the Statistics Head of Profession.\nIf the statistics meet trustworthiness, quality and value standards based on user feedback, we will remove the \"official statistics in development\" label to publish under the \"official statistics\" label.\nIf they do not meet trustworthiness, quality and value standards, we will further develop them and might stop producing them.\nWe will inform users of the outcome of our, and any OSR, review and any changes.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nRelated links\nMaterial footprint in the UK\nReleased: 8 May 2026 | Dataset\nThe UK's material footprint captures the amount of domestic and foreign extraction of materials needed to produce the goods and services used by households, governments and charities in the UK.\nMaterial flow accounts\nReleased: 19 August 2025 | Dataset\nData on the UK's domestic extraction, imports and exports and flow of materials (biomass, minerals and fossil fuels), 1990 to 2023.\nUK and England's carbon footprint to 2022\nReleased: 14 May 2025 | Article\nAnnual greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide emissions relating to UK and England consumption. Consumption-based emissions published by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.\nAir quality and emissions statistics\nReleased: 12 February 2025 | Article\nThis series brings together all documents relating to air quality and emissions statistics.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nCite this page\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 5 June 2026, ONS website, statistical article,\nUK Environmental Accounts: 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/environmentalaccounts/bulletins/ukenvironmentalaccounts/2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/bulletins/ukenvironmentalaccounts/2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Measuring the contribution of the environment to the economy, the impact of economic activity on the environment, and responses to environmental issues", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "478 million", "2024", "0.4%", "2023", "1990", "25.9%", "16.3%", "140", "72.0%", "77.7%", "15.3%", "506,200", "2023,", "3.2%", "2022", "54.2 billion", "1.9%", "1.8%", "2025", "64.5%", "34.6%", "6.2%", "666", "627", "2", "2024,", "2010", "1997", "3", "41.8%", "67.4%", "74.1%", "2007", "78", "2020,", "19", "51.6%", "58.1%", "2020", "2022,", "83.5%", "2021", "40", "5.5%", "13.7%", "4.9%", "2015", "1990,", "500", "1 million", "4", "165.4", "45.2%", "0.8%", "28.4%", "5", "17", "128.7 billion", "122.5 billion", "36.2 billion", "6", "2018,", "400,000", "600,000", "2.2%", "7", "490,300", "129,300", "25.5%", "2026", "2025,", "24.3 billion", "54.6 billion", "2.5%", "8.4%", "5.1%", "8", "27,", "27"], "numeric_evidence": [], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "dff8dae1adddafd4b005"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/4june2026", "title": "Business insights and impact on the UK economy: 4 June 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nIn May 2026, 66% of businesses with 10 or more employees reported that their staffing costs (including wages, bonuses, national insurance (NI), and pension contributions) had increased over the last three months, which is up 25 percentage points compared with February 2026, but down 11 percentage points compared with May 2025; large quarterly movements are typically seen at this time because of the change in the financial year.\nIn May 2026, 44% of businesses with 10 or more employees reported they would adapt to future rises in employment costs by increasing prices, which is down 3 percentage points compared with May 2025; 38% reported they would absorb the costs within profit margins, while 23% reported they would reduce the number of employees.\nMore than half (54%) of businesses with 10 or more employees reported that their employees' hourly wages increased in April 2026 compared with March 2026, which is broadly stable from April 2025, but up 36 percentage points from January 2026; the change compared with January 2026 is likely because of the April 2026 minimum wage rise.\n62% of businesses reported at least some level of concern about energy prices in late May 2026, rising to 73% for businesses with 10 or more employees, which are both broadly stable compared with early May; please be aware that the majority of responses to the Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) were received before the July 2026 energy price cap announcement on 27 May.\nOver two-thirds (68%) of businesses reported at least some level of concern about fuel costs in late May 2026, rising to 74% for businesses with 10 or more employees; the transportation and storage industry reported the highest proportion of concern (84%), followed by the accommodation and food service activities industry (82%).\nIn May 2026, 34% of businesses with 10 or more employees reported they were concerned about international conflict impacting supply chains over the next year, which is down 4 percentage points from April 2026 but up 25 percentage points from December 2025; 25% were concerned about the impact of shipping disruption, which was broadly stable from April but up 18 percentage points from December 2025.\n!\nThese are\nofficial statistics in development\n, and we advise caution when using the data. The Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) questions and topics are regularly reviewed, and questions are often added, removed, or amended to reflect changing circumstances and analytical priorities.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nHeadline figures\nThe data presented in this bulletin are the final results from Wave 157 of the Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS), which was live from 18 to 31 May 2026.\nThis wave of the survey asked businesses questions about:\nhomeworking\nhourly wages and staffing costs\nworker shortages and recruitment\nskills demand\nuse of cloud computing software, including modes of payment\nimpact of US tariffs\nFor full details of the survey questions used, see our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey questions: 18 May to 31 May 2026 article.\nData reported within the BICS bulletins and datasets are estimates that are subject to\nuncertainty\n, for example, sampling variability and\nnon-sampling error\n. Further information on quality is available in our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) report\n, and we regularly update\nconfidence intervals\nassociated with the survey questions.\nSingle-site weighted regional estimates up to Wave 154 are available in our\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK subnational single-site economy: May 2026 article\n.\nMore about economy, business and jobs\nExplore the latest trends in employment, prices and trade in our\neconomic dashboard\n.\nView\nall economic data\n.\nThe percentage of businesses that reported they were trading in late April 2026 was 95%, with 83% fully trading, and 11% partially trading (for example, trading with reduced hours or staff numbers). Meanwhile, 3% of businesses reported \"temporarily paused trading\", and 2% reported \"permanently ceased trading\" as their business's trading status.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey data\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy: 4 June 2026\nDataset | Released 4 June 2026\nWeighted estimates from the voluntary fortnightly Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) about financial performance, workforce, prices, trade, and business resilience. This dataset includes additional information collected as part of the survey not presented in this publication. These are official statistics in development.\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy confidence intervals\nDataset | Released 4 June 2026\nConfidence intervals for weighted estimates from the voluntary fortnightly Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) about financial performance, workforce, prices, trade, and business resilience. These are official statistics in development.\nAccess to microdata\nYou can access the microdata for Waves 1 to 156 of the BICS through the Secure Research Service (SRS). The BICS microdata for each wave are released on a rolling basis in the week following the publication of each wave. The microdata are made confidential and do not disclose information on any specific business.\nOnly researchers accredited under the\nDigital Economy Act, as explained on the UK Statistics Authority website\nare able to access data in the SRS. You can apply for researcher accreditation using the People and Projects Service (PPS). For more information, please see our\nInformation on the Integrated Data Service (IDS) website\n.\nTo conduct analysis with microdata from the SRS, a project application must be submitted to the\nResearch Accreditation Panel (RAP), as explained on the UK Statistics Authority website\n. Project accreditation applications should be submitted using the Project Accreditation Service for SRS (PASS). For more information, please see our\nguidance on applying for an accredited research project\n.\nTo use the SRS, you must access it through the appropriate safe setting. For more information on the full range of safe setting options, please see our\nguidance on accessing data securely\n.\nMaking our published spreadsheets accessible\nFollowing the\nGovernment Statistical Service (GSS) guidance on releasing statistics in spreadsheets\n, we will be amending our published tables over the next couple of publications to improve the usability, accessibility and machine readability of our published statistics. Please email\nbics@ons.gov.uk\nif you have any questions or comments.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nGlossary\nPrivate sector businesses\nThe Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) is a survey of private sector businesses, meaning that the public sector is not sampled. Some businesses are also excluded; please see the Coverage subsection, in\nSection 5: Data sources and quality\nfor more information.\nReporting unit\nThe reporting unit is the business unit to which questionnaires are sent. The response from the reporting unit can cover the enterprise as a whole, or parts of the enterprise identified by lists of local units.\nTrading businesses\n\"Trading businesses\" refers to businesses that responded that their trading status was \"currently fully trading\" or \"currently partially trading\" only.\nIf \"trading businesses\" is not specified, the statistics presented refer to businesses that have \"not permanently stopped trading\". This includes trading businesses and those that reported their status as \"paused trading and intends to restart in the next two weeks\" or \"paused trading and does not intend to restart within the next two weeks\".\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nData sources and quality\nMore quality and methodology information (QMI) on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) QMI report\n, which was updated on 10 October 2024.\nThe BICS is voluntary, and the results are official statistics in development. More information is available in our\nGuide to official statistics in development\n.\nTable 1: Sample and response rates for Wave 155, 156 and 157 of the Business Insights and Conditions Survey\nWave\n7 May 2026\nPublication Wave 155\n21 May 2026\nPublication Wave 156\n4 June 2026\nPublication Wave 157\nSample\n38,715\n38,686\n38,672\nResponse\n10,466\n9,899\n9,777\nRate\n27.0%\n25.6%\n25.3%\nSource: Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nResponse rates for all waves can be found in the accompanying dataset.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Sample and response rates for Wave 155, 156 and 157 of the Business Insights and Conditions Survey\n.xls\n.csv\nThe results are based on responses from the voluntary fortnightly BICS, which captures businesses' views on financial performance, workforce, prices, trade, and business resilience. The Wave 157 survey was live for the period 18 to 31 May 2026. For full details of the survey questions used, see our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey questions: 18 May 2026 to 31 May 2026 article.\nCoverage\nThe BICS sampling frame is based on the same industries as our Monthly Business Survey (MBS). The MBS covers the UK for production industries only, and Great Britain for construction, retail and services industries. The MBS is an important input to the output measure of gross domestic product (GDP), which includes monthly GDP.\nFor detailed information on the industries covered by the MBS and BICS, see our\nGDP(o) data sources catalogue\n. The following are some industries that are excluded from the MBS and the BICS:\nagriculture\noil and gas extraction\nenergy generation and supply\npublic administration and defence\npublic provision of education and health\nfinance and insurance\nFor more information on the methodology of producing the BICS, such as\nweighting\n, please see our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) QMI report\n.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nRelated links\nEconomic activity and social change real-time indicators, UK, dashboard\nDashboard | Updated frequently\nAn overview of the UK economy and society, based on rapid response surveys, novel data sources, and innovative methods.\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators: 21 May 2026\nBulletin | Updated monthly\nFaster indicators of trends in the UK economy and society, using innovative surveys, methods and data sources. These are official statistics in development.\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK subnational single-site economy: May 2026\nArticle | Released 15 May 2026\nEstimates from the voluntary fortnightly business survey (BICS) on financial performance, prices and workforce. These are official statistics in development.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 4 June 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy: 4 June 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/4june2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/4june2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "The impact of challenges facing the economy and other events on UK businesses, including financial performance, workforce, trade, and business resilience.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2026,", "66%", "10", "25 percentage points", "11 percentage points", "2025", "44%", "3 percentage points", "38%", "23%", "54%", "2026", "2025,", "36 percentage points", "62%", "73%", "27", "68%", "74%", "84%", "82%", "34%", "4 percentage points", "25%", "18 percentage points", "2", "157", "18", "31", "154", "95%", "83%", "11%", "3%", "2%", "3", "4", "156", "5", "2024", "155,", "7", "155", "21", "38,715", "38,686", "38,672", "10,466", "9,899", "9,777", "27.0%", "25.6%", "25.3%", "6", "15"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Business insights and impact on the UK economy", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/bicswave158/bicswave1582final.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Business insights and impact on the UK economy", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/bicswave157/bicswave1572final.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Business insights and impact on the UK economy", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/bicswave156/bicswave1562final.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "bde7c63ea21a16137a44"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/nonfinancialbusinesseconomyukandregionalannualbusinesssurvey/2024results", "title": "Non-financial business economy, regional (Annual Business Survey): 2024 results", "context": "1.\nMain points\nThe approximate gross value added at basic prices (aGVA) generated by local unit activity of the UK non-financial business economy was estimated to be £1,734.9 billion in 2024; this is an increase of £75.9 billion (4.6%) compared with 2023.\n10 of the 12 UK regions experienced growth in aGVA in 2024 compared with 2023; London experienced the largest increase in aGVA of £26.8 billion to £460.0 billion.\nThe non-financial services sector in London increased by £8.2 billion to £348.3 billion (2.4%) compared with 2023; this sector contributes 75.7% of London's total aGVA.\nThe highest contributions to UK local level aGVA in 2024 came from London (26.5%), the South East (14.3%), and the North West (10.5%).\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nData on non-financial business economy\nNon-financial business economy, UK regional results: Sections A to S\nDataset | Released 4 June 2026\nAnnual data on business turnover, approximate gross value added (aGVA), purchases and employment costs, from the Annual Business Survey. Two-digit Standard Industrial Classification 2007 group by region or country.\nNon-financial business economy, UK regional results: Revisions and change on previous year\nDataset | Released 4 June 2026\nAnnual data on business turnover, approximate gross value added (aGVA), purchases and employment costs, from the Annual Business Survey. Two-digit Standard Industrial Classification 2007 group by region or country.\nNon-financial business economy, UK regional results: quality measures\nDataset | Released 4 June 2026\nAnnual data on business turnover, approximate gross value added (aGVA), purchases and employment costs, from the Annual Business Survey. Two-digit Standard Industrial Classification 2007 group by region or country.\nNon-financial business economy, UK: Sections A to S\nDataset | Released 26 May 2026\nAnnual data on size and growth within the UK non-financial business sectors as measured by the Annual Business Survey, broken down to four-digit Standard Industrial Classification 2007.\nNon-financial business economy, UK: changes year-on-year\nDataset | Released 26 May 2026\nAnnual revisions and year-on-year changes to business turnover, approximate gross value added (aGVA) and purchases within the UK non-financial business sectors as measured by the Annual Business Survey; Standard Industrial Classification 2007 by broad industry group.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nData sources and quality\n69.90% of sampled businesses were included in the final Annual Business Survey (ABS) results in 2024. Quality measures for the ABS results are available in our\nNon-financial business economy, UK: quality measures dataset\n.\nEmployment data\nThe employment data have been removed from this publication. These data can be found in our\nEmployees in Great Britain: 2023 bulletin\n. This bulletin includes data from the Business Register and Employment Survey (BRES), downloaded from the\nNomis web portal\n.\nData sources and collection\nThe ABS is a sample survey of approximately 73,000 businesses across the UK. The ABS draws its sample from the\nInter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR)\n.\nQuality and methodology\nMore quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nABS quality and methodology information (QMI) report\nand in our\nABS technical report\n.\nAccessibility of Annual Business Survey output datasets\nWe have reviewed the new accessibility of datasets legislation and updated all datasets in this release. Feedback or questions on the new layout can be emailed to\nABAPS@ons.gov.uk\n.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nRelated links\nNon-financial business economy, UK (Annual Business Survey): 2024 results\nStatistical bulletin | Released 26 May 2026\nSize and growth within the UK and regional non-financial sectors as measured by the Annual Business Survey.\nNon-financial business economy, UK and regional (Annual Business Survey): 2022 results\nStatistical bulletin | Released 24 June 2024\nSize and growth within the UK and regional non-financial sectors as measured by the Annual Business Survey.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 4 June 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nNon-financial business economy, UK regional (Annual Business Survey): 2024 results\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/nonfinancialbusinesseconomyukandregionalannualbusinesssurvey/2024results", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/nonfinancialbusinesseconomyukandregionalannualbusinesssurvey/2024results", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Size and growth within the UK and regional non-financial sectors as measured by the Annual Business Survey.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "1,734.9 billion", "2024", "75.9 billion", "4.6%", "2023", "10", "12", "26.8 billion", "460.0 billion", "8.2 billion", "348.3 billion", "2.4%", "75.7%", "26.5%", "14.3%", "10.5%", "2", "4", "2026", "2007", "26", "3", "69.90%", "73,000", "2022", "24", "5", "2026,"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Non-financial business economy, UK: Sections A to S", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/datasets/uknonfinancialbusinesseconomyannualbusinesssurveysectionsas/current/abssectionsas.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Non-financial business economy, UK: changes year on year", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/datasets/uknonfinancialbusinesseconomyannualbusinesssurveychangesyearonyear/current/absrevisionschanges.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Non-financial business economy, UK: employment size-band", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/datasets/uknonfinancialbusinesseconomyannualbusinesssurveyemploymentsizeband/current/abssizeband.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "8e0ca144fefbd6a9621d"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/workingandworklesshouseholds/januarytomarch2026", "title": "Working and workless households in the UK: January to March 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nEstimates from January to March 2025 include the full effect of recent improvements in Labour Force Survey (LFS) data collection and sampling methods, introduced from January 2024.\nSome volatility remains, particularly for estimates from mid-2023 and throughout 2024, and for granular breakdowns, in which sample sizes are smaller.\nWe recommend using LFS estimates as part of our suite of labour market indicators, alongside workforce jobs, Claimant Count, and Pay As You Earn Real Time Information (PAYE RTI) estimates.\nAlthough LFS headline estimates have been reweighted to later population estimates, LFS household estimates remain weighted to population estimates published in November 2023 for periods from October to December 2023 onwards; a discontinuity has been introduced at this point, so users should account for this when considering movements in the series.\nOf the estimated 21.99 million households (where at least one member is aged 16 to 64 years) in the UK, 59.7% had all household members aged 16 years and over in employment during January to March 2026.\nThere were an estimated 25.9% of households with a mix of at least one working and one workless adult, and an estimated 14.4% of households where no member of the household was in employment.\n!\nLabour market statistics based on both the Labour Force Survey (LFS) and the Annual Population Survey (APS) are considered\nofficial statistics in development\n. Read more in\nSection 3: Data sources and quality\n.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nData on working and workless households\nHouseholds by combined economic activity status of household members: Table A\nDataset | Released 3 June 2026\nQuarterly and historical data on UK households by combined economic activity status of household members.\nPeople by age and combined economic activity status of household members: Table F\nDataset | Released 3 June 2026\nQuarterly and historical data on people living in UK households by age and combined economic activity status of household members.\nChildren in households by combined economic activity status of household members: Table K\nDataset | Released 3 June 2026\nQuarterly and historical data on children living in UK households by combined economic activity status of household members.\nEmployment rates of people by parental status: Table P\nDataset | Released 3 June 2026\nQuarterly and historical data on employment rates of people in the UK by parental status.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nData sources and quality\nLabour Force Survey (LFS) household datasets are used for analysis of family or household characteristics. For all analyses in this bulletin, a household is defined as containing at least one person aged 16 to 64 years. This bulletin focuses on the economic status of household members. For example:\nnumber of people in employment in the household\nnumber of people unemployed in the household\nnumber of people economically inactive in the household\nWe compare data sources and discuss some of the main differences between data sources in our\nComparison of labour market data sources methodology\n.\nLFS headline estimates are weighted to 2022 mid-year population estimates for periods from January to March 2019. However, LFS household estimates from October to December 2023 onwards remain weighted to information on the size and composition of the UK population. These weighted estimates are consistent with the population estimates published in November 2023, creating a discontinuity from October to December 2023 onwards. Users should account for this discontinuity when considering movements in the series.\nHousehold estimates for July to September 2023 are not available. All estimates in this release are not seasonally adjusted.\nMore information is available in our\nImpact of reweighting on Labour Force Survey key indicators: December 2024 article\n.\nEstimates from January to March 2025 include the full effect of the improvements in LFS data collection and sampling methods introduced from January 2024. However, some volatility remains, particularly for estimates from mid-2023 and throughout 2024, and for granular breakdowns, in which sample sizes are smaller. Caution should be taken when drawing conclusions from short-term changes, and we advise users to focus on long term movements in the data.\nWe recommend using LFS estimates as part of our suite of labour market indicators, alongside workforce jobs, Claimant Count, and Pay As You Earn Real Time Information (PAYE RTI) estimates.\nWe published an update of our\nLabour Force Survey quality update: April 2026 article\n. This article provides users with information about current response rates and known biases in LFS data, to help them better understand the current quality of the data.\nOfficial statistics in development\nThese statistics are labelled as\nofficial statistics in development\n. Until September 2023, these were called \"experimental statistics\". Read more about the change in our\nGuide to official statistics in development methodology.\nThis is in line with the\nletter from the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR)\n, stating that LFS statistics should not be published as accredited official statistics until the OSR has reviewed them.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nRelated links\nWorkless households for regions across the UK: 2024\nBulletin | Released 30 July 2025\nAnnual information at a local level about households and the adults and children living in them, by their economic activity status.\nChildren living in long-term workless households in the UK: 2024\nBulletin | Released 29 October 2025\nAnnual UK estimates of the number of children living in households where all adults have not worked for at least 12 months.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), published 3 June 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nWorking and workless households in the UK: January to March 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/workingandworklesshouseholds/januarytomarch2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/workingandworklesshouseholds/januarytomarch2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "The economic status of households in the UK and the people living in them, where at least one person is aged 16 to 64 years. Taken from the Labour Force Survey.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2025", "2024", "2023", "2024,", "21.99 million", "16", "64 years", "59.7%", "16 years", "2026", "25.9%", "14.4%", "3", "2", "2022", "2019", "2023,", "4", "30", "29", "12 months", "5", "2026,"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Children in households by housing tenure and combined economic activity status of household members: Table N", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/workingandworklesshouseholdstablenchildreninhouseholdsbyhousingtenureandcombinedeconomicactivitystatusofhouseholdmembers/current/tablen.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Children in households by region and combined economic activity status of household members: Table M", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/workingandworklesshouseholdstablemchildreninhouseholdsbyregionandcombinedeconomicactivitystatusofhouseholdmembers/current/tablem.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "e96da1205c6fa2c391da"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/changestobusiness/mergersandacquisitions/bulletins/mergersandacquisitionsinvolvingukcompanies/januarytomarch2026", "title": "Mergers and acquisitions involving UK companies: January to March 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nThe provisional combined number of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) involving a change in majority share ownership was 352 in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026, compared with 495 in Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025.\nThe provisional number of M&A was lower than in the previous quarter for each of outward, inward and domestic M&A.\nThe value of outward M&A (UK companies acquiring foreign companies) involving a change in majority share ownership was £4.7 billion during Quarter 1 2026, £1.7 billion more than in Quarter 4 2025 (£3.0 billion).\nThe value of inward M&A (foreign companies acquiring UK companies) was £14.2 billion during Quarter 1 2026, £18.8 billion lower than in Quarter 4 2025 (£33.0 billion).\nThe value of domestic M&A (UK companies acquiring other UK companies) was £1.5 billion in Quarter 1 2026, £0.4 billion lower than in Quarter 4 2025 (£1.9 billion).\n!\nThese numbers are provisional and may be subject to revisions, so we advise caution when comparing results for Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 with earlier periods. Revisions can be in either direction but are more often upwards than downwards.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nMonthly mergers and acquisitions\nThe provisional total combined number of monthly domestic and cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in January 2026 was 146 before falling in February (106) with a further fall during March (100).\nFigure 1: The number of combined domestic and cross-border M&A involving UK companies fell sharply between January and February 2026\nThe total combined number of monthly domestic and cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) involving UK companies, from January 2023 to March 2026 ranged from 95 to 243\nSource: Mergers and Acquisitions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nEstimates for Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 are provisional and subject to revision.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: The number of combined domestic and cross-border M&A involving UK companies fell sharply between January and February 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nOutward monthly M&A saw 29 transactions in January 2026, falling to 18 in February and then rising to 25 in March.\nInward monthly M&A saw 69 acquisitions in January, decreasing to 45 during February and then rising to 49 in March.\nDomestic monthly M&A saw 48 transactions in January, decreasing slightly to 43 during February before falling to 26 in March.\nAdditional reporting\nThe\nBank of England's Agents summary of business conditions - February 2026\nreported that \"Annual business and financial services revenue growth remains subdued, supported by prices rather than volumes, which remain broadly flat. Confidence is still fragile. Professional services are mixed: restructuring and tax work remain solid, but mergers and acquisitions and property‑related activity continue to be held back by uncertainty\".\nThe\nBank of England's Agents summary of business conditions - March 2026\nreported that \"Investment intentions remain weak but seem to have stabilized, with fewer references to pulling back and more reporting they are maintaining spending, refurbishing and replacing, and investing in technology to improve efficiencies\".\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nOutward mergers and acquisitions\nThe provisional value of outward mergers and acquisitions (M&A), that is, UK companies acquiring foreign companies, during Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 was £4.7 billion. This was an increase of £1.7 billion when compared with Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025 (£3.0 billion), although £3.3 billion lower than in Quarter 1 2025 (£8.0 billion).\nFigure 2: The value of outward M&A involving UK companies increased to £4.7 billion in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nThe value of outward mergers and acquisitions (M&A) between Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2022 and Quarter 1 2026 ranged from £1.8 billion to £10.1 billion\nSource: Mergers and Acquisitions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nEstimates for Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 are provisional and subject to revision.\nThe value of deals is in current prices and consequently does not account for the effects of inflation over time.\nThe high total values of outward M&A at Quarter 4 2022, Quarter 1 2025 included a few large acquisitions each valued at more than £1 billion.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: The value of outward M&A involving UK companies increased to £4.7 billion in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nNumber of quarterly outward mergers and acquisitions transactions involving UK companies\nThere were an estimated 72 completed outward M&A transactions involving a change in majority share ownership in Quarter 1 2026, 12 less than in the previous quarter (84) and one more than in Quarter 1 2025 (71).\nFigure 3: The number of completed outward M&A fell during Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nThe total number of outward mergers and acquisitions (M&A) between Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2022 and Quarter 1 2026 ranged from 63 to 94\nSource: Office for National Statistics - Mergers and Acquisitions survey\nNotes:\nEstimates for Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 are provisional and subject to revision.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: The number of completed outward M&A fell during Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nInward mergers and acquisitions\nThe provisional estimated value of inward mergers and acquisitions (M&A), that is, foreign companies acquiring UK companies, was £14.2 billion in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026. This was £18.8 billion lower than in Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025 (£33.0 billion), and £6.1 billion less than in Quarter 1 2025 (£20.3 billion).\nA large valued inward acquisition in Quarter 1 2026 was\nPension Insurance Corporation Group Ltd\nof the UK, who were acquired by Athora Holding Ltd of Bermuda.\nFigure 4: The value of inward M&A fell to £14.2 billion in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nThe value of inward mergers and acquisitions (M&A) between Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2022 and Quarter 1 2026 ranged from £4.0 billion to £33.0 billion\nSource: Mergers and Acquisitions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nEstimates for Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 are provisional and subject to revision.\nThe value of deals is in current prices and consequently does not account for the effects of inflation over time.\nThe high total value of inward M&A in Quarter 3 2022, Quarter 1 2025 and Quarter 4 2025 included a few large acquisitions each valued at more than £1 billion.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: The value of inward M&A fell to £14.2 billion in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nNumber of quarterly inward mergers and acquisitions transactions involving UK companies\nThere were an estimated 163 inward acquisitions involving a change in majority share ownership in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026. This was 81 fewer than in the previous quarter (244) and 27 less than in Quarter 1 2025 (190).\nFigure 5: The number of inward M&A in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 fell to 163 transactions\nThe total number of inward mergers and acquisitions (M&A) between Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2022 and Quarter 1 2026 ranged from 149 to 244 transactions\nSource: Mergers and Acquisitions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nEstimates for Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 are provisional and subject to revision.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: The number of inward M&A in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 fell to 163 transactions\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nDomestic mergers and acquisitions\nThe provisional estimated value of domestic mergers and acquisitions (M&A), that is, UK companies acquiring other UK companies, in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 was £1.5 billion. This was £0.4 billion less than the value for Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025 (£1.9 billion), and £1.6 billion lower than in Quarter 1 2025 (£3.1 billion).\nA notable domestic acquisition in Quarter 1 2026 was\nThe Unite Group Plc\nof the UK, who acquired Empiric Student Property Plc, also of the UK.\nFigure 6: The value of domestic M&A in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 fell to £1.5 billion\nThe value of domestic mergers and acquisitions (M&A) between Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2022 and Quarter 1 2026 ranged from £1.5 billion to £7.6 billion.\nSource: Mergers and Acquisitions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nEstimates for Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 are provisional and subject to revision.\nThe value of deals is in current prices and consequently does not account for the effects of inflation over time.\nThe high total value of domestic M&A in Quarter 4 2024 and Quarter 3 2025 included a few large acquisitions each valued at more than £1 billion.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: The value of domestic M&A in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 fell to £1.5 billion\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nNumber of quarterly domestic mergers and acquisitions transactions involving UK companies\nThere were an estimated 117 domestic M&A deals during Quarter 1 2026. This was 50 fewer than in the previous quarter (167) and 66 less than in Quarter 1 2025 (183).\nFigure 7: The provisional number of domestic M&A decreased in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nThe total number of domestic mergers and acquisitions (M&A) between Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2022 and Quarter 1 2026 ranged from 117 to 263\nSource: Mergers and Acquisitions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nEstimates for Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 are provisional and subject to revision.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 7: The provisional number of domestic M&A decreased in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nData for mergers and acquisitions involving UK companies\nMergers and acquisitions involving UK companies\nDataset | Released 2 June 2026\nQuarterly estimates of the value and number of mergers, acquisitions and disposals involving UK companies worth £1 million or more.\nMergers and acquisitions involving UK companies time series\nDataset | Released 2 June 2026\nQuarterly data on the value and number of mergers, acquisitions and disposals involving UK companies worth £1 million or more.\nQuarterly domestic mergers and acquisitions (M&A) revisions triangle\nDataset | Released 2 June 2026\nComparison of quarterly domestic M&A first published estimates of values and numbers against revised estimates published later.\nQuarterly inward mergers and acquisitions (M&A) revisions triangle\nDataset | Released 2 June 2026\nComparison of quarterly inward M&A first published estimates of values and numbers against revised estimates published later.\nQuarterly outward mergers and acquisitions (M&A) revisions triangle\nDataset | Released 2 June 2026\nComparison of quarterly outward M&A first published estimates of values and numbers against revised estimates published later.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nGlossary\nDomestic mergers and acquisitions\nMergers and acquisitions (M&A) of UK resident companies acquiring other UK resident companies.\nInward mergers and acquisitions\nMergers, acquisitions and disposals of UK resident companies by foreign companies.\nOutward mergers and acquisitions\nMergers, acquisitions and disposals of foreign companies abroad by UK resident companies.\nMergers and acquisitions transactions\nM&As occur when one company takes control of another company. The internationally agreed definition of an M&A deal is when one company gains more than 50% of the ordinary shares (or voting rights) of the acquired company.\nDisinvestments (disposal transactions)\nDisinvestment, or disposal transactions, refers to a disposal of the ordinary share ownership of a subsidiary company.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nData sources and quality\nSince Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2018, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) statistics fully incorporate the Bureau van Dijk (BVD) M&A, which has been renamed Moody's Orbis M&A, data source and methods. The introduction of this new data source increased the coverage of smaller M&A transactions and, therefore, resulted in a discontinuity in the number of transactions reported. Therefore, users are advised to take care when comparing recent estimates with the number of transactions reported for quarters prior to 2018.\nThe Russian invasion of Ukraine began on 24 February 2022 and in response, the UK government has imposed a range of economic sanctions on Russia from late February and early March 2022, as described in the\nRussia sanctions: guidance on GOV.UK\n. We will continue to monitor potential impact of the conflict and resulting sanctions in future quarterly releases.\nMore quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nMergers and acquisitions quality and methodology information (QMI)\n.\nAbout Office for National Statistics datasets\nThe datasets for mergers and acquisitions involving UK companies have recently been reviewed to ensure that they meet the accessibility standards outlined in the\nGovernment Statistical Service (GSS) guidance\non releasing statistics in spreadsheets. This is to ensure that all GSS outputs meet\nWeb Content Accessibility Guidelines\n, a legal requirement set out in\nThe Public Sector Bodies (Websites and Mobile Applications) Accessibility\nRegulations 2018\n.\nWe welcome any feedback on these changes. Please share your feedback by emailing\nMA@ons.gov.uk\n.\nAccredited official statistics\nThese accredited official statistics were independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in June 2013. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in\nthe Code of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nStrengths and limitations\nWe produce statistics on the number and value of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) transactions. This information is presented in the following way:\ntransactions are only recorded in our statistics once the deal has been legally completed; each transaction has a value of at least £1 million\nthe transactions result in a change of ultimate control of the target company\nall values are in current prices and therefore have not been adjusted for the effects of inflation\nThese are among the main reasons our M&A statistics can differ from those reported in other sources. There can be a substantial time gap between the point at which a deal is announced and when it is legally completed. In addition, in some cases, announced M&A deals do not take place.\nOur statistics on disposals (or de-mergers) are also included in tables alongside this bulletin. These are typically fewer in number per quarter, which can lead to greater suppression of statistics to mitigate disclosure. The focus of this bulletin is on acquisitions, although some of the more complex deals can include the disposal of some part of the newly created corporate structure.\nIt is sometimes necessary to suppress figures for certain items to avoid disclosing information about an individual business. Further information on why statistics are suppressed is available in our\nDisclosure Control Policy\n.\nIt is not uncommon for the value of M&A transactions to vary considerably from one quarter to the next. This mainly reflects the nature of M&A activity in that these capture one-off deals. Therefore, if a particularly high-value M&A deal completes in a given quarter, it can make that quarter seem out of line with those that precede and follow it.\nThe volatility of M&A transactions also makes it difficult to link M&A statistics with other economic indicators - such as gross domestic product - or global events because of the time it can take between announcing and completing a M&A deal. Therefore, it can be more informative to look at longer-term trends within M&A statistics rather than focusing on quarterly movements.\nDetails of any notable M&A deals that were completed in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 can be found in Sections 3, 4 and 5 of this statistical bulletin. Lists of notable completed M&As valued above £100 million and which took place in earlier quarters, can also be found in previously published Mergers and acquisitions quarterly bulletins.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nRelated links\nForeign direct investment involving UK companies: 2024\nBulletin | Released 27 January 2026\nInvestment of UK companies abroad (outward) and foreign companies into the UK (inward), including investment flows, positions and earnings, by country, component and industry.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 2 June 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nMergers and acquisitions involving UK companies: January to March 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "businessindustryandtrade/changestobusiness/mergersandacquisitions/bulletins/mergersandacquisitionsinvolvingukcompanies/januarytomarch2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/changestobusiness/mergersandacquisitions/bulletins/mergersandacquisitionsinvolvingukcompanies/januarytomarch2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Transactions that result in a change of ultimate control of the target company and have a value of £1 million or more.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "352", "2026,", "495", "4", "2025", "4.7 billion", "1.7 billion", "3.0 billion", "14.2 billion", "18.8 billion", "33.0 billion", "1.5 billion", "0.4 billion", "1.9 billion", "2026", "2", "146", "106", "100", "2023", "95", "243", "29", "18", "25", "69", "45", "49", "48", "43", "26", "3", "3.3 billion", "8.0 billion", "2022", "1.8 billion", "10.1 billion", "2022,", "1 billion", "72", "12", "84", "71", "63", "94", "6.1 billion", "20.3 billion", "4.0 billion", "163", "81", "244", "27", "190", "5", "149", "1.6 billion", "3.1 billion", "6", "7.6 billion", "2024", "117", "50", "167", "66", "183", "7", "263", "1 million", "50%", "8", "2018,", "2018", "24", "2013", "3,", "100 million", "9", "10"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) involving UK companies", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/businessindustryandtrade/changestobusiness/mergersandacquisitions/datasets/mergersandacquisitionsinvolvingukcompanies/current/newversionq12026rftmatablewithr1andcdid.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "f136e695123d471bf411"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/householdcostsindicesforukhouseholdgroups/januarytomarch2026", "title": "Household Costs Indices for UK household groups: January to March 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nOverall UK household costs, as measured by the Household Costs Index (HCI), rose by 3.6% in the year to March 2026; this is the same inflation rate seen in December 2025.\nPrivate renter households and social and other renter households each had the highest annual inflation rate of all tenure types, of 3.7% in the year to March 2026; both household types saw a decrease in the annual inflation rate since December 2025, from 3.8% and 3.9%, respectively.\nMortgagors and outright owner occupiers each had the lowest annual inflation rate of all tenure types, of 3.6% in the year to March 2026; mortgagors saw a slight decrease, from 3.7%, while outright owner occupiers saw an increase, from 3.4%, compared with December 2025.\nCosts for low-income (decile 2) and high-income households (decile 9) increased by 3.7% and 3.5%, respectively, in the year to March 2026.\nNon-retired households experienced a higher annual rate of inflation (3.7%) in March 2026 than retired households (3.6%); non-retired households remained the same, while retired households saw a slight increase, from 3.5%, compared with December 2025.\nHouseholds with children and without children saw annual inflation rates of 3.5% and 3.7%, respectively, in the year to March 2026, compared with 3.6% for both groups in December 2025.\n!\nThese are\nofficial statistics in development\n. We advise caution when using these data, as estimates may be revised because of methodological improvements. Priorities for development are discussed with our Advisory Panels. Read more in\nSection 7: Data sources and quality\n.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nOverview of the Household Costs Indices inflation rate\nThe Household Costs Indices (HCIs) show how changing prices and costs affect different subgroups of the population. They are different from the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) and the Consumer Prices Index (CPI), which show how the prices of goods and services consumed by all households in the UK change over time. The HCIs are intended to complement our lead measures of inflation, CPIH and CPI, by providing insight into the inflationary experience of different household subgroups.\nConsumer price statistics measure the change in price of a \"fixed basket\" of goods and services, as described in our\nConsumer prices indices technical guide\n. For the HCIs, the weight of each component in a household subgroup's \"fixed basket\" is based on the average household's share of expenditure (\"democratic\" weights). By contrast, the CPIH and CPI baskets reflect the total share of expenditure across all households in the UK (\"plutocratic\" weights).\nThe HCIs also include changes in mortgage interest rates, stamp duty and other costs related to the purchase of a dwelling. These are omitted from CPI and estimated using equivalent rental prices in CPIH, reflecting its different use case (see our\nMeasuring changing prices and costs for consumers and households article\n). Further differences are described in our\nCalculating the Household Cost Indices supporting methodology article\n.\nHCIs annual inflation rates for March 2025 and the most recent four months are presented in Table 1.\nTable 1: Household Costs Indices annual inflation rates, per cent, UK, March and December 2025 to March 2026\nCategory\nMar 2025\nDec 2025\nJan 2026\nFeb 2026\nMar 2026\nAll Households\n2.7\n3.6\n3.3\n3.2\n3.6\nIncome Decile 2\n2.6\n3.7\n3.3\n3.3\n3.7\nIncome Decile 3\n2.5\n3.6\n3.3\n3.2\n3.6\nIncome Decile 4\n2.6\n3.6\n3.3\n3.2\n3.7\nIncome Decile 5\n2.6\n3.6\n3.3\n3.2\n3.6\nIncome Decile 6\n2.7\n3.7\n3.3\n3.3\n3.7\nIncome Decile 7\n2.6\n3.6\n3.3\n3.2\n3.6\nIncome Decile 8\n2.6\n3.6\n3.3\n3.3\n3.7\nIncome Decile 9\n2.8\n3.5\n3.2\n3.2\n3.5\nMortgagor and other owner occupier\n2.9\n3.7\n3.3\n3.3\n3.6\nOutright owner occupier\n1.9\n3.4\n3.1\n3.1\n3.6\nPrivate renter\n3.7\n3.8\n3.4\n3.4\n3.7\nSocial and other renter\n3.1\n3.9\n3.5\n3.4\n3.7\nNon-Retired\n2.9\n3.7\n3.3\n3.3\n3.7\nRetired\n2.1\n3.5\n3.2\n3.2\n3.6\nWith children\n2.9\n3.6\n3.2\n3.1\n3.5\nWithout children\n2.6\n3.6\n3.3\n3.3\n3.7\nSource: Household Costs Indices from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nThe first- and tenth-income deciles are not included in this table. This is because the composition of these groups can be unusual and may therefore be influenced by unrepresentative expenditures.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Household Costs Indices annual inflation rates, per cent, UK, March and December 2025 to March 2026\n.xls\n.csv\nThe all-household HCI annual rate was 3.6% in March 2026, compared with 2.7% in March 2025. The annual inflation rate in CPI in the year to March 2026 was 3.3%, compared with 2.6% in March 2025 (Figure 1).\nFigure 1: Household costs rose by 3.6% in the 12 months to March 2026\nConsumer Price Index and Household Costs Index annual inflation rates for all households, per cent, UK, January 2016 to March 2026\nSource: Household Costs Indices and Consumer Prices Index from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: Household costs rose by 3.6% in the 12 months to March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nContributions to the annual HCI inflation rate from costs in motor fuels increased from 0.02 to 0.14 percentage points between December 2025 and March 2026. Increases were also seen in contributions from electricity, gas and other fuels, from 0.10 to 0.20 percentage points between December 2025 and March 2026.\nThis increase was partially offset by decreased contributions from food and non-alcoholic beverages and alcoholic beverages and tobacco, which decreased by 0.11 and 0.06 percentage points, from 0.56 and 0.19 percentage points, respectively, between December 2025 and March 2026.\nFigure 2 shows contributions to differences in annual inflation rates between the all-households HCI and CPI from January 2024 to March 2026.\nThe difference in contributions between HCI and CPI for housing and household services have gradually decreased since October 2025. This is because of the falling growth rate of owner occupiers' housing costs, which are only included in the HCIs. Within housing and household services, Council Tax and other rates saw the largest difference, contributing 0.22 percentage points more to the HCI annual rate than to the CPI.\nFigure 2: Housing and household services was the largest difference between growth in the Household Costs Index and the Consumer Prices Index in March 2026\nContributions to the difference in annual inflation rates, all-households Household Costs Index (HCI) less Consumer Prices Index (CPI), UK, January 2024 to March 2026\nSource: Household Costs Indices and Consumer Prices Index from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nThe sum of individual contributions may not exactly equal the difference between the CPI and all-households HCI annual inflation rates because of rounding.\nDifferences in classification and rounding arise from the use of unrounded weights and price uprating at the class level for HCIs, compared with subclasses for CPI.\nDifferences in weighting arise from the use of democratic weights, compared with plutocratic weights for CPI.\nDifferences in classification and rounding from January 2026 to March 2026 are not currently available because of a lack of data availability. For more information, see\nSection 7: Data sources and quality\n.\nPositive contributions are contributing to higher inflation for HCIs, or lower inflation for CPI.\nNegative contributions are contributing to higher inflation for CPI, or lower inflation for HCIs.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Housing and household services was the largest difference between growth in the Household Costs Index and the Consumer Prices Index in March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nHousehold Costs Indices by tenure type\nFigure 3: Both private renter and social and other renter households saw an annual inflation rate of 3.7% in the 12 months to March 2026\nHousehold Costs Indices (HCIs) annual inflation rates by tenure type, per cent, UK, January 2016 to March 2026\nSource: Household Costs Indices from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: Both private renter and social and other renter households saw an annual inflation rate of 3.7% in the 12 months to March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 3 shows the annual inflation rates for the different housing tenure groups between January 2016 and March 2026. The highest inflation rate in March was seen in private and social and other renter households, with both experiencing an annual rate of 3.7%. Outright owner occupier and mortgagor households experienced the lowest inflation rate over the same period, with an annual rate of 3.6% in the year to March 2026. This is a decrease from 3.7% for mortgagors and an increase from 3.4% for outright owner occupier households in December 2025.\nMortgage interest payments and food and non-alcoholic beverages contributed 0.37 and 0.40 percentage points to the annual rate for mortgagor households in March 2026, respectively. Both saw a reduction in contributions, from 0.50 percentage points in December 2025. These decreases were partially offset by increased contributions from electricity, gas and other fuels (up from 0.08 to 0.14 percentage points), and motor fuels (up from 0.03 to 0.16 percentage points), between December 2025 and March 2026.\nElectricity, gas and other fuels contributed 0.29 percentage points to the annual rate for outright owner occupier households in March 2026, rising from 0.12 percentage points in December 2025. Outright owner occupiers have the second largest expenditure weight for electricity, gas and other fuels of all tenure types, which is reflected in the size of the contribution. Motor fuels also contributed more to the annual rate, rising from 0.03 to 0.16 percentage points between December 2025 and March 2026. These increases were partially offset by a decreased contribution from food and non-alcoholic beverages, which fell from 0.59 to 0.49 percentage points over the same period.\nHowever, different outcomes are seen when looking at household costs over a longer period. Over the past five years, private renters faced the lowest cumulative HCI inflation rate, at 30.7%. This is followed by outright owner occupiers, at 32.4%, social and other renters, at 33.9%, and mortgagor households, at 37.6%.\nFigure 4: Mortgage interest payments contributed to higher inflation for mortgagor households in March 2026\nContributions to the difference between the Household Costs Indices annual rate, mortgagor households minus outright owner occupier households, UK, January 2024 to March 2026\nSource: Household Costs Indices from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nContributions to the difference between subgroups may not sum to the overall difference because of rounding.\nThe \"Other\" category contains all the remaining divisions measured in the HCI that are not explicitly listed as a category in this chart.\nPositive contributions are contributing to higher inflation for mortgagor households, or lower inflation for owner occupier households.\nNegative contributions are contributing to higher inflation for owner occupier households, or lower inflation for mortgagor households.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: Mortgage interest payments contributed to higher inflation for mortgagor households in March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nDifferences between groups are influenced by the interaction between price movements and expenditure weights. Differences in spending patterns mean that if a particular group of households spends more on a product with a relatively high inflation rate, they will experience a greater increase in costs relative to other households.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nHousehold Costs Indices across the household groups\nThe factors influencing the Household Costs Indices (HCI) inflation rates by tenure type also affected other household groups. Households without children and non-retired households both experienced higher annual inflation rates, of 3.7%, in the year to March 2026, compared with 3.6% for retired households and 3.5% for households with children (Table 1).\nOver the past five years, non-retired households saw a higher cumulative HCI inflation rate than retired households, at 34.1% and 33.4%, respectively. Over the same period, households with children and households without children saw an inflation rate of 34.0% and 33.9%, respectively.\nFigure 5: Low-income households saw an annual inflation rate of 3.7% in March 2026\nHousehold Costs Indices (HCI) annual inflation rates, per cent, by income decile, UK, January 2016 to March 2026\nSource: Household Costs Indices from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nThe second and ninth deciles are used to represent low- and high-income households rather than the first- and tenth-income deciles, as the composition of these groups can be unusual and may therefore be influenced by unrepresentative expenditures.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: Low-income households saw an annual inflation rate of 3.7% in March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nAnnual inflation for low-income households was slightly higher than for high-income households in the year to March 2026, at 3.7% and 3.5%, respectively. Both rates were the same as in December 2025 (Figure 5).\nSince October 2025, inflation rates for the two household types have been broadly similar, following a period of higher inflation for low-income households that began in April 2025.\nLow-income households saw a greater increase because of the weight that electricity, gas, and other fuels have for these households. Contributions from motor fuel costs also increased by 0.12 and 0.11 percentage points for low-income and high-income households, respectively (Table 2).\nThese increases were partially offset by lower contributions from food and non-alcoholic beverages. These contributions reduced by 0.14 percentage points for low-income households and 0.08 percentage points for high-income households.\nCumulative inflation has also been similar for both groups over the past five years, at 33.6% for high-income households and 33.9% for low-income households.\nTable 2: Household Costs Indices contributions (percentage points) to the annual inflation rate (per cent) for low-income and high-income households, December 2025 and March 2026\nIncome Decile 2\nIncome Decile 9\nDifferences (Income\nDecile 2 less Income\nDecile 9)\nDec 2025\nMar 2026\nDec 2025\nMar 2026\nDec 2025\nMar 2026\nOverall growth rate\n3.7\n3.7\n3.5\n3.5\n0.2\n0.2\nFood and non-alcoholic beverages\n0.71\n0.57\n0.43\n0.35\n0.29\n0.22\nPrivate rentals\n0.20\n0.18\n0.19\n0.17\n0.01\n0.01\nSocial and other rentals\n0.22\n0.19\n0.02\n0.02\n0.20\n0.17\nMortgage interest payments\n0.06\n0.05\n0.24\n0.18\n-0.18\n-0.13\nElectricity, gas and other fuels\n0.14\n0.26\n0.07\n0.13\n0.07\n0.13\nTransport costs\n0.38\n0.51\n0.47\n0.61\n-0.10\n-0.09\nMotor fuels (of which)\n0.03\n0.15\n0.02\n0.13\n0.00\n0.02\nRestaurants and hotels\n0.32\n0.32\n0.55\n0.59\n-0.23\n-0.26\nInsurance\n-0.05\n0.02\n-0.04\n0.03\n-0.01\n-0.01\nOther\n1.72\n1.60\n1.57\n1.42\n0.15\n0.16\nSource: Household Costs Indices from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nContributions to the difference between income deciles may not sum to the overall difference because of rounding.\nThe full breakdown of contributions by category and subgroup can be found in our accompanying dataset.\nThe \"Other\" category contains all the remaining divisions measured in the Household Costs Index that are not explicitly listed as a category in this table.\nDownload this table\nTable 2: Household Costs Indices contributions (percentage points) to the annual inflation rate (per cent) for low-income and high-income households, December 2025 and March 2026\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nData on Household Costs Indices\nHousehold Costs Indices (HCI) for UK household groups\nDataset | Released 28 May 2026\nHousehold Costs Indices inflation rates, indices, weights and contributions for income deciles, tenure types, retirement status and households with and without children, monthly data.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nGlossary\nDisposable income\nDisposable income is money available for spending after taxes. It includes earnings from work, self-employment, pensions, investments, and benefits.\nEquivalised\nEquivalisation is the process of accounting for the fact that households with many members are more likely to need a higher income to achieve the same standard of living as households with fewer members. It considers the number of people living in the household and their ages, recognising that a two-person household is unlikely to need double the income of a single-person household. This analysis uses the\nmodified Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD's) equivalisation scale (PDF, 165KB)\n.\nIncome deciles\nHouseholds are grouped into deciles (or tenths) based on equivalised disposable income. The highest income decile (decile 10) is the 10% of households with the highest equivalised disposable income. Similarly, the lowest income decile (decile 1) is the 10% of households with the lowest equivalised disposable income. Deciles 2 and 9 are more stable and useful for analyses.\nHouseholds with children\nA child is defined as any person aged under 16 years. People who are aged under 18 years and unmarried are also classed as children for the purposes of the family spending report, as described in our\nLiving Costs and Food Survey methodology\n. A household is classified as a household with children if at least one member of the household is a child.\nOwner-occupier households\nOutright owner-occupier households are defined as any household in which the residents own the property outright and use it as their primary or non-primary residence.\nMortgagor and other owner-occupier households are defined as any household that is buying their primary or non-primary residence property with a mortgage, or owning part of the property (for example, paying both rent and mortgage).\nRenter households\nPrivate renter households are defined as any household that rents their property from a private sector landlord. This excludes households who live in their property rent-free.\nSocial and other renter households are defined as any household that rents their property from a council or a registered social landlord or lives in their property rent-free.\nRetired people and households\nA retired person is defined as anyone who describes themselves in the Living Costs and Food Survey (LCF) as \"retired\", or anyone over minimum National Insurance Pension age describing themselves as \"unoccupied\" or \"sick or injured but not intending to seek work\". A retired household is defined as one where the combined income of retired members contributes at least half the total gross income of the household.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nData sources and quality\nChanges to this bulletin\nThis bulletin uses updated 2025 weights, which improves the accuracy of comparisons within the Household Costs Indices (HCIs) for UK household groups. This update has led to minor revisions in previously published comparisons.\nThe HCIs have been updated using revised 2025 weights. This led to small changes in the all-households HCI. The only revision was in June 2025, with a decrease of 0.1 percentage points with the inclusion of the 2025 weights. Similar impacts were seen across all household groups.\nFurther data improvements\n2026 Weights update\nIt has not been possible to update the weights for 2026 because of delays in processing the underlying survey data and the need for further quality assurance. Instead, the most recent estimates have been compiled using the weights for February to December 2025. We will update the weights as soon as the data are available to use.\nInclusion of groceries and scanner data\nWe introduced scanner data for approximately 50% of the grocery market with the February 2026 index, published on 25 March 2026. Instead of collecting 25,000 prices per month directly from shops by price collectors, we are now using approximately 300 million price points derived from sales of over a billion units of products per month, collected directly from supermarket scanners at the checkouts or online. For the remaining 50% of the groceries market, we continue to manually collect prices in-store and online.\nYou can find more about this change and how it affects our headline measures of inflation in our\nImpact analysis on transformation of UK consumer price statistics: January 2026 article\n.\nOur\nOverview of how we use scanner data in consumer price inflation statistics: January 2026 article\nand our\nHow multilateral index methods help us understand grocery scanner data article\nalso provide more information on how we use these data.\nPersonal Inflation and Price Comparison Tool\nTo help people understand how the rise in inflation affects their expenditure, we have produced a\nPersonal inflation calculator\n. The calculator allows users to enter the amount they spend to produce an estimate of their personal inflation based on those spending patterns.\nOur\nShopping prices comparison tool\nshows how the average prices of items have changed over time.\nQuality\nMore quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nHousehold Costs Indices for UK household groups quality and methodology information (QMI)\n.\nMore detail on the concepts and methodologies supporting the indices is available in our\nCalculating the Household Cost Indices supporting methodology article\n.\nHousehold-specific prices\nData constraints make the estimation of inflation rates for different household groups challenging in practice. An analysis of household group-specific inflation rates would ideally use price indices specific to each household group, as we do for expenditure weights. This would reflect the fact that different households purchase goods and services from different outlets and therefore face different prices.\nHowever, such data are not available, so we have used national price indices as a proxy. There are also challenges that arise from the data sources that we use to calculate the expenditure shares. These limitations do not affect the validity of the chosen methodology, or its robustness. For more information, please see our\nMethodology to calculate CPIH-consistent inflation rates for UK household groups\n.\nFeedback\nPlease share your feedback by completing this short\nquestionnaire\n.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nRelated links\nConsumer price inflation, UK: April 2026\nBulletin | Released 20 May 2026\nPrice indices, percentage changes, and weights for the different measures of consumer price inflation.\nPrivate rents and house prices, UK: May 2026\nBulletin | Released 20 May 2026\nPrice Index of Private Rents (PIPR) measures private rent inflation for new and existing tenancies. UK House Price Index measures house price inflation.\nRole of owner occupiers' housing costs in the Household Cost Indices, UK: 2023\nArticle | Released 26 February 2024\nThe impact of higher mortgage interest rates on household costs, on average and by different household subgroup.\nAverage household income, UK: financial year ending 2024\nBulletin | Released 2 May 2025\nFinal estimates of average household income in the UK, with analysis of how these measures have changed over time, accounting for inflation and household composition.\nShopping prices comparison tool\nInteractive tool | Updated 20 May 2026\nSearch the tool to see how the average prices of hundreds of shopping items are changing.\nPersonal inflation calculator\nInteractive tool | Updated 20 May 2026\nUse our inflation calculator to see how increases in the cost of living have affected you in the past year.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 28 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nHousehold Costs Indices for UK household groups: January to March 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/householdcostsindicesforukhouseholdgroups/januarytomarch2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/householdcostsindicesforukhouseholdgroups/januarytomarch2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Household Costs Indices, 12-month growth rates, expenditure shares, and contributions for UK household groups and all households.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "3.6%", "2026", "2025", "3.7%", "2025,", "3.8%", "3.9%", "3.4%", "2", "9", "3.5%", "2026,", "7", "2.7", "3.6", "3.3", "3.2", "2.6", "3.7", "3", "2.5", "4", "5", "6", "8", "2.8", "3.5", "2.9", "1.9", "3.4", "3.1", "3.8", "3.9", "2.1", "2.7%", "3.3%", "2.6%", "12 months", "2016", "0.02", "0.14 percentage points", "0.10", "0.20 percentage points", "0.11", "0.06 percentage points", "0.56", "0.19 percentage points", "2024", "0.22 percentage points", "0.37", "0.40 percentage points", "0.50 percentage points", "0.08", "0.03", "0.16 percentage points", "0.29 percentage points", "0.12 percentage points", "0.59", "0.49 percentage points", "30.7%", "32.4%", "33.9%", "37.6%", "34.1%", "33.4%", "34.0%", "0.12", "0.11 percentage points", "0.08 percentage points", "33.6%", "0.2", "0.71", "0.57", "0.43", "0.35", "0.29", "0.22", "0.20", "0.18"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Household Costs Indices (HCI) for UK household groups", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/householdcostsindicesforukhouseholdgroupsreferencetables/januarytomarch2026/householdcostsindicesforukhouseholdgroupsjantomar2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Household Costs Indices (HCI) for UK household groups", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/householdcostsindicesforukhouseholdgroupsreferencetables/october2025todecember2025/householdcostsindicesforukhouseholdgroupsocttodec25.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Household Costs Indices (HCI) for UK household groups", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/householdcostsindicesforukhouseholdgroupsreferencetables/july2025toseptember2025/householdcostsindicesforukhouseholdgroupsjultosep25.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "42f651ff063cdc9912a9"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peoplenotinwork/unemployment/bulletins/youngpeoplenotineducationemploymentortrainingneet/may2026", "title": "Young people not in education, employment or training (NEET), UK: May 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nEstimates from January to March 2025 include the full effect of the improvements in Labour Force Survey (LFS) data collection and sampling methods introduced from January 2024 onwards.\nSome volatility remains in the LFS estimates, particularly those for mid-2023 and throughout 2024, as well as for granular breakdowns in which sample sizes are smaller, such as estimates of young people not in education, employment or training (NEET).\nThere were an estimated 1,012,000 young people aged 16 to 24 years in the UK who were NEET in January to March 2026; this number increased by 89,000 when compared with January to March 2025 and was up by 55,000 on October to December 2025.\nThe percentage of all young people in the UK who were NEET in January to March 2026 was 13.5%; this proportion was up by 1.0 percentage point from January to March 2025 and by 0.7 percentage points from October to December 2025.\n!\nThese labour market statistics, based on the Labour Force Survey, are considered\nofficial statistics in development\n. Read more in\nSection 6: Data sources and quality\n.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nLabour Force Survey quality\nAlongside our labour market publication in January 2026, we published our\nLabour Force Survey quality update article\n. The article provides users with information about current response rates and known biases in LFS data, to help them better understand the current quality of the data.\nEstimates from January to March 2025 include the full effect of the improvements in LFS data collection and sampling methods introduced from January 2024 onwards. Some volatility remains, particularly for estimates for mid-2023 and throughout 2024, as well as for granular breakdowns, in which sample sizes are smaller.\nFor example, we can consider estimates of redundancies or estimates of young people not in employment, education or training. Both concepts focus on much smaller population subgroups compared with the headline rates. Therefore, both are more vulnerable to the effects of higher sampling variability, despite improved sample sizes. Therefore, we advise users to use caution when drawing conclusions from short-term changes, and to focus on long-term movements in the data.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nTotal young people who were not in education, employment or training (NEET)\nAn estimated 13.5% of all people aged 16 to 24 years in the UK were not in education, employment or training (NEET) in January to March 2026. This is up by 1.0 percentage point on the year, and up by 0.7 percentage points compared with October to December 2025.\nAn estimated 14.4% of young men (up by 1.2 percentage points on the year and 1.1 percentage points on the quarter) and 12.5% of young women (up by 0.8 percentage points on the year and 0.3 percentage points on the quarter) were NEET.\nThere were 1,012,000 young people who were NEET in January to March 2026, an increase of 89,000 on the year and 55,000 on the quarter. This increase was largely among young men, with an increase of 55,000 on the year, as well as an increase among young women of 34,000 on the year. Of the total number of young people who were NEET, 553,000 were young men and 459,000 were young women.\nThe total number of people aged 18 to 24 years who were NEET was 928,000, up 74,000 on the year and up 38,000 on the previous quarter.\nThe percentage of all those aged 18 to 24 years who were NEET was 15.8%, which was down by 1.0 percentage point on the year, but up by 0.6 percentage points on the quarter.\nFigure 1: The percentage of young people who are not in education, employment or training (NEET) increased over the year (January to March 2025) [Note 1]\nPeople aged 16 to 24 years who are NEET, as a percentage of all people aged 16 to 24 years, by age, seasonally adjusted, UK, January to March 2019 to January to March 2026\nSource: Labour Force Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nGiven the volatility of LFS estimates, we advise users to use caution when drawing conclusions from short-term changes, and to focus on long-term movements in the data.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: The percentage of young people who are not in education, employment or training (NEET) increased over the year (January to March 2025) [Note 1]\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nUnemployed young people who were not in education, employment or training\nThere was an estimated 400,000 young people NEET aged 16 to 24 years who were unemployed in January to March 2026. This was up by 45,000 from January to March 2025, but down by 11,000 from October to December 2025.\nAn estimated 257,000 of these unemployed young people NEET were young men, and 143,000 were young women. The number of NEET men aged 16 to 24 years who were unemployed increased by 27,000 from January to March 2025, while the number of NEET women aged 16 to 24 years who were unemployed decreased by 18,000 on the year.\nEconomically inactive young people who were not in education, employment or training\nThere were an estimated 613,000 economically inactive young people aged 16 to 24 years who were NEET in January to March 2026. This was up by 44,000 on the year from January to March 2025, and up by 66,000 on the quarter from October to December 2025.\nThe number of young men who were NEET and economically inactive was 297,000 and the corresponding number of young women was 316,000. The total increase of 44,000 on the year was largely among young men, with an increase of 28,000 from January to March 2025. Young women aged 16 to 24 years who were NEET and economically inactive increased by 16,000 on the year.\nSubnational not in education, employment or training (NEET) estimates\nWe do not publish subnational estimates for people who are not in education, employment or training (NEET). These estimates can be accessed by following the links in\nSection 7: Related links.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nData on young people who were not in education, employment or training\nYoung people not in education, employment or training (NEET)\nDataset | Released 28 May 2026\nQuarterly estimates for young people (aged 16 to 24 years) who are not in education, employment or training (NEET) in the UK. These are official statistics in development.\nSampling variability for estimates of young people not in education, employment or training (NEET)\nDataset | Released 28 May 2026\nLabour Force Survey quarterly sampling variability estimates for young people (aged 16 to 24 years) who are not in education, employment or training (NEET) in the UK. These are official statistics in development.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nGlossary\nYoung people\nFor this release, young people are defined as those aged 16 to 24 years. Estimates are also produced for the age groups 16 to 17 years and 18 to 24 years by sex, and separately for the age groups 18 to 20 years, 21 to 22 years and 23 to 24 years.\nEducation and training\nPeople are considered to be in education or training if they:\nare enrolled on an education course and are still attending or waiting for term to start or restart\nare doing an apprenticeship\nare on a government-supported employment or training programme\nare working or studying towards a qualification\nhave had job-related training or education in the last four weeks\nYoung people not in education, employment or training (NEET)\nAnybody who is not in any of the forms of education or training previously listed and not in employment is considered to be NEET. As a result, a person identified as NEET will always be either unemployed or economically inactive.\nEconomic inactivity\nPeople not in the labour force (also known as\neconomically inactive\n) are not in employment, but do not meet the internationally accepted definition of unemployment because they have not been seeking work within the last four weeks and/or they are unable to start work in the next two weeks.\nEmployment\nEmployment\nmeasures the number of people in paid work, or those who had a job that they were temporarily away from (for example, because they were on holiday or off sick). This differs from the number of jobs because some people have more than one job.\nUnemployment\nUnemployment\nmeasures people without a job who have been actively seeking work within the last four weeks and are available to start work within the next two weeks.\nA\nmore detailed glossary\nis available in our guide to Labour Market Statistics.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nData sources and quality\nThis statistical bulletin contains estimates for young people who were not in education, employment or training (NEET) in the UK. The bulletin is published quarterly in February or March, May, August and November. All estimates discussed in this statistical bulletin are for the UK and are seasonally adjusted.\nStatistics in this bulletin are used to help monitor progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Explore the UK data on our\nSDGs reporting platform\n.\nBackground information that explains how missing information for identifying someone as NEET is appropriated based on individual characteristics can be found in our\nYoung people not in education, employment or training (NEET), UK: May 2022 methodology\n.\nOfficial statistics in development\nThese statistics are labelled as \"official statistics in development\". Until September 2023, these were called \"experimental statistics\". Read more about the change in our\nGuide to official statistics in development\n. This is in line with the\nletter from the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR)\n, stating that Labour Force Survey (LFS) statistics should not be published as accredited official statistics until OSR has reviewed them.\nWe published an update of our\nLFS quality update article: April 2026\n. This article provides users with information about current response rates and known biases in LFS data, to help them better understand the current quality of the data.\nAs part of our work to address quality concerns with the LFS, we have seen improvements in response levels and rates, with responses now close to their pre-pandemic level. The achieved sample, including imputed cases (the dataset size), has increased from 77,927 individuals in October to December 2025 to 80,078 individuals in January to March 2026. This is shown in our\nLFS performance and quality monitoring report: January to March 2026 methodology\n. More quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nLabour Force Survey quality and methodology information (QMI) report\n.\nThe Office for National Statistics (ONS) is responsible for NEET statistics for the UK, published in this release. Estimates of the number of young people who are NEET within the countries of the UK and for subnational areas are the responsibility of the Department for Education for England, and the devolved governments for each of the other countries. There is further information on the availability of subnational estimates of young people who are NEET in\nSection 7: Related links\n.\nCoronavirus (COVID-19)\nRead more about how the labour market data sources are affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in our\nCoronavirus and the effects on UK labour market statistics article\n.\nFor a comparison of our labour market data sources and the main differences, read our\nComparison of our labour market data sources methodology\n.\nRelationship to other labour market statistics for young people\nOur monthly\nLabour market statistical bulletin\nincludes the dataset\nA06: Educational status and labour market status for people aged from 16 to 24\n. The NEET statistics and the dataset A06 statistics are both derived from the LFS and use the same labour market statuses; however, the educational statuses are derived differently.\nFor dataset A06, the educational status is based on participation in full-time education only. For NEET statistics, the educational status is based on any form of education or training. Therefore, the dataset A06 category \"not in full-time education\" includes some people who are in part-time education and/or some form of training, and who, consequently, should not be regarded as NEET.\nStrengths and limitations\nThe figures in this bulletin come from the LFS, which gathers information from a sample of households across the UK, rather than from the whole population. The sample is designed to be as accurate as possible, given practical limitations. Results from sample surveys are always estimates and not precise figures. This can have an impact on how changes in the estimates should be interpreted. For more information on sampling, see\nSection 2 of our Uncertainty and how we measure it for our surveys methodology\n.\nAs the sample gets smaller, the variability of the estimates gets larger. Estimates for small groups, which are based on small subsets of the LFS sample, are less reliable and tend to be more volatile than for larger aggregated groups.\nIn general, changes in the numbers (and especially the rates) reported in this bulletin between quarters are small and are not usually greater than the level that can be explained by sampling variability. Short-term movements in reported rates should be considered alongside longer-term patterns in the series and corresponding movements in other sources, to give a fuller picture.\nOur\nSampling variability dataset\nshows sampling variabilities for estimates of young people who are NEET derived from the LFS.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nRelated links\nNEET estimates for England\nCollection | Last updated 12 March 2026\nYoung people's participation in education, employment and training and those not in education, employment or training (NEET) from the Department for Education.\nNEET estimates for Scotland\nPublication | Last updated 26 August 2025\nAnnual statistical publication from Skills Development Scotland, reporting on learning, training and work activity of those aged 16 to 19 years in Scotland.\nNEET estimates for Wales\nStatistics and research | Last updated 29 April 2026\nData for young people by age, gender, region and disability from the Welsh Government.\nNEET estimates for Northern Ireland\nTables | Last updated 28 May 2026\nTables from the Labour Market Report, including Not in Education Employment or Training (NEET).\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), published 28 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nYoung people not in education, employment or training (NEET), UK: May 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "employmentandlabourmarket/peoplenotinwork/unemployment/bulletins/youngpeoplenotineducationemploymentortrainingneet/may2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peoplenotinwork/unemployment/bulletins/youngpeoplenotineducationemploymentortrainingneet/may2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Estimates of young people (aged 16 to 24 years) who are not in education, employment or training, by age and sex.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2025", "2024", "2023", "2024,", "1,012,000", "16", "24 years", "2026", "89,000", "55,000", "13.5%", "1.0 percentage point", "0.7 percentage points", "6", "2", "2026,", "3", "14.4%", "1.2 percentage points", "1.1 percentage points", "12.5%", "0.8 percentage points", "0.3 percentage points", "34,000", "553,000", "459,000", "18", "928,000,", "74,000", "38,000", "15.8%", "0.6 percentage points", "2019", "400,000", "45,000", "2025,", "11,000", "257,000", "143,000", "27,000", "18,000", "613,000", "44,000", "66,000", "297,000", "316,000", "28,000", "16,000", "7", "4", "28", "5", "17 years", "20 years", "21", "22 years", "23", "2022", "2023,", "77,927", "80,078", "19", "24", "12", "26", "19 years", "29", "8"], "numeric_evidence": [], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "f0383a07be7d6d84d2f2"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/bulletins/birthsummarytablesenglandandwales/2025", "title": "Births in England and Wales: 2025", "context": "1.\nOther pages in this release\nThese are the first annual publications on births and deaths for the data year 2025. For the first time, we have produced provisional total fertility rates and mortality rates at country level using projected populations for 2025. The final rates will be released later in the year as usual. For our deaths counterpart, please see our\nDeath registration summary statistics, England and Wales: 2025 bulletin\n.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nMain points\nThere were 585,396 live births in England and Wales in 2025, a 1.6% decrease from 594,677 in 2024.\nFor the first time, we have produced provisional birth rates at country level using the 2025 projected populations; these estimate a decrease in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) from 1.41 children per woman in 2024 to 1.39 for England and Wales in 2025, the final rates will be released later in 2026.\nProvisional Standardised Mean Age (SMA) indicates a slight increase to 31.1 years of age for mothers and 34.0 years of age for fathers in 2025 (from 31.0 and 33.9 in 2024, respectively); both groups have seen overall increases since 1975, when SMA was 26.4 years of age for mothers, and 29.5 years of age for fathers.\nThe number of live births where either one or both parents were born outside of the UK has increased by 0.7 percentage points, from 39.5% in 2024 to 40.2% in 2025.\nWhile 26 December has remained the least frequent birth date since 2013, the most frequent birth date is much more variable, with 28 May ranking most frequent for the first time since 1999.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nData on Births\nBirths in England and Wales: Birth registrations\nDataset | Released 27 May 2026\nAnnual live births, stillbirths, maternities, and fertility rates in England and Wales by factors including registration, place of birth, and deprivation.\nBirths in England and Wales: Linked births\nDataset | Released 27 May 2026\nAnnual live births and stillbirths in England and Wales by factors including socio-economic classification, gestational age, birthweight, and ethnicity.\nParents' country of birth\nDataset | Released 27 May 2026\nAnnual data on live births in England and Wales by parents' country of birth.\nQuarterly births in England and Wales, provisional\nDataset | Released 26 January 2026\nQuarterly live births, stillbirths, maternities and stillbirth rates by gestational age, age of mother, ethnicity, and area deprivation, for England and Wales.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nData sources and quality\nMeasuring the data\nThe birth registrations dataset represents live births and stillbirths occurring in the calendar year, plus a small number of late registrations from the previous year.\nBirth statistics represent births that occur and are then registered in England and Wales. Figures are derived from information recorded when live births and stillbirths are registered as part of civil registration, which is a legal requirement. Figures include mothers and fathers whose usual residence is outside England and Wales. These data represent the most complete data source available.\nThe registration of births is a service carried out by the Local Registration Service in partnership with the General Register Office (GRO), in England and Wales. Birth registration is linked to the NHS birth notification within the Office for National Statistics (ONS). This is to obtain the age of the mother where it was missing on the birth registration. It also enables the analysis of further characteristics such as birthweight, ethnicity of the baby, and gestation of live births.\nFollowing previous procedures on birth statistics, when referencing England and Wales in this bulletin, the data in the corresponding data tables is \"England, Wales and Elsewhere\". In this context, \"Elsewhere\" refers to a birth to a mother whose usual residence is outside England and Wales.\nPopulation estimates impact on rates and timeliness\nFertility rates for 2025 have been calculated at country level only, using population projections for 2025. Final rates and lower geography rates will be released later in the year. For the foreseeable future, counts of live births, stillbirths and maternities, stillbirth rates, and country-level provisional rates will be published in the first instance. Final fertility rates, including Total Fertility Rate and Age-Specific Fertility Rates, will be published as soon as mid-year population estimates are made available. The updated workbooks will be published in the same\nBirths in England and Wales data series\nas this publication.\nPublic consultation and our data\nThe ONS, together with the Department of Health and Social Care, NHS England, Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, and UK Health Security Agency conducted a public consultation into our health statistics, which closed in March 2024.\nIn response, our births data are now published in three data series:\nBirths in England and Wales: birth registration\nBirths in England and Wales: linked births\nBirths in England and Wales: Births by parents' country of birth\nA lookup table can be found in the Births in England and Wales: birth registration and linked births data downloads, explaining where statistics from previous editions can be found in the new table format.\nThe ONS, Department of Health and Social Care, NHS England, Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, and UK Health Security Agency has published a full\nresponse to the consultation\n, summarising feedback on all proposals. Further improvements will be made in future releases.\nMore quality and methodology information\nMore quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nBirths Quality and Methodology Information (QMI)\n.\nOur\nUser guide to birth statistics methodology\nprovides further information on data quality, legislation and procedures relating to births, and includes a glossary of terms.\nAccredited official statistics\nThese accredited official statistics were independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in April 2012. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in\nthe Code of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"Accredited official statistics\".\nFor more on accredited official statistics, read the\nOffice for Statistics Regulation guidance\n.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nRelated links\nDeath registration summary statistics, England and Wales: 2025\nBulletin | Released 27 May 2026\nNumber of deaths registered by year, sex, area of usual residence and Office for National Statistics (ONS) shortlist of cause of death code.\nBirths in England and Wales: 2024 (refreshed populations)\nStatistical bulletin | 27 August 2025\nAnnual live births, stillbirths, maternities, and fertility rates in England and Wales by factors including parent age, parent country of birth, ethnicity, deprivation, gestational age and birthweight.\nChild and infant mortality in England and Wales: 2024\nStatistical bulletin | 11 May 2026\nStillbirths, infant and childhood deaths occurring annually in England and Wales, and associated risk factors.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 27 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nBirths in England and Wales: 2025\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/bulletins/birthsummarytablesenglandandwales/2025", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/bulletins/birthsummarytablesenglandandwales/2025", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Live births, stillbirths, maternities, and fertility rates by factors including age, parent country of birth, ethnicity, gestational age and birthweight.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2025", "2", "585,396", "2025,", "1.6%", "594,677", "2024", "1.41", "1.39", "2026", "31.1 years", "34.0 years", "31.0", "33.9", "2024,", "1975,", "26.4 years", "29.5 years", "0.7 percentage points", "39.5%", "40.2%", "26", "2013,", "28", "1999", "3", "27", "4", "2012", "5", "11", "6", "2026,"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Births in England and Wales: birth registrations", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/datasets/birthsinenglandandwalesbirthregistrations/2025/2025birthregistrations.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Births in England and Wales: birth registrations", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/datasets/birthsinenglandandwalesbirthregistrations/2024/2024birthregistrations.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "592e0febe040d394af1b"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/deathregistrationsummarystatisticsenglandandwales/2025", "title": "Death registration summary statistics, England and Wales: 2025", "context": "1.\nOther pages in this release\nThese are our first annual publications on births and deaths for the data year 2025. For the first time, we have produced provisional total fertility rates and mortality rates at country level using projected populations for 2025. The final rates will be released later in the year as usual. For our births counterpart please see our\nBirths in England and Wales: 2025 bulletin\n.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nMain points\nThere were 570,988 deaths registered in England and Wales in 2025, an increase of 0.4% compared with 2024 (568,613 deaths) but 6.1% lower than the 2020 coronavirus (COVID-19)-related spike.\nThe provisional age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) in England and Wales for 2025 was 914.6 deaths per 100,000 people, the lowest since our data time series began in 1994.\nWhile Wales continued to have higher ASMRs (1,008.7 deaths per 100,000 people) compared with England (906.9 deaths per 100,000 people) in 2025, both rates have fallen to their lowest level since our data time series began in 1994.\nBy sex, males continued to have higher ASMRs compared with females in 2025, with 1,074.8 deaths per 100,000 males and 782.7 deaths per 100,000 females.\nThe East of England had the biggest percentage increase in the numbers of deaths registered in 2025 compared with 2024, while the North West had the biggest percentage decrease.\nDementia and Alzheimer's disease continued to be the leading cause of death in England and Wales, with 72,272 deaths registered in 2025 (12.7% of all deaths).\n!\nThe figures in this bulletin are based on the date a death was registered, which is usually later than the date it occurred. The number of days between a death happening and it being registered will be longer for deaths that are referred to the coroner. See\nSection 5: Data sources and quality\n.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nData on death registrations\nDeaths registered summary statistics, England and Wales\nDataset | Released 27 May 2026\nRegistered deaths by age, sex, selected underlying causes of death and the leading causes of death. Contains death rates and death registrations by area of residence and single year of age.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nGlossary\nAge-standardised mortality rates\nAge-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs) are used to allow comparisons between populations that may contain different proportions of people of different ages. The 2013 European Standard Population is used to standardise rates; more information is available in our\nUser guide to mortality statistics\n.\nCoronaviruses\nThe World Health Organization (WHO) defines coronaviruses as \"a large family of viruses that are known to cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases, such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)\". Between 2001 and 2018, there were 12 deaths in England and Wales due to a coronavirus infection, with a further 13 deaths mentioning the virus as a contributory factor on the death certificate.\nCoronavirus (COVID-19)\nCOVID-19 refers to the \"coronavirus disease 2019\" and is a disease that can affect the lungs and airways. It is caused by a type of coronavirus. Further information is available from the\nWorld Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus disease article\n.\nCrude mortality rates\nCrude mortality rates are used to allow comparisons between populations of different sizes, so are a better measure to compare across time than numbers of deaths alone. However, crude rates do not take account of differences in the structure of populations, such as the age and sex distribution (see \"Age-standardised mortality rates\" in this Glossary). More information is available in Section 7: Death rates, ratios and standardisation of our\nUser guide to mortality statistics\n.\nDeath registration\nMortality statistics are compiled from information supplied when deaths are certified and registered as part of civil registration, which is a legal requirement. According to the\nBirths and Deaths Registration Act 1953\n, a death should be registered within five days unless it is referred to a coroner for investigation. Mortality statistics for a given time period can be based on occurrence (death date) or registration (registration date); registration delay is the difference between date of occurrence and date of registration.\nStatistical significance\nThe term \"significant\" refers to statistically significant changes or differences. Significance has been determined using the 95% confidence intervals, where instances of non-overlapping confidence intervals between estimates indicate the difference is unlikely to have arisen from random fluctuation. More information is available on\nhow we measure and communicate uncertainty for our surveys\n.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nData sources and quality\nFigures in this release only represent deaths that were registered in England and Wales. These include some deaths of individuals whose usual residence was outside England and Wales (1,201 of the 570,988 deaths registered in 2025). These deaths are included in totals for England and Wales combined but excluded from breakdowns for England and Wales separately. Any deaths of residents that happened abroad are not included.\nDeath certification reform\nChanges to the process by which causes of deaths are scrutinised and certified (\nDeath certification reform\nand the introduction of medical examiners) came into force in England and Wales on 9 September 2024. This introduced a statutory medical examiner system, under which all non-coronial deaths must be independently scrutinised by a medical examiner before registration. The medical examiner is responsible for sending the medical certificate of cause of death (MCCD) to the registrar and notifying the informant when the death can be registered.\nThe reform also introduced a revised MCCD and a new medical examiner MCCD (ME MCCD) for use in specific circumstances. These changes are intended to improve the consistency and quality of death certification.\nFurther information is available in our\nDeath Certification Reform, England and Wales: 9 September 2024 to 30 June 2025 (provisional data) article\n.\nDeath registration\nThis bulletin is based on the date that deaths are registered, not the date of death (date of occurrence). The number of days between death occurrence and registration depends on many factors and the time taken to register can vary (for example, deaths referred to the coroner). Read more in our\nImpact of registration delays on mortality statistics in England and Wales: 2022 article\n.\nProducing statistics based on date of death that are both timely and sufficiently complete is not possible. Statistics based on date of registration are both timely and complete, but it is important to consider the limitations of using registration data over occurrence data. Measures of the median time taken to register deaths are important statistical quality metrics to help users understand this.\nBefore 9 September 2024, deaths should legally have been registered within five days of the death occurring or the date on which the body was found (including weekends and bank holidays), unless a coroner was involved.\nWe continue to monitor the time taken to register a death as part of our ongoing assessments of the quality and timeliness of mortality data, including whether death certification reforms have had any effect.\nFurther detail is available in Table 4 of our\nDeaths registered weekly in England and Wales, provisional dataset\n.\nCoding of deaths\nDeaths are cause coded using the World Health Organization's (WHO)\nInternational Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10)\n. Deaths are coded to ICD-10 using IRIS software (version 2013). Cause of death reported here represents the final underlying cause of death for ages 28 days and over. This takes account of additional information received from medical practitioners or coroners after the death has been registered.\nIn 2011, there was an update to the coding framework (detailed in our Results of the ICD-10 v2010\nbridge coding study\n) used to code cause of death. This meant that deaths from vascular dementia that were previously coded to cerebrovascular disease (I60 to I69) would be coded to vascular dementia (F01). There were further changes to the framework in 2014 (detailed in our\nImpact of the implementation of IRIS software for ICD-10 cause of death coding bulletin\n) where deaths that were coded to chest infection (J98) would now be coded to chest infection (J22). Those deaths that mentioned dementia (F01 or F03) would now be coded to dementia (F01 or F03). Additionally, deaths that were previously coded to aspiration pneumonia (I69) where dementia was mentioned on the death certificate would now be coded to dementia (F01 or F03).\nFor deaths registered from 1 January 2022, cause of death is coded to the ICD-10 classification using MUSE 5.8 software. Deaths registered between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2021 were coded using MUSE 5.5 and previous years were coded to IRIS 4.2.3. For more information, see our\nCause of death coding in mortality statistics, software changes article\n.\nStrengths and limitations\nTo provide the public with timely statistics, previous versions of this release were based only on number of deaths. These numbers could not be used for comparison across groups or time, as population size and age structure has not been taken into account. We have introduced provisional mortality rates to this publication, these use\npopulation projections\n. Finalised deaths registration figures, including age-standardised mortality rates, use\npopulation estimates\nand will be released in our\nDeaths registered in England and Wales bulletin\nin summer 2026.\nMore quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nMortality statistics in England and Wales quality and methodology information (QMI) report\nand our\nUser guide to mortality statistics\n.\nAccredited official statistics\nThese\naccredited official statistics\nwere independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nRelated links\nBirths in England and Wales: 2025\nBulletin | Released 27 May 2026\nAnnual live births, stillbirths, maternities, and stillbirth rates, in England and Wales by factors including parent age, parent country of birth, ethnicity, deprivation, gestational age and birthweight.\nDashboard: Deaths registered weekly in England and Wales\nDashboard | Released weekly\nProvisional number of deaths registered in England and Wales in the latest weeks.\nDeaths registered in England and Wales: 2024\nBulletin | Released 9 October 2025\nRegistered deaths by age, sex, selected underlying causes of death and the leading causes of death. Contains death rates and death registrations by area of residence and single year of age.\nExcess deaths in England and Wales: March 2020 to December 2022\nArticle | Released 9 March 2023\nNumber of excess deaths, including deaths due to coronavirus (COVID-19) and due to other causes. Including breakdowns by age, sex, and geography.\nDeath certification reform, England and Wales\nArticle | Released 9 October 2025\nAnalysis on the time taken to register a death, cause of death, new ethnicity fields and new pregnancy fields since death certification reform (DCR) came into force on 9 September 2024.\nThe top 10 causes of death\nWeb page | Updated 7 August 2024\nThe World Health Organization (WHO) provides data on the leading causes of death in the world.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 27 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nDeath registration summary statistics, England and Wales: 2025\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/deathregistrationsummarystatisticsenglandandwales/2025", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/deathregistrationsummarystatisticsenglandandwales/2025", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Registered deaths by age, sex, selected underlying causes of death and the leading causes of death.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2025", "2", "570,988", "2025,", "0.4%", "2024", "568,613", "6.1%", "2020", "19", "914.6", "100,000", "1994", "1,008.7", "906.9", "1,074.8", "782.7", "2024,", "72,272", "12.7%", "5", "3", "27", "2026", "4", "2013", "2001", "2018,", "12", "13", "2019", "7", "1953", "95%", "1,201", "9", "30", "2022", "10", "28 days", "2011,", "2014", "2022,", "5.8", "31", "2021", "5.5", "4.2", "6", "2023", "2026,"], "numeric_evidence": [], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "299cf4805c566c21bad7"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/mentalhealth/bulletins/theimpactofemploymentadvisorsinnhstalkingtherapiesonemployeeearningsandemploymentstatusengland/april2014tomarch2025", "title": "The impact of employment advisors in NHS Talking Therapies on employee earnings and employment status, England: April 2014 to March 2025", "context": "1.\nMain points\nEmployment Advisor (EA) support is available through NHS Talking Therapies (NHSTT) alongside psychological therapy; the service offers tailored advice for people who are out of work to find employment, and for people in employment when stress, anxiety or depression are affecting their work.\nAmong individuals not working at the start of NHSTT treatment, receiving EA support alongside psychological therapy increased earnings and employment over time, compared with receiving psychological therapy only; on average, monthly earnings were £105 higher and the probability of being in paid employment after three years was 4.7 percentage points higher.\nIndividuals not working and describing themselves as homemakers at the start of NHSTT treatment experienced the largest increases in earnings and employment over time after receiving EA support alongside psychological therapy; there was an average increase of £219 in monthly earnings and a 12.8 percentage point increase in the probability of being in paid employment after three years, compared with receiving psychological therapy only.\nAmong people employed and working at the start of NHSTT treatment, those receiving EA support alongside psychological therapy experienced a decrease in earnings and employment over time compared with receiving psychological therapy only; there was an average decrease of £160 in monthly earnings and a 3.7 percentage point reduction in the probability of being in paid employment after three years.\nAmong individuals employed and working at the start of NHSTT treatment and who remained in employment throughout the follow-up period, those receiving EA support alongside psychological therapy experienced an average decrease of £104 in monthly earnings three years later, compared with receiving psychological therapy only; this may suggest that people in employment are moving to lower-paying jobs or reducing their working hours.\nIndividuals employed but off sick at the start of NHSTT treatment, who received EA support alongside psychological therapy, experienced an average decrease of £224 in monthly earnings and a 5.0 percentage point reduction in the probability of being in paid employment after three years, compared with receiving psychological therapy only.\n!\nAll the datasets used for this analysis were de-identified in a secure virtual environment before they were combined and analysed. In line with the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\n, the de-identified linked data will only be used for statistical production and research. Read more in\nSection 5: Data sources and quality\n.\nThis project is part of the\nSupport2Work\nprogramme, funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) under its Work and Health Research Initiative (W&H) (Grant Reference Number NIHR207664). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nResults of the analysis\nThis study examined the impact of EA support on individual labour market outcomes as part of the\nSupport2Work\nprogramme. Further work, conducted by other members of the Support2Work team, will include in-depth qualitative interviews with EA staff and service users. The work will also include an examination of the wider impacts of EA support; for example, the impacts on population health and societal welfare.\nWe used genetic matching to match individuals who received both EA support and therapy with similar individuals who received therapy only. The individuals who received therapy only were in a geographical area where employment support had not yet been introduced. We used staggered difference-in-difference modelling to compare changes in employment and earnings over time to estimate the additional impact of EA support. Definitions of the terms in this section are available in\nSection 4: Glossary\n.\nFigure 1 shows the impact on employment and earnings three years after individuals first received EA support, compared with matched individuals who received psychological therapy only. Further estimates at quarterly time periods and results stratified by characteristics, including age group, sex, presenting symptoms, number of EA sessions, mental health recovery status, and Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) quintile group can be found in our accompanying dataset.\nFigure 1: Largest improvements in labour market outcomes observed among non-working individuals (seeking work, not seeking work, and homemakers) three years after first receiving employment support\nChanges in average monthly earnings and the probability of being in paid employment three years after first receiving employment support, among 18 to 65 year olds who received employment support alongside psychological therapy in NHS Talking Therapies between April 2018 and 31 March 2023, compared with a matched sample of individuals who received psychological therapy only\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nData include individuals who received employment support alongside psychological therapy in NHS Talking Therapies between April 2018 and 31 March 2023, attended at least one employment support session and at least two psychological therapy sessions, were aged between 18 and 65 years at the time of NHSTT assessment, were resident in England at the time of treatment, and recorded as usual residents in the 2011 or 2021 Census.\nOutcomes are compared with a matched sample of individuals who received psychological therapy only, in an NHSTT service where employment support was not available.\nThe error bars are 95% confidence limits.\nEarnings are gross monthly earnings paid to employees, in 2024 equivalent values.\nBeing a paid employee is defined as receiving monthly earnings greater than £0.\nThe HMRC follow-up covers the period between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2025.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nData on the impact of employment advisors in NHS Talking Therapies on monthly employee earnings and employment status, England: April 2014 to March 2025\nThe impact of employment advisors in NHS Talking Therapies on employee earnings and employment status, England\nDataset | Released 26 May 2026\nThe change in employee earnings and employment status after receiving employment advisor support and psychological therapy, compared with psychological therapy only.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nGlossary\nNHS Talking Therapies\nNHS Talking Therapies (NHSTT) is a free national NHS service in England that provides evidence-based psychological talking treatments for adults experiencing common mental health difficulties, particularly anxiety and depression disorders. The service started in 2008 and offers a range of National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommended therapies. These include Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, counselling, mindfulness and guided self-help, delivered face-to-face, remotely, one-to-one, or in group settings. Anyone registered with a GP in England can access the service.\nMore information can be found on the NHS webpage on\nNHS Talking Therapies for anxiety and depression\n.\nEmployment advisors\nEmployment Advisors (EAs)\nwere piloted within NHSTT from 2018, with expanded rollout from 2022. The rollout was implemented in phases. Initially, only a small number of CCGs in England had EA access, but with each successive wave, additional CCGs were included. EA support is a voluntary intervention offered to individuals accessing NHSTT, where appropriate. The support is funded by the Joint Work and Health Directorate, and jointly sponsored by the Department for Work and Pensions, and the Department of Health and Social Care.\nEAs do not provide psychological therapy; instead, they focus on practical, employment-related support for people who are unemployed, on sickness absence, or struggling to remain in work. The intention is for EA support to run alongside therapy, by addressing employment-related issues, such as job searching, workplace challenges, and return-to-work planning, although support may begin earlier in practice because of waiting times.\nAverage treatment effect on the treated\nAverage treatment effect on the treated (ATT) is the primary causal estimand and measures the average effect of receiving EA support. ATT is defined at the cohort-time level, with cohorts indexed by calendar quarter of first EA contact.\nIt measures the difference between observed outcomes for treated individuals and the counterfactual outcomes that would have occurred in the absence of EA contact, using never-treated individuals as the comparison group. In this study, never-treated individuals are defined as having no record of receiving EA support in the NHSTT data within the study period. Identification relies on a conditional parallel trend assumption, conditional on pre-treatment covariates.\nStaggered difference-in-differences approach\nA staggered difference-in-difference (DiD) approach is used to estimate causal effects when treatment occurs at different points in time across individuals or cohorts. In this study, it exploits the staggered geographical rollout of EA support across England to compare pre- and post-treatment outcomes for matched individuals, controlling for time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity and Lower-layer Super Output Area (LSOA)-level unemployment.\nCohort and time-specific effects are estimated using never-treated individuals with matched NHSTT assessment dates as clean controls and then aggregated following a modified\nCallaway and Sant'Anna approach\n, allowing treatment effects to vary over cohorts and time while avoiding bias from conventional two-way fixed effects models.\nEmployment status\nEmployment status is the employment status an individual identifies for themselves, based on information they provide at the start of their NHSTT treatment, reflecting their own understanding of their work status. Categories include:\nEmployed\nNot working, long-term sick/disabled\nNot working, not seeking work\nNot working, seeking work\nMissing or not stated\nWe used information from self-reported sick status (whether an individual is off sick or not) to create further categories, including:\nEmployed, working\nEmployed, off sick\nEmployed, sick status unknown\nNot working, seeking work\nNot working, not seeking work\nNot working, homemaker\nNot working, long-term sick/disabled\nMissing or not stated\nGenetic matching\nWe used genetic matching, implemented through the\nmatchit function\n. Genetic matching uses an iterative search algorithm (each iteration is a \"generation\") to optimise matches by minimising imbalance across observed characteristics. It uses generalised Mahalanobis distance as the primary distance metric.\nThis helps to reduce systematic differences between groups and reduces potential confounding prior to estimating treatment effects. For characteristics used in matching, see\nSection 5. Data sources and quality\n.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nData sources and quality\nLinked datasets\nAn extension of the Public Health Data Asset (PHDA) was used for this analysis. The de-identified, linked dataset includes data from:\nNHS Talking Therapies data (1 April 2018 to 31 March 2023)\nthe 2011 Census and Census 2021 data for demographic and socio-economic information\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS) death registrations (registered between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2024)\nHM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI) records (from 1 April 2014 to 31 March 2025)\nDatasets were linked using NHS numbers and encrypted National Insurance numbers via the\nONS Demographic Index (PDF, 549KB)\n. All data were de-identified prior to analysis. More details of the linkage processes are provided in our\nprevious publication\n.\nPAYE earnings data were processed in line with our Monthly earnings and employment estimates from our\nPay As You Earn Real Time Information (PAYE RTI) methodology\nand our\nExplaining income and earnings methodology\nto derive monthly earnings, with multiple records per individual aggregated within each month.\nNegative monthly employee earnings values were set to zero and values above the 99.9% centile were capped. Monthly employee earnings were deflated to 2024 prices using our\nConsumer Price Index including owner occupier's housing costs (CPIH) dataset\n. We defined being a paid employee as receiving any amount of earnings in a month.\nInclusion criteria\nIndividuals were included if they could be linked to both NHS and National Insurance records and had a valid Census identifier.\nThe study population was restricted to individuals who:\nstarted NHS Talking Therapies (NHSTT) between 1 April 2018 and 31 March 2023\nattended at least two therapy sessions\nwere aged 18 to 65 years at the time of their NHSTT assessment\nwere resident in England at the time of treatment and recorded as usual residents in the 2011 or 2021 census\nStudents and retired individuals were excluded to focus on the working-age population. Additionally, the HMRC PAYE dataset covers only individuals in paid employment, and does not include individuals who are self-employed or receiving income from sources like investments or housing. All included individuals had at least 12 months of follow-up. Where individuals had multiple eligible treatment episodes, the earliest episode was selected. For individuals with multiple eligible NHSTT pathways, the pathway with the earliest therapy start date was selected.\nExposure groups\nThe exposed group consisted of individuals who received psychological therapy and attended at least one EA session between 1 April 2018 and 31 March 2023, within their NHSTT pathway. The unexposed group comprised individuals who received psychological therapy in an NHSTT service where EA support was not yet available and where the individual had no recorded EA support during this period.\nFollow up\nIndividuals were followed from the start of their NHSTT pathway for a minimum of 12 months and up to a maximum of 36 months (pre- and post-therapy). For the exposed group, follow up spanned periods before and after first contact with an EA.\nThe HMRC follow-up covers the period between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2025, and ends at the earliest of the following points:\nthe end of the study period (31 March 2025)\nreaching age 66 years\ndeath\nPre-therapy follow up was censored when participants were under 18 years of age.\nMatching\nMatching was used to make the exposed and unexposed groups as comparable as possible. Each individual who received EA support was matched, on a one-to-one basis, with an individual who did not receive EA support using genetic matching.\nExact matching was applied on month of NHSTT assessment, with unexposed individuals selected from geographical areas where employment support had not yet been introduced. Additional non-exact matching variables included:\nage group\nsex\nethnic group\nGeneral Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) at the start of NHSTT treatment\nPatient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) at the start of NHSTT treatment\nWork and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) score\nIndex of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) quintile group\ndisability status\nemployment status at the start of NHSTT treatment\nemployment history in the six months prior to NHSTT assessment\npresenting complaint\nQuality\nThe quality of the PHDA and HMRC PAYE datasets are described in Section 5: Data sources and quality of our\nThe impact of bariatric surgery on monthly employee earnings and employee status, England: April 2014 to December 2022 article\n.\nThere may be differences between the exposed and unexposed groups not fully captured through the matching process, such as individuals' underlying motivation to seek employment support. Although we implement a matching procedure to improve comparability between exposed and unexposed groups, our estimates may still be affected by bias arising from unobserved factors. These unmeasured factors may influence take-up of EA support and earnings and employment outcomes, meaning that the estimated effects may partly reflect these underlying differences, rather than the impact of EA support alone.\nWe observe a statistically significant dip before time zero in some models. This is common in mental health settings. Individuals often seek help after negative shocks (for example, job loss or worsening mental health), which can reduce earnings or employment prior to treatment. This is worth noting in the context of parallel trends, but does not invalidate the results. Pre-trends move in the opposite direction to post-treatment effects, suggesting estimates may be conservative. The pre-treatment decline likely reflects selection into support following adverse shocks (Ashenfelter’s dip), rather than anticipation or treatment effects. Robustness has been assessed using Rosenbaum and Oster tests.\nAcknowledgements\nWe would like to thank the Support2Work Service Experts Advisory Panel (SEAP) and Policy Expert Advisory Panel (PEAP) for their ongoing collaboration and feedback.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nRelated links\nThe impact of NHS Talking Therapies on monthly employee pay and employment status, England: April 2014 to December 2022\nArticle | Released 09 December 2024\nThe change in monthly employee pay and employee status attributable to completing NHS Talking Therapies treatment in different time periods after therapy, compared with one year before first therapy.\nUsing the power of linked data to understand factors preventing people from working\nBlog post | Released 1 October 2023\nHow linked, population-level data can improve our understanding of the interplay between health and work, with the goal of improving the wellbeing of individuals and the economy.\nLabour market overview, UK\nBulletin | Released monthly\nEstimates of employment, unemployment, economic inactivity and other employment-related statistics for the UK.\nRising ill-health and economic inactivity because of long-term sickness, UK: 2019 to 2023\nArticle | Released 26 July 2023\nExperimental statistics estimating the different health conditions of the working-age population and those economically inactive because of long-term sickness.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 26 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nThe impact of employment advisors in NHS Talking Therapies on monthly employee earnings and employment status, England: April 2014 to March 2025\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/mentalhealth/bulletins/theimpactofemploymentadvisorsinnhstalkingtherapiesonemployeeearningsandemploymentstatusengland/april2014tomarch2025", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/mentalhealth/bulletins/theimpactofemploymentadvisorsinnhstalkingtherapiesonemployeeearningsandemploymentstatusengland/april2014tomarch2025", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "The change in employee earnings and employment status after receiving employment advisor support and psychological therapy, compared with psychological therapy only.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "105", "4.7 percentage points", "219", "12.8 percentage point", "160", "3.7 percentage point", "104", "224", "5.0 percentage point", "5", "2", "4", "18", "65 year", "2018", "31", "2023,", "65 years", "2011", "2021", "95%", "2024", "0", "2014", "2025", "3", "26", "2026", "2008", "2018,", "2022", "2023", "2009", "549", "99.9%", "12 months", "36 months", "2025,", "66 years", "18 years", "7", "9", "6", "09", "2019", "2026,"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "The impact of employment advisors in NHS Talking Therapies on employee earnings and employment status, England", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/mentalhealth/datasets/theimpactofemploymentadvisorsinnhstalkingtherapiesonemployeeearningsandemploymentstatusengland/april2014tomarch2025/onseasnhsttdataset.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "bdf16120be8c9dcc4ff5"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/energygoodsandservicesusedbyukbusinesses/2024", "title": "Energy, goods and services used by UK businesses: 2024", "context": "1.\nMain points\nIntermediate consumption, or expenditure on energy, goods and services used as inputs to UK business processes, showed a small increase between 2023 and 2024.\nThe products with the highest expenditure (excluding energy- related products) included \"computer programming, consultancy and related services\", \"rental and leasing services\", \"advertising and market research services\", \"real estate services\", and \"buildings and buildings construction works\"; these groupings made up almost one-fifth of total intermediate consumption.\n!\nThese are\nofficial statistics in development\n, and we advise caution when using the data. The data source is currently under development, which means the estimates are likely to be revised.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nData on energy, goods and services used by UK businesses\nEnergy, goods and services used by UK businesses\nDataset | Released 26 May 2026\nHigh-level and detailed table of intermediate consumption proportions and values by industry group, UK. These are official statistics in development.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nData sources and quality\nThe product values in the Energy, goods and services used by UK businesses dataset are constrained to\nAnnual Business Survey estimates of intermediate consumption\n, where equivalent industries are available.\nAs in previous years, industry groupings that contain different types of businesses should also be treated with caution. Survey methodology assumes a level of similarity between companies in the same groupings. These \"catch all\" groupings within the\nStandard Industrial Classification (SIC)\ncan give volatile product patterns, depending on which companies happen to be selected. Some of these groupings include:\nDivision 32 – Other manufacturing\nDivision 96 – Other personal service activities\nDivision 74 – Other professional, scientific and technical activities\nSince 2020, there have been changes to the questionnaire to allow for the reporting of wood and wood products under energy consumption. Caution should therefore be taken when comparing with earlier releases of the datasets for the following product groupings of the\nStatistical Classification of Products by Activity (CPA)\n:\n01 – products of agriculture, hunting and related services\n02 – products of forestry, logging and related services\n06 – crude petroleum and natural gas\n16 – wood and products of wood and cork, except furniture; articles of straw and plaiting materials\n19 – coke and refined petroleum products and other potentially related categories\nFor SIC Section K Financial and insurance activities – industries 64 to 66, as with other business surveys, there are reporting issues with industry groupings that contain trusts because the survey is based on the\nInter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR)\n. Trusts are not listed on the IDBR, and therefore the coverage of the financial industries is problematic. Our intention is to drop Section K in future, please contact us at\nabaps@ons.gov.uk\nif you have views on this.\nOfficial statistics in development\nThese statistics are labelled as \"official statistics in development\". Until September 2023, these were called \"experimental statistics\". Read more about the change in our\nGuide to official statistics in development\n.\nThese statistics are based on information from the Annual Purchases Survey. We are developing how we collect and produce the data to improve the quality of these statistics.\nOnce the developments are complete, we will review the statistics with the Statistics Head of Profession. We will decide whether the statistics are of sufficient quality and value to be published as official statistics, or whether further development is needed. Production may be stopped if they are not of sufficient quality or value. Users will be informed of the outcome and any changes.\nWe value your feedback on these statistics. Contact us at\nabaps@ons.gov.uk\n.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nRelated links\nNon-financial business economy, UK (Annual Business Survey): 2024 results\nBulletin | Released 26 May 2026\nSize and growth within the UK non-financial sectors as measured by the Annual Business Survey.\nAnnual Purchases Survey: technical report\nMethodology | Last revised 8 August 2023\nDetailed information about the methodological and technical procedures used to produce the Annual Purchases Survey (APS) estimates.\nAnnual Purchases Survey QMI\nMethodology | Last revised 8 August 2023\nQuality and methodology information for the Annual Purchases Survey, detailing the strengths and limitations of the data, methods used and data uses and users.\nAnnual Business Survey QMI\nMethodology | Last revised 10 April 2025\nQuality and methodology information for the Annual Business Survey, detailing the strengths and limitations of the data, methods used and data uses and users.\nAnnual Business Survey technical report: January 2024\nMethodology | Last revised 10 April 2025\nBackground information to the Annual Business Survey (ABS).\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 26 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nEnergy, goods and services used by UK businesses: 2024\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/energygoodsandservicesusedbyukbusinesses/2024", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/energygoodsandservicesusedbyukbusinesses/2024", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Expenditure on energy, goods and services used as inputs to UK business processes by product type and industry. Estimates from the 2024 Annual Purchases Survey. These are official statistics in development.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2023", "2024", "2", "26", "2026", "3", "32", "96", "74", "2020,", "01", "02", "06", "16", "19", "64", "66,", "2023,", "4", "8", "10", "2025", "5", "2026,"], "numeric_evidence": [], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "15592ffcfc936a6d9a68"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/nonfinancialbusinesseconomyukannualbusinesssurvey/2024results", "title": "Non-financial business economy, UK (Annual Business Survey): 2024 results", "context": "1.\nMain points\nThe approximate gross value added at basic prices (aGVA) of the UK non-financial business economy was estimated to be £1,725.2 billion in 2024; this is an increase of £62.4 billion (3.7%) compared with the revised 2023 results.\nThe non-financial services sector, which accounted for over half (59.2%) of total aGVA in 2024, increased by £57.8 billion (6.0%), to £1,021.6 billion; administrative and support service activities saw the largest increase in aGVA, of £13.4 billion (8.6%), increasing from £156.1 billion to £169.5 billion.\nTotal turnover and purchases of the UK non-financial business economy were estimated to be £5,089.0 billion and £3,346.7 billion in 2024, respectively; this is an increase of £41.7 billion (0.8%) and a decrease of £29.4 billion (negative 0.9%) compared with 2023.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nData on non-financial business economy\nNon-financial business economy, UK: changes year on year\nDataset | Released 26 May 2026\nAnnual revisions and year-on-year changes to business turnover, approximate gross value added (aGVA) and purchases within the UK non-financial business sectors, as measured by the Annual Business Survey; Standard Industrial Classification 2007 by broad industry group.\nNon-financial business economy, UK: quality measures\nDataset | Released 26 May 2026\nQuality measures for annual data on size and growth within the UK non-financial business sectors, as measured by the Annual Business Survey.\nNon-financial business economy, UK: Sections A to S\nDataset | Released 26 May 2026\nAnnual data on size and growth within the UK non-financial business sectors, as measured by the Annual Business Survey, by four-digit Standard Industrial Classification 2007.\nNon-financial business economy, UK: employment size-band\nDataset | Released 26 May 2026\nAnnual data on size and growth within the UK non-financial business sectors, as measured by the Annual Business Survey, broken down by employment size-bands.\nNon-financial business economy, UK: retail commodities\nDataset | Released 26 May 2026\nAnnual retail business turnover, retail turnover and commodities, from the Annual Business Survey. Three-digit Standard Industrial Classification 2007 group.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nData sources and quality\nThe final Annual Business Survey (ABS) results for 2024 included 69.90% of sampled businesses. Quality measures for the ABS results are available in our\nNon-financial business economy, UK: quality measures dataset\n.\nEmployment data\nThe employment data have been removed from this publication. These data can be found in our\nEmployees in Great Britain: 2023 bulletin\n. This bulletin includes data from the Business Register and Employment Survey (BRES), downloaded from the\nNomis web portal\n.\nData sources and collection\nThe ABS is a sample survey of approximately 73,000 businesses across the UK. The ABS draws its sample from the\nInter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR)\n.\nQuality and methodology\nMore quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nABS quality and methodology information (QMI) report\nand in our\nABS technical report\n.\nAccessibility of Annual Business Survey output datasets\nWe have reviewed the accessibility of datasets legislation and updated all datasets in this release. Feedback or questions on the new layout can be emailed to\nABAPS@ons.gov.uk\n.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nRelated links\nNon-financial business economy, regional (Annual Business Survey): 2023 results\nBulletin | Released 8 May 2025\nSize and growth within the UK and regional non-financial sectors as measured by the Annual Business Survey.\nForeign-owned businesses in the UK: business count, turnover and aGVA, from the Annual Business Survey\nDataset | Released 6 July 2023\nAnnual estimates of foreign-owned businesses by industry group, section, employment and turnover group, and country breakdown.\nFirm-level labour productivity measures from the Annual Business Survey, UK: 1998 to 2019\nArticle | Released 7 March 2022\nLabour productivity firm-level experimental statistics using the Annual Business Survey. Covering non-financial business economy for the UK, 1998 to 2019.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 26 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nNon-financial business economy, UK (Annual Business Survey): 2024 results\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/nonfinancialbusinesseconomyukannualbusinesssurvey/2024results", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/nonfinancialbusinesseconomyukannualbusinesssurvey/2024results", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Size and growth within the UK non-financial sectors, as measured by the Annual Business Survey.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "1,725.2 billion", "2024", "62.4 billion", "3.7%", "2023", "59.2%", "2024,", "57.8 billion", "6.0%", "1,021.6 billion", "13.4 billion", "8.6%", "156.1 billion", "169.5 billion", "5,089.0 billion", "3,346.7 billion", "41.7 billion", "0.8%", "29.4 billion", "0.9%", "2", "26", "2026", "2007", "3", "69.90%", "73,000", "4", "8", "2025", "6", "1998", "2019", "7", "2022", "5", "2026,"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Non-financial business economy, UK: Sections A to S", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/datasets/uknonfinancialbusinesseconomyannualbusinesssurveysectionsas/current/abssectionsas.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Non-financial business economy, UK: changes year on year", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/datasets/uknonfinancialbusinesseconomyannualbusinesssurveychangesyearonyear/current/absrevisionschanges.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Non-financial business economy, UK: employment size-band", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/datasets/uknonfinancialbusinesseconomyannualbusinesssurveyemploymentsizeband/current/abssizeband.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/bulletins/publicsectorfinances/april2026", "title": "Public sector finances, UK: April 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nBorrowing – the difference between total public sector spending and income – was £24.3 billion in April 2026; this was £4.9 billion (25.1%) more than in April 2025, and £3.4 billion more than the £20.9 billion forecast by the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR).\nBorrowing in the financial year ending (FYE) March 2026 was provisionally estimated at £129.0 billion; this was £22.8 billion (15.0%) less than in the FYE March 2025, and £3.7 billion less than the £132.7 billion forecast by the OBR.\nWe have reduced our initial estimate of borrowing in the FYE March 2026 by £3.0 billion since our publication on 23 April 2026 because of regular updates to our central government data.\nBorrowing in the FYE March 2026 was provisionally estimated at 4.2% of gross domestic product (GDP); this was 1.0 percentage point less than in the FYE March 2025, and the lowest value since the FYE March 2020, when it was 2.6% of GDP.\nThe current budget deficit – borrowing to fund day-to-day public sector activities – was £17.4 billion in April 2026; this was £3.4 billion (24.6%) more than in April 2025, and £2.6 billion more than the £14.8 billion forecast by the OBR.\nPublic sector net debt excluding public sector banks – a measure of the amount of money owed to the UK private sector and overseas less any liquid assets held – was provisionally estimated at 94.2% of GDP at the end of April 2026; this was 0.5 percentage points more than in April 2025 and remains at levels last seen in the early 1960s.\nPublic sector net financial liabilities excluding public sector banks – which considers a wider range of financial assets and liabilities than net debt – were provisionally estimated at 83.6% of GDP at the end of April 2026; this was 2.0 percentage points more than in April 2025.\nCentral government net cash requirement (excluding UK Asset Resolution Limited and Network Rail Limited) – the additional cash needed to be raised from the financial markets to finance activities – was £15.5 billion in April 2026, which was £0.3 billion (1.7%) less than in April 2025.\n!\nThis release presents the second estimates of UK public sector finances for the FYE March 2026 and the first estimates for April 2026; these are not final figures, and they will be revised over the coming months as we replace our initial estimates with provisional and then final outturn data.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nApril 2026 indicators at a glance\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nBorrowing in April 2026\nInitial estimates show that the public sector borrowed £24.3 billion in April 2026; this was £4.9 billion more than in April 2025.\nFigure 1: This month’s borrowing is the highest for April since 2020 (not adjusted for inflation)\nPublic sector net borrowing excluding public sector banks, UK, April 2020 to April 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nDataset identifier code: -J5II.\nFigures exclude those banks classified to the public sector between October 2007 and May 2024.\nPositive numbers indicate a deficit, while negative numbers indicate a surplus.\nEach January we usually see a surplus because of the additional self-assessed Income Tax receipts.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: This month’s borrowing is the highest for April since 2020 (not adjusted for inflation)\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nTable 1: Public sector net borrowing monthly summary\nPublic sector net borrowing by subsector, April 2026 compared with April 2025, £ billion, UK\nSub-sector\nApril 2026\n(£ billion)\nApril 2025\n(£ billion)\nDifference\n(£ billion)\nDifference\n(%)\nCentral\ngovernment net\nborrowing\n33.3\n26.8\n6.6\n24.5\nLocal government\nnet borrowing\n-4.5\n-4.4\n-0.1\n-3.0\nTotal public\ncorporations net\nborrowing\n-4.5\n-2.9\n-1.5\n-52.2\nOf which: non-\nfinancial public\ncorporations\n0.0\n-0.2\n0.2\n120.5\nOf which: funded\npublic sector\npensions\n-0.2\n-0.2\n0.0\n-20.4\nOf which: Bank of\nEngland\n-4.3\n-2.6\n-1.7\n-65.8\nPublic sector net\nborrowing\n24.3\n19.5\n4.9\n25.1\nMemo item:\nPublic sector\ncurrent budget\ndeficit\n17.4\n14.0\n3.4\n24.6\nMemo item:\nCentral\ngovernment net\ncash requirement\n[note 2]\n15.5\n15.8\n-0.3\n-1.7\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nExcludes Network Rail Limited and UK Asset Resolution Limited.\nA breakdown of net borrowing by subsector and a summary of central government receipts and expenditure data are presented in Tables 1 to 3 in our Public sector finances summary tables: Appendix M dataset.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Public sector net borrowing monthly summary\n.xls\n.csv\nOur\nPublic sector finances borrowing by subsector: Appendix R dataset\nprovides further detail on data presented in Table 1 and includes the option to select other time periods.\nCentral government borrowing\nCentral government forms the largest part of the public sector and includes government departments such as the Department of Health and Social Care, the Department for Work and Pensions and the Department for Education.\nThe relationship between central government's receipts and expenditure is an important determinant of public sector net borrowing. Of the £24.3 billion that the public sector borrowed in April 2026, central government borrowed £33.3 billion, with other subsectors showing a surplus.\nCentral government receipts\nCentral government's receipts were £85.5 billion in April 2026, which was £2.4 billion (2.9%) more than in April 2025. Of this £2.4 billion increase in income:\ncentral government tax receipts increased by £1.8 billion to £64.2 billion; this included increases of £0.9 billion in Income Tax receipts, £0.2 billion in Corporation Tax receipts, and £0.2 billion in Value Added Tax (VAT) receipts\ncompulsory social contributions increased by £0.3 billion to £15.4 billion\nA detailed breakdown of central government income is presented in our\nPublic sector current receipts: Appendix D dataset\n.\n!\nIn most recent months, tax receipts recorded on an accrued basis are subject to some uncertainty. This is because many taxes, such as VAT, PAYE, and Corporation Tax, contain some forecast cash receipts data. These data are liable to revision when actual cash receipts data are received.\nThe forecasts underlying current HM Revenue and Customs tax estimates reflect the expectations published in the\nEconomic and fiscal outlook – March 2026\nreport from the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR).\nCentral government current expenditure\nCentral government spending data for April are provisional. There is uncertainty around these estimates until more detailed departmental information becomes available over time.\nCentral government's current expenditure – spending to fund its day-to-day activities – was provisionally estimated as £101.1 billion in April 2026, which was £6.2 billion (6.5%) more than in April 2025. Of this £6.2 billion increase in spending:\nnet social benefits paid by central government increased by £2.7 billion to £29.5 billion; this was largely caused by inflation-linked increases in many benefits and earnings-linked increases to State Pension payments\ncentral government departmental spending on goods and services increased by £1.7 billion to £38.8 billion, as inflation increased the cost of providing public services\ncentral government debt interest payable increased by £0.9 billion to £10.3 billion, with movements in the Retail Prices Index (RPI) adding volatility to the monthly debt interest costs\npayments to support the day-to-day running of local government increased by £0.4 billion to £17.2 billion; these intra-government transfers are both central government spending and a local government receipt, so they have no effect on overall public sector borrowing\nCentral government debt interest costs\nBorrowing is largely financed by the issuance of central government gilts by the\nDebt Management Office\n, on which interest is paid to investors.\nCentral government debt interest payable in April 2026 was £10.3 billion; this was £0.9 billion more than in April 2025 and the highest in any April on record (not adjusted for inflation).\nThe interest payable on index-linked gilts rises and falls with the RPI, adding volatility to central government debt interest costs. This additional RPI inflation-linked component of interest is described as \"capital uplift\" and affects the value of the gilt principal.\nCapital uplift increased the total central government interest payable by £2.9 billion in April 2026. This largely reflects the 0.4% increase in the RPI between January 2026 and February 2026.\nCapital uplift is accrued throughout the life of each index-linked gilt but is paid to gilt holders as interest at redemption. Accrued capital uplift is shown as the light blue portion of each stacked bar in Figure 2.\nFigure 2: Recent movements in the Retail Prices Index increased the overall central government debt interest payable in April 2026 by £2.9 billion\nCentral government debt interest payable, UK, April 2024 to April 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nNet of redemption proceeds.\nDataset identifier codes: NMFX, JNYY and JNYX.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Recent movements in the Retail Prices Index increased the overall central government debt interest payable in April 2026 by £2.9 billion\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nCentral government net investment\nCentral government net investment was £13.9 billion in April 2026, £2.5 billion more than in April 2025. This increase was largely because of an increase in central government gross capital formation and an increase in money paid by HM Treasury to the Bank of England (BoE).\nThere was a £1.0 billion increase in the regular quarterly payment from HM Treasury to the BoE Asset Purchase Facility (APF) Fund in April 2026, compared with a year earlier. These intra-public sector transfers have no impact on overall public sector borrowing because they are recorded as both central government spending and BoE receipts.\nComparing our April 2026 borrowing estimates with official forecasts\nThe Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) is responsible for the production of official forecasts for the UK government. These forecasts are usually produced twice a year, in spring and autumn.\nThe latest forecasts were published by the OBR in its\nEconomic and fiscal outlook – March 2026 report\non 3 March 2026. This section compares our provisional estimates for 2026 with the corresponding forecasts published by the OBR.\nBorrowing was £3.4 billion higher than forecast in April 2026, largely because central government spending was higher than anticipated.\nTable 2: Comparing our estimates with the corresponding OBR forecasts\nLatest public sector finances estimates compared with the corresponding Office for Budget Responsibility forecast, £ billion, UK\nApril 2026\nONS estimate\nOBR forecast\nDifference\n[note 3]\nCentral government total current receipts\n85.5\n86.4\n-0.9\nCentral government total expenditure\n118.8\n116.5\n2.3\nCentral government net borrowing\n33.3\n30.1\n3.2\nLocal government net borrowing\n-4.5\n-4.1\n-0.3\nTotal public corporations net borrowing [note 4]\n-4.5\n-5.1\n0.6\nPublic sector net borrowing\n24.3\n20.9\n3.4\nMemo item: Public sector current budget deficit\n17.4\n14.8\n2.6\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nThis table uses the Economic and fiscal outlook – March 2025 and the corresponding monthly profiles published in April 2026.\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nYear-to-date comparisons offer a more reliable view of overall trends, while monthly figures can be more prone to short-term forecast volatility.\nIncludes non-financial public corporations, funded public sector pensions and the Bank of England.\nDownload this table\nTable 2: Comparing our estimates with the corresponding OBR forecasts\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nBorrowing in the financial year ending March 2026\nBorrowing in the financial year ending (FYE) March 2026 was provisionally estimated at £129.0 billion. This was £22.8 billion (15.0%) less than in the FYE March 2025, and £3.7 billion less than the £132.7 billion forecast by the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR), published in March 2026.\nWe have reduced our initial estimate of borrowing in the 12 months to March 2026 (published on 23 April 2026) by £3.0 billion because of regular updates to our central government data.\nFigure 3: Borrowing in the financial year ending March 2026 was lower than a year earlier and it was less than the Office for Budget Responsibility forecast\nCumulative public sector net borrowing excluding public sector banks, UK, financial year ending (FYE) March 2025 and FYE March 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics and the Office for Budget Responsibility\nNotes:\nDataset identifier code: -J5II.\nThis table uses the Economic and fiscal outlook –\nNovember 2025 and the corresponding monthly profiles published in March 2026\nand the\nEconomic and fiscal outlook – March 2026\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: Borrowing in the financial year ending March 2026 was lower than a year earlier and it was less than the Office for Budget Responsibility forecast\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nTable 3: Public sector net borrowing financial year summary\nPublic sector net borrowing by subsector, UK, financial year (FY) to March 2026 compared with the FY to March 2025\nSub-sector\nFinancial year\nto March 2026\n(£ billion)\nFinancial year\nto March 2025\n(£ billion)\nDifference\n(£ billion)\nDifference\n(%)\nCentral government\nnet borrowing\n122.6\n154.1\n-31.5\n-20.5\nLocal government net\nborrowing\n15.5\n16.3\n-0.8\n-4.9\nTotal public\ncorporations net\nborrowing\n-9.1\n-18.6\n9.5\n51.1\nOf which: non-\nfinancial public\ncorporations\n-2.8\n-2.4\n-0.5\n-19.9\nOf which: funded\npublic sector\npensions\n-2.4\n-1.7\n-0.7\n-39.4\nOf which: Bank of\nEngland\n-3.9\n-14.5\n10.7\n73.4\nPublic sector net\nborrowing\n129.0\n151.8\n-22.8\n-15.0\nMemo item: Public\nsector current budget\ndeficit\n47.3\n76.0\n-28.7\n-37.8\nMemo item: Central\ngovernment net cash\nrequirement [note 2]\n135.9\n180.5\n-44.6\n-24.7\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nExcludes Network Rail Limited and UK Asset Resolution Limited.\nA breakdown of net borrowing by subsector and a summary of central government receipts and expenditure data are presented in Tables 1 to 3 in our Public sector finances summary tables: Appendix M dataset.\nDownload this table\nTable 3: Public sector net borrowing financial year summary\n.xls\n.csv\nOur\nPublic sector finances borrowing by subsector: Appendix R dataset\nprovides further detail on data presented in Table 3 and includes the option to select other time periods.\nCentral government net borrowing\nCentral government forms the largest part of the public sector, and the relationship between its receipts and expenditure is an important determinant of public sector net borrowing. Of the £129.0 billion borrowed by the public sector in the FYE March 2026, central government borrowed £122.6 billion.\nCentral government receipts\nCentral government's receipts were £1,122.8 billion in the FYE March 2026, which was £88.4 billion (8.5%) more than in the same 12-month period a year ago. Of this £88.4 billion increase in income:\ncentral government tax receipts increased by £56.5 billion to £847.3 billion; this included increases of £35.0 billion in Income Tax, £11.0 billion in Value Added Tax (VAT), and £5.1 billion in Corporation Tax receipts\ncompulsory social contributions increased by £32.6 billion to £206.4 billion, as\nchanges to the rate of National Insurance contributions\npaid by employers came into effect on 6 April 2025\nA detailed breakdown of central government income is presented in our\nPublic sector current receipts: Appendix D dataset\n.\nCentral government current expenditure\nCentral government's current expenditure – spending to fund its day-to-day activities – was provisionally estimated at £1,093.9 billion in the FYE March 2026, which was £63.9 billion (6.2%) more than in the same 12-month period a year ago. Of this £63.9 billion increase in spending:\ncentral government departmental spending on goods and services increased by £27.1 billion to £460.8 billion, as pay rises and inflation increased running costs\nnet social benefits paid by central government increased by £19.9 billion to £326.5 billion, largely caused by inflation-linked increases in many benefits (including Universal Credit), and earnings-linked increases to State Pension payments\ninterest payable on central government debt increased by £12.2 billion to £97.6 billion, largely because the interest payable on index-linked gilts rises and falls with the Retail Prices Index\npayments to support the day-to-day running of local government increased by £3.6 billion to £148.7 billion; these intra-government transfers have no impact on overall public sector borrowing\nCentral government net investment\nCentral government net investment was £108.0 billion in the financial year (FY) to March 2026, which was £9.3 billion less than in the FY to March 2025.\nOver this period, central government made payments totalling £16.7 billion to the Bank of England (BoE) Asset Purchase Facility Fund, which was £19.7 billion less in the FY to March 2025. These payments are recorded as both central government net investment expenditure and BoE receipts, so have no effect on overall public sector borrowing.\nThis reduction in spending is partially offset by increases in other capital transfers paid by central government of £5.0 billion and an increase in gross capital formation of £7.1 billion, along with other smaller changes.\nLocal government borrowing\nInitial estimates show that local government net borrowing was £15.5 billion in the FYE March 2026; this was £0.8 billion less than in the FYE March 2025.\nLocal government data for the FYE March 2026 are provisional estimates for the UK. They are largely based on budget data for England, Scotland and Wales, with estimates included for Northern Ireland. Further information on the quality of our local government data is discussed in\nSection 11: Data sources and quality\n.\nIn our\nGovernment expenditure in the UK article\n, we discuss the types of government expenditure and their trends over the last 30 years, including current and capital spending by central and local government.\nPublic corporations' borrowing\nInitial estimates show that overall, public corporations had a surplus of £2.8 billion in the FYE March 2026; this was a £0.5 billion larger surplus than in the FYE March 2025.\nBorrowing figures for public corporations in the current financial year are highly provisional and are primarily based on the OBR's\nEconomic and fiscal outlook – November 2025 report.\nEstimates for the FYE March 2025 use the\nEconomic and fiscal outlook – October 2024 report\n, supplemented by in-year data for train operating companies, the Housing Revenue Account, and surveyed public corporations.\nBank of England borrowing\nInitial estimates show that overall, the BoE had a surplus of £3.9 billion in the FYE March 2026; this was a £10.7 billion smaller surplus than in the FYE March 2025.\nThis change was largely because of a reduction of £19.7 billion in central government payments to the BoE Asset Purchase Facility (APF) Fund, reducing its income. This reduction in income was partially offset by a reduction in the BoE's interest costs of £8.5 billion, reducing its expenditure across the 12-month period.\nBorrowing figures for the BoE in the FYE March 2026 are highly provisional and are primarily based on monthly APF data and the latest published annual report.\nComparing our FYE March 2026 borrowing estimates with official forecasts\nThe Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) is responsible for the production of official forecasts for the UK government.\nThe latest forecasts were published by the OBR in its\nEconomic and fiscal outlook – March 2026 report\non 3 March 2026. This section compares our provisional estimates for the financial year ending March 2026 with the corresponding forecasts published by the OBR.\nIn the financial year ending March 2026, borrowing was £3.7 billion below forecast, as lower-than-expected spending more than offset the shortfall in receipts.\nTable 4: Comparing the components of public sector net borrowing with the corresponding OBR forecasts\nLatest public sector finances estimates for FYE March 2026 compared with the corresponding Office for Budget Responsibility forecast, £ billion, UK\nFiscal Aggregate\nONS estimate\nOBR forecast\nDifference\nValue Added Tax\n213.7\n211.2\n2.5\nIncome Tax\n354.6\n353.2\n1.4\nCorporation Tax [note 3]\n98.4\n98.8\n-0.4\nNational Insurance Contributions [note 4]\n204.1\n204\n0.1\nOther receipts not previously specified\n361.3\n368\n-6.7\nPublic sector receipts\n1,232.10\n1,235.30\n-3.2\nPublic sector spending\n1,362.80\n1,368.00\n-5.2\nPublic sector net borrowing\n129\n132.7\n-3.7\nMemo: Public sector current budget deficit\n47.3\n49.2\n-1.9\nMemo: Public sector net investment\n81.7\n83.6\n-1.9\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nThis table uses the Economic and fiscal outlook – March 2026\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nExcludes bank surcharge, residential property developers’ tax, diverted profits tax, electricity generators levy, energy profits levy to align with published forecast.\nPublished as a component of compulsory social contributions.\nDownload this table\nTable 4: Comparing the components of public sector net borrowing with the corresponding OBR forecasts\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nExpressing borrowing as a percentage of GDP\nProvisional estimates show the public sector borrowed £129.0 billion in the financial year ending (FYE) March 2026. This is the sixth-highest amount borrowed in any financial year since records began in the FYE March 1947. However, these estimates have not been adjusted for inflation.\nExpressing borrowing as a ratio of gross domestic product (GDP) – the value of everything produced in the UK economy in a 12-month period – gives an estimate of its affordability and is recommended for comparison of the UK’s fiscal position over time.\nBorrowing was provisionally estimated at 4.2% of GDP in the FYE March 2026. This was 1.0 percentage point less than in the FYE March 2025 and is the 37th highest borrowing ratio in any financial year since records began in the FYE March 1901. Our provisional estimate is broadly in line with the Office for Budget Responsibility forecast of 4.3% of GDP.\nFigure 4: Financial year borrowing has been stable at between 4% and 5% of GDP since the end of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic period\nPublic sector net borrowing as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), UK, financial year ending (FYE) March 1901 to FYE March 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics and Office for Budget Responsibility\nNotes:\nDataset identifier code: -J5IJ.\nFigures exclude those banks classified to the public sector between October 2007 and May 2024.\nThis chart uses historical data published in the\nPublic finances databank 2025 to 2026\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: Financial year borrowing has been stable at between 4% and 5% of GDP since the end of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic period\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nThe public sector balance sheet\nThe public sector balance sheet describes its financial position at a point in time. It shows its liabilities and assets. There are several measures of the public sector balance sheet that we discuss in our\nWhat the UK government owns and what it owes blog\n.\nTable 5: The public sector balance sheet\nBalance sheet measures as at the end of April 2026, £ billion, UK\nClassification\nof assets and\nliabilities [note\n1] [note 2]\n[note 10]\nCentral\ngovernment\ngilts\nGeneral\ngovernment\ngross debt\nPSND\nexcluding\nboth BoE\nand public\nsector\nbanks\n(PSND ex\nBoE)\nPSND\nexcluding\npublic\nsector\nbanks\n(PSND ex)\nPSNFL\nexcluding\npublic\nsector\nbanks\nPublic sector\nnet\nworth\nexcluding\npublic\nsector\nbanks\nTotal [note 3]\n2,672.4\n3,122.5\n2,803.6\n2,943.0\n2,613.7\n-727.2\nAssets: Non-\nfinancial [note\n4]\n1,886.5\nAssets: Illiquid\nfinancial [note\n5]\n1,062.2\n1,062.2\nAssets: Liquid\nfinancial [note\n5]\n288.2\n495.4\n495.4\n495.4\nLiabilities:\nCurrency and\ndeposits\n274.4\n279.4\n1,062.4\n1,062.4\n1,062.4\nLiabilities:\nGilts [note 6]\n2,672.4\n2,671.9\n2,632.5\n2,176.3\n2,176.3\n2,176.3\nLiabilities:\nOther debt\nsecurities and\nloans\n176.2\n179.9\n199.6\n199.6\n199.6\nLiabilities:\nOther financial\nliabilities [note\n7]\n732.9\n732.9\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics and Debt Management Office\nNotes\nAll aggregates are presented on a 2010 European system of national and regional accounts (ESA 2010) basis unless indicated.\nConsolidation between subsectors mean that the size of assets and liabilities (such as gilts) affecting the measure can change as the coverage increases.\nTotal equals liabilities less assets except public sector net worth, where total equals assets less liabilities.\nNon-financial account data based on the UK national balance sheet.\n“Liquid financial assets” mainly consists of foreign exchange reserves and cash deposits. “illiquid financial assets” includes assets such as loans, financial derivatives, and other accounts receivable.\nGilt liabilities have been adjusted to remove those held by Pool Re, which is classified as a central government body.\n“Other financial liabilities” includes monetary gold and special drawing rights, standardised guarantees, financial derivatives, funded pension liabilities and other accounts payable.\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nWe publish an additional presentation of the UK public sector balance sheet following International Monetary Fund’s Government Finance Statistics framework in the public sector finances: Appendix E.\nPSND - Public sector net debt and PSNFL - public sector net financial liabilities.\nDownload this table\nTable 5: The public sector balance sheet\n.xls\n.csv\nAs a part of the quantitative easing activities of the Bank of England (BoE), it purchased central government gilts from the market through the Asset Purchase Facility (APF) Fund. These gilt holdings consolidate within the public sector balance sheet, leaving only the difference between their purchase price and their redemption value.\nSubsequent movements in the market value of these consolidated gilt holdings have no effect on the public sector balance sheet.\nThe reserves created by the BoE and subsequently loaned to the APF to purchase these gilts remain on the public sector balance sheet as a liability in currency and deposits until the loan is repaid.\nOur\nPublic sector balance sheet tables: Appendix N dataset\npresents a detailed reconciliation between the balance sheet measures summarised in Table 5.\nPublic sector net debt\nPublic sector net debt is a widely quoted balance sheet measure. Expressing net debt as a ratio of gross domestic product (GDP) gives an estimate of its affordability and provides a more consistent measure for comparison of the UK's fiscal position over time.\nThe net debt-to-GDP ratio at the end of April 2026 was provisionally estimated at 94.2%; this was 0.5 percentage points more than in April 2025 and 0.1 percentage points less than the 94.3% forecast by the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) in March 2026.\nOur\nHow the ONS estimates UK debt to GDP figures blog\nexplains why our estimates of the debt to GDP ratio are susceptible to revision.\nFigure 5: Net debt as a percentage of GDP remains at levels last seen in the early 1960s\nPublic sector net debt as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), UK, financial year ending (FYE) March 1901 to April 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics and Office for Budget Responsibility\nNotes:\nDataset identifier code: HF6X.\nFigures exclude those banks classified to the public sector between October 2007 and May 2024.\nThis chart uses historical data published in the\nPublic finances databank 2025 to 2026\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: Net debt as a percentage of GDP remains at levels last seen in the early 1960s\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nPublic sector net financial liabilities\nPublic sector net financial liabilities (PSNFL) has a broader scope than debt (PSND). It adds further financial assets and financial liabilities to those recorded in PSND.\nPSNFL was 83.6% of GDP at the end of April 2026, which was 2.0 percentage points more than at the end of April 2025.\nThese extra financial assets are currently valued at more than the extra financial liabilities, meaning that PSNFL was 10.6 percentage points of GDP less than PSND at the end of April 2026.\nWe explain the financial assets and liabilities captured in PSNFL in our\nPublic sector net financial liabilities (PSNFL) methodology\n.\nAdditionally, we published\na blog explaining the PSNFL measure\n, because it has been selected by the UK government as the reference for a balance sheet fiscal rule.\nFigure 6: The upward trend in public sector net financial liabilities is largely because of increases in net debt\nPublic sector net financial liabilities, UK, month end April 2005 to April 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nDataset identifier codes: KSE6, JMET, JMEU and CPNF.\nFigures exclude those banks classified to the public sector between October 2007 and May 2024.\nPSND ex – public sector net debt excluding public sector banks.\nPSNFL ex – public sector net financial liabilities excluding public sector banks.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: The upward trend in public sector net financial liabilities is largely because of increases in net debt\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe additional financial assets and liabilities included in PSNFL that fall outside of the PSND boundary are not updated monthly. Instead, they are updated quarterly, or when data become available. These data were last updated on 20 March 2026 and will next be updated on 19 June 2026.\nA more detailed presentation of the public sector balance sheet is available in our\nPublic sector net worth: Appendix O dataset\n, released on 20 March 2026.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nUK fiscal targets\nThe\nUK government has legislated for fiscal targets\nto constrain its management of the public finances. The Autumn Budget 2024 announced that from January 2025, these fiscal targets focus on the public sector current budget deficit and public sector net financial liabilities.\nThe targets are that by the end of the financial year ending (FYE) 2030, the current budget should be brought into surplus, and that public sector financial liabilities should be falling relative to the size of the economy (or gross domestic product – GDP) compared with the previous year.\nOur latest figures show that:\nthe public sector current budget deficit was initially estimated as £47.3 billion in the FYE March 2026; this was £28.7 billion less than in the FYE March 2025\npublic sector net financial liabilities were initially estimated at 83.2% of GDP at the end of March 2026; this was 2.1 percentage points more than at the end of March 2025\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nRevisions\nThe data for the latest months of every release contain a degree of forecasts. These are then replaced by improved estimates, as further data are made available, and finally by outturn data.\n!\nOur initial estimates of borrowing for the most recent months are prone to revisions in later months. This is because some tax receipts contain a degree of Office for Budget Responsibility-based forecast data. Both central government and local government spending profiles are provisional.\nTable 6: Revisions to public sector net borrowing by subsector\nPublic sector net borrowing by subsector compared with the previous publication, UK\nSub-sector\nFinancial year\nto March 2026\n(£ billion)\nChange since\nApril 2026\npublication\n[note 3]\n(£ billion)\nFinancial year\nending March\n2025\n(£ billion)\nChange since\nApril 2026\npublication\n[note 3]\n(£ billion)\nCentral government\nnet borrowing\n122.6\n-2.3\n154.1\n0.0\nLocal government\nnet borrowing\n15.5\n-0.8\n16.3\n0.0\nTotal public\ncorporations net\nborrowing\n-9.1\n0.0\n-18.6\n0.0\nOf which: non-\nfinancial public\ncorporations\n-2.8\n0.0\n-2.4\n0.0\nOf which: funded\npublic sector\npensions\n-2.4\n0.0\n-1.7\n0.0\nOf which: Bank of\nEngland\n-3.9\n0.0\n-14.5\n0.0\nPublic sector net\nborrowing\n129.0\n-3.0\n151.8\n0.0\nMemo item: Public\nsector current\nbudget deficit\n47.3\n-3.6\n76.0\n0.0\nSource: Public sector finances from Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nFigures exclude those banks classified to the public sector between October 2007 and May 2024.\nA positive figure indicates that we have increased our previously published estimate; conversely, a negative figure indicates that we have reduced our previous estimate.\nPublic sector finances summary tables: Appendix M dataset compares our latest public sector finances data with those in our Public sector finances, UK: March 2026 bulletin, published on 23 April 2026 in more detail\nDownload this table\nTable 6: Revisions to public sector net borrowing by subsector\n.xls\n.csv\nOur\nPublic sector finance revisions analysis: Appendix P dataset\nrecords monthly borrowing data, as at first and at subsequent publications, graphically illustrating any potential bias to our early estimates.\nRevisions to public sector net borrowing in the financial year to March 2026\nSince our\nPublic sector finances, UK: March 2026 bulletin\n, we have revised public sector net borrowing (PSNB ex) in the financial year ending March 2026 down by £3.0 billion (or 2.3%) to £129.0 billion, reflecting updated central government data.\nCentral government receipts have been revised up by £1.3 billion following the replacement of forecasts with cash data.\nCentral government spending has been revised down by £1.0 billion overall, although grants to local government increased by £0.8 billion, reducing local authority borrowing over the year.\nRevisions to public sector net debt at the end of March 2026\nWe have increased our estimate of public sector net debt at the end of March 2026 by £6.4 billion (or 0.2%) to £2,917.2 billion.\nOf this increase, £6.0 billion was because of updates to our estimate of the Bank of England's (BoE) contribution to debt. Some of these data are published one month in arrears, so large revisions are not uncommon.\nThe remaining £0.4 billion was largely because of an increase to our previous estimate of Network Rail Limited's contribution to public sector net debt, again because some of these data are published one month in arrears.\nRevisions to GDP\nThis month, we have updated our previous estimates of nominal gross domestic product (GDP) with those published in our\nGDP first quarterly estimate, UK: January to March 2026 bulletin\n, published on 14 May 2026.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nData on public sector finances\nPublic sector finances tables 1 to 10: Appendix A\nDataset | Released 22 May 2026\nThe data underlying the public sector finances statistical bulletin are presented in the tables PSA 1 to 10.\nPublic sector current receipts: Appendix D\nDataset | Released 22 May 2026\nA breakdown of UK public sector income by latest month, financial year-to-date and full financial year, with comparisons with the same period in the previous financial year.\nPublic sector finances summary tables: Appendix M\nDataset | Released 22 May 2026\nThe latest public sector net borrowing by subsector and a summary of central government receipts and expenditure data.\nPublic sector balance sheet tables: Appendix N\nDataset | Released 22 May 2026\nA reconciliation of the latest public sector balance sheet measures.\nPublic sector finances borrowing by subsector: Appendix R\nDataset | Released 22 May 2026\nPublic sector finances analytical tables (PSAT) showing transactions related to borrowing by subsector. Total Managed Expenditure (TME) is also provided.\nInternational Monetary Fund's Government Finance Statistics framework in the public sector finances: Appendix E\nDataset | Released 20 March 2026\nPresents the balance sheet, statement of operations, and statement of other economic flows for the public sector, compliant with the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014: GFSM 2014 presentation. Updated quarterly, depending on the availability of data.\nPublic sector net worth: Appendix O\nDataset | Released 20 March 2026\nPresents the balance sheet for the public sector, consistent with the 2010 European system of national and regional accounts (ESA 2010), and Eurostat's Manual on Government Deficit and Debt (MGDD). Updated quarterly, depending on the availability of data.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nGlossary\nPublic sector\nThe UK public sector comprises of six subsectors: central government, local government, public non-financial corporations, public sector-funded pensions, the Bank of England, and public financial corporations.\nFigures in this release exclude public sector banks, following the reclassification of NatWest Group to the private sector in June 2024.\nPublic sector net borrowing\nPublic sector net borrowing (often referred to as the deficit) is the difference between total expenditure and receipts. Positive numbers indicate a deficit, while negative numbers indicate a surplus.\nPublic sector current budget deficit\nPublic sector current budget deficit is the difference between current expenditure and receipts, after accounting for depreciation. It measures the borrowing needed to fund day-to-day activities and is the reference statistic for a UK government fiscal rule. Positive numbers indicate a deficit, while negative numbers indicate a surplus.\nBoth current budget deficit and borrowing are recorded on an accrual basis, that is, income when earned and spending when incurred, rather than when cash is paid.\nCentral government net cash requirement\nThe central government net cash requirement is the cash the government must raise from financial markets to finance its activities. It reflects the timing of payments and receipts rather than when liabilities arise.\nPublic sector net debt\nPublic sector net debt (often referred to as the national debt) measures the public sector's liabilities to the private sector and overseas, net of its liquid financial assets.\nPublic sector net financial liabilities\nPublic sector net financial liabilities (often referred to as PSNFL or net financial debt) is a broader balance sheet measure than net debt, capturing all financial assets and liabilities recognised in the national accounts.\nPSNFL is the reference statistic for a UK government fiscal rule.\nPublic sector net worth\nAdding non‑financial assets to PSNFL results in public sector net worth, the widest measure of the public sector balance sheet.\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nData sources and quality\nAbout the statistics\nEconomic statistics classifications and developments in public sector finances: March 2026\nArticle | Released 22 May 2026\nIncludes the latest economic statistics classification updates and information on future developments to the public sector finance statistics.\nPensions in the public sector finances: a methodological guide\nMethodology | Released 4 December 2024\nExplains the methods and data sources we use to record pensions in fiscal statistics.\nMonthly statistics on the public sector finances: a methodological guide\nMethodology | Released 4 October 2023\nProvides comprehensive contextual and methodological information on the monthly Public sector finances statistical bulletin.\nPublic sector finances quality and methodology information (QMI)\nMethodology | Released 4 October 2023\nQuality and Methodology Information for the UK public sector finances and government deficit and debt under the Maastricht Treaty, detailing the strengths and limitations of the data, methods used, and data uses and users.\nStudent loans in the public sector finances: a methodological guide\nMethodology | Released 22 January 2020\nExplains the methods we will use to partition student loans into government expenditure and a financial transaction.\nAbout our data sources\nCalculation of interest payable on government gilts\nMethodology | Released 18 July 2022\nExplains the recording of interest payable to holders of UK government gilts in the UK public sector finances.\nThe use of gross domestic product (GDP) in public sector fiscal ratio statistics\nMethodology | Released 21 September 2016\nExplains the methodology used for the presentation of GDP ratios in the UK PSF publication.\nStatistical designation\nThe Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) independently reviewed the public sector net borrowing, cash requirement and debt statistics in June 2017, concluding that they comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality, and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled\naccredited official statistics\n.\nThe public sector net financial liabilities and public sector net financial worth statistics are both official statistics. These measures were introduced after June 2017, so have not yet been reviewed by the OSR.\nThe public sector net worth statistics are labelled as\nofficial statistics in development\n. They are based on information from public sector finance and data from ONS's non-financial accounts.\nHM Revenue and Customs data quality review\nOn 8 October 2025,\nHM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) reported an under-estimation in its VAT cash receipts data for the period April to August 2025\n. HMRC implemented immediate improvements to quality assurance processes, including comparisons with independent data sources, working with HM Treasury and the Office for National Statistics (ONS). HMRC is carrying out a robust review across all receipts to consider the underlying issue and to identify actions to minimise the risk of similar incidents in future.\nWe are working with HM Treasury to support this process. The Office for Statistics Regulation will provide an independent perspective on HMRC's review to ensure compliance with the Code of Practice for Statistics.\nWe reported on progress with work to improve the quality of public sector finance statistics as part of the second quarterly update on the Economic Statistics Plan in our\nONS strategic improvement update: April 2026.\nAlcohol duties\nDuties paid on wine and cider from April 2023 to date are currently undergoing further assurance by HMRC and year-on-year comparisons for these subcomponents over this period should be interpreted with caution until this assurance is complete. Total alcohol duties receipts and total central government tax receipts are unaffected.\nLocal government data quality\nLocal government data for the financial year ending (FYE) March 2026 are provisional estimates for the UK. They are largely based on budget data for England, Scotland and Wales, and with estimates included for Northern Ireland.\nFor the FYE March 2025, estimates of the current expenditure of local authorities in England are based on published second release data, while capital expenditure and receipts are based on published final outturn data.\nEstimates for the devolved administrations for the FYE March 2025 are based on published outturn data for Wales and Scotland, and final returned data for Northern Ireland.\nIn recent years, planned local government current and capital expenditure in local authority budgets have differed from the final outturn expenditure reported in the audited accounts, with current expenditure systematically lower than what was reported at final outturn.\nTherefore, we may include adjustments to increase or decrease the amounts reported at the budget stage.\nFor the FYE March 2026, these adjustments include:\na £2.0 billion upward adjustment to England's current expenditure\na £0.5 billion upward adjustment to England's capital expenditure\na £2.4 billion upward adjustment to Scotland's current expenditure\nTo reflect the most recently available data for housing benefits, we have applied a further £3.0 billion downward adjustment to current expenditure in the FYE March 2026.\nBack to table of contents\n12.\nRelated links\nEconomic statistics classifications and developments in public sector finances: April 2026\nArticle | Released 22 May 2026\nIncludes the latest economic statistics classification updates and information on future developments to the public sector finance statistics.\nHMRC tax receipts and National Insurance contributions for the UK\nBulletin | Updated 22 May 2026\nSummary of HM Revenue and Customs' (HMRC) tax receipts, National Insurance contributions (NICs), and expenditure for the UK.\nGovernment expenditure in the UK\nArticle | Released 18 May 2026\nTypes of government expenditure and their trends over the last 30 years, including current and capital spending by central and local government.\nEconomic and fiscal outlook – March 2026\nArticle | Released 3 March 2026\nThe latest set of economic forecasts published by the Office for Budget Responsibility.\nLooking ahead – developments in public sector finance statistics: 2025\nArticle | Released 27 June 2025\nWhat we see as areas for future development in public sector finance statistics. Next release 22 June 2026.\nPublic sector net financial liabilities (PSNFL)\nMethodology | Last revised 30 October 2024\nAn explanation of the financial assets and liabilities captured in public sector net financial liabilities (PSNFL), how PSNFL compares with public sector net debt (PSND), and how it has changed over time.\nCountry and regional public sector finances, UK: financial year ending March 2023\nArticle | Released 7 June 2024\nPublic sector revenue, expenditure, and net fiscal balance on a country and regional basis. Next release: 26 May 2026\nEffects of the economy on public sector net debt, UK: April 2024\nArticle | Released 10 May 2024\nExamines the economic reasons behind the large increase in public sector net debt as a percentage of gross domestic product over the last two decades.\nCalculation of interest payable on government gilts\nMethodology | Last revised 18 July 2022\nExplains the recording of interest payable to holders of UK government gilts in the UK public sector finances.\nBack to table of contents\n13.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 22 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nPublic sector finances, UK: April 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/bulletins/publicsectorfinances/april2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/bulletins/publicsectorfinances/april2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "How the relationship between UK public sector monthly income and expenditure leads to changes in deficit and debt.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "24.3 billion", "2026", "4.9 billion", "25.1%", "2025,", "3.4 billion", "20.9 billion", "129.0 billion", "22.8 billion", "15.0%", "3.7 billion", "132.7 billion", "3.0 billion", "23", "4.2%", "1.0 percentage point", "2020,", "2.6%", "17.4 billion", "24.6%", "2.6 billion", "14.8 billion", "94.2%", "0.5 percentage points", "2025", "1960", "83.6%", "2.0 percentage points", "15.5 billion", "2026,", "0.3 billion", "1.7%", "2", "3", "2020", "2007", "2024", "33.3", "26.8", "6.6", "24.5", "-4.5", "-4.4", "-0.1", "-3.0", "-2.9", "-1.5", "-52.2", "0.0", "-0.2", "0.2", "120.5", "-20.4", "-4.3", "-2.6", "-1.7", "-65.8", "24.3", "19.5", "4.9", "25.1", "17.4", "14.0", "3.4", "24.6", "15.5", "15.8", "-0.3", "33.3 billion", "85.5 billion", "2.4 billion", "2.9%", "1.8 billion", "64.2 billion", "0.9 billion", "0.2 billion", "15.4 billion", "101.1 billion", "6.2 billion"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Government debt and deficit", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/datasets/governmentdeficitanddebtreturn/current/rftm17tables.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Changes to public sector finance statistics: Appendix L", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/datasets/changestopublicsectorfinancestatisticsappendixl/current/changestopublicsectorfinancestatisticsappendixl.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/bulletins/retailsales/april2026", "title": "Retail sales, Great Britain: April 2026", "context": "1.\nOverview\nThe quantity of goods bought (volume) in retail sales is estimated to have risen by 0.5% in the three months to April 2026, compared with the three months to January 2026. Non-food stores’ sales volumes grew, with cosmetics and toiletries stores rising for their fourth consecutive month, and computer and telecoms retailers showing sustained performance following product releases in March 2026. Non-store retailers also performed well over the three months to April 2026.\nRetail sales volumes are estimated to have fallen by 1.3% in April 2026, following a rise of 0.6% in March 2026 (revised down from a 0.7% rise in our previous bulletin), and a fall of 0.8% in February 2026 (revised down from a 0.6% fall in our previous bulletin). Fuel volumes fell in April as some retailers suggested that motorists were conserving fuel. This followed strong March growth, with retailers reporting that motorists stocked up as prices rose.\nTotal retail sales, excluding automotive fuel, fell by 0.4% on the month. Both clothing and non-store retailers were down compared with March 2026, which retailers attributed to variable weather and lower demand.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nRetail sales in April\nSales volumes fell over the month, but rose over the three months to April 2026\nRolling three-month and monthly index for the quantity bought in all retailing, seasonally adjusted, Great Britain, April 2023 to April 2026\nSource: Monthly Business Survey, Retail Sales Inquiry from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nThe chart shows the quantity bought in retail sales over time, for both the rolling three-month and the monthly movements.\nThe monthly path shows more volatility than the smoother three-month series.\nDownload this chart\nSales volumes fell over the month, but rose over the three months to April 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nSales volumes rose by 0.5% in the three months to April 2026, compared with the three months to January 2026. Sales volumes were 1.1% higher than in the three months to April 2025.\nSales volumes fell by 1.3% over the month during April 2026, following a rise of 0.6% in March 2026. When excluding automotive fuel from the total, volumes fell by 0.4% over the month to April 2026.\nSales volumes (including automotive fuel) were flat (0.0%) over the year to April 2026.\nVolumes fell by 1.7% compared with their pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic level in February 2020.\nThese data are available in our\nRetail Sales Index dataset\n.\nEaster Monday (6 April 2026) was included in the reporting period for April 2026, which covered 5 April 2026 to 2 May 2026, but Good Friday (3 April 2026) was in the March 2026 release. Both Good Friday and Easter Monday were included in the April 2025 release. This shift is accounted for in our seasonal adjustment.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nRetail sector volumes\nSales volumes rose over the three months to April 2026, boosted by non-food stores and non-store retailers\nVolume sales, three-monthly, and monthly percentage change, seasonally adjusted, Great Britain, April 2026\nSource: Monthly Business Survey, Retail Sales Inquiry from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nMonthly growth rates can be volatile. Monthly growth should therefore be used with caution and alongside other measures, such as the three-month growth rate.\nNon-store retailing refers to retailers that do not have a store presence. While the majority is made up of online retailers, it also includes other retailers, such as street stalls and markets.\nMore data are available in our\nRetail Sales Index datasets\n.\nDownload this chart\nSales volumes rose over the three months to April 2026, boosted by non-food stores and non-store retailers\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nSales volumes rose by 0.5% in the three months to April 2026, compared with the three months to January 2026. Other non-food stores performed well as retailers of cosmetic and toilet articles rose for their fourth consecutive month, with mention of new product releases in March 2026. Computer and telecom retailers were also up, with sustained sales following product releases in March 2026. Non-store retailers (who are mainly online) rose following a poor November 2025 period, with boosts to March 2026 during the spring sales and new product releases.\nSales volumes fell by 1.3% over the month to April 2026, the largest monthly fall since May 2025. Automotive fuel sales fell by 10.2%, the largest monthly fall since November 2020. Retailers suggested that motorists were making fewer journeys and were delaying filling their vehicle fuel tanks while prices rose. This followed a spike in March 2026, with many retailers reporting that motorists had stocked up after the outbreak of the conflict in the Middle East.\nAll retail, excluding automotive fuel, fell by 0.4% over the month. Non-food stores (the total of department, clothing, household, and other non-food stores) fell by 1.0%. Clothing stores fell by 2.4% over the month, which clothing retailers attributed to variable weather conditions during the month, alongside lower demand and increased consumer price sensitivity. Sales volumes for clothing stores were, therefore, at their lowest level since June 2025. Non-store retailers also fell on the month, which retailers said was because of reduced demand, as well as unpredictable weather, negatively affecting seasonal campaigns.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nOnline retail values\nOnline sales rose over the three months to April 2026, but fell over the month across all main sectors\nValue sales, three-monthly, and monthly percentage change, seasonally adjusted, Great Britain, April 2026\nSource: Monthly Business Survey, Retail Sales Inquiry from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nMonthly growth rates can be volatile. Monthly growth should therefore be used with caution and alongside other measures, such as the three-month growth rate.\nNon-store retailing refers to retailers that do not have a store presence. While the majority is made up of online retailers, it also includes other retailers, such as street stalls and markets.\nMore data, such as the proportion of sales made online, are available in our\nRetail Sales Index internet sales datasets\n.\nDownload this chart\nOnline sales rose over the three months to April 2026, but fell over the month across all main sectors\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe amount spent online, known as “online spending values”, rose by 2.2% when comparing the three months to April 2026 with the three months to January 2026. It rose by 9.3% when comparing the same period with the three months to April 2025.\nWithin the monthly series, online sales values fell by 2.3% over the month to April 2026. They rose by 6.6% when comparing April 2026 with April 2025.\nThe total spend (the sum of in-store and online sales) rose by 0.1% over the month. As a result, the proportion of sales made online fell from 28.7% in March 2026 to 28.1% in April 2026.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nData on retail sales\nRetail Sales Index\nDataset | Released 22 May 2026\nA series of retail sales data for Great Britain in value and volume terms, seasonally and non-seasonally adjusted.\nRetail sales pounds data\nDataset | Released 22 May 2026\nTotal sales and average weekly spending estimates for each retail sector in Great Britain in thousands of pounds.\nRetail Sales Index internet sales\nDataset | Released 22 May 2026\nInternet sales in Great Britain by store type, month, and year.\nRetail Sales Index categories and their percentage weights\nDataset | Released 27 March 2026\nRetail sales categories and descriptions, and their percentage of all retailing in Great Britain.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nData sources and quality\nFor April 2026, the Retail Sales Index (RSI) survey response rates were 60.5% based on returned forms, which is 0.4 percentage points below the average of the past 12 months. This accounted for 82.2% of total turnover coverage of the sample population, 5.9 percentage points below the average of the past 12 months. Historical response information is available in our\nRetail sales quality tables dataset\n.\nInformation on how we calculated the data, including strengths and limitations, and a glossary of relevant terms, is available in our\nRetail Sales Index quality and methodology information (QMI) report.\nSeasonal adjustment\nSeasonally adjusted estimates are derived by estimating and removing calendar effects (for example, Easter moving between March and April), and seasonal effects (for example, increased spending in December because of Christmas) from the non-seasonally adjusted estimates.\nWe use the X-13ARIMA-SEATS approach to seasonal adjustment. Seasonal adjustment parameters are monitored closely and are regularly reviewed. More information is available on our\nSeasonal adjustment methodology\n.\nSeasonal adjustment is applied at the industry level, and the seasonally adjusted series are aggregated to create estimates by industry sector and total retail. As part of our quality assurance approach, residual seasonality checks are completed regularly by our time series analysis team on both the seasonally adjusted series and the indirectly derived aggregate time series. Based on current data, we find no residual seasonality in the main aggregate for monthly retail sales estimates. We have separately published our comprehensive methodology on\nHow the Office for National Statistics (ONS) assesses statistical outputs for residual seasonality\n.\nAccredited official statistics\nThese\naccredited official statistics\nwere independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in March 2015. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality, and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 22 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nRetail sales, Great Britain: April 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/bulletins/retailsales/april2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/bulletins/retailsales/april2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Retail sales rose in the three months to April 2026, according to our first estimate.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "0.5%", "2026,", "2026", "1.3%", "0.6%", "0.7%", "0.8%", "0.4%", "2", "2023", "1.1%", "2025", "0.0%", "1.7%", "19", "2020", "6", "5", "3", "10.2%", "1.0%", "2.4%", "4", "2.2%", "9.3%", "2.3%", "6.6%", "0.1%", "28.7%", "28.1%", "22", "27", "60.5%", "0.4 percentage points", "12 months", "82.2%", "5.9 percentage points", "13", "2015", "7"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Retail Sales Index", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/datasets/retailsalesindexreferencetables/current/mainreferencetables.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Retail Sales Index categories and their percentage weights", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/datasets/retailsalesindexcategoriesandtheirpercentageweights/current/indexcatweights2025.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Retail Sales Index internet sales", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/datasets/retailsalesindexinternetsales/current/internetreferencetables.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/longterminternationalmigrationprovisional/yearendingdecember2025", "title": "Long-term international migration, provisional: year ending December 2025", "context": "1.\nOverview\nLong-term immigration is where an individual moves to the UK for 12 months or more, long-term emigration is where an individual leaves the UK for 12 months or more. Long-term net migration is immigration minus emigration.\nLong-term net migration\nAt 171,000, long-term international net migration for year ending (YE) December 2025 has nearly halved from YE December 2024 (updated to 331,000); this level was last seen when the new immigration system was introduced in early 2021, and the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic travel restrictions were still in place.\nThe number of non-EU+ nationals arriving for work-related reasons fell by 47% in 2025, which was the main reason for the continued fall in net migration; in the same period, overall emigration fell slightly.\nProvisional net migration was 350,000 for non-EU+ nationals in YE December 2025, down from 511,000 a year earlier.\nThe provisional net migration of British nationals remained broadly stable, estimated at negative 136,000.\nNet migration for EU+ nationals in YE December 2025 was negative 42,000, it has been negative since YE June 2022.\nLong-term immigration\nThe provisional estimate for total long-term immigration YE December 2025 is 813,000, a decrease of 20% from the updated YE December 2024 estimate of 1,012,000; this continues a downward trend in our long-term immigration estimates from the peak at 1,469,000 in March 2023.\nMost people immigrating into the UK in YE December 2025 were non-EU+ nationals, provisionally estimated at 627,000, a decline from 780,000 in YE December 2024.\nWhen looking at the reasons for immigration of non-EU+ nationals in YE December 2025, 47% came for study-related reasons, 23% for work-related reasons, 14% were asylum applicants, and 7% and 6% were for family- and humanitarian-related reasons, respectively.\nThe immigration of EU+ and British nationals in the YE December 2025 was 76,000 and 110,000, falling slightly from 91,000 and 140,000, respectively, in the previous year.\nLong-term emigration\nThe provisional estimate for total long-term emigration in the most recent period is 642,000.\nEmigration has been increasing since 2022 but was down by 38,000 from the updated YE December 2024 estimate of 680,000; which was mainly because of a slower increase in non-EU+ emigration and larger decrease in EU+ emigration in the last 12 months.\nIn YE December 2025, 278,000 non-EU+ nationals left the UK; just over half of these originally arrived with study-related visas.\nEmigration of EU+ nationals declined in YE December 2025 to 118,000, down by 24% from the updated YE December 2024 estimates of 155,000.\nIn YE December 2025, 246,000 British nationals left the UK, a slight decline of 4% from the updated YE December 2024 estimates of 257,000.\nFigure 1: Net migration was 171,000 in 2025\nLong term immigration, emigration and net migration of non-EU+, EU+ and British nationals, year ending (YE) December 2025\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nPlease see chart notes 1 to 4 and 6 to 7 in\nSection 11: Quality, methods and data sources\n.\nUpdates to estimates\nFor this release, we have more available and updated Home Office data for EU+ and non-EU+ nationals. Alongside this, we have introduced improvements to our methods for EU+ visa holders and non-EU+ nationals to better measure those with\n3C leave\n. This is because of more data being available for this group for the first time.\n3C leave is the period for which a person has permission to remain in the UK, after their previous permission to stay (usually via a visa and known as leave to remain) has expired, and they are awaiting the decision on a new in-country visa application. In addition to this, some inconsistencies in the visa data, mainly affecting family emigration highlighted in our\nprevious release\n, have now been resolved.\nThe Registration and Population Interaction Database (RAPID) that we use to estimate migration of British nationals has been updated by the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) to include information from the Department for Education (DfE) for this release.\nTo learn more about these, in addition to the impact of the revisions on our long-term international migration estimates, please see\nSection 7: Updates to estimates\n.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nHow to use these statistics\nWith these statistics, you can:\nexplore our new provisional estimates of net migration, immigration and emigration for the latest two time periods: year ending (YE) September 2025 and YE December 2025\ndownload the time series for YE June 2012 to December 2025, including standard revisions for YE September 2024 to YE June 2025\ncompare historic time series for EU+ and non-EU+ nationals, while considering the change in methods and updated data from YE June 2021\nWith these statistics, you cannot:\ncompare estimates of British nationals from YE June 2021 with those before YE June 2021, as our methods have changed substantially\nadd the most recent estimates to a time series from previous releases; the full time series associated with this release should be used\nThe most recent figures published in this bulletin are early (provisional) estimates. Estimates stay provisional for a year, until we replace them with more complete revised estimates, based on updated data.\nWe are also developing our methods and may update estimates for previous periods when we make an improvement. This means the figures in this bulletin might be different from previous articles.\nFor more information, see our article on\ninternational migration and how we estimate it\n, which covers the complexity of measuring migration and why we revise provisional data.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nLong-term net migration\nWhen we refer to net migration, we mean long-term net migration. This is where people change the country they live in for a period of 12 months or more. This is the United Nations (UN) definition of a long-term migrant. Net migration is long-term immigration (people coming to the UK for 12 months or more), minus long-term emigration (people leaving the UK for 12 months or more).\nFigure 2: Long-term net migration continues to fall\nTotal long-term net migration, immigration and emigration in the UK, year ending (YE) June 2012 to YE December 2025\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nPlease see chart notes 1 to 4 and 6 to 7 in\nSection 11: Quality, methods and data sources\n.\nThe line chart in Figure 2 shows there has been a drop in net migration since year ending (YE) March 2023, based on our most recent early estimates. Net migration in YE December 2025 was 171,000. This was down from the peak of 944,000 in YE March 2023.\nLong-term net migration is now close to the level it was at before the new immigration system was introduced at the start of 2021. This is when the UK transitioned out of EU membership.\nNet migration by nationality\nDefinitions of British, EU+ and non-EU+ are in our\nSection 9: Definitions\n.\nNet migration was provisionally estimated at 171,000 in YE December 2025. During the year:\nnon-EU+ nationals’ net migration was provisionally estimated at 350,000, a decline of 161,000 from the updated YE December 2024 (511,000)\nBritish nationals’ net migration was provisionally estimated at negative 136,000, a fall of 19,000 from the updated YE December 2024 (negative 117,000)\nEU+ nationals’ net migration was provisionally estimated at negative 42,000, an increase of 21,000 from the updated YE December 2024 (negative 63,000)\nFigure 3: Fall in non-EU+ net migration continues to drive the decrease in total net migration\nLong term net migration of non-EU+, EU+ and British nationals, YE June 2012 to YE December 2025\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nPlease see chart notes 1 to 7 in\nSection 11: Quality, methods and data sources\n.\nThe line chart in Figure 3 shows changes in net migration are mainly caused by decreases in non-EU+ net migration. Net migration for EU+ and British nationals remains negative, so more people left the UK long-term than arrived for these two groups.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nLong-term immigration\nWhen we refer to immigration, we are referring to long-term immigration to the UK. This is where people change the country they live in for a period of 12 months or more. This is the United Nations (UN) definition of a long-term migrant.\nA provisionally estimated 813,000 people made a long-term move to the UK in year ending (YE) December 2025. Immigration dropped compared with our updated estimate for YE December 2024, when it was 1,012,000, continuing a downward trend from the peak of 1,469,000 in March 2023.\nDuring the YE December 2025:\nnon-EU+ nationals accounted for 77% of total immigration (627,000)\nBritish nationals made up 14% (110,000)\nEU+ nationals made up 9% (76,000)\nFigure 4: Long term immigration continues to fall\nNumber of non-EU+, EU+, and British nationals immigrating to the UK, year ending (YE) June 2012 to YE December 2025\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nPlease see chart notes 1 to 7 in\nSection 11: Quality, methods and data sources\n.\nThe line chart in Figure 4 shows that increases in non-EU+ nationals accounted for the large rises in immigration between 2020 and 2023. Subsequently, the decreases in non-EU+ nationals largely contributed to the decline in immigration since September 2023. In contrast, there has been a continuing decline in the number of EU+ nationals coming to the UK, which began around the time of the 2016 EU referendum. This fall became sharper after December 2020, when the UK left the EU and freedom of movement ended.\nThe drop in total immigration in the latest year may be partly because of\nimmigration rule changes\n, which were introduced in 2024 and 2025.\nImmigration of non-EU+ nationals\nData on the reasons why non-EU+ nationals come to live in the UK are based on their original type of long-term visa, their asylum application, or arrival under a resettlement scheme. As these data are for long-term migrants, they will only include people staying for a year or more. Our definition of an asylum applicant can be found in our\nSection 9: Definitions\n.\nFigure 5: Work- and study-related remain the most common reasons for non-EU+ immigration\nNumber of non-EU+ nationals coming to live in the UK long-term by reason, year ending (YE) December 2019 to YE December 2025\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nPlease see chart notes 1 to 3, 6 to 7 and 9 to 10 in\nSection 11: Quality, methods and data sources\n.\nThe line chart in Figure 5 shows study-related migration is the most common reason for non-EU+ nationals to come to the UK.\nAlthough our immigration estimates are affected by the improvements to methods and updated data that resolves visa inconsistencies, which were implemented from YE September 2024, there was minimal impact on the trends for all reasons for migration.\nIn the year ending December 2025:\nstudy-related was the most common reason for non-EU+ nationals to come to live in the UK long term, with a provisional estimate of 294,000\nstudy-related arrivals were up by 7% compared with YE December 2024 (270,000), but down from a peak of 486,000 in YE September 2023\nwithin the study-related arrivals, the number of main applicants (277,000) increased by 9% compared with YE December 2024, but arrivals of their dependants (17,000) fell by 17%\naround 146,000 people arrived for work-related reasons, down 47% since YE December 2024 (272,000)\nwithin the work-related arrivals, just over half (74,000) were dependants, falling by 53% since YE December 2024, and 71,000 were main applicants, down by 38% for the same period\nthe number of people immigrating for asylum was broadly stable, with a small increase to 88,000 in the year ending December 2025, from 87,000 the previous year; these estimates include people who claimed asylum after arriving via a regular route and by illegal entry routes, such as small boats\nThe UK Government introduced rule changes in 2024 and 2025, and there was a drop in work- and study-related immigration after this. These rules:\nstopped most overseas students from bringing family members to the UK\nstopped care workers from bringing family members\nincreased the amount of money people need to earn to get a Skilled Worker visa\nclosed the Health and Care route to overseas care workers\nremoved some middle-skilled occupations from the Skilled Worker route\nFigure 6: Indian was the most common non-EU+ nationality to immigrate long-term to the UK\nLong-term immigration of the top five highest contributing non-EU+ nationalities for year ending (YE) December 2025, by reason for immigration\nSource: Borders and Immigration data from the Home Office\nNotes:\nPlease see chart notes 1 to 3 and 8 to 10 in\nSection 11: Quality, methods and data sources\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: Indian was the most common non-EU+ nationality to immigrate long-term to the UK\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe bar chart in Figure 6 shows that for YE December 2025, Indian was the most common non-EU+ nationality to immigrate to the UK. It also shows that, for the top five nationalities, study-related immigration was the most common reason. Indian, Pakistani, Chinese, and Nigerian are regularly among the top five most frequent non-EU+ nationalities for long-term immigration.\nImmigration of EU+ nationals\nFreedom of movement between the EU+ countries and the UK ended in January 2021. Since then, EU+ nationals moving to the UK have needed a visa, status on the EU Settlement Scheme (EUSS), or indefinite leave to remain. Ireland is in the EU, but Irish nationals have the automatic right to live and work in the UK.\nOur current methods for estimating EU+ migration give us estimates for people who travel on a visa, have EUSS status, or who are Irish nationals.\nThere were 76,000 arrivals of EU+ nationals in YE December 2025. This is broken down as follows:\n46% were people with EUSS status (35,000)\n45% were EU+ nationals who travel on a visa (34,000)\n9% were Irish nationals (7,000)\nFigure 7: The number of people with status on the EUSS immigrating to the UK has been consistently decreasing over the past five years\nNumber of people immigrating to the UK, year ending (YE) December 2021 to YE December 2025, by type of EU+ national\nSource: Borders and Immigration data from the Home Office, Registration and Population Interactions Database from the Department for Work and Pensions\nNotes:\nPlease see chart notes 1 to 4 and 8 to 10 in\nSection 11: Quality, methods and data sources\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 7: The number of people with status on the EUSS immigrating to the UK has been consistently decreasing over the past five years\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe stacked bar chart in Figure 7 shows that the arrival of people with EUSS status were the largest contributors to the number of EU+ nationals immigrating in 2021.\nImmigration levels for Irish nationals and EU+ visa holders have remained stable.\nFigure 8: Romanian was the most common EU+ nationality\nLong-term immigration of the top 10 highest contributing EU+ nationalities as of year ending (YE) December 2025\nSource: Borders and Immigration data from the Home Office, Registration and Population Interactions Database from the Department for Work and Pensions\nNotes:\nPlease see chart notes 1 to 4 in\nSection 11: Quality, methods and data sources\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 8: Romanian was the most common EU+ nationality\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe rotated bar chart in Figure 8 shows Romanian was the most common EU+ nationality to immigrate to the UK in YE December 2025, followed by Italian, French, and Irish.\nAge and sex of long-term immigrants\nIn this section, we take a closer look at the age and sex characteristics of those immigrating long term.\nEU+ age and sex refers to EU+ visa holders and those with EUSS status. Age and sex data are not available for Irish nationals.\nTable 1: Across all three nationality groups, the majority immigrating were working-age males\nLong-term immigration of non-EU+, EU+ and British nationals, by age and sex, year ending December 2025\nAge\nnon-EU+\nEU+\nBritish\nMale\nFemale\nMale\nFemale\nMale\nFemale\nunder 16s\n38,000\n36,000\n5,000\n5,000\n6,000\n5,000\n16-64\n297,000\n250,000\n30,000\n27,000\n51,000\n44,000\n65+\n2,000\n3,000\n1,000\n1,000\n2,000\n2,000\nTotal\n338,000\n289,000\n36,000\n33,000\n59,000\n52,000\nSource: Borders and Immigration data from the Home Office, Registration and Population Interactions Database from the Department for Work and Pensions\nNotes\nPlease see chart notes 1 to 4 in Section 11: Quality, methods and data sources.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Across all three nationality groups, the majority immigrating were working-age males\n.xls\n.csv\nTable 1 shows that there were more males than females across all three nationality groups. The majority of those immigrating long-term in YE December 2025 were working age (aged between 16 and 64 years), including:\n87% were non-EU+ nationals\n86% were British nationals\n82% were EU+ nationals\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nLong-term emigration\nWhen we refer to emigration, we are referring to long-term emigration from the UK. This is when a person has left the UK to live in another country for a period of at least 12 months. This is the United Nations (UN) definition of a long-term migrant.\nA provisionally estimated 642,000 people left the UK to live in another country long term during year ending (YE) December 2025. This was slightly lower than our updated estimate for YE December 2024 (680,000 people).\nTotal emigration during YE December 2025 is broken down as follows:\nnon-EU+ nationals made up 43% (278,000)\nBritish nationals made up 38% (246,000)\nEU+ nationals made up 18% (118,000)\nFigure 9: Long-term emigration fell in the most recent period\nNumber of non-EU+, EU+, and British nationals emigrating long-term from the UK, year ending (YE) June 2012 to YE December 2025\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nPlease see chart notes 1 to 7 in\nSection 11: Quality, methods and data sources\n.\nThe line chart in Figure 9 shows an increase in emigration between 2022 and 2024 mainly driven by non-EU+ nationals. Emigration began to fall from YE March 2025, which can be partially attributed to the slower increase in non-EU+ emigration and larger decrease of 36,000 in EU+ emigration in the last 12 months.\nFigure 9 also shows that in the most recent period, 38% of total emigration was by British nationals. The implementation of new methods led to a change in scale of British nationals emigrating since YE June 2021. This also affects total emigration. We know the previously used method of the International Passenger Survey had under coverage of this nationality group. For more information, please see our\nImplementing new methods for estimating the international migration of British nationals, progress update: November 2025 article\n.\nEmigration of non-EU+ nationals\nEmigration of most visa holders by reason is derived from the original long-term visa a person held. For example, estimates of non-EU+ nationals who emigrated for study are people who have left the UK, who originally came here long-term to study.\nFigure 10: Number of people emigrating who originally came to the UK on study-related visas remains high following a steady increase since 2022\nNumber of non-EU+ nationals emigrating long-term from the UK by original reason for immigration, year ending (YE) December 2019 to YE December 2025\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nPlease see chart notes 1 to 3, 6 and 9 to 10 in\nSection 11: Quality, methods and data sources\n.\nThe line chart in Figure 10 shows most non-EU+ nationals who left the UK in YE December 2025 originally came to the UK for study-related reasons.\nFigure 10 also shows a change in scale for family emigration. This is a result of the methods improvements and updated data that resolved visa inconsistencies, which were implemented from YE September 2024. They have had small impacts on all reasons for migration, but estimates of people originally arriving for family reasons were most affected.\nIn YE December 2025, 159,000 non-EU+ nationals who originally arrived on a study-related visa emigrated long-term. This accounts for 57% of all long-term emigration for non-EU+ nationals. This is likely because the large number of students who came to the UK after the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic have completed their studies and departed. It may also be because of the high immigration seen in 2021 and 2022, which is partly attributed to the international students strategy to expand intake.\nOf those who originally arrived for study-related reasons, the number of emigrating main applicants (136,000) remained broadly stable. However, emigration of their dependants (23,000) increased by 3%.\nThere were 63,000 non-EU+ nationals who left the UK, who originally arrived in the UK long-term for work-related reasons. Within work-related emigration, the number of main applicants (40,000) fell by 6% since YE December 24, but emigration of their dependants (22,000) declined by 10%.\nFigure 11: Among people emigrating, Indian was the most common non-EU+ nationality\nLong-term international emigration from the UK for the five most frequent non-EU+ nationalities, by original reason for immigration, for year ending (YE) December 2025\nSource: Borders and Immigration data from the Home Office\nNotes:\nPlease see chart notes 1 to 3 and 8 to 10 in\nSection 11: Quality, methods and data sources\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 11: Among people emigrating, Indian was the most common non-EU+ nationality\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe bar chart in Figure 11 shows that Indian and Chinese were two most common non-EU+ nationalities to leave the UK in the last year. Across the two groups, study was the most common reason that originally brought them to the UK.\nEmigration of EU+ nationals\nAround 118,000 EU+ nationals are estimated to have left the UK in YE December 2025. This is broken down as follows:\nthose with status on the EU Settlement Scheme (EUSS) made up 84% (100,000)\npeople traveling on visas made up 11% (14,000)\nIrish nationals made up 4% (5,000)\nFigure 12: Those with status on the EUSS continue to account for the majority of total EU+ emigration\nNumber of people emigrating from the UK, year ending (YE) December 2021 to YE December 2025, by type of EU+ national\nSource: Borders and Immigration data from the Home Office, Registration and Population Interactions Database from the Department for Work and Pensions\nNotes:\nPlease see chart notes 1 to 4 in Section 11:\nQuality, methods and data sources\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 12: Those with status on the EUSS continue to account for the majority of total EU+ emigration\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe stacked bar chart in Figure 12 shows that overall emigration across all three groups remained fairly stable until YE December 2025, when it decreased. People with EUSS status are consistently the majority of EU+ emigration. This is because a large majority of EU citizens living in the UK have this status, because they arrived before the end of 2020.\nFigure 13: Among people emigrating, Romanian was the most common EU+ nationality\nLong-term international emigration from the UK for the 10 most frequent EU+ nationalities as of year ending (YE) December 2025\nSource: Borders and Immigration data from the Home Office, Registration and Population Interactions Database from the Department for Work and Pensions\nNotes:\nPlease see chart notes 1 to 4 and 8 to 10 in\nSection 11: Quality, methods and data sources\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 13: Among people emigrating, Romanian was the most common EU+ nationality\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe rotated bar chart in Figure 13 shows Romanian was the most common EU+ nationality to emigrate out of the UK and Polish was the second most common. Across both groups, 99% held EUSS status.\nAge and sex of long-term emigrants\nIn this section, we take a closer look at the age and sex characteristics of those emigrating long-term.\nEU+ age and sex refers to EU+ visa holders and those with EUSS status. Age and sex data are not available for Irish nationals.\nTable 2: Across all three nationality groups, the majority emigrating were working-age males\nLong-term emigration of non-EU+, EU+ and British nationals, by age and sex, year ending December 2025\nAge\nnon-EU+\nEU+\nBritish\nMale\nFemale\nMale\nFemale\nMale\nFemale\nunder 16s\n13,000\n13,000\n7,000\n6,000\n21,000\n18,000\n16-64\n126,000\n121,000\n50,000\n46,000\n105,000\n96,000\n65+\n2,000\n2,000\n2,000\n2,000\n2,000\n4,000\nTotal\n141,000\n137,000\n59,000\n54,000\n128,000\n118,000\nSource: Borders and Immigration data from the Home Office and Registration and Population Interactions Database from the Department for Work and Pensions\nNotes\nPlease see chart notes 1 to 4 in Section 11: Quality, methods and data sources.\nDownload this table\nTable 2: Across all three nationality groups, the majority emigrating were working-age males\n.xls\n.csv\nTable 2 shows that there were more males than females in most age and nationality groups. Most emigrants were working age adults (aged between 16 and 64 years), including:\n89% of non-EU+ nationals\n85% of EU+ nationals\n81% of British nationals\nAlongside this release, we have also published our\nUK emigration explained: what we know about Brits moving abroad article\n. This article looks into what our latest estimates and international data tell us about how many British nationals are moving abroad, and what we do – and do not – know about where they are going.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nConsistency across data sources\nWe are developing\nmethods for long-term international migration\nthat use administrative data, to improve the quality and granularity of what we can provide.\nAs we do this, part of our quality assurance involves comparing our estimates of immigration with other sources of information.\nOur estimates of long-term immigration broadly align with trends seen in the Home Office data on visas granted. The number of visas granted will always be higher, as not everyone will use their visa or stay long term. Differences in the size of the gap between visas granted and our immigration estimates can be caused by changes in the percentage of people who use their visa and stay long term.\nOur immigration estimates also align with data from the Department for Work and Pensions on National Insurance number (NINo) allocations. NINo data will generally always be lower, as some people who come to the UK long-term will not have a NINo (for example, children).\nFor more information on our how our long-term international immigration estimates compare with other data sources, please see Tables 6a and 6b in our\naccompanying dataset\n.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nUpdates to estimates\nWe have revised our previously published international migration estimates from year ending (YE) September 2024 to YE June 2025. This is in line with our standard\nrevisions policy\n.\nThe updates made in this release have had a minimal effect on our previous estimates (see Table 2 of our\naccompanying dataset\n).\nUpdates to estimates of EU+ and non-EU+ nationals\nNew travel data\nAs more data become available, we get a more complete picture of travel behaviour, which we incorporate into our estimates. For example, we did not have complete data to say whether those who arrived between July and December 2024 would stay long term for the YE June 2025 period when we published our estimates in November 2025. Instead we had to make assumptions. We now have 12 months of travel data for those who arrived between July and December 2024, so we have updated our estimates.\nMethod improvements for 3C Leave\nWe have implemented new methods to better identify cases of\n3C Leave\namong EU+ visa holders and non-EU+ nationals. They use additional data from the Home Office. We can now identify individuals with 3C Leave who:\napplied for a new visa before their current one expired but are still waiting for an outcome after the expiration date\nmade a fee waiver claim and were successful\nare currently waiting for the outcome to a fee waiver claim\nPreviously, without this new information, it would have appeared in the data that these individuals had emigrated.\nVisa data inconsistency\nOur previous releases showed an increase in emigration for people who arrived in the most recent periods. We found this disproportionately affected our estimates for individuals whose initial reason for migration was family related. This was likely because of inconsistencies in some visa data, where we are unable to link to second and subsequent visas. This issue also affected immigration, but to a much smaller degree. By working closely with the Home Office to investigate the problem, we have been able to resolve it.\nUpdates to estimates of British nationals\nUpdated data\nThe Registration and Population Interaction Database (RAPID) that we use to estimate migration of British nationals has been updated for this release. It now includes additional information from the Department for Education that was unavailable in the initial RAPID delivery used in our November 2025 estimates. This helps us to more accurately identify usually resident students who are not working or on benefits that may not otherwise be captured by our methods.\nFigure 14: Long-term net migration fell significantly in the year ending December 2025\nTotal long-term net migration, immigration and emigration in the UK, year ending (YE) December 2019 to YE December 2025\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nPlease see chart notes 1 to 4, 5 to 7 and 11 in\nSection 11: Quality, methods and data sources\n.\nThe line chart in Figure 14 shows our\nsimulation-based\nuncertainty estimates. The uncertainty intervals have been constructed using simulation studies where 95% of those simulated intervals should contain the true value, assuming that our simulations accurately include all the main sources of uncertainty.\nThe uncertainty intervals for our latest YE December 2025 estimates are:\n145,000 to 197,000 for net migration\n789,000 to 823,000 for immigration\n616,000 to 655,000 for emigration\nUsers should exercise caution when using and interpreting these intervals. They are designed to capture and quantify uncertainty arising from specific components of the migration estimation process, namely adjustments and modelling. They do not represent a comprehensive measure of uncertainty and do not account for all potential sources of error and variability.\nThe latest intervals do not include uncertainty associated with the emigration re-arrival adjustment.\nWe are currently developing a new approach to estimating uncertainty based on a precocity framework. Further details can be found in our\nPredicting the stability of non-EU+ long-term international migration estimates methodology\n.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nEstimates of the non-UK-born population\nThe census provides the most comprehensive snapshot of society every 10 years. However, more timely and frequent statistics are needed to better understand population change. We introduced a method that rolled forward Census 2021 data to produce an estimate of the non-UK-born population for June 2022 for England and Wales in Section 5 of our\nInternational migration research, progress update: November 2022 article\n.\nThis method has been refined to produce a UK estimate of the non-UK-born population for June 2024, split by EU+ and non-EU+. It does this by:\nusing Census 2021 (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) or Census 2022 (Scotland) data for each country as a baseline\nremoving\ndeaths\nof people born outside the UK that occurred after Census Day for each country\nadding immigration flows and removing emigration flows of non-UK nationals as a proxy for non-UK-born people\nThese estimates are official statistics in development and are provisional, so there is a degree of uncertainty around them. Estimates are not provided for June 2025 because deaths of people born outside the UK that occurred in 2025 are not yet available. For deaths that are referred to a coroner, there can also be a large gap between the date of death and the date the death is registered.\nThe provisional UK estimates (Table 3) indicate that between June 2022 and June 2024 the:\nnon-UK-born population increased from 11.5 to 13.1 million\nnon-EU+ born population increased by nearly 1.8 million\nEU+ born population decreased slightly by 138,000\nTable 3: The non-UK-born population increased between mid-2022 and mid-2024\nEstimates of the EU+ and non-EU+ born population of the UK, Census days 2021 and 2022 to June 2024\nDate\nCountry\nEU+ born\npopulation\nNon-EU+ born\npopulation\nTotal non-UK-born\npopulation\nCensus Day,\n21 March 2021\nEngland,\nWales,\nNorthern Ireland\n3,784,000\n6,399,000\n10,183,000\nCensus Day,\n20 March 2022\nScotland\n239,000\n316,000\n555,000\n30 June 2022\nUK\n4,009,000\n7,448,000\n11,457,000\n30 June 2023\nUK\n3,955,000\n8,456,000\n12,411,000\n30 June 2024\nUK\n3,871,000\n9,244,000\n13,115,000\nSource: Census 2021, Census 2022, and mortality and long-term international migration data from the Office for National Statistics, National Records of Scotland and Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency\nNotes\nPlease see chart notes 2 and 12 in Section 11: Quality methods and data sources.\nDownload this table\nTable 3: The non-UK-born population increased between mid-2022 and mid-2024\n.xls\n.csv\nOur rolled forward non-UK-born estimates are more up to date than estimates derived from the Annual Population Survey (APS). This is because APS survey weighting currently uses 2018-based population projections and 2022 payroll by nationality data from HM Revenue and Customs. The new estimates align more closely with the accredited official population estimates and better reflect migration flows in recent years.\nHistorically, we used the APS to produce our\nPopulation estimates for individual countries and nationalities\n. However, this was discontinued in 2022 because of quality issues relating to the data used to weight the non-UK-born population. We are exploring the best methods to produce these estimates, including using:\nthe\nTransformed Labour Force Survey (TLFS)\na rolled-forward cohort component method based on Census 2021 and Census 2022 data\nadministrative data\nWe will provide an update on our research later in the year.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nDefinitions\nAdministrative data\nCollections of data maintained for administrative reasons, for example, registrations, transactions, or record keeping. They are used for operational purposes, and their statistical use is secondary. These sources are typically managed by other government bodies.\nAsylum applicants\nAn asylum applicant (also referred to as \"asylum seeker\") is someone who makes a claim to be recognised as a refugee under the Refugee Convention.\n\"Asylum\" estimates in this bulletin refer to people who have claimed asylum in the UK. It includes people who claimed asylum after arriving in the UK via a regular route and those who claimed after arriving by illegal entry routes, for example, via small boats. To avoid double counting, it excludes anyone who was already a long-term migrant in the UK before claiming asylum. For example, someone who arrived on a study visa and has been in the UK for at least a year before claiming asylum will be counted as a study migrant.\nAn asylum-related return is where someone who originally claimed asylum has left the country long term. For more information on this, see the Home Office’s\nUser Guide to immigration system statistics\n.\nBritish national\nFor the purposes of our estimates, we assume a British national is anyone who has a National Insurance Number (NINo) and who is not included in the Migrant Worker Scan (MWS).\nThe MWS contains information on overseas nationals who have registered for, and are allocated, a NINo. UK residents typically receive a NINo through the Juvenile Registration scheme before the age of 16 years if Child Benefit was claimed on their behalf. Adults returning to the UK or not covered by Child Benefit apply through the Adult NINo Allocation service.\nIf a NINo is allocated, the relevant Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) and HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) systems are updated. These people are included in the Migrant Workers Scan (MWS). A full description of this process is provided in DWP's\nNINo allocations to adult overseas nationals entering the UK: background information and methodology\n.\nWe also include people as British nationals on the MWS that have been resident in the UK for many years and are likely to have become British citizens. Users should note that this definition is statistical and may be different from legal definitions of nationality.\nFor full information on the definition used in our estimates, please refer to our\nImplementing new methods for estimating the international migration of British nationals, progress update: November 2025 article\n.\nBritish National (Overseas)\nSomeone who was a British Overseas Territories citizen by connection with Hong Kong, who lost that citizenship on 30 June 1997 when sovereignty returned to China. However, such a person was able to register as a British National (Overseas) (BN(O)) before 1 July 1997. For more information, see GOV.UK’s\nTypes of British nationality guide\n.\nOn 31 January 2021, the UK launched a bespoke immigration route for BN(O) status holders and their families from Hong Kong.\nDependant visas\nInternational migrants that have entered the UK on a visa may be eligible to bring their dependant partner or child with them through a dependant visa, subject to the type of visa the main applicant holds. A dependant partner or child of an international migrant can be:\na husband, wife, civil partner, or unmarried partner\na child under 18 years of age, including if they were born in the UK during the international migrant's stay\na child over 18 years of age if they are currently in the UK as the international migrant's dependant\nEU and EU+\nEU is the European Union, which is the sum of EU14, EU8, and EU2, plus other EU. These are:\nEU2 – Romania and Bulgaria\nEU8 – Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia\nEU14 – Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden\nother EU – Malta, Cyprus, and Croatia (joined on 1 July 2013)\nBritish nationals are not included in these numbers at any point.\nEU+ is all current EU countries, plus Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland.\nEU settled status\nEU settled status is a status available to EU+ citizens after the UK left the EU and freedom of movement was rescinded. It allows them to live and work in the UK for an indefinite period.\nLong-term international migration\nLong-term international migration (LTIM) statistics estimate the flow of people to and from the UK. This bulletin uses the United Nations-recommended\ndefinition of a long-term international migrant\n, which is: \"A person who moves to a country other than that of his or her usual residence for a period of at least a year (12 months), so that the country of destination effectively becomes his or her new country of usual residence\".\nMain applicant\nA main applicant is an individual who has been granted leave to enter or to remain in the UK on a visa, for example, a work or study visa. Main applicants may be eligible to bring their dependant family members with them on a dependant visa.\nNationality\nNationality of a country is a legal status that usually gives a person a particular set of rights relating to that country.\nNet migration\nNet migration is the difference between the number of people coming to live in the UK (immigration) and the number of people leaving to live elsewhere (emigration). When more people are coming to the UK than leaving, net migration is above zero and so adds to the UK population.\nNon-EU+\nNon-EU+ is the sum of the rest of the world, including the rest of Europe not included in the EU+ category. British nationals are excluded from these numbers.\n\"Other\" reason for migration\nFor non-EU+ and EU+ migrants, the reason for migration is based on their visa type. \"Other\" reason includes people who immigrated to the UK under visas classified as:\nadmin\nvisit\nother\nsettlement\nprotection\nthose that did not fit into any of our designated classifications\nUkraine visa schemes\nThe\nUkraine Family Scheme\nallowed applicants to join family members or extend their stay in the UK. The\nUkraine Extension Scheme\nallowed Ukrainian nationals and their immediate family members to apply for permission to stay in the UK. The\nUkraine Sponsorship Scheme\nallows Ukrainian nationals and their family members to come to the UK if they have a named sponsor under the Homes for Ukraine Scheme. The reason for migration data will mainly only show the out-of-country routes, as opposed to the extension routes.\nUncertainty intervals\nUncertainty intervals are provided for statistics created using admin data. The uncertainty intervals have been constructed using simulation studies where 95% of those simulated intervals should contain the true value, assuming that our simulations accurately include all the main sources of uncertainty. A wider interval indicates more uncertainty in the estimate. The assumptions in this bulletin do not currently account for all sources of potential error in estimates of net migration.\nUncertainty intervals differ from confidence intervals (CI). CI are applicable to estimates derived from sample surveys, where intervals derived from 95% of all possible random samples should contain the true value.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nData on long-term international migration\nLong-term international immigration, emigration and net migration flows, provisional\nDataset | Released 21 May 2026\nEstimates for UK immigration, emigration and net migration, year ending June 2012 to year ending December 2025. These are official statistics in development. To access the most up-to-date data for each time period, please use the most recently published dataset.\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nQuality, methods and data sources\nChart notes\nYE: year ending. Please be aware that year ending periods overlap.\nNumbers have been rounded to the nearest thousand. Most calculations are done on unrounded numbers, so totals may not equal the sum of individual parts.\nSee information within Section 11: Quality, methods and data sources for more details on data sources and methods.\nTotal EU+ includes EU+ visa holders, those with status of EU Settlement Scheme (EUSS), and Irish nationals.\nEstimates for British Nationals pre-June 2021 should not be compared with post-June 2021 estimates, as the methods used to create them are different.\nComparisons between estimates published before and after June 2021 should be treated with caution because of changes in methodology.\nLong-term international migration estimates for YE September 2024 to YE June 2025 have been revised. Estimates for YE September 2025 and YE December 2025 have been published for the first time. Estimates for the last four year-ending periods are provisional.\nEstimates do not include those arriving via asylum and humanitarian resettlement routes. However, British Nationals (Overseas) and Ukraine schemes were included in the analysis that produced these figures.\nReasons for immigration are based on initial reasons why individuals arrived in the UK. They do not show visas to which people may have transferred. Work- and study-related reasons include main applicants and dependants. “Humanitarian” in Figures 5 and 10 is the sum across various humanitarian visa schemes presented in our main long-term international migration dataset; this calculation is done on unrounded figures. \"Other\" in Figures 6 and 11 refers to all other reasons aside from work-related, study-related, asylum, and humanitarian resettlement. Reasons for emigration are based on the initial reason why an individual arrived in the UK.\nSee\nSection 9: Definitions\nfor more information on reason for migration groupings.\nMeasures of uncertainty are only available for YE June and December periods from YE June 2022 to YE December 2025.\nEstimates for 30 June 2022 to 2024 are provisional.\nData sources and methods\nThese estimates cover the period YE June 2012 to YE December 2025. Current and previous methods are described in our updated\nMethods to produce provisional long-term international migration estimates methodology\n. A more detailed account of these methods is provided within our\nProvisional long-term international migration estimates: technical user guide\n.\nWe routinely assess approaches for quality assuring methods and resulting outputs through various groups. This includes the National Statistician’s Advisory Panel, which provides advice and assurance on methodological questions. Members of this group have supported a review of the assumptions used for this round of estimation. Additionally, our Quality and Improvement team provide periodic reviews of approaches to quality assurance processes.\nEU+ nationals\nIn November 2024, we widened our EU category to EU+ for data back to YE June 2021. EU+ includes all EU countries, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland.\nEU+ estimates before YE June 2021 were produced using the Registration and Population Interaction Database (RAPID). EU+ estimates for YE June 2021 onwards are produced using Home Office Borders and Immigration data (HOBID).\nRead more on the latest HOBID methodology to estimate the migration of EU+ nationals in our\nImplementing new methods for estimating the international migration of EU+ nationals, progress update: November 2025 article\n.\nNon-EU+ nationals\nFor non-EU+ nationals we use HOBID, which combines visa and travel information to link an individual's travel movements into and out of the country. More information is within the Home Office’s\nUser guide to immigration system statistics\n.\nTo estimate non-EU+ immigration, we have developed a method that uses an individual's first arrival and last departure dates to estimate their length of stay in the UK within the period for which they have a valid visa. More detailed information can be found in our Provisional long-term international migration estimates: technical user guide.\nBritish nationals\nCensus data have been used to estimate British nationals between YE June 2012 and YE June 2021. Pre-Census 2021 estimates should not be compared with post-Census 2021 estimates, as the methods used to create them are different. For more information, see our\nEstimating UK international migration: 2012 to 2021 article\n.\nWe previously estimated onwards British nationals' migration for YE September 2021 using the International Passenger Survey (IPS). However, we have long acknowledged the IPS has been stretched beyond its original purpose. We have developed new methods that no longer rely on IPS data.\nTo estimate British nationals, we have developed a method that uses RAPID data, previously used to estimate EU+ migration. We create a time series that we use to infer the residency status of individuals. We look at RAPID data over time to determine the most likely residency status for individuals. Changes in residency status are indicative of immigration and emigration. We make adjustments for individuals that may not interact with the systems that make up RAPID, but who remain resident within the UK.\nMore information on the latest British nationals methods can be found in our Implementing new methods for estimating the international migration of British nationals, progress update: November 2025 article.\nUncertainty measures of international migration\nWe provide uncertainty intervals for statistics created using mainly administrative data. A wider interval indicates more uncertainty in the estimate. Uncertainty intervals differ from confidence intervals, which are applicable to estimates derived from sample surveys.\nThe uncertainty intervals for data used in this bulletin can be found in our accompanying dataset. These uncertainty intervals have been constructed using simulation studies where there is a 95% probability the intervals contain the true value, assuming that our simulations accurately include all the main sources of uncertainty.\nHowever, our uncertainty intervals should be interpreted with caution. Our simulations do not measure all main sources of uncertainty and likely underreport uncertainty with international migration estimates.\nCurrently, long-term international migration uncertainty intervals only quantify the doubt associated with:\nadjustments to non-EU+ estimates\nadjustments to EU+ estimates\nadjustments and temporal disaggregation to the British nationals estimates\nSome main sources of uncertainty, like uncertainty associated with the administrative data, are not included.\nWe are working to further improve our uncertainty measures so that they will cover a greater range of sources of uncertainty. We explore uncertainty intervals based on the stability of our estimates associated with revisions in our\nPredicting the stability of non-EU+ long-term international migration estimates methodology\n.\nFor more explanation on the uncertainty measures, see our\nQuantifying uncertainty in headline international migration estimates working paper\nand our\nMeasuring uncertainty in international migration estimates working paper\n.\nStrengths and limitations\nThe estimates for the most recent time periods in our data series (YE March 2025 to YE December 2025) are provisional and provide users with an early indication of migration during this period.\nWe update assumptions that feed into our provisional estimates to reflect changing behaviour. Therefore, these estimates will be subject to a range of factors that currently make any estimates of net migration more uncertain. These estimates are subject to change, both because of methods of refinement as well as scheduled revisions when more data become available. This is outlined in our\nPopulation and International Migration Statistics Revisions Policy methodology\n. For more information see our research progress update.\nThis release coincides with the publication of the Home Office’s\nImmigration system statistics quarterly release\nand the Department for Work and Pensions’s (DWP’s)\nNational Insurance number allocations to adult overseas nationals entering the UK release\n, both for the period to the end of March 2026. Numbers on visas granted may indicate trends in the arrivals of non-EU+ long-term migrants but cannot indicate the net effect after further stays and emigration because this is not taken into account. We continue to work closely with the Home Office to produce a consistent insight into UK international migration.\nFurther information on strengths and limitations of data sources is included in our Methods to produce provisional long-term international migration estimates methodology.\nStatistical designation\nThese statistics are labelled as “official statistics in development”. They are based on information from HOBID and RAPID from the DWP. We are developing how we collect the data and produce the statistics to improve their quality.\nOnce we have completed the developments, we will review the statistics with the Statistics Head of Profession.\nIf the statistics meet trustworthiness, quality and value standards based on user feedback, we will remove the “official statistics in development” label to publish under the “official statistics” label.\nIf they do not meet trustworthiness, quality and value standards, we will further develop them and might stop producing them.\nIf they were “accredited official statistics” before the start of the developments, we will ask the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) to reassess and re-accredit them.\nWe will inform users of the outcome of our, and any OSR, review and any changes.\nBack to table of contents\n12.\nRelated links\nMethods to produce provisional long-term international migration estimates\nMethodology | Last revised 21 May 2026\nAn explanation of the methods used to produce the latest provisional statistics on migration flows into and out of the UK.\nProvisional long-term international migration estimates: technical user guide\nTechnical user guide | Last revised 21 May 2026\nMethodology used to produce our provisional long-term international migration estimates.\nWhat is international migration and how do we estimate it?\nSupporting methodology article | Released 18 November 2025\nEstimating our population is complex. Find out what our migration statistics cover and how our methods are adapting to world events and changing trends.\nUK emigration explained: what we know about Brits moving abroad\nArticle | Released 21 May 2026\nHow many British people are moving abroad, and what we do – and do not – know about where Brits go when they leave the UK.\nInternational migration research, progress update\nArticle series | Last revised 23 April 2026\nProvides an update on our research to develop admin-based migration estimates and expand the range and granularity of our statistics.\nImmigration system statistics, year ending December 2025\nStatistical release | Released 26 February 2026\nQuarterly Home Office statistics on people coming to the UK (including via illegal routes), extensions of stay, EUSS, citizenship, asylum, detentions, returns and stopping immigration crime.\nNational Insurance numbers allocated to adult overseas nationals to December 2025\nArticle | Released 26 February 2026\nStatistics on National Insurance Numbers (NINos) allocated to adult non-UK overseas nationals to December 2025 from the Department for Work and Pensions.\nBack to table of contents\n13.\nCite this bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 21 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nLong-term international migration, provisional: year ending December 2025\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/longterminternationalmigrationprovisional/yearendingdecember2025", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/longterminternationalmigrationprovisional/yearendingdecember2025", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "UK long-term international migration to year ending December 2025. Includes breakdowns by age, sex, nationality and reason. Official statistics in development.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "12 months", "171,000,", "2025", "2024", "331,000", "2021,", "19", "47%", "2025,", "350,000", "511,000", "136,000", "42,000,", "2022", "813,000,", "20%", "1,012,000", "1,469,000", "2023", "627,000,", "780,000", "23%", "14%", "7%", "6%", "76,000", "110,000,", "91,000", "140,000,", "642,000", "38,000", "680,000", "278,000", "118,000,", "24%", "155,000", "246,000", "4%", "257,000", "171,000", "4", "6", "7", "11", "3", "2", "2012", "2021", "2023,", "944,000", "9", "350,000,", "161,000", "136,000,", "19,000", "117,000", "21,000", "63,000", "813,000", "2024,", "1,012,000,", "77%", "627,000", "110,000", "9%", "2020", "2016", "2020,", "5", "2019", "3,", "10", "294,000", "270,000", "486,000", "277,000", "17,000", "17%", "146,000"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Long-term international immigration, emigration and net migration flows, provisional", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/longterminternationalimmigrationemigrationandnetmigrationflowsprovisional/yearendingdecember2025/may2026publicationspreadsheet.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. 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Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/21may2026", "title": "Business insights and impact on the UK economy: 21 May 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nOver a quarter (27%) of trading businesses reported that their turnover had decreased in April 2026 when compared to the previous month; this is up 4 percentage points from March, but broadly in line with similar movements seen in previous years between March and April.\nEconomic uncertainty (34%) remained the most reported challenge impacting turnover for trading businesses in early May 2026, broadly stable compared with early April; for businesses with 10 or more employees, cost of labour (39%) was the most reported challenge, also broadly stable compared with early April.\n40% of trading businesses reported an increase in the prices of goods or services bought in April 2026, broadly stable with March, but 11 percentage points higher than February, and the highest proportion reported since December 2022 (41%); 16% reported an increase in the prices of goods or services sold, the highest proportion since April 2023.\n1 in 5 (20%) trading businesses expect the prices of goods or services they sell to increase in June 2026, down 7 percentage points from their expectation for May; 28% of businesses cited energy prices as a reason for considering raising prices, down 6 percentage points from May (34%), but otherwise the highest reported proportion since June 2023.\n3 in 5 (60%) businesses reported at least some level of concern about energy prices in early May 2026, down 6 percentage points from late April; the accommodation and food service activities industry had the highest proportion of businesses expressing concern (86%).\n7% of businesses experienced global supply chain disruption in April 2026, down 2 percentage points from March but, otherwise, the highest proportion since March 2023; of these businesses, 47% cited the conflict in the Middle East as a reason for experiencing disruption, broadly stable with March, but up 34 percentage points from February.\n!\nThese are official statistics in development, and we advise caution when using the data. The Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) questions and topics are regularly reviewed, and questions are often added, removed, or amended to reflect changing circumstances and analytical priorities.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nHeadline figures\nThe data presented in this bulletin are the final results from Wave 156 of the Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS), which was live from 4 to 17 May 2026.\nThis wave of the survey asked businesses questions about:\nturnover, including expectations for next month and current challenges impacting turnover\nprices of goods and services bought and sold, including expectations for next month\nenergy (gas and electricity) prices\nglobal supply chain disruption\nworker shortages and recruitment difficulties\nbusiness concerns\nbusiness performance, including expectations for next year\nFor full details of the survey questions used, see our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey questions: 4 to 17 May 2026 article\n.\nData reported within BICS bulletins and datasets are estimates that are subject to\nuncertainty\n, for example, sampling variability and\nnon-sampling error\n. Further information on quality is available in our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI)\n, and we regularly update\nconfidence intervals\nassociated with the survey questions.\nSingle-site weighted regional estimates up to Wave 154 are available in our\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK subnational single-site economy: May 2026 article\n.\nMore about economy, business and jobs\nExplore the latest trends in employment, prices and trade in our\neconomic dashboard\n.\nView\nall economic data\n.\nThe percentage of businesses that reported they were trading in early May 2026 was 94%, with 83% fully trading, and 12% partially trading (for example, trading with reduced hours or staff numbers). Meanwhile, 3% of businesses reported \"temporarily paused trading\", and 2% reported \"permanently ceased trading\" as their business's trading status.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nFinancial performance\nTurnover\nTrading businesses were asked how their turnover in April 2026 compared with March 2026, excluding any seasonal trading.\nFigure 1: 27% of trading businesses reported that their turnover had decreased in April 2026 compared with the previous calendar month\nTurnover, businesses currently trading, weighted by count, UK, 1 March 2022 to 30 April 2026\nSource: Business Insights and Conditions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nData are plotted in the middle of the period of each wave.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: 27% of trading businesses reported that their turnover had decreased in April 2026 compared with the previous calendar month\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nOver a quarter (27%) of trading businesses reported that their turnover had decreased in April 2026 when compared with the previous month. This is up 4 percentage points from March 2026, which is broadly similar to movements recorded between March and April in previous years. The accommodation industry had the highest proportion of businesses reporting that their turnover had decreased in April 2026 (37%), followed by the wholesale and retail industry at 36%.\nAround 1 in 7 (14%) trading businesses reported that their turnover increased in April 2026, down 3 percentage points from March.\nFor businesses with 10 or more employees, 28% reported that their turnover had decreased, up 7 percentage points from March 2026 but broadly stable when compared with February 2026.\nNearly a quarter (23%) of businesses with 10 or more employees reported that their turnover had increased, falling 9 percentage points from March 2026. However, this is largely a return to the proportions reported in January and February following a spike in March 2026 (32%). This pattern has been observed in previous years as well.\nTurnover expectations\nTrading businesses were asked about their expectations for their turnover in June 2026.\nFigure 2: 14% of trading businesses expect their turnover to decrease in June 2026\nExpected and actual turnover decrease, businesses currently trading, weighted by count, broken down by response option, UK, 1 April 2022 to 30 June 2026\nSource: Business Insights and Conditions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nFor presentational purposes, some response options have been removed.\nData are plotted in the middle of the period of each wave.\nCaution should be taken when interpreting expectations questions, as the employees responding on behalf of businesses may not have full oversight of all of their business's future expectations.\n\".\" represents data not yet available.\n[x] represents data that are unavailable because a question is not included in this wave of the survey.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: 14% of trading businesses expect their turnover to decrease in June 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nAround 1 in 7 (14%) trading businesses reported that they expect their turnover to decrease in June 2026. Although broadly stable with expectations for May, the proportion is higher than the previous three years for June. The education industry (26%) had the highest proportion of businesses expecting turnover to decrease. However, because of variation in response rates, this industry's proportion in responses can be particularly volatile.\nAlthough 27% of businesses reported that their turnover had decreased in April 2026, only 15% had expected it to decrease during that month ahead of time. This follows a pattern that has been observed since the Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) was introduced, with the proportion expecting turnover to decrease remaining below the proportion reporting an actual decrease.\nAround 1 in 6 (16%) trading businesses expect their turnover to increase in June 2026. This is broadly stable with May, and follows the typical seasonal pattern observed in previous years.\nLarger businesses were more likely to expect an increase in turnover; the proportion ranged from 15% for businesses with 0 to 9 employees, to 32% for businesses with 250 or more employees. This pattern has been seen since the question was introduced in April 2022.\nTurnover challenges\nTrading businesses were asked what challenges, if any, were impacting their turnover in early May 2026.\nFigure 3: Economic uncertainty (34%) was the most reported challenge impacting turnover in early May 2026\nTurnover challenges, businesses currently trading, weighted by count, UK, 2 February 2026 to 17 May 2026\nSource: Business Insights and Conditions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nData are plotted in the middle of the period of each wave.\nFor presentational purposes, some response options have been removed.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: Economic uncertainty (34%) was the most reported challenge impacting turnover in early May 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nIn early May 2026, 34% of trading businesses reported that economic uncertainty was impacting their turnover. This is broadly stable with early April 2026, but 5 percentage points higher than in May 2025 (30%) and 13 percentage points higher than in May 2024 (22%).\nFor businesses with 10 or more employees, the most reported challenge was the cost of labour (39%), broadly stable with April 2026.\nThe accommodation and food service activities industry (78%) had the highest proportion reporting experiencing at least one challenge impacting turnover. The most reported challenges facing this industry were:\ncost of materials (50%)\ncost of labour (50%)\neconomic uncertainty (44%)\nAround 30% of trading businesses reported not currently experiencing any challenges, broadly stable with April 2026.\nFurther details on financial performance, including all response options broken down by industry and size band, are available in our\naccompanying dataset\n.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nPrices\nPrices bought and prices sold\nBusinesses were asked how the prices of goods or services they bought and sold in April 2026 compared with the previous month.\nFigure 4: 40% of trading businesses reported an increase in the prices of goods or services bought in April 2026 compared with March 2026\nPrices bought and sold increased, businesses currently trading, weighted by count, UK, 1 March 2022 to 30 April 2026\nSource: Business Insights and Conditions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nData are plotted in the middle of the period of each wave.\nFor presentational purposes, some response options have been removed.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: 40% of trading businesses reported an increase in the prices of goods or services bought in April 2026 compared with March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nAround 2 in 5 (40%) trading businesses reported an increase in the prices of goods or services bought in April 2026 compared with the previous month. This is the highest proportion reported since December 2022 (41%).\nThe proportion generally decreased as business size increased. Of businesses with 10 to 49 employees, 50% reported an increase, while only 29% of businesses with 250 or more employees did so.\nThe accommodation and food service activities industry had the highest proportion of businesses reporting that the prices of goods or services bought had increased, at 62%.\nAround 1 in 6 (16%) trading businesses reported an increase in the prices of goods or services sold in April 2026. Although this is broadly stable with March 2026, it is the highest proportion reported since April 2023 (16%).\nThe wholesale and retail trade industry had the highest proportion of trading businesses reporting that the prices of goods or services they sold had increased, at 27%.\nPrice expectations\nBusinesses were asked what their expectations were for their prices of goods or services to be sold in June 2026.\nFigure 5: 20% of trading businesses expected the prices of goods or services sold to increase in June 2026\nExpected and actual price increase, businesses currently trading, broken down by response option, weighted by count, UK, 1 April 2022 to 30 June 2026\nSource: Business Insights and Conditions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nFor presentational purposes, some response options have been removed.\nData are plotted in the middle of the period of each wave.\nCaution should be taken when interpreting expectations questions, as the employees responding on behalf of businesses may not have full oversight of all of their business's future expectations.\n\".\" represents data not yet available.\n[x] represents data that are unavailable because a question is not included in this wave of the survey.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: 20% of trading businesses expected the prices of goods or services sold to increase in June 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nOf trading businesses, 1 in 5 (20%) expect the prices of goods or services they sell to increase in June 2026. This is down 7 percentage points from expectations for May 2026 (28%), but up 5 percentage points from June 2025 (16%), and 8 percentage points from June 2024 (13%).\nSince April 2022, the proportion of businesses expecting an increase in prices sold for a particular month ahead of time has remained above the proportion reporting an actual increase in that month, suggesting businesses overestimate in their expectations.\nThe industries with the highest proportions of trading businesses expecting to raise the prices of goods or services they sell in June 2026 were:\nthe manufacturing industry (32%)\nthe wholesale and retail trade industry (30%)\nthe other service activities industry (27%)\nPrice-raising factors\nBusinesses were asked which factors, if any, were causing their business to consider raising prices in June 2026.\nFigure 6: 28% of trading businesses cited energy prices as a factor for considering raising prices in June 2026\nFactors behind considering price rises, businesses currently trading, weighted by count, UK, 1 March 2026 to 30 June 2026\nSource: Business Insights and Conditions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nData are plotted in the middle of the period of each wave.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: 28% of trading businesses cited energy prices as a factor for considering raising prices in June 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nEnergy prices were the most reported factor behind trading businesses considering raising prices in June 2026, at 28%. This is down 6 percentage points compared with May (34%), however, aside from May, it is the highest proportion reported since June 2023.\nThe other most reported factors were:\nlabour costs (24%), broadly stable with May 2026\nraw materials prices (21%), broadly stable with May 2026\ntransportation or haulage costs (21%), broadly stable with May 2026, but up 8 percentage points from April 2026\nIn comparison, 41% of trading businesses reported that they were not considering raising prices in June. This is an increase of 5 percentage points when compared with expectations for May 2026.\nFor trading businesses with 10 or more employees, the most reported factors were:\nlabour costs (43%), down 5 percentage points from May\nenergy prices (36%), down 5 percentage points from May\nraw materials prices (28%), broadly stable with May\nThe proportion of businesses with 10 or more employees that reported transportation and haulage costs as a price-raising factor was 24%, broadly stable with May, but a 10-percentage-point rise from April (14%). Aside from May 2026 (26%), it is the highest proportion reported since the response option was introduced in March 2024.\nThe proportion of businesses with 10 or more employees not considering raising prices in June 2026 was 29%, up 5 percentage points from May, but broadly stable with April.\nFurther details on prices, including all response options, broken down by industry and size band, are available in our\naccompanying dataset\n.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nOther topics\nConcern about energy prices\nOverall, 3 in 5 (60%) businesses reported at least some level of concern about energy prices in May 2026, which is a reduction of 6 percentage points from April 2026. For businesses with 10 or more employees, the proportion was higher at 73%. This is a fall of 3 percentage points from April 2026.\nThe proportion of businesses citing that energy prices will be the main concern for their business in June 2026 was 7%. This has fallen 2 percentage points from May 2026, but is up 4 percentage points from February 2026 (3%).\nDespite falling, the level of concern for energy prices remains relatively high, with multiple businesses citing the conflict in the Middle East as a reason for their concern in the comments section of the survey.\nGlobal supply chain disruption\nLess than 1 in 10 (7%) businesses reported that they experienced global supply chain disruption in April 2026, 3 percentage points down from March. However, when excluding March, it is the highest proportion since March 2023.\nOf those businesses that experienced global supply chain disruption, 47% reported conflict in the Middle East as the main reason. Although this is broadly stable with March, this is the highest proportion reported since February 2024 (47%).\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey data\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy: 21 May 2026\nDataset | Released 21 May 2026\nWeighted estimates from the voluntary fortnightly Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) about financial performance, workforce, prices, trade, and business resilience. This dataset includes additional information collected as part of the survey not presented in this publication. These are official statistics in development.\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy confidence intervals\nDataset | Released 21 May 2026\nConfidence intervals for weighted estimates from the voluntary fortnightly Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) about financial performance, workforce, prices, trade, and business resilience. These are official statistics in development.\nAccess to microdata\nYou can access the microdata for Waves 1 to 155 of the Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) through the Secure Research Service (SRS). The BICS microdata for each wave are released on a rolling basis in the week following the publication of each wave. The microdata are made confidential and do not disclose information on any specific business.\nOnly researchers accredited under the\nDigital Economy Act, as explained on the UK Statistics Authority website\nare able to access data in the SRS. You can apply for researcher accreditation using the People and Projects Service (PPS). For further guidance, please see our\nInformation on the Integrated Data Service (IDS) website\n.\nTo conduct analysis with microdata from the SRS, a project application must be submitted to the\nResearch Accreditation Panel (RAP), as explained on the UK Statistics Authority website\n. Project accreditation applications should be submitted using the Project Accreditation Service for SRS (PASS). For more information, please see our\nguidance on applying for an accredited research project\n.\nTo use the SRS, you must access it through the appropriate safe setting. For more information on the full range of safe setting options, please see our\nguidance on accessing data securely\n.\nMaking our published spreadsheets accessible\nFollowing the\nGovernment Statistical Service (GSS) guidance on releasing statistics in spreadsheets\n, we will be amending our published tables over the next couple of publications to improve the usability, accessibility and machine readability of our published statistics. Please email\nbics@ons.gov.uk\nif you have any questions or comments.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nGlossary\nReporting unit\nThe reporting unit is the business unit to which questionnaires are sent. The response from the reporting unit can cover the enterprise as a whole, or parts of the enterprise identified by lists of local units.\nPrivate sector businesses\nThe Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) is a survey of private sector businesses, meaning that the public sector is not sampled. Some businesses are also excluded; please see the Coverage subsection, in\nSection 8: Data sources and quality\nfor more information.\nTrading businesses\n\"Trading businesses\" refers to businesses that responded that their trading status was \"currently fully trading\" or \"currently partially trading\" only.\nIf \"trading businesses\" is not specified, the statistics presented refer to businesses that have \"not permanently stopped trading\". This includes trading businesses and those that reported their status as \"paused trading and intends to restart in the next two weeks\" or \"paused trading and does not intend to restart within the next two weeks\".\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nData sources and quality\nMore quality and methodology information (QMI) on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) QMI\n, which was updated on 10 October 2024.\nThe BICS is voluntary, and the results are official statistics in development. More information is available in our\nGuide to official statistics in development\n.\nTable 1: Sample and response rates for Wave 154, 155 and 156 of the Business Insights and Conditions Survey\nWave\n23 April 2026\nPublication Wave 154\n7 May 2026\nPublication Wave 155\n21 May 2026\nPublication Wave 156\nSample\n38,750\n38,715\n38,686\nResponse\n9,833\n10,466\n9,899\nRate\n25.4%\n27.0%\n25.6%\nSource: Business Insights and Conditions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nResponse rates for all waves can be found in the accompanying dataset.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Sample and response rates for Wave 154, 155 and 156 of the Business Insights and Conditions Survey\n.xls\n.csv\nThe results are based on responses from the voluntary fortnightly BICS, which captures businesses' views on financial performance, workforce, prices, trade and business resilience. The Wave 156 survey was live for the period 4 to 17 May 2026. For full details of the survey questions used, see our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey questions: 4 to 17 May 2026 article\nCoverage\nThe BICS sampling frame is based on the same industries as our Monthly Business Survey (MBS). The MBS covers the UK for production industries only, and Great Britain for construction, retail and services industries. The MBS is an important input to the output measure of gross domestic product (GDP), which includes monthly GDP.\nFor detailed information on the industries covered by the MBS and BICS, see our\nGDP(o) data sources catalogue\n. The following are some industries that are excluded from MBS and BICS:\nagriculture\noil and gas extraction\nenergy generation and supply\npublic administration and defence\npublic provision of education and health\nfinance and insurance\nFor more information on the methodology of producing the BICS, such as\nweighting\n, please see our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) QMI report\n.\nMore quality and methodology information (QMI) on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) QMI\n.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nRelated links\nEconomic activity and social change real-time indicators, UK, dashboard\nDashboard | Updated frequently\nAn overview of the UK economy and society, based on rapid response surveys, novel data sources, and innovative methods.\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators: 21 May 2026\nBulletin | Updated monthly\nData on the UK economy and society. These faster indicators are created using rapid response surveys, novel data sources, and innovative methods. These are official statistics in development.\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK subnational single-site economy: May 2026\nArticle | Released 15 May 2026\nEstimates from the voluntary fortnightly business survey (BICS) on financial performance, prices and workforce. These are official statistics in development.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 21 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy: 21 May 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/21may2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/21may2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "The impact of challenges facing the economy and other events on UK businesses, including financial performance, workforce, trade, and business resilience.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "27%", "2026", "4 percentage points", "34%", "2026,", "10", "39%", "40%", "11 percentage points", "2022", "41%", "16%", "2023", "5", "20%", "7 percentage points", "28%", "6 percentage points", "3", "60%", "86%", "7%", "2 percentage points", "47%", "34 percentage points", "2", "156", "4", "17", "154", "94%", "83%", "12%", "3%", "2%", "30", "37%", "36%", "7", "14%", "3 percentage points", "23%", "9 percentage points", "32%", "26%", "15%", "6", "0", "9", "250", "5 percentage points", "2025", "30%", "13 percentage points", "2024", "22%", "78%", "50%", "44%", "49", "29%", "62%", "8 percentage points", "13%", "2022,", "24%", "21%", "43%", "73%", "21", "155", "8", "154,", "23", "38,750", "38,715", "38,686", "9,833", "10,466"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Business insights and impact on the UK economy", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/bicswave158/bicswave1582final.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Business insights and impact on the UK economy", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/bicswave157/bicswave1572final.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Business insights and impact on the UK economy", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/bicswave156/bicswave1562final.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "26a70930f1918429bb5e"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/economicactivityandsocialchangeintheukrealtimeindicators/21may2026", "title": "Economic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators: 21 May 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nIn April 2026:\nConsumer behaviour was mixed; UK retail footfall remained broadly unchanged compared with March 2026 and decreased by 6% when compared with April 2025, while seasonally adjusted Revolut debit card spending increased both by 1% compared with March 2026, and by 11% when compared with April 2025 (BT Active Intelligence, Revolut).\nThe seasonally adjusted Direct Debit failure rate was broadly unchanged at 2.39%, compared with March 2026 (2.38%), but was 9% higher when compared with April 2025 (2.19%) (Vocalink and Pay.UK).\nThe number of new online job adverts and the number of potential redundancies decreased by 2% and 6%, respectively, when compared with April 2025 (Textkernel, Insolvency Service HR1 forms).\nAutomotive fuel prices increased while wholesale energy prices decreased, compared with March 2026, but both remained higher than April 2025 as markets continued to respond to the conflict in the Middle East (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero, National Gas Transmission, Elexon).\nTransport indicators remained broadly stable compared with the previous month, although ship visits to major UK ports decreased by 6% when compared with the previous year (exactEarth, EUROCONTROL).\nNew vehicle registrations decreased by 9% compared with March 2026 but increased by 21% when compared with April 2025 (The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT)).\nThe number of Energy Performance Building Certificates (EPCs) lodged in England and Wales for new dwellings increased by 4%, compared with March 2026 and increased by 2% when compared with April 2025 (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government).\n!\nThese are\nofficial statistics in development\n, and we advise caution when using the data. The data sources used to compile these indicators are regularly reviewed to ensure they are representative and relevant, which may mean indicators change at short notice. Read more in\nSection 10: Quality methods and data sources\n.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nLatest indicators at a glance\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nCard spending over time is pushed upwards by the impacts of both inflation on value of transactions and cash-to-card conversion.\nIndicators with “SA” in the title have been seasonally adjusted. Indicators with “NSA” in the title have not been seasonally adjusted but do present seasonality. All other indicators do not present seasonality.\nExisting EPC data can show sudden spikes when housing associations lodge multiple expired EPCs at once.\nTextkernel data for March 2026 has been suppressed because of issues with obtaining job advert data from a major source.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nConsumer behaviour\nIn April 2026, retail footfall was broadly unchanged compared with the previous month, but had decreased when compared with the same month of the previous year. Debit card spending increased month-on-month and was also higher than a year ago (unadjusted for inflation). The growth rate for the average fuel demand per transaction decreased significantly compared with both the previous month and when compared with the same month in 2025. This is following large increases in the annual growth rate for the average price of automotive fuel. Direct Debit average transaction amounts and failure rates continued to increase when compared with the same month one year ago. Recipients of Universal Credit reported the highest Direct Debit failure rate for \"Electricity and gas\" payments.\nUK retail footfall\nUK retail footfall remained broadly unchanged in April 2026, compared with March 2026, but decreased by 6% when compared with April 2025.\nFootfall decreased in retail parks and district and local centres by 3% and 1%, respectively, and increased in town and city centres by 2%, when compared with March 2026.\nFootfall decreased across all three site types when compared with April 2025; retail parks, town and city centres, and district and local centres fell by 14%, 5%, and 4%, respectively.\nFigure 1: UK retail footfall remained broadly unchanged in April 2026, compared with March 2026\nIndex of monthly retail footfall volumes, UK, July 2024 to April 2026, non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: BT Active Intelligence\nNotes:\nBT Active Intelligence retail footfall data are an estimate of UK retail footfall. The data exclude those who work and live in retail areas and only count visitors to these locations.\nThe data are available from July 2024 onwards. This back series is not long enough to seasonally adjust the data, so caution is advised when assessing seasonal impacts.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: UK retail footfall remained broadly unchanged in April 2026, compared with March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nRetail footfall increased in 5 of the 11 regions (including Great Britain countries and English regions) when compared with March 2026, decreased in 4 of the 11 regions, and remained broadly unchanged in 2. Data for Northern Ireland were unavailable.\nWhen compared with March 2026, the largest increases were found in West Midlands (3%) and Wales (2%), while the region with the largest decrease was the East Midlands (3%).\nWhen compared with April 2025, retail footfall decreased in 10 of the 11 regions. The largest decreases were Wales (12%) and Yorkshire and The Humber (11%), with the only increase found in London (2%).\nFigure 2: Retail footfall decreased in all but one UK region in April 2026 when compared with April 2025\nChange in retail footfall by region, UK, April 2026, non-seasonally adjusted\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nDetails of the methods used to compile these data are available in the\nBT Active Intelligence methodology\n.\nValues for Northern Ireland have been suppressed subject to further QA processes.\nData are available in further detail, broken down by region and site type, in our accompanying\nUK retail footfall dataset\n.\nRevolut spending on debit cards\nSeasonally adjusted Revolut debit card spending increased by 1% in April 2026, compared with March 2026. Five of the nine spend categories remained broadly unchanged. \"Entertainment\" and \"Transport\" saw increases of 1%, while \"Travel\" and \"Services\" decreased by 2% and 1%, respectively.\nWhen compared with April 2025, seasonally adjusted Revolut debit card spending increased by 11%, increasing in all nine spend categories, with the largest increases seen in \"Services\" and \"Utilities\", each rising by 14%.\nOur accompanying\nRevolut spending on debit cards dataset\nis available.\nAutomotive fuel spending\nThe annual growth rate for the average price of automotive fuel increased by 20 percentage points in April 2026, compared with the previous month, and by 30 percentage points when compared with the equivalent month of 2025. This reflects the sharp rise in global oil prices since the start of the conflict in the Middle East on 28 February 2026.\nThe growth rate for the average fuel demand per transaction decreased by 11 percentage points in April 2026, compared with the previous month, and decreased by 12 percentage points when compared with the same month of 2025.\nFigure 3: The annual growth rate for average automotive fuel demand per transaction decreased by 11 percentage points in April 2026 compared with the previous month\nIndex of year-on-year change in fuel price and estimated quantity demand, UK, January 2023 to April 2026, non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: Aggregated anonymised card spending data from the Office for National Statistics; Road fuel price, road fuel sales and stock levels from the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: The annual growth rate for average automotive fuel demand per transaction decreased by 11 percentage points in April 2026 compared with the previous month\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nMonthly Direct Debit average transaction amount and failure rate\nThe seasonally adjusted total Direct Debit average transaction amount decreased by 1% in April 2026 compared with March 2026. \"Electricity and gas\" and \"Loans\" decreased by 1% over this period, \"Water\" increased by 1% and the remaining categories remained broadly unchanged.\nWhen compared with April 2025, the seasonally adjusted total Direct Debit average transaction amount increased by 1%. \"Water\" was the category with the largest year-on-year increase, rising by 14% from April 2025. The largest decrease was in the \"Loans\" category, decreasing by 4% over the same period.\nFigure 4: The Direct Debit average transaction amount decreased by 1% in April 2026 compared with March 2026\nAverage transaction amount, UK, January 2023 to April 2026, seasonally adjusted\nSource: Pay.UK and Vocalink\nNotes:\nData based on a sample of anonymised and aggregated Bacs Direct Debit payments data.\nData include consumer Direct Debit transactions only, excluding payments made by businesses and unclassified accounts.\nData are not adjusted for inflation.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: The Direct Debit average transaction amount decreased by 1% in April 2026 compared with March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe seasonally adjusted Direct Debit failure rate was broadly unchanged in April 2026 compared with March 2026. The failure rate for “Water” fell by 4%, compared with March 2026, and fell by 2% for “Electricity and gas”.\nWhen compared with April 2025, the Direct Debit failure rate increased by 9%. The largest increases over this period were for “Electricity and gas” (24%) and “Loans” (17%).\nFigure 5: The Direct Debit failure rate was broadly unchanged in April 2026 compared with April 2025\nDirect Debit failure rate, UK, January 2023 to April 2026, seasonally adjusted\nSource: Pay.UK and Vocalink\nNotes:\nData based on a sample of anonymised and aggregated Bacs Direct Debit payments data.\nThe underlying failure rates are low, with month-to-month volatility expected.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: The Direct Debit failure rate was broadly unchanged in April 2026 compared with April 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nGenerally, accounts which received State Pension payments had a lower failure rate for \"Electricity and gas\" payments (0.3% in April 2026) than all consumers (2.8%). This includes recipients of the means-tested Pension Credit (1.1%). By contrast, the highest failure rates were for recipients of Personal Independence Payments (PIP) (5.8%), Child Benefits (6.7%), and Universal Credit (11.7%).\nFigure 6: The “Electricity and gas” Direct Debit failure rate for recipients of Universal Credit was 12% in April 2026\nDirect Debit failure rate, UK, January 2023 to April 2026, select benefits, non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: Pay.UK and Vocalink\nNotes:\nData based on a sample of anonymised and aggregated Bacs Direct Debit and Bacs Direct Credit payments data.\nBenefit classification is based on receiving at least one relevant benefit payment within a calendar year.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: The “Electricity and gas” Direct Debit failure rate for recipients of Universal Credit was 12% in April 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe monthly Direct Debit failure rate and average transaction amount are anonymised and aggregated datasets made available to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) by Pay.UK and Vocalink. The data are unadjusted for inflation and reflect economic activity in nominal terms.\nFor further details on what is covered within this indicator, see our\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators methodology\n.\nOur accompanying\nMonthly Direct Debit failure rate and average transaction amount dataset\nis available.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nBusiness and workforce\nWorkforce indicators showed reduced activity in April 2026, with falls in the number of new online job adverts and also in the number of potential redundancies.\nNew online job adverts\nThe data for March 2026 have been suppressed because of issues encountered when obtaining job advert data from a major source. We are aiming to recover this data and will include these estimates in future outputs. This will be communicated to our users when available.\nFigure 7: The number of new online job adverts decreased by 2% to approximately 642,000 new adverts in April 2026 compared with April 2025\nVolume of new job adverts, UK, January 2020 to April 2026, non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: Textkernel\nNotes:\nNew adverts represent the total number of job adverts that have gone online per month, calculated by counting the number of adverts that appear for the first time across the calendar month.\nThese data are not seasonally adjusted.\nData for March 2026 has been suppressed because of issues with obtaining job advert data from a major source.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 7: The number of new online job adverts decreased by 2% to approximately 642,000 new adverts in April 2026 compared with April 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe total number of new online job adverts decreased by 2% in April 2026 compared with April 2025 but remained broadly consistent with levels seen since the beginning of 2026.\nThe number of new online job adverts decreased in 14 of the 26 occupation groups in April 2026, when compared with April 2025. For the remaining 12 occupation groups, it increased in 10 and was broadly unchanged in 2.\nThe occupation group that saw the largest percentage decrease in April 2026, when compared with April 2025, was \"Sales occupations\", which decreased by 18%. The next largest decrease in new adverts was in \"Community and civil enforcement occupations\", which decreased by 16%. The largest percentage increases over this period were for the occupation groups of \"Transport and mobile machine drivers and operatives\" and \"Skilled metal, electrical and electronic trades\". These increased by 16% and 10%, respectively.\nThe number of new online job adverts decreased in 8 of the 12 regions (includes UK countries and English regions) in April 2026 when compared with April 2025.\nThe largest decrease was in London, decreasing by 7%, while the largest increase was in the East of England, increasing by 3%.\nDetails on the methods used to compile these estimates are available in our\nMeasuring labour demand volumes across the UK using Textkernel data user guide\n.\nOur accompanying\nTextkernel new online job adverts dataset\nis available, or for further tables using similar methodology and sources by local authority and 4-digit SOC, see the\nLabour demand volumes by Standard Occupation Classification datasets that get updated on 22 May 2026\n.\nAdvanced notification of potential redundancies\nThe number of potential redundancies decreased by 17% in April 2026 compared with March 2026. Over the same period, the number of employers proposing redundancies decreased by 24%.\nWhen compared with April 2025, the number of potential redundancies decreased by 6%, while the number of employers proposing redundancies increased by 3%.\nA third (33%) of all potential redundancies in April 2026 were in the \"Banking and Finance\" industry.\nFigure 8: The number of potential redundancies decreased by 17% in April 2026 compared with March 2026, and decreased by 6% when compared with April 2025\nMonthly potential redundancies, UK, January 2023 to April 2026, non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: Insolvency Service HR1 forms\nDownload this chart\nFigure 8: The number of potential redundancies decreased by 17% in April 2026 compared with March 2026, and decreased by 6% when compared with April 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFor more information, our accompanying\nAdvanced notification of potential redundancies weekly dataset\nis available. Industry and regional breakdowns by month are available in our\nmonthly potential redundancies dataset\n.\nIndustry-to-industry interbank payment flows\nThis month, we are publishing monthly industry-to-industry payments flows from anonymised, aggregated Bacs Payment System (Bacs) Direct Debit, Bacs Direct Credit and Faster Payment System (FPS) payments.\nThese data capture the monthly value and number of transactions of payments flowing between UK organisations (including businesses, public sector organisations, and others). They are disaggregated by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) industry and by International Territorial Level 1 (ITL1) region. This covers 88 SIC02 level codes in total, over 700 SIC05 level codes, and 12 ITL1 regions. Data are compiled from a sample of anonymised and aggregated Bacs Direct Debit, Bacs Direct Credit, and FPS payments data. They are made available to us by Pay.UK and Vocalink, who are the operator of, and infrastructure provider to, the UK's retail interbank payment systems.\nThese data are compiled from a sample that covers more than 2.3 million organisations in 2025, representing over 40% of the UK business population, and span January 2019 to April 2026. Breakdowns are available at SIC 2-digit, SIC 5-digit and ITL1 region-to-region.\nBy showing how value moves between industries, regions and supply chains in near real-time, these flows offer early signals of economic shocks, regional patterns of activity, and the structural relationships that underpin gross domestic product (GDP).\nFurther information on this indicator can be found in our\nIndustry-to-industry payment flows, UK: 2019 to 2025 article\nand its\naccompanying quality and methodology information\n.\nThis month we have examined payments from selected transport industries to fuel wholesalers in early 2026.\nBetween February 2026 and April 2026, the total value of payments to \"Wholesale of other fuels and related products\" (SIC 46719) increased across all four selected transport industries. These include \"Urban and suburban passenger land transport\" (SIC 49319) by 48%, \"Freight transport by road\" (SIC 49410) by 32%, \"Other passenger land transport\" (SIC 49390) by 29%, and \"Other transportation support activities\" (SIC 52290) by 28%.\nThese increases are notably larger than over the same period in 2025, when the total value of payments fell in three of the four industries, and rose by only 6% in \"Freight transport by road\" (SIC 49410).\nThis pattern coincides with the increase in wholesale energy and automotive fuel prices reported in the bulletin, following the escalation of conflict in the Middle East from 28 February 2026.\nFigure 9: Between February 2026 and April 2026, the total value of payments to \"Wholesale of other fuels and related products\" (SIC 46719) increased across transport industries\nTotal indexed value of payments to wholesale of other fuels (SIC 46719), from transport industries, UK, January 2024 to April 2026, non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: Pay.UK and Vocalink\nNotes:\nPayments data are derived by combining Bacs Direct Debit, Bacs Direct Credit and Faster Payment System (FPS) payments from 2019 to 2026.\nBecause of initial incorrect SIC filing to Companies House by organisations, and through false positives in fuzzy matching, industry misclassification can exist in the data.\nFigures are in nominal terms and are not seasonally adjusted, so some month-on-month variation reflects normal seasonal patterns. Caution should be applied when interpreting changes over short periods.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 9: Between February 2026 and April 2026, the total value of payments to \"Wholesale of other fuels and related products\" (SIC 46719) increased across transport industries\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nEnergy\nWholesale energy prices decreased in April 2026, when compared with March 2026, but remained higher than April 2025 as the impact of the conflict in the Middle East continued.\nSystem Average Price of gas and System Price of electricity\nFigure 10: The System Average Price of gas decreased by 14% when compared with March 2026, but increased by 33% when compared with April 2025\nSystem Average Price (SAP) of gas monthly average and seven-day rolling average, UK, 1 January 2023 to 17 May 2026, non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: National Gas Transmission\nDownload this chart\nFigure 10: The System Average Price of gas decreased by 14% when compared with March 2026, but increased by 33% when compared with April 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe System Average Price (SAP) of gas decreased by 14% in April 2026, compared with March 2026, from 4.507 pence per kilowatt hour (p/kWh) to 3.883p/kWh. This is a 33% increase in price from April 2025, which had a monthly SAP of 2.917p/kWh.\nFigure 11: The System Price of electricity decreased by 13% when compared with March 2026 but increased by 11% compared with April 2025\nSystem Price of electricity, monthly average and seven-day rolling average, UK, 1 January 2023 to 15 May 2026, non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: Elexon\nDownload this chart\nFigure 11: The System Price of electricity decreased by 13% when compared with March 2026 but increased by 11% compared with April 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe System Price of electricity decreased by 13% in April 2026, when compared with March 2026, from an average of 9.519 pence per kilowatt hour (p/kWh) to 8.320p/kWh. This was an increase of 11% when compared with April 2025, which had an average price of 7.502p/kWh.\nEnergy prices have fallen from significantly higher March prices following the ceasefire in the conflict in the Middle East, as confidence began to return to supply chains. However, disruption continued through the Strait of Hormuz.\nChanges in the System Average Price (SAP) of gas and the System Price of electricity are considered by the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem) when setting the energy price caps for the next three months. Large changes in these prices can indicate that the future price cap set by Ofgem will change.\nOur accompanying\nSystem Average Price of gas dataset\nand\nSystem Price of electricity dataset\nare available.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nTransport\nNew vehicle registrations\nThe seasonally adjusted number of new vehicle registrations decreased by 9% in April 2026, compared with March 2026, but increased by 21% when compared with April 2025.\nThe largest month‑on‑month decreases in new registrations were recorded for private cars, which fell by 22%, and business cars, which fell by 19%. These falls partly reflect tax and legislative changes that contributed to a stronger than usual March uplift, associated with the introduction of the new 26‑plate.\nFigure 12: The seasonally adjusted number of new vehicle registrations decreased by 9% in April 2026 compared with March 2026\nNumber of new car and Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) registrations, UK, January 2023 to April 2026, seasonally adjusted and non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT), seasonally adjusted by the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nNew registrations include all cars and LCVs up to 3.5 tonnes that were newly registered with the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Association (DVLA). Heavy Goods Vehicles, buses, and coaches are not included.\nThe number of vehicle registrations falls each February and August, ahead of the registration plate change each March and September. Seasonally adjusting the data removes this repeated variation from the time series so that users can see the underlying trend and any irregular movements.\nFurther information on definitions and compilation methods is available in our\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators methodology article\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 12: The seasonally adjusted number of new vehicle registrations decreased by 9% in April 2026 compared with March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe seasonally adjusted number of new registrations for electric vehicles recorded the largest month-on-month decreases in April 2026. Hybrid electric vehicle registrations decreased by 34%, Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle registrations decreased by 15%, while Battery electric vehicle registrations only increased by 3%.\nWhen compared with the previous year, increases were observed across all categories. The most pronounced growth occurred in registrations of Battery electric vehicles and Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, which increased by 48% and 45%, respectively in April 2026, when compared with April 2025. In contrast, registrations of diesel cars recorded the smallest increase over the same period, at 2%.\nOur accompanying\nSMMT vehicle registrations and production dataset\nis available.\nUK flights\nThe seasonally adjusted number of UK flights remained broadly unchanged in April 2026 compared with March 2026 and also when compared with April 2025.\nOur accompanying\nDaily UK flights dataset\nis available.\nShipping\nThe seasonally adjusted total number of ship visits to selected UK ports remained broadly unchanged in April 2026, compared with the previous month. Over this period, the number of cargo and tanker visits decreased by 2%, and other ship visits increased by 2%.\nWhen compared with March 2025, the seasonally adjusted total number of ship visits decreased by 6%, with cargo and tanker visits decreasing by 15%, and other ship visits increasing by 2%. This partly reflects a consolidation of shipping activity towards major continental European ports over the last two years.\nOur accompanying\nWeekly shipping indicators dataset\nis available.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nHousing\nEnergy Performance Building Certificates\nThe seasonally adjusted number of Energy Performance Building Certificates (EPCs) lodged in England and Wales for new dwellings increased by 4% in April 2026, compared with March 2026, and increased by 2% when compared with April 2025.\nThe seasonally adjusted number of Energy Performance Building Certificates (EPCs) lodged in England and Wales for existing dwellings decreased by 1% in April 2026, compared with the previous month, and also decreased by 1% when compared with April 2025.\nOur accompanying\nEnergy Performance Building Certificates (EPC) dataset\nand the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government's\nWeekly EPCs for domestic properties dataset\nare available.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nData\nSystem Average Price (SAP) of gas\nDataset | Released 21 May 2026\nDaily data showing System Average Price (SAP) of gas, and rolling seven-day average, traded in Great Britain over the On-the-Day Commodity Market (OCM). These are official statistics in development. Source: National Gas Transmission.\nSystem Price of electricity\nDataset | Released 21 May 2026\nDaily data showing the System Price of electricity, and rolling seven-day average, in Great Britain. These are official statistics in development. Source: Elexon\nDaily UK flights\nDataset | Released 21 May 2026\nDaily data showing UK flight numbers and rolling seven-day average, including flights to, from, and within the UK. These are official statistics in development. Source: EUROCONTROL.\nThis section lists a selection of data available in this publication. For the full list of available datasets, please see our\naccompanying dataset page\n.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nDefinitions\nReal-time indicator\nA real-time indicator provides insights into economic activity using close-to-real-time big data, administrative data sources, rapid response surveys or experimental estimates, which represent useful economic and social concepts.\nSeasonal adjustment\nSeasonal adjustment is the identification and removal of consistent and systematic variation in time series associated with the time of year. For more information on seasonal variation, and how we implement seasonal adjustment, see Section 2 of our\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators methodology\n.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nQuality, methods and data sources\nAbout the statistics\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators methodology\nMethodology | Last revised 23 April 2026\nMethodology for the data collection, aggregation, analysis, and presentation for the real-time indicators bulletin.\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators: seasonal adjustment\nArticle | Released 25 June 2025\nMethodology for the seasonal adjustment of real-time indicators.\nStrengths and limitations\nThese statistics have been produced to provide timely indicators of the effect of developing world events on the UK economy and society. We use close-to-real-time big data, administrative data sources, rapid response surveys, or official statistics in development.\nThe data presented in this bulletin are reviewed and refreshed on a regular basis. Indicators are swapped in and out of the publication based on their suitability and availability.\nSeasonality\nSeasonal fluctuations are likely to be present in many of these indicators, so caution must be applied when interpreting changes in series that are not seasonally adjusted.\nAbout the data sources\nDataset release dates and intended release frequency\nLatest release dates and intended release frequency of our associated datasets are available in this section. Please note that there may be some change to the intended release frequency for a variety of reasons, such as data availability. If you would like further information about any of these datasets, or previous release dates, please email\nrealtime.indicators@ons.gov.uk\n.\nWeekly data release\nRevolut spending on debit cards dataset\n; updated 14 May 2026.\nAutomotive fuel spending dataset\n; updated 21 May 2026.\nUK retail footfall dataset\n; updated 21 May 2026.\nAdvanced notification of potential redundancies dataset\n; updated 21 May 2026.\nSystem Average Price of gas dataset\n; updated 21 May 2026.\nSystem Price of electricity dataset\n; updated 21 May 2026.\nEnergy Performance Building Certificates (EPC) dataset\n; updated 21 May 2026.\nWeekly shipping indicators dataset\n; updated 21 May 2026.\nDaily UK flights dataset\n; updated 21 May 2026.\nMonthly data release\nMonthly Direct Debit failure rate and average transaction amount dataset\n; updated 21 May 2026.\nTextkernel new online job adverts dataset\n; updated 21 May 2026.\nValue Added Tax (VAT) flash estimates dataset\n; updated 16 April 2026.\nRenter affordability for new tenancies dataset\n; updated 15 January 2026.\nSMMT vehicle registration and production dataset\n; updated 8 May 2026.\nIndustry-to-industry payment flows SIC2 dataset; updated 21 May 2026\nIndustry-to-industry payment flows SIC5 dataset; updated 21 May 2026\nRegion-to-region organisation payment flows dataset, updated 21 May 2026\nStatistical designation\nThese statistics are labelled as\nofficial statistics in development\n. Until September 2023, these were called \"experimental statistics\". Read more about the change in our\nGuide to official statistics in development\n.\nWe are developing how we collect and produce the data to improve the quality of these statistics. Find out more in our\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators methodology\n.\nOnce the developments are complete, we will review the statistics with the Statistics Head of Profession. We will decide if the statistics are of sufficient quality and value to be published as official statistics, or if further development is needed. Production may be stopped if they are not of sufficient quality or value. Users will be informed of the outcome and any changes.\nWe value your feedback on these statistics. If you would like to get in touch, please email\nrealtime.indicators@ons.gov.uk\n.\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nRelated links\nEconomic activity and social change real-time indicators, UK, dashboard\nDashboard | Released weekly\nAn overview of the UK economy and society, based on rapid response surveys, novel data sources, and innovative methods\nGDP monthly estimate, UK\nBulletin | Released monthly\nGross domestic product (GDP) measures the value of goods and services produced in the UK. It estimates the size of the economy and its growth.\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain\nBulletin | Released monthly\nSocial insights on daily life and events, including experiences of cost of living and attitudes to important issues, from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy\nBulletin | Released fortnightly\nThe impact of challenges facing the economy and other events on UK businesses, including financial performance, workforce, trade, and business resilience.\nLabour demand volumes by Standard Occupation Classification (SOC 2020), UK\nDataset | Released quarterly\nThese tables contain the number of online job adverts, split by local authority and occupation (SOC 2020).\nBack to table of contents\n12.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), published 21 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators: 21 May 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/economicactivityandsocialchangeintheukrealtimeindicators/21may2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/economicactivityandsocialchangeintheukrealtimeindicators/21may2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Faster indicators of trends in the UK economy and society, using innovative surveys, methods and data sources. These are official statistics in development.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2026", "6%", "2025,", "1%", "2026,", "11%", "2025", "2.39%", "2.38%", "9%", "2.19%", "2%", "21%", "4%", "10", "2", "3", "3%", "14%", "5%", "2024", "5", "11", "4", "12%", "20 percentage points", "30 percentage points", "28", "11 percentage points", "12 percentage points", "2023", "24%", "17%", "0.3%", "2.8%", "1.1%", "5.8%", "6.7%", "11.7%", "6", "7", "642,000", "2020", "14", "26", "12", "18%", "16%", "10%", "8", "7%", "22", "33%", "2025\nMonth", "88", "700", "2.3 million", "40%", "2019", "46719", "49319", "48%", "49410", "32%", "49390", "29%", "52290", "28%", "9", "17", "4.507", "3.883", "2.917", "13%", "15", "9.519", "8.320", "7.502", "22%"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Advanced notification of potential redundancies", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/advancednotificationofpotentialredundancies/current/hr1redundanciesdataset180626.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Automotive fuel spending", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/automotivefuelspending/18june2026/automotivefuelinsightsdataset180626.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/privaterentandhousepricesuk/may2026", "title": "Private rent and house prices, UK: May 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nAverage UK monthly private rents increased by 3.5%, to £1,381, in the 12 months to April 2026 (provisional estimate); this annual growth rate is up from 3.4% in the 12 months to March 2026.\nAverage rents increased to £1,438 (3.5%) in England, £834 (4.9%) in Wales, and £1,019 (2.0%) in Scotland, in the 12 months to April 2026.\nIn Northern Ireland, average rents increased to £877 (4.0%), in the 12 months to February 2026.\nIn England, private rents annual inflation was highest in the North East (6.5%), and lowest in London (2.0%), in the 12 months to April 2026.\nAverage UK house prices remained unchanged (0.0%), at £268,000, in the 12 months to March 2026 (provisional estimate); this annual growth rate is down from 1.7%, in the 12 months to February 2026.\nThe annual UK house price inflation rate slowed because average monthly prices fell by 0.4% between February and March 2026, compared with a large monthly rise of 1.2% in the same period a year ago; this happened ahead of the April 2025 changes to Stamp Duty Land Tax, in England and Northern Ireland.\nAverage house prices decreased to £290,000 (negative 0.6%) in England, and increased to £213,000 (2.9%) in Wales and £187,000 (1.6%) in Scotland, in the 12 months to March 2026.\n!\nPrice Index of Private Rents (PIPR) data became\nofficial statistics\non 20 May 2026. Because of data collection differences, we advise caution when comparing Scotland and Northern Ireland estimates with other UK countries. Read more in\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nUK private rent and house prices\nFigure 1: UK house prices inflation slowed while rents inflation increased slightly since last month\nPrivate rents and house price annual inflation, UK, January 2016 to April 2026\nSource: Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) and UK House Price Index (HPI) from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nNorthern Ireland private rents data are currently available up to February 2026. To produce UK rents statistics up to April 2026, Northern Ireland's index for the latest two months has been estimated using the monthly average of Northern Ireland's latest two-month inflation rate.\nPIPR estimates for the UK series for March 2026 and April 2026 will be revised in line with PIPR's two-month revision policy. More information is available in\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: UK house prices inflation slowed while rents inflation increased slightly since last month\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nAverage UK monthly private rents increased by 3.5%, in the 12 months to April 2026 (provisional estimate). This was up from 3.4% in the 12 months to March 2026.\nAverage UK house prices remained unchanged, at 0.0% (provisional estimate), in the 12 months to March 2026, when they were £268,000. This annual growth was down from 1.7% in the 12 months to February 2026, and was the lowest annual inflation rate since April 2024.\nThe annual UK house prices rate slowed because average monthly prices fell by 0.4% between February and March 2026, compared with a large monthly rise of 1.2% between February and March 2025. This slowing of the annual rate because of a large monthly rise is called a base effect, as explained in our\nInflation: How it's reported and its impact on prices blog post\n.\nThe large monthly rise in average UK house prices, in March 2025, and the large monthly fall, in April 2025, reflected unusually strong activity ahead of changes to the Stamp Duty Land Tax (SDLT), from 1 April 2025, in England and Northern Ireland. This observed effect on the annual rate is similar to the one reported in 2021, following changes to SDLT then.\nHM Land Registry (HMLR) publishes the full\nUK House Price Index report\nand monthly data.\nOur\nlocal housing statistics tool\nsummarises the latest private rents and house price statistics for local areas across the UK.\nRevisions\nUK monthly rents estimates for the latest two months, and UK House Price Index (HPI) estimates for the latest 12 months, are provisional and subject to revision (see\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n). All statistics are non-seasonally adjusted estimates, unless stated otherwise.\nUK HPI first estimates (provisional) are based on sales volumes reflecting around 46% of all sales in Great Britain in March 2026. Transaction volumes for older periods and new builds remain lower than they have been historically.\n!\nUsers should be aware that UK HPI revisions may be larger than those seen historically and should note the uncertainty around new build prices. However, recent methodology improvements reduce this uncertainty.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nHouse prices across the UK and by English region\nThe average house price for England was £290,000 in March 2026, down 0.6% (£2,000) from a year earlier. This annual inflation rate was lower than in the 12 months to February 2026 (1.2%).\nThe average house price for Wales was £213,000 in March 2026, up 2.9% (£6,000) from a year earlier. This annual rise was lower than in the 12 months to February 2026 (3.3%).\nThe average house price for Scotland was £187,000 in March 2026, up 1.6% (£3,000) from a year earlier. This annual rise was lower than in the 12 months to February 2026 (2.5%).\nThe average house price for Northern Ireland was £198,000 in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026, up 7.4% (£14,000) from Quarter 1 2025.\nFigure 2: Annual house price inflation is highest in the East Midlands\nAnnual house price inflation, English regions, March 2026\nSource: UK House Price Index from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nEstimates are not seasonally adjusted.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Annual house price inflation is highest in the East Midlands\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe East Midlands was the English region with the highest house price inflation, at 0.7%, in the 12 months to March 2026. This was down from 1.9% in the 12 months to February 2026.\nAnnual house price inflation was lowest in London. Prices fell by 2.1% in the 12 months to March 2026, compared with a fall of 3.1% in the 12 months to February 2026. This is the eighth consecutive month in which London has seen an annual fall in house prices.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nPrivate rents across the UK\nThe average monthly private rent in the UK was £1,381 per month in April 2026. This is £46 (3.5%) higher than 12 months ago.\nFigure 3: The average rent in the UK was £1,381 in April 2026\nAverage private rent, UK overview and across the UK, January 2015 to April 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nNorthern Ireland private rents data are currently available up to February 2026. To produce UK rents statistics up to April 2026, Northern Ireland's index for the latest two months has been estimated using the monthly average of Northern Ireland's latest two-month inflation rate.\nUK PIPR estimates for March, and April 2026 will be revised in line with PIPR's two-month revision policy. More information is available in\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n.\nNorthern Ireland rents data are for advertised new lets.\nBecause of data collection limitations, Scotland rents data (used in the PIPR) are mainly for advertised new lets. Users should bear this in mind when comparing across UK.\nEngland\nAverage monthly rent for England was £1,438 in April 2026, up 3.5% (£48) from a year earlier. This annual rise was higher than in the 12 months to March 2026 (3.4%).\nWales\nAverage monthly rent for Wales was £834 in April 2026, up 4.9% (£39) from a year earlier. This annual rise was higher than in the 12 months to March 2026 (4.8%) and down from the most recent peak of 8.9%, in March 2025.\nScotland\nAverage monthly rent for Scotland was £1,019 in April 2026, up 2.0% (£20) from a year earlier. This annual rise was lower than in the 12 months to March 2026 (2.1%) and represents the lowest annual rise for more than four years. Scotland's annual inflation rate has been generally slowing since the record-high annual rise of 11.7%, in August 2023.\nBecause of data collection limitations, Scotland rents data, which are used in the Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) stock measure, are mainly for advertised new lets. From September 2022 to March 2025, measures relating to in-tenancy rent increases were implemented in Scotland (see\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n). We advise users to bear this in mind when interpreting estimates for Scotland and comparing them with other UK countries.\nNorthern Ireland\nAverage monthly rent in Northern Ireland was £877 in February 2026, up 4.0% (£34) from a year earlier. This annual rise was lower than in the 12 months to January 2026 (5.0%). Northern Ireland's annual inflation rate has been slowing since the record-high annual rise of 9.9%, in April 2024.\nNorthern Ireland's rents data are for advertised new lets. We advise users to bear this in mind when comparing across the UK (see\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n).\nFigure 4: Rent annual inflation rose in England and Wales but slowed in Scotland\nPrivate rents annual inflation, across the UK, January 2016 to April 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nNorthern Ireland rents data are currently available up to February 2026 and are for advertised new lets.\nBecause of data collection limitations, Scotland rents data (underlying the PIPR's stock measure) are mainly for advertised new lets, which were not subject to Scotland's in-tenancy price-increase cap (September 2022 to March 2024) or temporary changes to the Rent Adjudication system (April 2024 to March 2025), as described in the\nCost of Living (Tenant Protection) Scotland Bill\nand the\nScottish Government's Cost of living: rent and eviction page\n, respectively.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nPrivate rents by English region\nFigure 5: The North East was the English region with the highest annual rent inflation\nPrivate rents annual inflation, English regions, April 2026\nSource: Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: The North East was the English region with the highest annual rent inflation\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe North East continued to have the highest rent annual inflation rate of all English regions, at 6.5%, in the 12 months to April 2026. This annual rise was unchanged from the 12 months to March 2026 (6.5%).\nRent annual inflation remained lowest in London, at 2.0%, in the 12 months to April 2026, up from 1.7% the 12 months to March 2026.\nAverage rent was highest in London (£2,290) and lowest in the North East (£776) in April 2026.\nFigure 6: Privately renting a property is most expensive in London\nAverage private rent, English regions, January 2015 to April 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nPrivate rents for local areas\nAverage monthly private rents vary across local authorities in England and Wales, and Broad Rental Market Areas in Scotland and Northern Ireland.\nIn April 2026, average monthly rent was highest in Kensington and Chelsea, London (£3,597) and lowest in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland (£552). Excluding London, the local area with the highest average monthly rent in April 2026 was Oxford, South East (£1,956).\nFigure 7: Average rent was more than six times higher in the most expensive local area than in the least expensive\nAverage private rent and annual inflation, local authorities in England and Wales and Broad Rental Market Areas in Scotland and Northern Ireland, January 2015 to April 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nValues of [x] in this tool represent data which are not available.\nNorthern Ireland rents data are currently available up to February 2026.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nPrivate rents by property size\nThe average UK monthly private rent in April 2026 was highest for detached properties (£1,571) and lowest for flats and maisonettes (£1,350). Average UK private rent was highest for properties with four or more bedrooms (£2,055) and lowest for properties with one bedroom (£1,121).\nFigure 8: The average private rent increases with property size\nAverage private rent, local authorities in England and Wales (April 2026) and Broad Rental Market Areas in Scotland (April 2026) and Northern Ireland (February 2026)\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nNorthern Ireland rents data are currently available up to February 2026.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nData on private rent and house prices\nPrice Index of Private Rents, UK: monthly price statistics\nDataset | Released 20 May 2026\nPrivate rent price statistics, including indices, annual percentage change, and price levels.\nPrivate Index of Private Rents, UK: historical series\nDataset | Released 26 March 2025\nPrice Index of Private Rents (PIPR) data chain-linked to Index of Private Housing Rental Prices. This is a historical series from January 2005 to February 2025.\nUK House Price Index: monthly price statistics\nDataset | Released 20 May 2026\nSummary of UK House Price Index (HPI) price statistics covering England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.\nFull UK HPI data\nare available on GOV.UK.\nHouse price data: quarterly tables\nDataset | Released 20 May 2026\nQuarterly house price data based on a sub-sample of the Regulated Mortgage Survey.\nHouse price data: annual tables\nDataset | Released 25 March 2026\nAnnual house price data based on a sub-sample of the Regulated Mortgage Survey.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nGlossary\nAdministrative data\nData that are already collected for other purposes through day-to-day activities. Examples include health records or social security payments.\nAnnual percentage change\nThe rate at which prices rise and fall over a 12-month period. Interchangeable with \"annual inflation\" (or \"annual growth\", if positive).\nNon-seasonally adjusted\nA non-seasonally adjusted series is one that includes seasonal effects.\nPrice inflation\nInflation is the rate at which prices rise and fall over time.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nData sources and quality\nFollowing actions taken in response the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR's)\nSpotlight on Quality Assessment: PIPR report\n, in October 2024, we have reviewed the \"official statistics in development\" status of the Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR). On 20 May 2026, PIPR data became \"official statistics\" and are no longer considered to be \"in development\". However, we will continue to work on these as part of our commitment to the continuous improvement of our statistics. Read more in our\nGuide to official statistics in development\nand our\nPrivate rental prices development plan article\n.\nUK House Price Index\nHM Land Registry (HMLR) publishes the full\nUK House Price Index (HPI) report\nand monthly data. Additionally, the Registers of Scotland publishes\nUK HPI reports\n, and Land and Property Services Northern Ireland publishes\nNorthern Ireland HPI reports\n.\nUK HPI's revision policy is in Section 4.4 of HMLR's\nAbout the UK House Price Index guidance\n. We introduced an improvement to HPI's imputation method for Great Britain on 20 August 2025, which reduces initial overestimation of new build estimates in provisional estimates. More detail about this methods improvement is available in our\nHow we are developing our house price statistics blog post\nand in Section 4.9 of HMLR's\nAbout the UK House Price Index guidance\n.\nUK HPI sales volume estimates for older periods and new builds remain lower than historical averages but continue to improve. Users should be aware that revisions may be larger than they have been historically, and should note the\nuncertainty\nin new build estimates. This is because of low availability of new build data for the most recent months.\nThe methods improvement enacted on 20 August 2025 reduces uncertainty in new build estimates, and HMLR continues ongoing activity to reduce the average time to register new build sales. We will continue to monitor the new build series and UK HPI revisions, and to identify potential areas for further improvements in the future.\nPrice Index of Private Rents\nThe reference period for indexing the PIPR is January 2023, and statistics are available from January 2015. PIPR coverage was expanded to the whole UK and small improvements were made to the Great Britain historical series by incorporating additional data in March 2025.\nOur\nPrice Index of Private Rents, UK: historical series dataset\nlinks the Index of Private Housing Rental Prices (IPHRP) trends before 2015, with PIPR trends from 2015 onwards, down to region level. We advise caution when comparing the trends before 2015 with later estimates because of the methodology change in January 2015.\nOur\nPrivate rental prices development plan, UK: updated May 2026\nsummarises our updated responses and actions taken relating to user requests, and outlines planned further developments relating to PIPR.\nSources for Price Index of Private Rents\nOur\nQuality assurance of administrative data used in the PIPR\ndescribes PIPR data sources.\nData collection for Price Index of Private Rents\nIn England and Wales, achieved rents data are collected for both new and existing tenancies.\nIn Northern Ireland, rents data are for newly advertised lets.\nScotland rents data are predominantly for advertised new lets, with only a small proportion based on existing lets data. Therefore, price changes for existing tenancies are largely estimated for Scotland.\nMeasures relating to in-tenancy rent increases were implemented in Scotland from September 2022 to March 2025. More detail is available in our\nPrice Index of Private Rents, UK dataset\nand in Section 10: Data sources and quality of our\nPrivate rent and house prices, UK: March 2025 bulletin\n. During this period, these measures did not apply to the price of new lets used to estimate the price of existing tenancies.\nScottish Government statisticians believe that the lack of data on existing tenants, to which these measures previously applied, will have led to overestimation in stock prices and indices for Scotland during this period.\nRevision policy on Price Index of Private Rents\nNorthern Ireland rents data are not available for the latest two months. For a given Northern Ireland series (including breakdowns), index values for the latest two months have been estimated by applying the monthly average of the latest available two-month inflation rate for that series to the latest available index value for that series.\nThese imputed index values for the latest two months for Northern Ireland were aggregated with the corresponding data for Great Britain. We used PIPR weights to produce provisional UK estimates for the latest two months for each UK series (including UK-level breakdowns).\nEach subsequent month, updated Northern Ireland data are used to revise estimates for the UK, providing a two-month revision period for the UK series in PIPR.\nStrengths and limitations\nStrengths\nThe PIPR reflects price changes for all privately rented properties, including existing tenancies and newly advertised lets.\nThe PIPR produces prices that are comparable over time and publishes to an increased level of geographic granularity.\nOur\nHow we measure rental price inflation blog post\nexplains the differences between measures of new-let annual inflation and the PIPR. The PIPR measures the price change of the entire privately rented stock.\nLimitations\nWhile mitigation efforts are made, price changes at a local level can be influenced by the type and number of properties collected in any given period, which may lead to volatility. Longer-term trends should be considered for lower-level geographic breakdowns, rather than monthly movements.\nEstimates for the City of London and Isles of Scilly are not published because of low collection volumes.\nBecause of differences in data collection and housing policy, caution is advised when comparing estimates for Scotland and Northern Ireland with other areas in England and Wales, and within Scotland. More information is available in our\nPIPR quality and methodology information (QMI)\n.\nFuture developments\nFollowing our request for a quality-focused assessment of the PIPR, the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) published their\nSpotlight on Quality Assessment: PIPR report\nin October 2024.\nWe have been reporting on progress through our\nPrivate rental prices development plan\n, with the last update published in May 2026. On 20 May 2026, we updated the status of PIPR from \"official statistics in development\" to \"official statistics\". We are engaging with the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) to review our progress towards meeting the requirements laid out in their October 2024\nSpotlight on Quality Assessment: PIPR report\n, and the next steps to obtain \"accredited official statistics\" status for PIPR.\nContact us at\nhpi@ons.gov.uk\n.\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nRelated links\nHousing prices in your area\nInteractive tool | Updated 20 May 2026\nFind house prices and private rental prices for local authority and Broad Rental Market Areas across the UK.\nUK House Price Index: reports\nWeb page | Updated 20 May 2026\nMonthly house price movements, including average price by property type, sales, and cash mortgage sales, as well as information on first-time buyers, new builds, and former owner occupiers. Data are collected by HM Land Registry, Registers of Scotland and Northern Ireland Land and Property Services and published on GOV.UK.\nPrivate rental prices development plan, UK: updated May 2026\nArticle | Released 7 May 2026\nOverview of our plans for the statistical development of rental prices statistics, including a timeline for development.\nPrice Index of Private Rents QMI\nMethodology | Last updated 20 May 2026\nQuality and Methodology Information (QMI) for Price Index of Private Rents, detailing the strengths and limitations of the data, methods used, and data uses and users.\nQuality assurance of administrative data used in the Price Index of Private Rents\nMethodology | Last updated 20 May 2026\nQuality assurance of administrative data (QAAD) used in the Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR).\nConsumer price inflation, UK: April 2026\nBulletin | Released 22 April 2026\nPrice indices, percentage changes, and weights for the different measures of consumer price inflation.\nBack to table of contents\n12.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 20 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nPrivate rent and house prices, UK: May 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/privaterentandhousepricesuk/may2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/privaterentandhousepricesuk/may2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "The Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) measures private rent inflation for new and existing tenancies. The UK House Price Index (HPI) measures house price inflation.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "3.5%", "1,381,", "12 months", "2026", "3.4%", "1,438", "834", "4.9%", "1,019", "2.0%", "877", "4.0%", "6.5%", "0.0%", "268,000,", "1.7%", "0.4%", "2026,", "1.2%", "2025", "290,000", "0.6%", "213,000", "2.9%", "187,000", "1.6%", "20", "10", "2", "2016", "268,000", "2024", "2025,", "2021,", "46%", "3", "2,000", "6,000", "3.3%", "3,000", "2.5%", "198,000", "7.4%", "14,000", "0.7%", "1.9%", "2.1%", "3.1%", "4", "1,381", "46", "2015", "48", "39", "4.8%", "8.9%", "11.7%", "2023", "2022", "34", "5.0%", "9.9%", "5", "2,290", "776", "6", "3,597", "552", "1,956", "7", "1,571", "1,350", "2,055", "1,121", "8", "26", "2005", "25", "9"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "House price data: annual tables", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/housepriceindexannualtables2039/current/housepricedataannualtables.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Price Index of Private Rents, UK: annual weights", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/priceindexofprivaterentsukannualweights/25march2026/priceindexofprivaterentsukannualweights.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/producerpriceinflation/april2026", "title": "Producer price inflation, UK: April 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nProducer input prices rose by 7.7% in the year to April 2026, up from a revised rise of 5.3% in the year to March.\nProducer output (factory gate) prices rose by 4.0% in the year to April 2026, up from a revised rise of 3.0% in the year to March.\nOn a monthly basis, producer input prices rose by 2.4% and producer output (factory gate) prices rose by 1.4% in April 2026.\nCrude oil and refined petroleum products provided the largest upward contributions to change in the annual inflation rates for input and output prices, respectively.\nThe Import Price Index (IPI) rose by 8.0% in the year to April 2026, up from a revised rise of 4.1% in the year to March.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nInflation figures\nProducer input prices rose by 7.7% in the year to April 2026, which is up from a revised increase of 5.3% in the year to March (Figure 1). Monthly input prices rose by 2.4% in April 2026, down from a revised increase of 4.3% in March (Table 1).\nProducer output (factory gate) prices rose by 4.0% in the year to April 2026, which is up from a revised increase of 3.0% in the year to March (Figure 1). Monthly output prices rose by 1.4% in April 2026, the same as the revised increase of 1.4% in March (Table 1).\nThe largest contribution to the annual input producer price inflation rate was an upward contribution from inputs of crude oil. Find more detail in Table 2, in\nSection 3: Input prices\n.\nThe largest contribution to the annual output producer price inflation rate was an upward contribution from outputs of coke and refined petroleum products. Find more detail in Table 4, in\nSection 4: Output prices\n.\nThe data published this month continue to be affected by the hostilities in the Middle East. For more information on the data used for oil and energy prices see\nSection 7: Data sources and quality\n.\nTable 1: PPI values and inflation rates\nUK, April 2025 to April 2026\nAll materials and\nfuels purchased\n(GHIP)\nAll manufactured\nproducts\n(GB7S)\nInput PPI\n(2015=100)\nMonthly\ninflation\nrate (%)\nAnnual\ninflation\nrate (%)\nOutput PPI\n(2015=100)\nMonthly\ninflation\nrate (%)\nAnnual\ninflation\nrate (%)\n2025\nApr\n156.8\n0.1\n-1.2\n142.0\n0.4\n1.3\nMay\n156.0\n-0.5\n-1.0\n142.9\n0.6\n1.8\nJune\n155.7\n-0.2\n-1.0\n143.1\n0.2\n2.3\nJuly\n156.6\n0.6\n-0.2\n143.9\n0.5\n2.7\nAug\n156.7\n0.0\n0.2\n144.2\n0.2\n3.1\nSept\n156.6\n0.0\n0.8\n144.3\n0.1\n3.5\nOct\n156.4\n-0.1\n0.8\n144.4\n0.0\n3.6\nNov\n157.1\n0.4\n1.0\n144.6\n0.1\n3.4\nDec\n156.2\n-0.6\n0.4\n144.3\n-0.2\n3.1\n2026\nJan\n156.8\n0.4\n-0.3\n144.3\n0.0\n2.5\nFeb\n158.1\n0.8\n0.7\n143.7\n-0.4\n1.8\nMar\n164.9\n4.3\n5.3\n145.7\n1.4\n3.0\nApr\n168.9\n2.4\n7.7\n147.8\n1.4\n4.0\nSource: Producer Price Index (PPI) from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 1: PPI values and inflation rates\n.xls\n.csv\nFigure 1: The annual inflation rates for both input PPI and output PPI rose in April 2026\nInput and output PPI annual inflation rates, UK, April 2016 to April 2026\nSource: Producer Price Index (PPI) from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: The annual inflation rates for both input PPI and output PPI rose in April 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nProducer Price Index (PPI) estimates for both March and April 2026 are provisional. PPI figures for the latest 12 months are subject to revisions as additional survey data are returned and validated. Effective response rates at the time of first publishing can be found in\nSection 7: Data sources and quality\n.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nInput prices\nOf the 10 product groups for the input Producer Price Index (PPI), nine made upward contributions to the annual inflation rate in April 2026. The largest of these came from inputs of:\ncrude oil\nmetals and non-metallic mineral products\nother produced material\nThe prices of inputs of crude oil rose by 75.4% in the year to April 2026, compared with a revised increase of 51.8% in the year to March (Table 2). Crude oil also provided the largest contribution to change in the annual inflation rate between March and April 2026. On a monthly basis, crude oil prices rose by 12.0% in April 2026, down from a revised increase of 52.2% in March.\nThe prices of inputs of metals and non-metallic mineral products rose by 4.6% in the year to April 2026, compared with a revised increase of 4.1% in the year to March (Table 2). The annual price rise in April was partly caused by non-EU imports of precious metals.\nThe prices of inputs of other produced materials rose by 8.7% in the year to April 2026, compared with a revised increase of 4.5% in the year to March (Table 2). The annual price rise in April was partly caused by refined petroleum products.\nThe only offsetting downward contribution to the annual inflation rate came from inputs of domestic food, where prices fell by 0.4% in the year to April 2026, down from a revised fall of 0.2% in the year to March (Table 2). The annual price fall was partly caused by price falls in milk from dairy cattle.\nTable 2: Input producer price inflation rates and weights\nUK, March and April 2026\nMarch 2026\nApril 2026\nProduct group\nMonthly\ninflation\nrate (%)\nAnnual\ninflation\nrate (%)\nMonthly\ninflation\nrate (%)\nAnnual\ninflation\nrate (%)\n2026\nweights (%)\nBeverages and\ntobacco\n0.2\n3.7\n-0.3\n2.7\n0.4\nFuel\n-1.1\n-4.5\n1.5\n0.6\n2.5\nCrude petroleum\nand natural gas;\nMetal ores\n52.2\n51.8\n12.0\n75.4\n6.9\nFood\n(Domestic)\n0.0\n-0.2\n1.5\n-0.4\n13.1\nFood\n(Imported)\n-0.6\n0.6\n0.9\n1.1\n2.4\nOther produced\nmaterial\n3.9\n4.5\n4.3\n8.7\n9.8\nMetals and\nnon-metallic\nmineral products\n1.4\n4.1\n0.6\n4.6\n20.6\nChemicals\n0.4\n0.2\n2.4\n2.3\n17.2\nOther parts\nand equipment\n0.1\n0.9\n0.3\n1.0\n24.1\nOther inputs\n0.2\n3.4\n0.5\n3.5\n3.0\nSource: Producer Price Index (PPI) from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nFuel covers electricity and gas (D35) and coal (B05) according to Eurostat's Classification of products by activity (CPA 2.1).\nDownload this table\nTable 2: Input producer price inflation rates and weights\n.xls\n.csv\nThe Import Price Index (prices of materials and fuels imported by UK manufacturers) rose by 8.0% in the year to April 2026, up from a revised increase of 4.1% in the year to March. On a monthly basis, import prices rose by 3.0% in April 2026, down from an increase of 3.6% in March. The annual price rise was mainly caused by non-EU imports of crude petroleum. The Sterling Index rose by 0.1% in the year to April 2026, up from a fall of 0.4% in March (Table 3).\nTable 3: Imported materials and fuels purchased and sterling effective exchange rate, index values and inflation rates\nUK, April 2025 to April 2026\nImported materials and\nfuels purchased (GD74)\nSterling effective exchange rate -\nmonth average (BK67)\nImport Price\nIndex\n(2015=100)\nMonthly\ninflation\nrate (%)\nAnnual\ninflation\nrate (%)\nSterling Index\n(Jan 2005=100)\nMonthly rate\n(%)\nAnnual rate\n(%)\n2025\nApr\n141.5\n-0.7\n-2.7\n84.7\n-0.2\n2.7\nMay\n139.7\n-1.2\n-3.1\n85.7\n1.2\n3.4\nJune\n140.2\n0.3\n-2.4\n86.0\n0.3\n2.9\nJuly\n141.7\n1.1\n-1.1\n85.1\n-1.1\n0.9\nAug\n141.3\n-0.3\n-1.3\n85.0\n0.0\n1.6\nSept\n141.2\n-0.1\n0.5\n84.9\n-0.1\n0.0\nOct\n141.6\n0.3\n0.9\n84.4\n-0.6\n-0.5\nNov\n143.3\n1.2\n1.5\n83.5\n-1.1\n-1.0\nDec\n142.1\n-0.8\n0.9\n84.5\n1.1\n-0.1\n2026\nJan\n142.2\n0.1\n-0.7\n85.1\n0.7\n2.2\nFeb\n143.2\n0.7\n0.6\n84.8\n-0.3\n0.9\nMar\n148.3\n3.6\n4.1\n84.5\n-0.4\n-0.4\nApr\n152.8\n3.0\n8.0\n84.8\n0.3\n0.1\nSource: Import Price Index (IPI) from the Office for National Statistics, sterling effective Exchange Rate Index (ERI) from the Bank of England\nNotes\nTotal imports (GD74) represent roughly one-fifth of overall materials and fuels (input prices) in terms of index weight.\nDownload this table\nTable 3: Imported materials and fuels purchased and sterling effective exchange rate, index values and inflation rates\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nOutput prices\nAll 10 product groups for the output Producer Price Index (PPI) made upward contributions to the annual inflation rate in April 2026. The largest of these came from:\noutputs of coke and refined petroleum products\nother outputs from manufacturing\nbasic metals, fabricated metal products and machinery\nPrices for coke and refined petroleum products rose by 52.6% in the year to April 2026, up from a revised rise of 23.7% in the year to March (Table 4). Coke and refined petroleum products also provided the largest contribution to change in the annual inflation rate between March and April 2026. On a monthly basis, prices for this product group rose by 16.1% in April 2026, down from a revised increase of 30.1% in March.\nPrices for other outputs from manufacturing rose by 2.7% in the year to April 2026, up from a revised rise of 2.6% in the year to March (Table 4). The price increase was partly caused by repair services of fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment.\nPrices for basic metals, fabricated metal products and machinery rose by 3.7% in the year to April 2026, the same as the revised rise of 3.7% in the year to March (Table 4). The price increase was partly caused by machining services.\nTable 4: Output producer price inflation rates and weights\nUK, March and April 2026\nMarch 2026\nApril 2026\nProduct group\nMonthly\ninflation\nrate (%)\nAnnual\ninflation\nrate (%)\nMonthly\ninflation\nrate (%)\nAnnual\ninflation\nrate (%)\n2026\nweight (%)\nFood products\n-0.3\n1.7\n0.4\n0.5\n26.9\nAlcoholic beverages\nand tobacco products\n0.1\n2.7\n0.1\n2.9\n4.3\nTextiles; wearing apparel\nand leather products\n0.1\n3.0\n0.8\n2.9\n1.1\nPaper; paper products\nand printed material\n0.1\n-0.6\n0.7\n-0.2\n5.6\nCoke and refined\npetroleum products\n30.1\n23.7\n16.1\n52.6\n4.5\nChemicals and\npharmaceutical\npreparations\n0.2\n0.1\n2.1\n2.2\n4.9\nBasic metals;\nfabricated metal\nproducts and\nmachinery\n0.3\n3.7\n0.8\n3.7\n12.9\nComputer products;\nelectronic and electrical\nproducts\n0.0\n0.9\n0.7\n1.8\n3.2\nMotor vehicles and\nother transport\nequipment\n0.2\n2.4\n0.1\n2.1\n14.8\nOther outputs\n0.3\n2.6\n0.5\n2.7\n21.8\nSource: Producer Price Index (PPI) from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 4: Output producer price inflation rates and weights\n.xls\n.csv\nThe Export Price Index (EPI) rose by 7.7% in the year to April 2026, up from a revised rise of 6.4% in the year to March. On a monthly basis, export prices rose by 1.3% in April 2026, down from a revised rise of 2.4% in March. The annual price rise was partly caused by exports of precious metals.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nData on producer price inflation\nProducer price inflation time series\nDataset PPI | Released 20 May 2026\nA comprehensive selection of data on input and output indices. Contains producer price indices of materials and fuels purchased and output of manufacturing industry by broad sector.\nProducer price inflation statistics\nDataset | Released 20 May 2026\nPrice index data and monthly and annual inflation rates for UK producer price inflation (input, output, import, export).\nServices producer price inflation time series\nDataset PPI | Released 22 April 2026\nQuarterly estimates monitoring the changes in prices charged for services provided to UK-based customers for a range of industries.\nServices producer price inflation statistics\nDataset | Released 22 April 2026\nPrice index data, and quarterly and annual inflation rates for UK service producer price inflation.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nGlossary\nContribution\nAs the aggregate producer prices indices are built up from individual product indices, it is possible to decompose overall inflation into contributions from different products. Those contributions reflect both the inflation rates for each product and their weight in the index.\nInput prices\nThis is the price of materials and fuels bought by UK manufacturers for processing. It includes materials and fuels that are either imported or sourced from within the domestic market. It is not limited to materials used in the final product but includes what is required by businesses in their normal day-to-day running, such as fuels.\nOutput prices\nThis is the amount received by UK producers for the goods that they sell to the domestic market, also known as factory gate prices. It includes the margin that businesses make on goods, in addition to costs, such as labour, raw materials and energy, as well as interest on loans, site or building maintenance, or rent.\nProducer price inflation\nThis is change in the prices of goods bought and sold by UK manufacturers, including price indices of materials and fuels purchased (input prices) and factory gate prices (output prices). If the producer price inflation rate is a positive value, this indicates that prices have risen, while a negative value indicates prices have fallen.\nServices producer price inflation\nThis describes quarterly estimates monitoring the changes in prices charged for services provided to UK-based customers for a range of industries.\nWeight\nThis is the importance of the price of interest relative to other prices collected. With annual chain-linking, this is updated every year, using business sales revenue data.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nData sources and quality\nFor information on the strengths and limitations of the data, methods used, and the data uses and users, please see our\nProducer Price Indices (PPI) quality and methodology information (QMI)\nand our\nServices Producer Price Indices (SPPI) QMI\n.\nDevelopment of producer price statistics\nWe are continuing to improve the quality of these statistics to address the findings and requirements set out in the Office for Statistics Regulation's (OSR's)\nSpotlight on Quality: Producer Price Indices publication\n. Information on how we plan to address the OSR requirements can be found in our\nProducer prices development plan\n. Once the developments are complete, we will begin the process for seeking reaccreditation. These statistics are currently designated as official statistics.\nOil and energy data\nThe crude oil data are collected from the four crude oil refining businesses within the UK. It is based on the volume and value of oil purchases made in the first part of the month (typically the first week), supplemented with the refining businesses' estimate of the volume and value of purchases for the remainder of the month. It should be noted that these purchases will represent a (varying) mix of future and spot prices.\nThe oil derivatives data (diesel, gas oil and aviation turbine fuel) are also collected from the refining businesses. The process is like that used for crude oil but refers to sales rather than purchases.\nThe unleaded petrol data are sourced from pump prices from a range of business types. They are based on weekly data with the necessary tax elements removed.\nThe gas and electricity data are an average price for the month from a panel of suppliers relating to the supply of gas and electricity to industrial and commercial end-users, which differs from the data provided for the purposes of the Consumer Prices Index (CPI). The data include a mixture of fixed price contracts and flexible price contracts, compiled by the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ). Like the oil data, the first estimate is based on the average price for the first part of the month (based upon the volume and value of the energy supplied), supplemented with the suppliers' estimate of the volume and value for the remainder of the month.\nAll these figures are revised as new data (for example, on the volumes and values of oil purchased) are received after one to two months.\nResponse rates\nIn April 2026, the response rates for the domestic PPI and Import Price Index (IPI) were higher than they were in April 2025, while the response rate for the Export Price Index (EPI) was lower (Table 5).\nTable 5: PPI, IPI and EPI overall effective response rates at time of first publishing\nPercentage, UK, April 2025 to April 2026\nWeighted response (%)\nPPI (domestic)\nIPI\nEPI\nApril 2025\n80.1\n74.6\n82.7\nMay 2025\n81.4\n75.2\n78.2\nJune 2025\n77.4\n68.9\n78.0\nJuly 2025\n80.2\n68.7\n76.1\nAugust 2025\n75.3\n65.6\n80.0\nSeptember 2025\n78.9\n78.3\n80.0\nOctober 2025\n79.0\n81.8\n78.5\nNovember 2025\n78.0\n78.5\n74.3\nDecember 2025\n76.1\n72.0\n75.7\nJanuary 2026\n80.4\n81.8\n77.9\nFebruary 2026\n82.3\n86.3\n77.5\nMarch 2026\n85.4\n84.2\n76.5\nApril 2026\n81.6\n81.3\n72.8\nSource: Producer Price Index (PPI), Import Price Index (IPI) and Export Price Index (EPI) from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nPublications from February to August 2025 were cancelled.\nDownload this table\nTable 5: PPI, IPI and EPI overall effective response rates at time of first publishing\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nRelated links\nConsumer price inflation, UK\nBulletin | Released 20 May 2026 07:00am\nPrice indices, percentage changes, and weights for the different measures of consumer price inflation.\nPrivate rent and house prices, UK\nBulletin | Released 20 May 2026 09:30am\nThe Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) measures private rent inflation for new and existing tenancies. The UK House Price Index measures house price inflation.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), Released 20 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nProducer price inflation, UK: April 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/producerpriceinflation/april2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/producerpriceinflation/april2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Changes in the prices of goods bought and sold by UK manufacturers, including price indices of material and fuels purchased, and factory gate prices.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "7.7%", "2026,", "5.3%", "4.0%", "3.0%", "2.4%", "1.4%", "2026", "8.0%", "4.1%", "2", "4.3%", "2,", "3", "4,", "4", "7", "2025", "2015", "100", "156.8", "0.1", "-1.2", "142.0", "0.4", "1.3", "156.0", "-0.5", "-1.0", "142.9", "0.6", "1.8", "155.7", "-0.2", "143.1", "0.2", "2.3", "156.6", "143.9", "0.5", "2.7", "156.7", "0.0", "144.2", "3.1", "0.8", "144.3", "3.5", "156.4", "-0.1", "144.4", "3.6", "157.1", "1.0", "144.6", "3.4", "156.2", "-0.6", "-0.3", "2.5", "158.1", "0.7", "143.7", "-0.4", "164.9", "4.3", "5.3", "145.7", "1.4", "3.0", "168.9", "2.4", "7.7", "147.8", "4.0", "2016", "12 months", "10", "75.4%"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Producer price inflation statistics", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/producerpriceinflationstatistics/december2008tomay2026/ppistatisticsmay2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Producer price inflation statistics", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/producerpriceinflationstatistics/december2008toapril2026/ppistatisticsapr2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Producer price inflation statistics", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/producerpriceinflationstatistics/december2008tomarch2026/ppistatisticsmar2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "6c7ef9957d6322f91c8c"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/consumerpriceinflation/april2026", "title": "Consumer price inflation, UK: April 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nThe Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) rose by 3.0% in the 12 months to April 2026, down from 3.4% in the 12 months to March.\nOn a monthly basis, CPIH rose by 0.8% in April 2026, compared with a rise of 1.2% in April 2025.\nThe Consumer Prices Index (CPI) rose by 2.8% in the 12 months to April 2026, down from 3.3% in the 12 months to March.\nOn a monthly basis, CPI rose by 0.7% in April 2026, compared with a rise of 1.2% in April 2025.\nHousing and household services made the largest downward contribution to the monthly change in both CPIH and CPI annual rates; an upward contribution from a large increase in motor fuel prices was counteracted by downward effects from other categories in the transport division.\nCore CPIH (CPIH excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco) rose by 2.8% in the 12 months to April 2026, down from 3.3% in the 12 months to March; the CPIH goods annual rate rose from 2.1% to 2.4%, while the CPIH services annual rate fell from 4.3% to 3.4%.\nCore CPI (CPI excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco) rose by 2.5% in the 12 months to April 2026, down from 3.1% in the 12 months to March; the CPI goods annual rate rose from 2.1% to 2.4%, while the CPI services annual rate fell from 4.5% to 3.2%.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nConsumer price inflation rates\nTable 1: CPIH, OOH component and CPI index values, and annual and monthly rates\nUK, April 2025 to April 2026\nCPIH Index\n(UK, 2015 = 100)\nCPIH 12-\nmonth rate (%)\nCPIH 1-\nmonth rate (%)\nCPI Index\n(UK, 2015=100)\nCPI 12-\nmonth rate (%)\nCPI 1-\nmonth rate (%)\nOOH Index\n(UK, 2015=100)\nOOH 12-\nmonth rate (%)\n2025\nApr\n137.7\n4.1\n1.2\n138.2\n3.5\n1.2\n133.2\n6.9\nMay\n138.0\n4.0\n0.2\n138.4\n3.4\n0.2\n133.7\n6.7\nJun\n138.4\n4.1\n0.3\n138.9\n3.6\n0.3\n134.2\n6.4\nJul\n138.5\n4.2\n0.0\n139.0\n3.8\n0.1\n134.0\n5.5\nAug\n138.9\n4.1\n0.3\n139.3\n3.8\n0.3\n134.5\n5.3\nSep\n138.9\n4.1\n0.1\n139.3\n3.8\n0.0\n135.1\n5.2\nOct\n139.5\n3.8\n0.4\n139.8\n3.6\n0.4\n135.7\n4.8\nNov\n139.4\n3.5\n-0.1\n139.5\n3.2\n-0.2\n136.5\n4.5\nDec\n139.9\n3.6\n0.4\n140.1\n3.4\n0.4\n136.8\n4.2\n2026\nJan\n139.4\n3.2\n-0.3\n139.5\n3.0\n-0.5\n137.0\n3.9\nFeb\n140.0\n3.2\n0.4\n140.1\n3.0\n0.4\n137.4\n3.8\nMar\n140.8\n3.4\n0.6\n141.0\n3.3\n0.7\n137.7\n3.6\nApr\n141.8\n3.0\n0.8\n142.1\n2.8\n0.7\n137.9\n3.6\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 1: CPIH, OOH component and CPI index values, and annual and monthly rates\n.xls\n.csv\nFigure 1: CPI annual inflation rate lowest since March 2025\nCPIH, owner occupiers’ housing (OOH) costs component and CPI annual inflation rates, UK, April 2016 to April 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: CPI annual inflation rate lowest since March 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers’ housing costs (CPIH) rose by 3.0% in the 12 months to April 2026, down from 3.4% in the 12 months to March (Figure 1).\nOn a monthly basis, CPIH rose by 0.8% in April 2026, compared with a rise of 1.2% in April 2025.\nThe Consumer Prices Index (CPI) rose by 2.8% in the 12 months to April 2026, down from 3.3% in the 12 months to March.\nOn a monthly basis, CPI rose by 0.7% in April 2026, compared with a rise of 1.2% in April 2025.\nThe main drivers of the annual inflation rate for CPIH and CPI are the same where they are common to both measures. However, the owner occupiers’ housing (OOH) costs component accounts for approximately 18% of the CPIH and is the main driver for differences between the CPIH and CPI inflation rates. This makes CPIH our most comprehensive measure of inflation. We cover this in more detail in\nSection 4: Latest movements in CPIH inflation\nand provide a commentary on the CPI in\nSection 5: Latest movements in CPI inflation\n. We also cover both CPIH and CPI in\nSection 3: Notable movements in prices\n, though the figures reflect CPIH.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nNotable movements in prices\nTable 2: CPIH annual and monthly inflation rates by division\nUK, April 2025, March 2026, and April 2026\nCPIH 12-month rate (%)\nCPIH 1-month rate (%)\nMarch 2026\nApril 2026\nApril 2025\nApril 2026\nCPIH All items\n3.4\n3.0\n1.2\n0.8\nFood and non-alcoholic beverages\n3.7\n3.0\n0.7\n0.0\nAlcohol and tobacco\n3.3\n2.8\n0.4\n0.0\nClothing and footwear\n-0.8\n0.7\n-1.1\n0.4\nHousing and household services\n4.3\n3.0\n1.8\n0.4\nof which owner occupiers' housing costs\n3.6\n3.6\n0.2\n0.2\nFurniture and household goods\n-0.4\n0.5\n-1.7\n-0.8\nHealth\n3.1\n2.4\n0.3\n-0.3\nTransport\n4.7\n4.5\n3.8\n3.6\nCommunication\n4.1\n4.5\n4.3\n4.7\nRecreation and culture\n2.8\n1.7\n1.2\n0.2\nEducation\n5.1\n5.1\n0.0\n0.0\nRestaurants and hotels\n4.0\n4.4\n0.6\n1.0\nMiscellaneous goods and services\n2.5\n2.6\n0.2\n0.4\nAll goods\n2.1\n2.4\n0.3\n0.6\nAll services\n4.3\n3.4\n1.8\n0.9\nCPIH exc food, energy, alcohol and tobacco (core CPIH)\n3.3\n2.8\n1.3\n0.7\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 2: CPIH annual and monthly inflation rates by division\n.xls\n.csv\nFigure 2: Housing and household services (principally electricity and gas) made the largest downward contribution to the change in CPIH annual inflation\nContributions to change in the CPIH annual inflation rate, UK, between March and April 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nIndividual contributions may not sum to the total because of rounding.\nMore information on the contents of each division can be found in Table 3 of our\nConsumer price inflation dataset\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Housing and household services (principally electricity and gas) made the largest downward contribution to the change in CPIH annual inflation\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 2 shows the contributions from the 12 divisions to the change in the annual Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) inflation rate between March and April 2026. These sum to the change in the annual rate between the latest two months from 3.4% to 3.0%.\nThe decrease in the rate into April 2026 reflected downward contributions from five divisions, partially offset by upward contributions from six divisions. The largest downward contribution came from housing and household services, particularly electricity and gas. This was partially offset by an upward contribution from clothing and footwear.\nHousing and household services\nThe 12-month rate for housing and household services was 3.0% in April 2026, down from 4.3% in March. Prices rose by 0.4% in the month to April 2026, compared with 1.8% a year ago.\nThe easing in the 12-month rate between March 2026 and April 2026 reflected a downward effect from electricity, where prices fell by 8.4% in April 2026 compared with a rise of 2.9% a year ago. The fall in prices came partly from changes to standard variable tariffs, where there was a\nchange in the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem) energy price cap in April 2026\n. Ofgem estimated that for an average household paying by direct debit for dual fuel, this equates to an annual bill of £1,641, which is a fall of £117.\nThe price cap fell in part because global wholesale energy prices reduced in the 12-week assessment period used by\nOfgem\nto calculate the April to June 2026 (Q2) price cap. The assessment period ran from 15 November 2025 to 13 February 2026, which was before the outbreak of the conflict in the Middle East.\nThe price cap also fell following the implementation of the UK\ngovernment April energy bill announcement\n. The UK government stated that it would take an average of £150 off the cost of energy bills from April 2026 by making policy changes that would result in lowering the per-unit price.\nThe fall in prices also came partly from changes to fixed tariffs which were affected by the government's energy bill announcement, but not by the Ofgem price cap.\nThe easing in the 12-month rate also reflected a downward effect from gas, where prices fell by 4.4% in April 2026, compared with a rise of 7.5% a year ago. Fixed and variable gas tariffs were affected by the Ofgem price cap and implementation of the government announcement in a similar way to electricity tariffs.\nThere was a slight counteracting effect resulting from domestic heating oil, where prices increased by 8.5% in April 2026, compared with a fall of 7.7% a year ago. Prices for domestic heating oil are not capped in a similar way to electricity and gas prices.\nSewerage collection costs also provided a downward effect, where prices rose by 5.8% in April 2026, compared with a rise of 25.9% a year ago. In December 2024 the Water Services Regulation Authority (\nOfwat) announced\nthat the average price increase charged by water and wastewater companies in England and Wales between 2025 and 2030 would be capped at 36%. Water and wastewater companies were allowed to frontload the price increases, resulting in larger price increases in 2025 than in 2026.\nAs the Ofwat announcement also applied to water companies, water supply provided a further downward effect, where prices rose by 9.0% this year, compared with a rise of 26.4% a year ago.\nThere was also a small downward effect from owner occupiers' housing (OOH) costs. These rose by 3.6% in the 12 months to April 2026, the same rate as the 12 months to March. Before this month, the rate had slowed for 14 consecutive months. Monthly OOH costs rose by 0.2% in April 2026, the same rate as a year ago.\nRecreation and culture\nRecreation and culture prices rose by 0.2% in the month to April 2026, compared with 1.2% a year ago. This led to a 12-month rate of 1.7% in April 2026, down from 2.8% in March.\nThe largest contribution to the downward effect came from package holidays. Most of the foreign holiday categories included within this category measure prices for holidays that take place during the week that index day occurs. In 2025, index day was shortly before Easter, therefore it occurred during a holiday period. In 2026, however, index day occurred over a week after Easter, so it did not occur in a holiday period. It is likely that this \"Easter effect\" has caused the downward effect from package holidays.\nComputer game downloads also provided a large downward effect, with prices falling by 18.1% in April 2026, compared with a rise of 21.1% a year ago.\nFood and non-alcoholic beverages\nFood and non-alcoholic beverage prices rose by 3.0% in the 12 months to April 2026, down from 3.7% in the 12 months to March. On a monthly basis, food and non-alcoholic beverage prices were little changed in April 2026, but rose by 0.7% a year ago.\nThere were downward effects to the change in the annual rate from 5 of the 11 food and non-alcoholic beverages classes. These were:\nmeat, down 0.03 percentage points\nsugar, jam, honey, syrups, chocolate and confectionery, down 0.03 percentage points\noils and fats, down 0.01 percentage points\ncoffee, tea and cocoa, down 0.01 percentage points\nmineral waters, soft drinks and juices, down 0.01 percentage points\nThe downward contributions were counteracted slightly by upward effects from two classes. These were vegetables, up 0.01 percentage points, and milk, cheese and eggs, up 0.01 percentage points.\nClothing and footwear\nClothing and footwear prices rose by 0.7% in the 12 months to April 2026, compared with a fall of 0.8% in the 12 months to March (Figure 3). Monthly prices rose by 0.4% in April 2026, compared with a fall of 1.1% a year ago.\nFigure 3: Clothing and footwear inflation rate rebounded following last month’s fall\nCPIH, and clothing and footwear 12-month inflation rates, UK, April 2016 to April 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: Clothing and footwear inflation rate rebounded following last month’s fall\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nMuch of the upward effect came from garments for men, women and children where prices rose by 0.5% in April 2026 compared with a fall of 1.0% a year ago. The price movement may reflect changes in the proportion of discounted prices in the datasets which saw a large rise between March and April last year but not this year.\nThere was also an upward effect from footwear where prices rose by 0.4% in April 2026 compared with a fall of 1.8% a year ago. The price movement may also reflect changes in the proportion of discounted prices in the datasets, which saw a large rise between March and April last year and a large fall this year.\nTransport\nPrices in the transport division rose overall by 4.5% in the 12 months to April 2026, down from 4.7% in the 12 months to March (Figure 4). On a monthly basis, prices rose by 3.6% in April 2026, compared with a rise of 3.8% a year ago.\nFigure 4: Motor fuels inflation rate was at its highest since September 2022\nCPIH, transport and motor fuels 12-month inflation rates, UK, April 2016 to April 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: Motor fuels inflation rate was at its highest since September 2022\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe largest upward effect came from motor fuels. The average price of petrol rose by 16.6 pence per litre between March and April 2026, compared with a fall of 3.0 pence per litre between March and April 2025. The average price of petrol stood at 156.8 pence per litre in April 2026, the highest price since November 2022, when it was 163.6 pence per litre because of the war in Ukraine. Motor fuel prices are collected across the month, and an average is used in constructing the indices.\nDiesel prices rose by 31.3 pence per litre in April 2026, compared with a fall of 3.1 pence per litre in April 2025. The average price stood at 190.0 pence per litre in April 2026, the highest price since July 2022, when it was 197.9 pence per litre.\nThese movements resulted in overall motor fuel prices rising by 23.0% in the 12 months to April 2026, compared with a rise of 4.9% in the 12 months to March. The April figure was the highest annual increase recorded since September 2022.\nThe largest downward effect came from vehicle excise duty (VED) which rose by 3.9% in April 2026. Although VED is only generally updated once a year, in April 2025 it rose by 25.8% before it fell by 8.7% in May 2025 to reflect the April 2025 growth rate being overstated as a result of an\nerror\n.\nAir fares also provided a downward effect, falling by 3.3% in April 2026, compared with a rise of 27.5% a year ago. In 2025, index day fell slightly before Easter, so all flights that departed in April were during a holiday period. However, index day fell over a week after Easter in 2026, so no flights departed in a holiday period. It is likely this \"Easter effect\" that has caused the downward effect from air fares.\nAs the weight for this division increased notably between 2025 and 2026, this amplified the effect of the April 2026 monthly movement on the headline rate. This resulted in a higher-than-expected positive contribution to the change in the CPIH 12-month rate. It is for this reason, that transport prices rose at a lower rate in April 2026 than in April 2025, but the transport division provided an upward effect to the CPIH 12-month rate.\nAirfare prices for flights collected three months and six months in advance of departure were collected before the outbreak of war in the Middle East on 28 February 2026. Airfare prices for flights collected one month in advance of departure were collected after the outbreak of war.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nLatest movements in CPIH inflation\nFigure 5: Core CPIH annual inflation was last lower in September 2021\nCPIH goods, services and core annual inflation rates, UK, April 2016 to April 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: Core CPIH annual inflation was last lower in September 2021\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 5 shows the 12-month inflation rates for the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) series for all goods and all services, together with CPIH excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco (often referred to as core CPIH). The CPIH inflation rate is added for comparison.\nThe core CPIH annual inflation rate was 2.8% in April 2026, down from 3.3% in March. The rate was last lower in September 2021.\nThe CPIH all-goods index rose by 2.4% in the 12 months to April 2026, up from 2.1% in the 12 months to March. The largest upward contribution to the change in the annual rate came from energy (particularly motor fuels). The largest, partially offsetting, downward effect came from food, alcoholic beverages and tobacco, particularly processed food and non-alcoholic beverages.\nThe CPIH all-services index rose by 3.4% in the 12 months to April 2026, down from 4.3% in the 12 months to March. The largest downward contribution to the change in the annual rate came from travel and transport services, particularly Vehicle Excise Duty. The largest, partially offsetting, upward effect came from communication.\nFigure 6: Housing and household services made the largest contribution to the CPIH annual inflation rate for the 22nd consecutive month\nContributions to the CPIH annual inflation rate, UK, April 2024 to April 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nIndividual contributions may not sum to the total because of rounding.\nMore information on the contents of each division can be found in Table 3 of our\nConsumer price inflation dataset.\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: Housing and household services made the largest contribution to the CPIH annual inflation rate for the 22nd consecutive month\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 6 shows the extent to which the distinct categories of goods and services have contributed to the overall annual CPIH inflation rate over the last two years. The contribution of each category to the annual rate depends on the price movement in that category and its weight, which is updated annually.\nThe largest positive contribution to the CPIH annual inflation rate came from housing and household services. The division has made the largest contribution for the last 22 months, starting from July 2024. However, its contribution had eased for 10 consecutive months from April 2025, until it rose between February and March 2026, before declining again in April 2026.\nThe contribution from food and non-alcoholic beverages was the lowest since December 2024. All divisions made a positive contribution, with the clothing and footwear, and furniture and household goods divisions changing from providing a negative contribution last month, to a positive contribution to the CPIH annual rate in April 2026.\nFigure 7: Annual contribution from owner occupiers’ housing costs last lower in July 2022\nContributions of housing components to the CPIH annual inflation rate, UK, April 2016 to April 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nIndividual contributions may not sum to the total because of rounding.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 7: Annual contribution from owner occupiers’ housing costs last lower in July 2022\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 7 shows the contributions from owner occupiers' housing (OOH) costs and Council Tax to the annual CPIH inflation rate in the context of wider housing-related costs. The Consumer Prices Index (CPI) differs from the CPIH because it does not include these two components.\nThe annual contribution from OOH costs continued to slow and was 0.61 percentage points in April 2026. This contribution was last lower in July 2022, when it was 0.60 percentage points. The contribution has decreased for 15 consecutive months from a recent high of 1.31 percentage points in January 2025.\nThe annual contribution from electricity, gas and other fuels fell from 0.13 percentage points in March 2026 to negative 0.15 percentage points in April. This was because of the change in the Ofgem price cap and lowering of the per-unit price of fixed tariffs.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nLatest movements in CPI inflation\nWhile the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) is our most comprehensive measure of consumer price inflation, the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) is based on a harmonised methodology developed by Eurostat. This enables international comparisons to be drawn. It is also used to set the operational inflation target for UK monetary policy, and to uprate working-age benefits and tax credits. More information on the use cases for our consumer price inflation statistics can be found in our\nMeasuring changing prices and costs for consumers and households: December 2023 article\n.\nFigure 8 shows annual CPI inflation for the UK compared with the EU average and selected G7 countries. While the UK CPI is produced on a comparable basis with EU countries, the US Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) differs in some respects. More information is available in Note 1 to Figure 8.\nThe UK's CPI inflation rate of 2.8% was lower than the first (or \"flash\") estimate of inflation for Germany (2.9%) but higher than that for France (2.5%) in April 2026. This is the first month since December 2024 that the UK’s rate of inflation has been below that of Germany.\nFigure 8: UK inflation rate lower than Germany’s for the first time since December 2024\nCPI compared with selected G7 and EU annual inflation rates, April 2016 to April 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics, Eurostat, and the US Bureau of Labor Statistics\nNotes:\nThere are some differences in the definition of the US Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) that may limit comparison. More information is available on the\nUS Bureau of Labor Statistics R-HICP homepage\n. The latest available figure is for December 2024.\nApril 2026 data for France and Germany are flash estimates and are not final; the final HICP dataset, including the EU27 aggregate, for April 2026 is published on Wednesday 20 May.\nThe Euro area inflation estimates for April 2026 can be found in the\nEurostat Data Browser\n.\nThe international data in this figure are sometimes revised.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 8: UK inflation rate lower than Germany’s for the first time since December 2024\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nTable 3: CPI annual and monthly inflation rates by division\nUK, April 2025, March 2026, and April 2026\nCPI 12-month rate (%)\nCPI 1-month rate (%)\nMarch 2026\nApril 2026\nApril 2025\nApril 2026\nCPI All items\n3.3\n2.8\n1.2\n0.7\nFood and non-alcoholic beverages\n3.7\n3.0\n0.7\n0.0\nAlcohol and tobacco\n3.3\n2.8\n0.4\n0.0\nClothing and footwear\n-0.8\n0.7\n-1.1\n0.4\nHousing and household services\n5.3\n1.4\n3.3\n-0.4\nFurniture and household goods\n-0.4\n0.5\n-1.7\n-0.8\nHealth\n3.1\n2.4\n0.3\n-0.3\nTransport\n4.7\n4.5\n3.8\n3.6\nCommunication\n4.1\n4.5\n4.3\n4.7\nRecreation and culture\n2.8\n1.7\n1.2\n0.2\nEducation\n5.1\n5.1\n0.0\n0.0\nRestaurants and hotels\n4.0\n4.4\n0.6\n1.0\nMiscellaneous goods and services\n2.5\n2.6\n0.2\n0.4\nAll goods\n2.1\n2.4\n0.3\n0.6\nAll services\n4.5\n3.2\n2.2\n0.9\nCPI exc food, energy, alcohol and tobacco (core CPI)\n3.1\n2.5\n1.4\n0.7\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 3: CPI annual and monthly inflation rates by division\n.xls\n.csv\nFigure 9: Core CPI annual inflation was last lower in July 2021\nCPI goods, services and core annual inflation rates, UK, April 2016 to April 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 9: Core CPI annual inflation was last lower in July 2021\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 9 shows the 12-month inflation rates for the CPI all-goods and all-services series, together with CPI excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco (often referred to as core CPI). The headline CPI inflation rate is added for comparison.\nThe core CPI annual inflation rate was 2.5% in April 2026, down from 3.1% in March. The rate was last lower in July 2021.\nThe CPI all-goods index rose by 2.4% in the 12 months to April 2026, up from 2.1% in the 12 months to March.\nThe CPI all-services index rose by 3.2% in the 12 months to April 2026, down from 4.5% in the 12 months to March.\nAs with the all-items annual inflation rates, the drivers of CPIH and CPI goods and services inflation are the same (except for owner occupiers' housing (OOH) costs and Council Tax, which are excluded from CPI). The drivers are discussed in more detail in\nSection 4: Latest movements in CPIH inflation\n.\nFigure 10: Housing and household services (principally electricity and gas) made the largest downward contribution to the change in CPI annual inflation\nContributions to change in the CPI annual inflation rate, UK, between March and April 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nIndividual contributions may not sum to the total because of rounding.\nMore information on the contents of each division can be found in Table 4 of our\nConsumer price inflation dataset.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 10: Housing and household services (principally electricity and gas) made the largest downward contribution to the change in CPI annual inflation\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 10 shows how each of the main groups of goods and services contributed to the change in the CPI annual inflation rate between March and April 2026.\nThe decrease in the rate into April 2026 reflected downward contributions from five divisions, partially offset by upward contributions from six divisions. The largest downward contribution came from housing and household services (particularly electricity and gas). This was partially offset by an upward contribution from clothing and footwear.\nThough the sizes of the contributions differ from CPIH, the main drivers to the change are the same where they are common to both measures.\nFigure 11: Transport made the largest contribution to the CPI annual inflation rate for the first time since December 2022\nContributions to the CPI annual inflation rate, UK, April 2024 to April 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nMore information on the contents of each division can be found in Table 4 of our\nConsumer price inflation dataset.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 11: Transport made the largest contribution to the CPI annual inflation rate for the first time since December 2022\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 11 shows the extent to which the distinct categories of goods and services have contributed to the overall annual CPI inflation rate over the last two years.\nThe CPIH includes extra housing components not included in the CPI. This can sometimes result in the largest contributions to the annual CPI and CPIH inflation rates coming from different divisions. In April 2026, the largest-contributing division to CPI was transport (0.65 percentage point contribution to the CPI rate) and the largest-contributing division to CPIH was housing and household services (0.91 percentage points to the CPIH rate). OOH costs had a large upward contribution to housing and household services in CPIH, but are excluded from CPI.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nData on consumer price inflation\nConsumer price inflation tables\nDataset | Released 20 May 2026\nMeasures of monthly UK inflation data including the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH), Consumer Prices Index (CPI) and Retail Prices Index (RPI). These tables complement the consumer price inflation time series dataset.\nConsumer price inflation time series\nDataset MM23 | Released 20 May 2026\nComprehensive database of time series covering measures of inflation data for the UK including CPIH, CPI and RPI.\nConsumer price inflation detailed briefing note\nDataset | Released 20 May 2026\nThe consumer price inflation detailed briefing note contains details of the items contributing to the changes in the CPIH, details of any notable movements, a summary of the reconciliation of CPIH and RPI, and the outlook, which looks ahead to next month's release.\nConsumer price inflation consumption segment indices and price quotes\nDataset | Released 20 May 2026\nPrice quote data (for locally collected data only) and consumption segment indices (that underpin consumer price inflation statistics), giving users access to the detailed data that are used in the construction of the UK's inflation figures. From publication in March 2026, this dataset no longer includes price quote data for food and non-alcoholic beverages, and alcohol and tobacco. More information is included in\nSection 8: Data sources and quality\n.\nContributions to the 12-month rate of CPI(H) by import intensity\nDataset | Released 20 May 2026\nA time series of the contributions to the CPIH and CPI annual rates broken down by the import intensity of household purchases.\nConsumer price inflation, historical data, UK, 1950 to 1988\nDataset | Released 18 May 2022\nData tables of historical estimates modelled for the CPIH and CPI over the period 1950 to 1988. Data in these tables are not accredited official statistics and are provided for indicative purposes only.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nGlossary\nAnnual inflation rate\nThe most common approach to measuring inflation is the 12-month or annual inflation rate, which compares prices for the latest month with the same month a year ago. In any given month, the annual rate is determined by the balance between upward and downward price movements across the range of goods and services included in the index.\nConsumer price inflation\nConsumer price inflation is the rate at which the prices of goods and services bought by households rise or fall. It is estimated by using price indices. For an overview of the range of indices available and their uses, please see our\nConsumer price indices, a brief guide: 2026\nand our\nMeasuring changing prices and costs for consumers and households: December 2023 article\n.\nCPIH\nThe Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) is the most comprehensive measure of inflation. It extends the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) to include a measure of the costs associated with owning, maintaining and living in one's own home, known as owner occupiers' housing (OOH) costs, along with Council Tax. Both are substantial expenses for many households and are not included in the CPI.\nCPI\nThe CPI is a measure of consumer price inflation produced to international standards, and is based on European regulations for the\nHarmonised Index of Consumer Prices\n. The CPI is the inflation measure used in the government's target for inflation.\nThe CPI is produced at the same level of detail as the CPIH in our accompanying\nConsumer price inflation dataset\nand in our accompanying\nConsumer price inflation time series\n.\nOwner occupiers' housing costs\nOOH costs are the costs of housing services associated with owning, maintaining and living in one's own home.\nRPI\nThe Retail Prices Index (RPI) and its subcomponents do not meet the required standard for designation as\naccredited official statistics\n. In recognition that the index continues to be widely used in contracts, we continue to publish the RPI, its subcomponents, and RPI excluding mortgage interest payments (RPIX). To view the all-items RPI, please see the\ndata time series section of the Inflation and price indices area of our website\n. The annual RPI inflation rate was 3.0% in April 2026.\nThe UK Statistics Authority (The Authority) and HM Treasury launched a consultation in 2020 on The Authority's proposal to address the shortcomings of the RPI. From 2030 (at the earliest), as outlined in\nThe Authority's response to the joint consultation on reforming the methodology of the Retail Prices Index\n, the CPIH methods and data sources will be introduced into the RPI. Additionally, the supplementary and lower-level indices of the RPI will be discontinued.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nData sources and quality\nIntroducing scanner data into consumer price inflation statistics\nWe introduced scanner data for approximately 50% of the grocery market with the February 2026 index, published on 25 March 2026. Instead of collecting 25,000 prices per month directly from shops by price collectors, we are now using approximately 300 million price points derived from sales of over a billion units of products per month, collected directly from supermarket scanners at the checkouts or online. For the remaining 50% of the groceries market, we continue to manually collect prices in-store and online.\nFor comparison, we produced the all-items headline rates for February 2026 without using scanner data. Based on locally collected grocery data, the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) rose by 3.3% in the year to February 2026, and the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) rose by 3.1%. These were slightly above the official rates of 3.2% and 3.0%, respectively.\nYou can find more about this change and how it affects our headline measures of inflation in our\nImpact analysis on transformation of UK consumer price statistics: January 2026 article\n.\nWe also published our\nOverview of how we use scanner data in consumer price inflation statistics: January 2026\nand our\nHow multilateral index methods help us understand grocery scanner data article\n, which support user understanding of how we use the data.\nThis change was incorporated into the CPI and CPIH February 2026 datasets, and will be introduced in the Household Costs Indices (HCIs), to be published on 28 May 2026. Following the\nBank of England response to the proposed changes to the Retail Prices Index (RPI) in 2026 (143.6 kB PDF)\n, required under the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007, the change was also included in the RPI.\nThis followed some changes introduced with the February 2025 index in March 2025, as a necessary step towards incorporating scanner data into the consumer price indices. At that point, the process for aggregating the detailed information changed. Goods and services were allocated into \"consumption segments\" for different categories of expenditure.\nIn some cases, we defined these consumption segments to correspond to one \"item\" for which we track prices over time. However, in cases where more comprehensive source data were going to become available, a consumption segment was set up to include much more than just one item. There is more information on the use of consumption segments in our\nIntroducing alternative data into consumer price statistics: aggregation and weights article\n. For simplicity, we continue to refer to \"items\" in our statistical bulletin and detailed briefing note.\nChanges to published microdata\nDespite the benefits of introducing scanner data into the consumer price indices, we can no longer publish the price quote data for food and non-alcoholic beverages, alcohol and tobacco (Divisions 1 and 2 of the CPIH and CPI), or the equivalent categories of RPI in our\nConsumer price inflation consumption segment indices and price quotes dataset\n. This is because of our data-sharing agreements with retailers.\nInstead, we have developed new aggregate output statistics to meet the needs of users. We are publishing regional consumption segment indices and weights, and counts of indicator marker codes (for example, sales and recoveries) that are manually collected as part of the traditional data collection. We first published these from March 2026, with the release of the February 2026 indices. Further outputs will be introduced in summer 2026. More information on the new outputs is available in our\nChanges to the provision of microdata outputs for consumer price inflation statistics: January 2026 article\n.\nHouseholds and the cost of living\nTo assist individuals in understanding how the rise in inflation affects their expenditure, we have produced a\npersonal inflation calculator\n. The calculator allows users to enter the amount they spend across either a reduced or a wide range of categories, to produce an estimate of their personal inflation based on those spending patterns.\nOur\nShopping prices comparison tool\nshows how the average prices of items have changed over time. Please note that the newly introduced consumption segments for food, drink and tobacco will not have data before 2025 in the tool. However, the historical average prices for food, drink and tobacco items, that were in the tool before the update in 2025, can be found in our\nShopping prices comparison tool data download before the 2025 update\n.\nPlease also note that Table 55 in our historical\nConsumer price inflation dataset\n, which provided time series of prices for petrol and diesel, has not been published since 19 February 2025, and the two series have been discontinued. Historical average prices are still available from the time series explorer function on our website, using the four-character identifiers CZMK for petrol and CZML for diesel.\nOn 26 February 2026, we published our quarterly\nHousehold Costs Indices (HCIs) for UK household groups bulletin\n. The HCIs reflect how different types of households experience changing prices, and differ from CPIH and CPI. The CPIH and CPI are based on recognised economic principles and provide an aggregate measure of inflation for household spending in the UK.\nThe HCIs are\nofficial statistics in development\nand this release included new estimates for October to December 2025. It was not possible for this latest release to update the weights for 2025 in line with the standard methodology for consumer prices. This is because of delays in processing the underlying survey data and the need for further, ongoing quality assurance. Instead, the most recent estimates have been compiled using the weights for February to December 2024. We will update the weights as soon as the data are available to use.\nPassenger transport by air\nA monthly index for passenger transport by air is included in the monthly consumer price inflation dataset. From March 2025, we also began publishing a set of subindices and weights on an annual basis.\nDomestic, European and long-haul airfares consumer prices sub-indices and weights\nwas updated on 25 March 2026 with data for March 2025 to February 2026, and a longer historical time series back to 2007. From March 2026, we have also started to release\nquarterly and annual average air fares\n, again on an annual basis. The analyses are released in\nthe user requested data section of our website\n.\nClassification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP)\nThe Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP) is the classification that underpins some of the main statistics that we produce. To reflect changes in household expenditure patterns since its inception in the late 1990s, the\nclassification was updated in 2018 (PDF, 1,286KB)\n.\nThe UK currently uses the\nversion of COICOP introduced in 1999, which was updated in 2017\nto add additional detail at the sub-class level. However, we plan to have implemented the updated COICOP 2018 by 2029, as referenced in\nSection B4 of our Economic statistics plan\nand\nSection 5 of our Economic statistics progress report\n. We will also consider re-referencing the CPI as part of the move to the new classification and will provide users with full details of our plans, once finalised.\nFor further information, please email\ncpi@ons.gov.uk\n.\nWeights for 2026 consumer price inflation statistics\nIn line with usual practice at the start of each year, the expenditure weights used in compiling the CPIH and CPI were calculated using updated spending information. The first update of weights was implemented with the January indices. The second update was introduced, along with the usual basket update, with the February indices released in March. We published our\nConsumer price inflation, updating weights: 2026 article\nand our\nConsumer price inflation basket of goods and services: 2026 article\non 16 March 2026.\nThe 2026 weights for CPIH and CPI were calculated using national accounts household final consumption expenditure (HHFCE) data for 2024. They reflect our most comprehensive and complete estimate of the latest household spending at the time of the weights update. This is in line with our standard methodology. More information is available in our\nConsumer price inflation, updating weights articles\n.\nThe weights for the RPI were also updated and introduced with the February 2026 index.\nConsumer price inflation historical estimates, UK, 1950 to 1988\nOn 18 May 2022, we published our\nConsumer price inflation, historical estimates, UK, 1950 to 1988 – methodology\nand our\nConsumer price inflation, historical estimates and recent trends, UK: 1950 to 2022 article\n. These include new estimates of CPIH and improved estimates of CPI for 1950 to 1988. These estimates (published in response to user need for a longer series) are indicative and are for analytical purposes only. They are not intended for official use and do not constitute part of the\naccredited official statistics\nseries.\nPreviously, in December 2018, we published our\nConsumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) historical series: 1988 to 2004 article\n. These series are also not classed as accredited official statistics, reflecting the historical uncertainty around the backcasts.\nMethodology information\nThe consumer price indices are based on prices collected manually from outlets around the country, information collected centrally over the internet and by phone, and, from February 2026, data collected from supermarket scanners at the checkouts or online. The traditionally sourced data used in this release were collected on or around 14 April 2026.\nAn overview of consumer price statistics is given in our\nConsumer price indices, a brief guide: 2026\n. The concepts and methodologies underpinning the indices in more detail are covered in our\nConsumer prices indices technical guidance\n.\nInformation on the users and uses of these statistics, and the characteristics of the different measures of inflation related to potential use, is included in our\nUsers and uses of consumer price inflation statistics: July 2018 update methodology\n.\nStrengths and limitations\nIn our\nMeasuring changing prices and costs for consumers and households article\n, we illustrated our approach to the process using three \"use cases\", and described how they relate to the measures published and under development.\nThe three cases refer firstly to the CPIH as our lead measure of inflation, based on economic principles. They also refer to the HCIs as a set of measures that reflect the change in costs and prices experienced by different households, and the RPI as a legacy measure that is required to meet existing user needs. The issues with the RPI are described in our\nShortcomings of the Retail Prices Index as a measure of inflation article\n.\nAccredited official statistics\nThese\naccredited official statistics\nwere independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in July 2017. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nRevisions and correction of errors policies for consumer price inflation statistics\nOur\nRevisions and correction of errors policies for consumer price inflation statistics\nare stated separately to highlight the differences between them. Within each policy, there is information on how the policy is applied, in what circumstances users will be notified and how users will be notified. This policy replaces our previous\nRevisions policy for consumer price inflation statistics\n, published in March 2017.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nRelated links\nProducer price inflation, UK\nBulletin | Released 20 May 2026\nChanges in the prices of goods bought and sold by UK manufacturers, including price indices of materials and fuels purchased (input prices) and factory gate prices (output prices).\nPrivate rent and house prices, UK\nBulletin | Released 20 May 2026\nThe Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) measures private rent inflation for new and existing tenancies. The UK House Price Index (HPI) measures house price inflation.\nShopping prices comparison tool\nInteractive | Released 20 May 2026\nSearch to see how the average prices of hundreds of shopping items are changing.\nConsumer price inflation, updating weights: 2026\nArticle | Released 16 March 2026\nAn overview of the latest annual update of Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) weights.\nHousehold Costs Indices for UK household groups: October to December 2025\nBulletin | Released 26 February 2026\nHousehold Costs Indices, 12-month growth rates, expenditure shares and contributions for UK household groups and all households. These are official statistics in development.\nUK Statistics Authority National Statistician's Advisory Panels on Consumer Price Statistics\nWeb page | Updated when needed\nReports, papers and minutes of the two independent advisory panels on consumer price statistics: a technical panel to advise the National Statistician on technical aspects of the statistics, and a stakeholder panel to provide advice on the uses and applications of price indices.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 20 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nConsumer price inflation, UK: April 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/consumerpriceinflation/april2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/consumerpriceinflation/april2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Price indices, percentage changes, and weights for the different measures of consumer price inflation.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "3.0%", "12 months", "2026,", "3.4%", "0.8%", "1.2%", "2025", "2.8%", "3.3%", "0.7%", "2.1%", "2.4%", "4.3%", "2.5%", "3.1%", "4.5%", "3.2%", "2", "2026", "2015", "100", "12", "137.7", "4.1", "1.2", "138.2", "3.5", "133.2", "6.9", "138.0", "4.0", "0.2", "138.4", "3.4", "133.7", "6.7", "0.3", "138.9", "3.6", "134.2", "6.4", "138.5", "4.2", "0.0", "139.0", "3.8", "0.1", "134.0", "5.5", "139.3", "134.5", "5.3", "135.1", "5.2", "139.5", "0.4", "139.8", "135.7", "4.8", "139.4", "-0.1", "3.2", "-0.2", "136.5", "4.5", "139.9", "140.1", "136.8", "-0.3", "3.0", "-0.5", "137.0", "3.9", "140.0", "137.4", "140.8", "0.6", "141.0", "3.3"], "numeric_evidence": [], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "f8e9ec6e8d2392accb1c"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/jobsandvacanciesintheuk/may2026", "title": "Vacancies and jobs in the UK: May 2026", "context": "1.\nOther pages in this release\nLabour market overview, UK\nAverage weekly earnings in Great Britain\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK\nEmployment in the UK\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nMain points\nVacancy estimates decreased on the quarter, with early estimates for February to April 2026 suggesting a decrease of 28,000 (3.9%) vacancies to 705,000, compared with November 2025 to January 2026; this is the lowest level of vacancies since February to April 2021.\nVacancies estimates decreased in 11 of the 18 industry sectors and 4 of the 5 employment size bands compared with November 2025 to January 2026; the largest industry decrease was in Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motor cycles (down 7,000) and the largest size band decrease was for businesses with 1 to 9 employees (down 19,000).\nTotal estimated vacancies were down by 54,000 (7.1%) in February to April 2026 from the level of a year ago, decreasing in 13 of the 18 industry sectors and in 4 of the 5 employment size bands.\nThere were 2.5 unemployed people per vacancy in January to March 2026; this has remained unchanged since July to September 2025, after previously increasing quarter on quarter since July to September 2024.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nVacancies for February to April 2026\nFigure 1: The estimated number of vacancies has seen a quarterly decrease of 28,000, following broadly flat estimates between March to May 2025 and December 2025 to February 2026\nNumber of vacancies in the UK, seasonally adjusted, February to April 2007, to February to April 2026\nSource: Vacancy Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: The estimated number of vacancies has seen a quarterly decrease of 28,000, following broadly flat estimates between March to May 2025 and December 2025 to February 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe early estimate of the number of vacancies in the UK decreased by 28,000 (3.9%) to 705,000 in February to April 2026, compared with November 2025 to January 2026. This follows a period of broadly flat estimates between March to May 2025 and December 2025 to February 2026. This change remains within our confidence interval for estimates of approximately plus or minus 32,000 vacancies (see\nSection 7: Data sources and quality\n).\nOn the year, vacancies have decreased by 54,000 (7.1%), with total estimated vacancies now 83,000 (10.6%) below their pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic January to March 2020 level. The last time the estimated number of vacancies was 705,000 or fewer was in February to April 2021, when they were 660,000. Outside of the coronavirus pandemic period, the last time there were fewer than 705,000 vacancies was in September to November 2014, when there were 703,000 vacancies.\nThe headline vacancy estimates are based on three-month averages, which naturally involve some time lag. We provided insights into trends in April 2026 in our\nDataset X06: Single month vacancies estimates\n(see\nSection 7: Data sources and quality\n. We advise caution when comparing data sources because the single-month data are not seasonally adjusted.\nThe unemployment-to-vacancy ratio is a measure of labour market \"tightness\", meaning that it shows how many unemployed people there are for each available unfilled job. An increase in the unemployment-to-vacancy ratio implies that the labour market is less tight, as there are more available workers to fill those vacant jobs.\nThere were 2.5 unemployed people per vacancy in January to March 2026. This is unchanged from the previous quarter (October to December 2025), and up from 2.1 in the same period a year ago. The ratio has remained at 2.5 since July to September 2025, after previously increasing quarter on quarter since July to September 2024.\nFigure 2: Quarterly estimates decreased in 11 of the 18 industry sectors in February to April 2026\nThree-month average vacancies in the UK from February to April 2026, quarterly percentage growth from November 2025 to January 2026, and annual percentage growth from February to April 2025\nSource: Vacancy Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nThis chart only displays 9 of the 18 industry sectors. Full breakdowns for all industry sectors are available in our\nVacancies by industry dataset\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Quarterly estimates decreased in 11 of the 18 industry sectors in February to April 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe estimated total number of vacancies decreased by 28,000 (3.9%) in February to April 2026 compared with November 2025 to January 2026, falling in 11 of the 18 industry sectors. The industries with the largest percentage decreases in vacancies were the Arts, entertainment and recreation sector, down 24.0%, and Real estate activities, down 19.7%.\nThis quarter, we saw the largest level decreases in the UK's lowest paying sectors; Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motor cycles (down 7,000), the Accommodation and food service activities sector (down 6,000) and the Arts, entertainment and recreation sector (down 4,000). Feedback from our Vacancy Survey suggests that some firms may not be recruiting because of economic and geopolitical uncertainty.\nTotal vacancies decreased by 54,000 (7.1%) in February to April 2026, compared with the same period a year ago. There were declines in 13 of the 18 industry sectors. The industries with the largest annual percentage decreases in vacancies were the Arts, entertainment and recreation sector, down 29.1%, Real estate activities, down 26.3%, and Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply, down 22.0%. The Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motor cycles sector had the largest annual volume decrease, down 18,000 vacancies.\nFigure 3: The three smallest employment size bands continue to contribute the most to the overall quarterly and annual decreases in vacancies in February to April 2026\nThree-month average vacancies in the UK from February to April 2026, quarterly percentage growth from November 2025 to January 2026, and annual percentage growth from February to April 2025\nSource: Vacancy Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: The three smallest employment size bands continue to contribute the most to the overall quarterly and annual decreases in vacancies in February to April 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nOf the 5 employment size bands, 4 saw decreases in the number of vacancies on the quarter to February to April 2026. The largest quarterly decrease was in businesses with 1 to 9 employees, which accounted for 19,000 of the overall 28,000 decrease in vacancies since November 2025 to January 2026. The only employment size band to show a quarterly increase was businesses with 2,500 or more employees, with a slight increase of 1,000 (0.4%) vacancies.\nThe number of vacancies decreased over the year in 4 out of 5 employment size bands. The largest decreases were for businesses with 10 to 49 employees, down 26,000 (21.1%) vacancies, and 1 to 9 employees, down 21,000 (17.6%) vacancies. Businesses with between 250 and 2,499 employees displayed a slight annual increase of 1,000 (0.8%) vacancies.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nJobs for December 2025\nWorkforce jobs (WFJ) estimates are provided by various sources, our latest estimates for December 2025 were published in March 2026. Estimates of employee jobs in the private sector are from business surveys with a reference date of 12 December 2025. Estimates of self-employment jobs are drawn from our Labour Force Survey (LFS), which covers a three-month period from the start of November 2025 to the end of January 2026.\nEarly estimates suggest there were 36.6 million WFJ in the UK in December 2025. This is a quarterly increase of 33,000 (0.1%) since September 2025. The quarterly increase was caused by an increase of 60,000 (0.2%) in employee jobs. However, there was a decrease of 28,000 (0.7%) in self-employment jobs. Estimates of government-supported trainees and HM Forces were broadly flat on the quarter.\nThe estimated number of WFJ was down by 266,000 (0.7%) in December 2025 from the level of a year ago; this was caused by decreases of 242,000 (5.6%) in the self-employment jobs component and 25,000 (0.1%) in the employee jobs component. The other components are broadly flat, with HM Forces up 1,000 (0.8%), and government-supported trainees down 1,000 (2.0%) over the year.\nThe number of WFJ increased in 11 of the 20 industry sectors on the quarter. The industries with the biggest percentage increase on the quarter are construction, up 2.9%, and electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply, up 2.0%. The industries with the largest volume increases on the quarter were construction, up 65,000 (2.9%), and administrative and support service activities, up 42,000 (1.4%).\nThere was a decrease in WFJ in 12 of the 20 industry sectors on the year. The industry with the largest annual decrease in WFJ was financial and insurance activities, which was down 78,000 (6.6%) between December 2024 and December 2025.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nData on vacancies and jobs\nVacancies by industry\nDataset VACS02 | Released 19 May 2026\nVacancies by industry (Standard Industrial Classification 2007).\nWorkforce jobs summary\nDataset JOBS01 | Released 19 March 2026\nWorkforce jobs summary, UK, published quarterly, seasonally adjusted. Estimates of jobs by type of job (including employee jobs, self-employment jobs, HM Forces and government-supported trainees).\nWorkforce jobs by industry\nDataset JOBS02 | Released 19 March 2026\nWorkforce jobs by industry, employee jobs by industry and self-employment jobs by industry. UK, published quarterly, both seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted.\nX06: Single month vacancies estimates\nDataset X06 | Released 19 May 2026\nVacancies by industry and size of business, UK, single month, not seasonally adjusted. Vacancy Survey. These are official statistics in development.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nGlossary\nJobs\nA job is an activity performed for an employer or customer by a worker in exchange for payment, usually in cash, or in kind, or both. The number of jobs is not the same as the number of people in employment. This is because a person can have more than one job. The number of jobs is the sum of employee jobs from employer surveys, self-employment jobs from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), those in HM Forces, and government-supported trainees. The number of people in employment is measured by the LFS. These estimates are available in our\nEmployment in the UK bulletins\n. For more information, see Section 10: Jobs in our\nGuide to labour market\nstatistics methodology\n.\nVacancies\nVacancies are positions for which employers are actively seeking recruits from outside of their business or organisation. The estimates are based on our Vacancy Survey, a survey of employers designed to provide estimates of the stock of vacancies across the economy, excluding agriculture, forestry, and fishing, and activities of households as employers (small sectors for which the collection of estimates would not be practical). For more information, see\nSection 11: Vacancies in our Guide to labour market statistics methodology\n.\nA\nmore detailed glossary\nis available\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nData sources and quality\nAccredited official statistics\nThese\naccredited official statistics\nwere independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in April 2022. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nLatest changes to vacancies\nIn June 2025, we published the\nONS Survey Improvement and Enhancement Plan for Economic Statistics\n. In this report, we set out our intentions to improve the foundations of Business Surveys including sampling, collection, and processing of our surveys. We have now completed a full sample review of the Vacancy Survey, a survey of employers designed to provide estimates of the stock of vacancies across the economy. We made the recommended changes in April 2026. This means that this Vacancies and jobs in the UK: May 2026 bulletin includes the first data collected since those changes were introduced.\nThe changes have not affected the overall results. However, in some areas we have added more new businesses to the survey, which could slightly affect response rates. To minimise any impact, we have worked closely with our survey teams to support new businesses joining the survey, and to follow up where responses are missing.\nLatest changes to workforce jobs\nUp until December 2025, employee jobs data for the private sector were collected through three surveys: the Monthly Business Survey (MBS), Quarterly Business Survey (QBS), and Construction Survey (CON).\nTo improve and streamline processes, the data collection platform for these three surveys was upgraded and went live throughout Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025. Alongside this, employment questions have been consolidated into a single questionnaire under QBS; they were removed from MBS and CON from December 2025. Businesses in sectors previously sampled only in MBS or CON have moved into an expanded QBS universe, which samples approximately 37,000 businesses.\nThe core QBS methodology remains unchanged, but the sample is larger and unified. Forced inclusions (large businesses that must be included) will only apply where required for QBS. For the remaining sample, there will be an overlap of around 50% between the old MBS and CON samples and the new QBS sample in December 2025. There will be full overlap for forced inclusions to ensure a smooth transition. In March 2026, the forced inclusions in the overlap will be withdrawn and replaced by newly sampled businesses, but the forced inclusions for large businesses will remain. Normal QBS rotation will resume from June 2026.\nThere has been no impact from the platform upgrade itself, owing to methods remaining consistent. However, sampling a large number of new businesses has affected response rates and the number of responses available for imputation link factors.\nWe have worked hard with our survey teams to reduce the impact of these changes, supporting the onboarding of newly selected businesses and prioritising follow-up where needed. However, there are small known biases between newly sampled and existing businesses within the existing rotation, construction, and imputation methods, that have been amplified during this period because of the volume of newly sampled businesses.\nMore information is available in our\nWorkforce jobs in the UK quality and methods guide\n, which was published on 19 March 2026.\nDiscontinuities in workforce jobs\nRead more about discontinuities in workforce jobs in Section 7: Data sources and quality of our\nVacancies and\njobs in the UK: November 2025 bulletin\n.\nRounding\nPublished data accompanying this release are presented as rounded figures. All changes presented in this bulletin are calculated from unrounded estimates. Therefore, users may calculate slightly different changes when using our accompanying data tables.\nSources\nThe data in this bulletin come from surveys of businesses. It is not feasible to survey every business in the UK, so these statistics are estimates based on samples, not precise figures.\nEstimates of vacancies are obtained from our Vacancy Survey, which is a survey of employers.\nEstimates of jobs are compiled from a number of sources, including the Quarterly Business Survey (QBS), the Quarterly Public Sector Employment Surveys (QPSES), and the\nLabour Force Survey (LFS)\n.\nMore quality and methodology information on sources, strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nVacancy Survey QMI report\nand our\nWorkforce jobs in the UK quality and\nmethods guide\n.\nA comparison of our labour market data sources and the main differences, is available in our\nComparison of labour market data sources methodology\n.\nResponse Rates\nThe Vacancy Survey response rate was 74.8% in April 2026.\nThe Quarterly Business Survey response rate was 71.5% in December 2025.\nSampling variability\nThe sampling variability of the three-month average vacancies level is plus or minus 1.3% of that level expressed as a\ncoefficient of variation\n, giving a 95%\nconfidence interval\nfor estimates of approximately plus or minus 32,000.\nThe sampling variability of the three-month average vacancies level for a typical industrial sector is around plus or minus 6% of that level.\nTable 1: Sampling variability for estimates of jobs in the UK, thousands\nSIC 2007 Section\nUnited Kingdom\nEstimate for December 2025 [Note 1]\nSampling variability of estimate [Note 2]\nA\nAgriculture, forestry & fishing\n337\n±46\nB\nMining & quarrying\n52\n±4\nC\nManufacturing\n2,524\n±40\nD\nElectricity, gas, steam & air conditioning supply\n146\n±12\nE\nWater supply, sewerage, waste & remediation activities\n242\n±8\nF\nConstruction\n2,297\n±61\nG\nWholesale & retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles\n4,645\n±63\nH\nTransport & storage\n1,894\n±48\nI\nAccommodation & food service activities\n2,618\n±61\nJ\nInformation & communication\n1,591\n±58\nK\nFinancial & insurance activities\n1,098\n±37\nL\nReal estate activities\n724\n±42\nM\nProfessional scientific & technical activities\n3,439\n±71\nN\nAdministrative & support service activities\n2,986\n±61\nO\nPublic admin & defence; compulsory social security\n1,774\n±16\nP\nEducation\n3,098\n±42\nQ\nHuman health & social work activities\n5,030\n±65\nR\nArts, entertainment & recreation\n1,076\n±45\nS/T\nOther service activities/Private Households\n994\n±56\nAll jobs\n36,563\n±209\nSource: Workforce jobs from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nThe estimates for December 2025 are seasonally adjusted.\nThe sampling variability estimates are for 95% confidence intervals and are calculated on data for June 2025 that are not seasonally adjusted.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Sampling variability for estimates of jobs in the UK, thousands\n.xls\n.csv\nFurther information is available in Section 8: Strengths and limitations of our\nVacancies and jobs in the UK: April\n2021 bulletin\n.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nRelated links\nEmployees in Great Britain\nRelated data | Released 28 October 2025\nNumber of employees in the UK, full-time and part-time, by sector, industry, country and English region, from the Business Register and Employment Survey (BRES).\nRevisions to workforce jobs, UK: December 2025\nArticle | Released 16 December 2025\nImpact of regular annual adjustments to workforce jobs estimates, published in our Vacancies and jobs in the UK bulletin.\nLabour demand volumes by Standard Occupation Classification (SOC 2020), UK\nDataset | Released 30 March 2026\nThese tables contain the number of online job adverts split by local authority and occupation (SOC 2020).\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 19 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nVacancies and jobs in the UK\n)\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/jobsandvacanciesintheuk/may2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/jobsandvacanciesintheuk/may2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Estimates of the number of vacancies and jobs for the UK.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2", "2026", "28,000", "3.9%", "705,000,", "2025", "2021", "11", "18", "4", "5", "7,000", "9", "19,000", "54,000", "7.1%", "13", "2.5", "2025,", "2024", "3", "28,000,", "2007,", "705,000", "2026,", "32,000", "7", "83,000", "10.6%", "19", "2020", "2021,", "660,000", "2014,", "703,000", "2.1", "24.0%", "19.7%", "6,000", "4,000", "29.1%", "26.3%", "22.0%", "18,000", "2,500", "1,000", "0.4%", "10", "49", "26,000", "21.1%", "21,000", "17.6%", "250", "2,499", "0.8%", "12", "36.6 million", "33,000", "0.1%", "60,000", "0.2%", "0.7%", "266,000", "242,000", "5.6%", "25,000", "2.0%", "20", "2.9%", "65,000", "42,000", "1.4%", "78,000", "6.6%", "2007", "6", "2022", "37,000"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "JOBS01: Workforce jobs summary", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/workforcejobssummaryjobs01/current/jobs01jun2026.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "JOBS02: Workforce jobs by industry", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/workforcejobsbyindustryjobs02/current/jobs02jun2026.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "JOBS03: Employee jobs by industry", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/employeejobsbyindustryjobs03/current/jobs03jun2026.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "b7434640cb9879ec9218"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/averageweeklyearningsingreatbritain/may2026", "title": "Average weekly earnings in Great Britain: May 2026", "context": "1.\nOther pages in this release\nLabour market overview, UK\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK\nEmployment in the UK\nVacancies and jobs in the UK\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nMain points\nThe following information is for the period from January to March 2026.\nAnnual growth in employees' average earnings was 3.4% for regular earnings (excluding bonuses) and 4.1% for total earnings (including bonuses).\nAnnual growth in real terms, adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH), was 0.1% for regular pay and 0.8% for total pay.\nUsing the Consumer Prices Index excluding owner occupiers' housing costs (CPI) to adjust for inflation, annual growth in real terms was 0.3% for regular pay and 1.0% for total pay.\nAnnual average regular earnings growth was 4.8% for the public sector and 3.0% for the private sector.\nAfter the public sector, the wholesaling, retailing, hotels and restaurants sector showed the strongest regular annual growth rate (3.6%).\n!\nThe estimates in this bulletin come from a survey of businesses. It is not possible to survey every business each month, so these statistics are estimates based on a sample, not precise figures. Average weekly earnings (AWE), for any given month, are the ratio of estimated total pay for the whole economy, divided by the total number of employees. As a result, AWE is not a measure of rates of pay and can be affected by changes in the composition of an enterprise’s workforce.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nAnalysis of average weekly earnings\nFigure 1: Average weekly earnings for both total and regular pay have shown a steady increase over the long term\nAverage weekly earnings in Great Britain, seasonally adjusted, January 2000 to March 2026\nSource: Monthly Wages and Salaries Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: Average weekly earnings for both total and regular pay have shown a steady increase over the long term\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nAverage weekly earnings (AWE) were estimated at £749 for total earnings and £693 for regular earnings in March 2026. Figure 1 shows that AWE have steadily increased over the long term.\nFigure 2: Nominal regular earnings continue the reduction seen in annual growth rates over the past year\nAverage weekly earnings annual growth rates in Great Britain, seasonally adjusted, January to March 2001 to January to March 2026\nSource: Monthly Wages and Salaries Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Nominal regular earnings continue the reduction seen in annual growth rates over the past year\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe annual growth in employees’ average regular earnings (excluding bonuses) was 3.4% in January to March 2026 (Figure 2). This continues the reduction seen in annual growth rates over the last year. The last time it was lower than 3.4% was in August to October 2020, when it was 2.8%.\nAnnual growth in total earnings (including bonuses) was 4.1% in January to March 2026, slightly up on the previous three-month period, when it was 3.9%.\nIn real terms (adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers’ housing costs (CPIH)), annual regular pay growth was 0.1% in January to March 2026. The last time it was lower than 0.1% was in March to May 2023, when it was down on the year by 0.6%.\nAnnual real total pay growth (using CPIH) was 0.8% in January to March 2026, slightly up on the previous three-month period, when it was 0.6%.\nFigure 3: Real earnings showed a positive annual growth rate in January to March 2026\nReal average weekly earnings three-month annual growth rates in Great Britain, seasonally adjusted, and Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers’ housing costs (CPIH) annual rate, January to March 2001 to January to March 2026\nSource: Monthly Wages and Salaries Survey, and Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: Real earnings showed a positive annual growth rate in January to March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 3 shows a comparison of three-month average weekly earnings annual real total pay and regular pay growth rates, and average three-month inflation. CPIH was an average of 3.3% for January to March 2026.\nCPIH is our headline measure of inflation. We also publish our supplementary\nX09: Real average weekly earnings using consumer price inflation (CPI) dataset\n, excluding owner occupiers' housing costs. Using the Consumer Prices Index (CPI), annual real regular pay growth was 0.3% in January to March 2026. It was last lower than 0.3% in May to July 2023, when it was 0.0%.\nAnnual real total pay growth (using CPI) was 1.0% in January to March 2026, slightly up on the previous three-month period, when it was 0.8%.\nAdditional insights into the estimate of growth in median and mean pay are provided in the\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK bulletin\n. It also provides a timelier estimate of median pay, but this is subject to revisions. When comparing the comparable measures, the two data sources generally trend well for mean total pay. However, there will be differences between the two data sources because of timing and definitional differences, as described in our\nComparison of labour market data sources methodology\n.\nSector and industry\nFigure 4: The regular annual growth rate was 3.0% for the private sector and 4.8% for the public sector in January to March 2026\nAverage weekly earnings annual growth rates for total pay (including bonuses) and regular pay (excluding bonuses) by public and private sector in Great Britain, seasonally adjusted, January to March 2001 to January to March 2026\nSource: Monthly Wages and Salaries Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: The regular annual growth rate was 3.0% for the private sector and 4.8% for the public sector in January to March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nAnnual average regular earnings growth was 4.8% for the public sector in January to March 2026 (Figure 4). The last time it was lower than 4.8% was in October to December 2024, when it was 4.6%.\nAnnual average regular earnings growth was 3.0% for the private sector in January to March 2026. The last time it was lower than 3.0% was in August to October 2020, when it was 2.4%.\nAnnual average total earnings growth was 4.9% for the public sector in January to March 2026. The last time it was lower than 4.9% was in October to December 2024, when it was 4.7%.\nAnnual average total earnings growth was 3.9% for the private sector in January to March 2026, slightly up on the previous three-month period, when it was 3.6%.\nFigure 5: The public sector, and the wholesaling, retailing, hotels and restaurants sector remained the strongest, with annual regular growth rates at 4.8% and 3.6%, respectively\nAverage weekly earnings annual growth rates for regular pay by sector in Great Britain, seasonally adjusted, January to March 2020 to January to March 2026\nSource: Monthly Wages and Salaries Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: The public sector, and the wholesaling, retailing, hotels and restaurants sector remained the strongest, with annual regular growth rates at 4.8% and 3.6%, respectively\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nAfter the public sector, the wholesaling, retailing, hotels and restaurants sector showed the strongest regular earnings annual growth rate, at 3.6%, in January to March 2026 (Figure 5). The construction sector had the lowest regular earnings annual growth rate, down on the year by 0.6%.\nThe finance and business services sector showed the strongest annual total growth rate at 5.4%, followed by the public sector at 4.9%, in January to March 2026.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nData on average weekly earnings\nAverage weekly earnings\nDataset EARN01 | Released 19 May 2026\nAverage weekly earnings at sector level headline estimates, Great Britain, monthly, seasonally adjusted. Monthly Wages and Salaries Survey.\nAverage weekly earnings by sector\nDataset EARN02 | Released 19 May 2026\nAverage weekly earnings at sector level, including manufacturing, finance and services, Great Britain, monthly, non-seasonally adjusted. Monthly Wages and Salaries Survey.\nAverage weekly earnings by industry\nDataset EARN03 | Released 19 May 2026\nAverage weekly earnings at industry level including manufacturing, construction and energy, Great Britain, monthly, non-seasonally adjusted. Monthly Wages and Salaries Survey.\nReal average weekly earnings using consumer price inflation\nDataset X09 | Released 19 May 2026\nAverage weekly earnings for the whole economy, for total and regular pay, in real terms (adjusted for consumer price inflation), UK, monthly, seasonally adjusted.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nGlossary\nArrears payment\nPay award arrears are collected separately on the questionnaire; this specifically covers earnings arising from a backdated pay increase, not late payment of overtime or bonuses. Arrears payments are reflected in estimates at the time they were paid, and not in the period they are awarded for. Therefore, back series are not revised. Our Average weekly earnings (AWE) headline estimates exclude arrears payments.\nBonus\nA bonus is a form of reward or recognition granted by an employer in addition to basic pay. When an employee receives a bonus payment, there is no expectation or assumption that the bonus will be used to cover any specific expense. The value and timing of a bonus payment can be at the discretion of the employer or stipulated in workplace agreements.\nWhen arrears or bonus payments are backdated, people who have left the business but are entitled to these back payments will be included in the number of employees that have received pay in that period. This results in more employees being added to payroll for that month, which will have an impact on the average pay, as more employees will be included in the calculation. The survey only requests one employee figure, so we are unable to split out those who have left the company and are only eligible for the backpay and not the regular pay. For the majority of time, the impact of this on regular pay is minimal, but for certain periods, where there has been a large backpay covering a long period, the calculation of the average pay will be affected, which will be more accurately reflected in the following month's data.\nConsumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs\nAs of 21 March 2017, the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH), as detailed in our\nConsumer Price Inflation quality and methodology information (QMI)\n, became our lead measure of inflation. It is our most comprehensive measure of UK consumer price inflation.\nRevisions\nAverage weekly earnings (AWE) are generally published on a provisional basis around six to seven weeks after the end of the month in question, although sometimes a week later in the months following Christmas and Easter. The unadjusted estimates are finalised the following month (10 to 11 weeks after the end of the reference period). Seasonally adjusted estimates are subject to further revisions at later dates.\nA\nmore detailed glossary\nis available.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nData sources and quality\nData sources\nAverage weekly earnings (AWE) is the lead monthly measure of average weekly earnings per employee, as explained in Section 2: Earnings of our\nGuide to labour market statistics methodology\n. It is calculated using information based on the Monthly Wages and Salaries Survey (MWSS), which samples around 9,000 employers, covering around 12.8 million employees in Great Britain.\nThe survey response rate was 85.9% for March 2026.\nEstimates are available for both total pay (which includes bonus payments) and regular pay (which excludes bonus payments). Estimates are available in both nominal terms (not adjusted for inflation) and real terms (adjusted for inflation).\nEstimates of pay growth are also published using HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) data in the\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK bulletin\n. The HMRC estimates are presented in median pay terms, but they also include mean pay, as does AWE. There are some differences between the sources, most notably that the HMRC estimates include arrears payments and any redundancy payments that are made through payroll. Further detail is provided in our\nComparison of labour market data sources methodology\n.\nAn error has been identified in the inflation measures for April 2025. The figures for transport and some higher-level aggregates were overstated in April 2025 because of an error in the Vehicle Excise Duty component. In line with the established revisions policies for those series, the April figures have not been revised. This error will have a minimal impact on the real measures of earnings for April 2025. Our\nstatement on the impact of Vehicle Excise Duty on Consumer Price Inflation\nprovides more detail.\nData methods\nAWE for any given month is the ratio of estimated total pay for the whole economy, divided by the total number of employees. As a result, AWE is not a measure of rates of pay and can be affected by changes in the composition of an enterprise's workforce. They do not, for example, adjust for changes in the proportion of the workforce who work full time or part time, or other compositional changes within the workforce. The estimates do not include earnings of self-employed people.\nComposition of the workforce\nAWE reflects changes to the composition of the workforce. In AWE, all other things being equal, an increase in the relative number of employees in a high-paying industry will cause average earnings to rise. This is because the mix of jobs would have changed so that there are more high-paying jobs. Conversely, an increase in the relative number of employees in low-paying industries would cause average earnings to fall.\nThis effect is sometimes called the employment contribution to earnings growth, as opposed to the wages contribution, which reflects changes in earnings at individual companies, such as pay rises, promotions, and changes in the composition of individual company workforces. In addition to AWE growth, we publish separate estimates of the wage and employment contributions to AWE growth in supplementary tables called the AWE decomposition.\nBase and compositional effects during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic period\nDuring the pandemic period, interpreting average earnings data was difficult. We explain the complexities of interpreting these data in our\nHow COVID-19 has impacted the Average Weekly Earnings data blog post\n. There were temporary factors that we refer to as base and compositional effects.\nThe base effect refers to comparing two periods with different circumstances. Throughout the pandemic, different scenarios have affected the base effect. More information on base and compositional effects on the data can be found in our\nAverage weekly earnings in Great Britain: May 2022 bulletin\nand Section 6: Measuring the data of our\nAverage weekly earnings in Great Britain: July 2024 bulletin\n.\nFor additional analysis on the impact of compositional effects on wage growth, see our\nHow furlough and changes in the employee workforce have affected earnings growth during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, UK: 2020 to 2021 article\n.\nReal earnings\nReal average weekly earnings (AWE) are calculated as non-seasonally adjusted AWE (shown in our accompanying\nEARN02: Average weekly earnings by sector dataset\n) divided by the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH), which is our preferred measure of consumer price inflation (as shown in our\nCPIH Index time series L522\n). The ratio is then referenced as an index with 2015 equals 100, and seasonally adjusted.\nWe also publish our accompanying\nX09: Real average weekly earnings using consumer price inflation (CPI) dataset\nfor the whole economy and for both total and regular pay. Our recommended measure of inflation is CPIH, and our headline estimates using this measure are found in our accompanying\nEARN01: Average weekly earnings dataset\n. These data have been compiled using the CPI as a supplementary dataset to view alongside the headline estimates produced using the CPIH.\nSeasonal adjustment and revisions\nTotal pay, bonus pay and regular pay (excluding bonuses) for each sector (a total of 27 series) are seasonally adjusted using X13-ARIMA. Percentage changes are then derived from the seasonally adjusted average pay series.\nEach of the 27 series is seasonally adjusted separately, to ensure the optimum seasonal adjustment of each series. The result of this is that relationships that hold in the unadjusted series do not necessarily hold for the seasonally adjusted series. For example, before seasonal adjustment, regular pay plus bonus pay equalled total pay, whereas after seasonal adjustment, they are not necessarily equal.\nWhen there is an exceptionally large change in the series, this can lead to larger differences between regular pay plus bonus pay, and total pay. We saw this in March 2021 and 2020, when the bonus payments pattern changed during the pandemic. Consequently, the direct seasonal adjustment method, which allows for evolving seasonality, caused a larger than normal difference. This is supported by other similar instances, such as in January and February 2009.\nWhere one-off shocks are present in the data, these are accounted for during the seasonal adjustment process. This was applied in June 2023 to the public sector bonus payments.\nIn line with international guidance, we annually review the seasonal adjustment parameters and open up the whole time series for revisions, as outlined in our\nAverage weekly earnings quality and methodology information (QMI)\n. This was last reviewed in May 2025, and led to revisions to the historical AWE time series, extending back through the entire time series. The impact of these revisions on the headline estimates can be found in our\nEARN09: Average weekly earnings revision triangle dataset\n.\nUncertainty\nSampling variability for average weekly earnings single-month growth rates in percentage points is also available in our\nAverage weekly earnings in Great Britain: April 2021 bulletin.\nMore quality and methodology information\nMore quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nAverage weekly earnings quality and methodology information (QMI\n).\nFor more information about some of the main differences between our data sources, see our\nComparison of labour market data sources methodology\n.\nInformation on the strengths and limitations of this bulletin is available in:\nour\nAverage weekly earnings in Great Britain: April 2021 bulletin\nour\nGuide to labour market statistics methodology\nour\nIncome and earnings statistics guide methodology\nthe\nGovernment Statistical Service Income and earnings interactive dashboard\nAccredited official statistics\nThese\naccredited official statistics\nwere independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in December 2014. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in\nthe Code of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nRelated links\nEmployee earnings in the UK: 2025\nBulletin | Released 23 October 2025\nMeasures of employee earnings, using data from the Annual Survey for Hours and Earnings (ASHE).\nLow and high pay in the UK: 2025\nBulletin | Released 23 October 2025\nThe distribution of earnings of high-paid and low-paid employee jobs and employee jobs paid below the UK minimum wage.\nGender pay gap in the UK: 2025\nBulletin | Released 23 October 2025\nDifferences in pay between women and men by age, region, full-time and part-time, and occupation.\nComparison of labour market data sources\nMethodology | Revised 27 April 2022\nThe strengths and weaknesses of the main data sources we use to produce the labour market figures, including the advantages of new administrative data sources and limitations of some of our published figures.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 19 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nAverage weekly earnings in Great Britain: May 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/averageweeklyearningsingreatbritain/may2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/averageweeklyearningsingreatbritain/may2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Estimates of growth in earnings for employees before tax and other deductions from pay.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2", "2026", "3.4%", "4.1%", "0.1%", "0.8%", "0.3%", "1.0%", "4.8%", "3.0%", "3.6%", "3", "2000", "749", "693", "2001", "2020,", "2.8%", "2026,", "3.9%", "2023,", "0.6%", "3.3%", "0.0%", "4", "2024,", "4.6%", "2.4%", "4.9%", "4.7%", "5", "2020", "5.4%", "19", "21", "2017,", "10", "11", "6", "9,000", "12.8 million", "85.9%", "2025", "2022", "2024", "2021", "2015", "100,", "27", "2009", "2023", "2025,", "2014", "7", "23", "8"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "EARN01: Average weekly earnings", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/averageweeklyearningsearn01/current/earn01jun2026.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "EARN02: Average weekly earnings by sector", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/averageweeklyearningsbysectorearn02/current/earn02jun2026.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "EARN03: Average weekly earnings by industry", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/averageweeklyearningsbyindustryearn03/current/earn03jun2026.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "314a923ecbeca05240d4"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/employmentintheuk/may2026", "title": "Employment in the UK: May 2026", "context": "1.\nOther pages in this release\nLabour market overview\nAverage weekly earnings in Great Britain\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK\nLabour market in the regions of the UK\nVacancies and jobs in the UK\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nMain points\nEstimates from January to March 2025 include the full effect of the improvements in Labour Force Survey (LFS) data collection and sampling methods introduced from January 2024 onwards.\nSome volatility remains in the LFS estimates, particularly those for mid-2023 and throughout 2024, as well as for granular breakdowns, in which sample sizes are smaller.\nWe recommend using the LFS estimates as part of our suite of labour market indicators, alongside workforce jobs, Claimant Count, and Pay As You Earn Real Time Information (PAYE RTI) estimates.\nThe estimated UK employment rate was largely unchanged on the year, but increased by 0.1 percentage points to 75.0% in the latest quarter (January to March 2026), compared with the previous quarter (October to December 2025).\nThe estimated UK unemployment rate increased by 0.5 percentage points on the year, but decreased by 0.2 percentage points in the latest quarter, to 5.0%.\nThe estimated UK economic inactivity rate decreased by 0.4 percentage points on the year, but increased by 0.1 percentage points in the latest quarter, to 20.9%.\n!\nThese labour market statistics, based on the Labour Force Survey and the Annual Population Survey, are considered\nofficial statistics in development\n. Read more in\nSection 12: Data sources and quality\n.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nMeasuring the labour market\nThe latest Labour Force Survey (LFS) estimates are based on interviews that took place from January to March 2026.\nWe had to make operational changes to the LFS because of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which introduced an increased non-response bias to the survey. We reduced this bias by introducing housing tenure-based weights into the survey in October 2020, as detailed in our\nCoronavirus and its impact on the Labour Force Survey article\n.\nHowever, further improvement work was required to deal with the increase in non-response from those with a non-UK country of birth or nationality. As a result, we introduced an adjusted\nLabour Force Survey weighting methodology\nin May 2021.\nLFS periods from January to March 2019 onwards were reweighted from our December 2024 labour market release. The reweighted LFS estimates incorporate information on the size and composition of the UK population, based on 2022 mid-year estimates. For England, Wales and Northern Ireland, they are projected forward using scaling factors from 2021-based national population projections, published in January 2024. For Scotland, they are projected forward using scaling factors from 2020-based national population projections, published in January 2023. The constraint to country-of-birth information was also removed.\nThis reweighting creates a discontinuity between the December 2018 to February 2019 and January to March 2019 periods. Users should take this discontinuity into consideration when looking at long-term movements in the series. However, we have modelled the seasonally adjusted UK levels of employment, unemployment and economic inactivity, by sex and age band, back to the start of the population revisions in July to September 2011. This ensures that the headline series in Table 1, Table 2 (1) and Table 2 (2) (also available in datasets A02SA, A05SA, and A01 Tables 1 and 2) are comparable over the full series. Further information is available in our\nImpact of reweighting on Labour Force Survey key indicators, UK: December 2024 article\n.\nEstimates from January to March 2025 include the full effect of the improvements in LFS data collection and sampling methods introduced from January 2024 onwards. Some volatility remains, particularly for estimates for mid-2023 and throughout 2024, as well as for granular breakdowns, in which sample sizes are smaller. Therefore, we advise users to use caution when drawing conclusions from short-term changes, and to focus on long-term movements in the data.\nWe recommend using LFS estimates as part of our suite of labour market indicators, alongside workforce jobs, Claimant Count, and Pay As You Earn Real Time Information (PAYE RTI) estimates.\nWe published an update of our\nLFS quality update article: April 2026\n. This article provides users with information about current response rates and known biases in LFS data, to help them better understand the current quality of the data.\nAs part of our work to address quality concerns with the LFS, we have seen improvements in response levels and rates, with responses now close to their pre-pandemic level. The achieved sample, including imputed cases (the dataset size), has increased from 77,927 individuals in October to December 2025 to 80,078 individuals in January to March 2026. This is shown in our\nLFS performance and quality monitoring report: January to March 2026 methodology\n.\nLFS estimates are designated as\nofficial statistics in development\n, and are currently not considered accredited official statistics.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nSummary\nTable 1: January to March 2026 headline measures and changes\nUK headline economic status levels and rates, total weekly hours, and redundancy levels and rates, seasonally adjusted, January to March 2026\nLevel or rate\nSampling\nvariability\nof level\nor rate\nChange\non quarter\nSampling\nvariability\nof change\non quarter\nChange\non year\nSampling\nvariability\nof change\non year\nEmployment\n(thousands, aged\n16 years and over)\n34,392\n± 215\n148\n± 182\n416\n± 297\nEmployment rate\n(aged 16 to 64 years)\n75.0\n± 0.4\n0.1\n± 0.4\n0.0\n± 0.7\nUnemployment\n(thousands, aged\n16 years and over)\n1,806\n± 98\n-77\n± 105\n192\n± 137\nUnemployment rate\n(aged 16 years and over)\n5.0\n± 0.3\n-0.2\n± 0.3\n0.5\n± 0.4\nEconomically inactive\n(thousnads, aged\n16 to 64 years)\n9,103\n± 182\n60\n± 157\n-126\n± 257\nEconomic inactivity rate\n(aged 16 to 64 years)\n20.9\n± 0.4\n0.1\n± 0.4\n-0.4\n± 0.6\nTotal weekly hours\n(millions)\n1,089.7\nN/A\n-3.4\nN/A\n7.6\nN/A\nRedundancies\n(thousands, aged\n16 years and over)\n126\n± 25\n-19\n± 35\n16\n± 36\nRedundancy rate\n(per thousand, aged\n16 years and over)\n4.2\nN/A\n-0.7\nN/A\n0.5\nN/A\nSource: Labour Force Survey (LFS) from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nGiven the volatility of LFS estimates, we advise users to use caution when drawing conclusions from short-term changes, and to focus on long-term movements in the data.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: January to March 2026 headline measures and changes\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nEmployment\nFollowing an increase in the\nemployment\nrate since early 2012, there was a decrease from the start of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. There was an increase from the end of 2020, followed by a decrease between mid-2023 and early 2024. The rate then increased until mid-2024 and has been relatively stable since.\nThe employment rate increased in the latest quarter (January to March 2026), but remained largely unchanged over the year since January to March 2025.\nFigure 1: The employment rate was largely unchanged on the year, but was up in the latest quarter\nUK employment rates, people, men, and women (aged 16 to 64 years), seasonally adjusted, between December 2019 to February 2020 and January to March 2026\nSource: Labour Force Survey (LFS) from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nGiven the volatility of LFS estimates, we advise users to use caution when drawing conclusions from short-term changes, and to focus on long-term movements in the data.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: The employment rate was largely unchanged on the year, but was up in the latest quarter\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nIn the latest quarter (January to March 2026), both the number of full-time and part-time workers increased. The increase in full-time workers was caused by an increase in both self-employed people working full-time and employees working full-time. The increase in part-time workers was caused by an increase in self-employed people working part-time, while employees working part-time saw a decrease. Employment over the year from January to March 2025 remained largely unchanged.\nFollowing increases in 2024 and early 2025, the number of people with second jobs decreased in the latest quarter (January to March 2026), and decreased over the year to 1.275 million (3.7% of people in employment).\nWe also publish estimates of payrolled employees in our\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK bulletin\nand estimates of the number of jobs in our\nVacancies and jobs in the UK bulletin\n.\nHours worked\nThe number of total actual weekly hours worked has generally been increasing in the UK since 2020. Total actual weekly hours worked decreased in the latest quarter (January to March 2026), but increased over the year. Men's hours worked remained largely unchanged in the latest quarter, while women's hours worked decreased in the latest quarter. Hours worked for both men and women increased over the year.\nAverage actual weekly hours worked decreased in the latest quarter, and over the year.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nUnemployment\nFollowing decreases since late 2013, the\nunemployment\nrate increased during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. From early 2021, it decreased to below pre-coronavirus rates until mid-2022. The rate has been largely increasing since.\nThe unemployment rate decreased in the latest quarter (January to March 2026), but increased over the year since January to March 2025.\nFigure 2: The unemployment rate was up on the year, but was down in the latest quarter\nUK unemployment rates, people, men, and women (aged 16 years and over), seasonally adjusted, between December 2019 to February 2020 and January to March 2026\nSource: Labour Force Survey (LFS) from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nGiven the volatility of LFS estimates, we advise users to use caution when drawing conclusions from short-term changes, and to focus on long-term movements in the data.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: The unemployment rate was up on the year, but was down in the latest quarter\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe number of people that were unemployed for up to 6 months and those unemployed for between 6 and 12 months decreased. The number of those unemployed for over 12 months increased in the quarter (January to March 2026). All durations saw an increase over the year since January to March 2025, caused by those in unemployment for over 6 months. The decrease in the number of people unemployed in the latest quarter was largely the result of a decrease in the number of unemployed men.\nWe also publish our\nClaimant Count dataset\n, which is a measure of the number of people who are receiving a benefit principally for the reason of being unemployed. Claimant Count statistics are currently designated as\nofficial statistics in development\n. The Claimant Count figure for the latest month is provisional, and is subject to revisions after first publication. This is because of later amendments to records in the administrative systems, for example, as work capability assessments conclude and more information is available about benefit claimants' ability to work.\nRevisions in recent months have tended to be made downwards. Further information on\nClaimant Count revisions\nis published each month, and is also available in our latest\nLabour Force Survey quality update article\n.\nThe UK Claimant Count for April 2026 increased on the month, but decreased on the year to 1.699 million. Despite the increase in recent months, the Claimant Count has generally been falling since a change to the Administrative Earnings Threshold (AET) in mid-2024, which added around 120,000 claimants to the count.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nEconomic inactivity\nSince comparable records began in 1971, the\neconomic inactivity\nrate had generally been falling. However, it increased during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and has since fluctuated around this increased rate.\nThe economic inactivity increased in the latest quarter (January to March 2026), but decreased over the year since January to March 2025.\nFigure 3: The economic inactivity rate was down on the year, but was up in the latest quarter\nUK economic inactivity rates, people, men, and women (aged 16 to 64 years), seasonally adjusted, between December 2019 to February 2020 and January to March 2026\nSource: Labour Force Survey (LFS) from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nGiven the volatility of LFS estimates, we advise users to use caution when drawing conclusions from short-term changes, and to focus on long-term movements in the data.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: The economic inactivity rate was down on the year, but was up in the latest quarter\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nIncreases in economic inactivity in the first year of the pandemic were largely among those aged 16 to 24 years. Following the pandemic, increases were largely among those aged 50 to 64 years.\nIn the latest period (January to March 2026), the quarterly increase in inactivity rate was largely because of those aged between 16 to 24 years. All age groups experienced an annual decrease in inactivity rate, apart from those aged 35 to 49 years, who saw an increase on both the quarter and the year.\nThe quarterly increase in inactivity rate was largely the result of students not looking for work and those who are inactive for \"other\" reasons. The annual decrease in economic inactivity since January to March 2025 was largely because of those looking after family and home.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nRedundancies\nThe number of people reporting\nredundancy\nin the three months before interview decreased in the latest quarter, but increased over the year, to 4.2 per 1,000 employees in January to March 2026.\nWe also publish our\nHR1: Potential redundancies dataset\n, which shows potential redundancies, covering those notified by employers to the Insolvency Service through the form, broken down by region and industry.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nLabour market flows\nFlows estimates show that there were net movements from unemployment into employment and from economic inactivity into employment and unemployment between October to December 2025 and January to March 2026.\nThere are differences between the data used for headline Labour Force Survey (LFS) aggregate estimates and the longitudinal data used to estimate the flows, which are based on a subset of the main LFS sample. Further information can be found in our\nX02: Labour Force Survey flows estimates dataset\n.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nData on employment in the UK\nEmployment, unemployment and economic inactivity by age group (seasonally adjusted)\nDataset A05 SA | Released 19 May 2026\nEmployment, unemployment and economic inactivity levels and rates by age group, UK, rolling three- monthly figures, seasonally adjusted. Labour Force Survey. These are official statistics in development.\nLabour Force Survey sampling variability (not seasonally adjusted)\nDataset A11 | Released 19 May 2026\nSampling variability for Labour Force Survey estimates of employment, unemployment and economic inactivity, 95% confidence intervals, rolling three-monthly figures, non-seasonally adjusted. These are official statistics in development.\nFull-time, part-time and temporary workers (seasonally adjusted)\nDataset EMP01 SA | Released 19 May 2026\nFull-time, part-time and temporary workers, by sex, UK, rolling three-monthly figures published monthly, seasonally adjusted. Labour Force Survey. These are official statistics in development.\nActual weekly hours worked (seasonally adjusted)\nDataset HOUR01 SA | Released 19 May 2026\nActual weekly hours worked including by sex, full-time, part-time and second jobs, UK, rolling three-monthly figures published monthly, seasonally adjusted. Labour Force Survey. These are official statistics in development.\nUnemployment by age and duration (seasonally adjusted)\nDataset UNEM01 SA | Released 19 May 2026\nUnemployment by age and duration (seasonally adjusted). These estimates are sourced from the Labour Force Survey, a survey of households. These are official statistics in development.\nEconomic inactivity by reason (seasonally adjusted)\nDataset INAC01 SA | Released 19 May 2026\nEconomic inactivity (aged 16 to 64 years) by reason (seasonally adjusted). These estimates are sourced from the Labour Force Survey, a survey of households. These are official statistics in development.\nView all related data on our\nrelated data page\n.\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nGlossary\nActual and usual hours worked\nStatistics for\nusual hours worked\nmeasure how many hours people usually work per week. Compared with actual hours worked, they are not affected by absences and so can provide a better measure of normal working patterns. For example, a person who usually works 37 hours a week, but who was on holiday for a week, would be recorded as working zero actual hours for that week, while usual hours would be recorded as 37 hours.\nWorkers temporarily absent from a job because of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic would still be classed as employed; however, they would be employed working no hours. This has directly affected estimates of total actual hours worked during the pandemic. As the average actual weekly hours are the average of all in employment, those temporarily absent from a job also affected these estimates.\nClaimant Count\nThe Claimant Count is an\nofficial statistic in development\nthat measures the number of people who are receiving a benefit principally for the reason of being unemployed. Currently the Claimant Count consists of those receiving Jobseekers' Allowance, and Universal Credit claimants in the \"searching for work\" conditionality group.\nEconomic inactivity\nPeople not in the labour force (also known as\neconomically inactive\n) are not in employment, but do not meet the internationally accepted definition of unemployment because they have not been seeking work within the last four weeks and/or are unable to start work in the next two weeks. The economic inactivity rate is the proportion of people aged between 16 and 64 years who are not in the labour force.\nEmployment\nThe term\nemployment\nmeasures the number of people in paid work or who had a job that they were temporarily away from (for example, because they were on holiday or off sick). This differs from the number of jobs because some people have more than one job. The employment rate is the proportion of people aged between 16 and 64 years who are in employment.\nWorkers furloughed under the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (CJRS), or those who were self-employed, but temporarily not in work, had a reasonable expectation of returning to their jobs after a temporary period of absence. Therefore, they were classified as employed under the International Labour Organization (ILO) definition. A more detailed explanation is available in our\nGuide to labour market statistics methodology\n.\nRedundancies\nThe\nredundancy\nestimate measures the number of people who were made redundant or who took voluntary redundancy in the three months before the Labour Force Survey (LFS) interviews; it does not take into consideration planned redundancies.\nUnemployment\nThe\nunemployment\nestimates measure the number of people without a job who have been actively seeking work within the last four weeks and are available to start work within the next two weeks. The unemployment rate is not the proportion of the total population that is unemployed. It is the proportion of the economically active population (that is, those in work plus those seeking and available to work) that is unemployed.\nA\nmore detailed glossary\nis available.\nBack to table of contents\n12.\nData sources and quality\nThis bulletin relies on data collected from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), the largest household survey in the UK.\nOfficial statistics in development\nThese statistics are labelled as\nofficial statistics in development\n. Until September 2023, these were called \"experimental statistics\". Read more about the change in our\nGuide to official statistics in development methodology\n.\nThese statistics are based on information from the LFS. The reweighting exercise has improved the coherence of our LFS estimates with workforce jobs (WFJ) and Pay As You Earn Real Time Information (PAYE RTI) estimates for periods from January to March 2019.\nNonetheless, the ongoing challenges with response rates and levels mean that LFS-based labour market statistics are now badged as official statistics in development until further review. This is also in line with the\nletter from the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR)\n, stating that LFS statistics should not be published as accredited official statistics until the OSR has reviewed them.\nWe are transforming how we collect and produce the LFS data to improve the quality of these statistics. We have published our\nLabour market transformation article\n, which provides an update on the transformation of labour market statistics.\nMore quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nLabour Force Survey quality and methodology information (QMI)\n.\nCoronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic\nRead more about how the labour market data sources are affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in our\nCoronavirus and the effects on UK labour market statistics article\n.\nFor a comparison of our labour market data sources and the main differences, read our\nComparison of our labour market data sources methodology\n.\nCountry of birth and nationality labour market outputs\nThe RTI adjustment applied from January to March 2020 to June to August 2022 was removed from the LFS weighting methodology, as part of the reweighting exercise in December 2024 described in our\nImpact of reweighting on LFS key indicators: December 2024 article\n.\nBecause of quality concerns during the pandemic (as explained in more detail in our A12 dataset), we have removed the labour market status by country of birth and nationality from our\nA01: Summary of labour market statistics dataset\n, from tables accompanying this bulletin, and from our\nLabour market overview bulletins\n. The country of birth and nationality labour market data has also be withdrawn from our time series data.\nOur\nEMP06: Employment by country of birth and nationality dataset\nand our\nA12: Employment, unemployment and economic inactivity by nationality and country of birth dataset\nwill continue to be made available with additional guidance for users.\nA more in depth look at how country of birth information has changed on the survey is included in our\nLabour Force Survey quality update: April 2026 article\n. We will continue to review and update users accordingly.\nStrengths and limitations\nUncertainty in these data\nThe estimates presented in this bulletin contain uncertainty. For more information on uncertainty, please see our\nUncertainty and how we measure it for our surveys methodology\n.\nThe figures in this bulletin come from the LFS, which gathers information from a sample of households across the UK, rather than from the whole population. The sample is designed to be as accurate as possible, given practical limitations. Results from sample surveys are always estimates, not precise figures. This can have an impact on how changes in the estimates should be interpreted, especially for short-term comparisons. For more information on sampling, see\nSection 2 of our Uncertainty and how we measure it for our surveys methodology\n.\nThe LFS is a survey of households. It is not practical to survey every household each quarter, so these statistics are estimates based on a large sample. As the sample gets smaller, the variability of the estimates gets larger. Estimates for small groups, which are based on small subsets of the LFS sample, are less reliable and tend to be more volatile than for larger aggregated groups.\nIn general, changes in the numbers (and especially the rates) reported in this bulletin between quarters are small and are not usually greater than the level that can be explained by sampling variability. Short-term movements in reported rates should be considered alongside longer-term patterns in the series, and corresponding movements in other sources, to give a fuller picture.\nInformation on the quality of estimates is available in our\nLabour Force Survey sampling variability dataset\n.\nComparability\nThe data in this bulletin follow internationally accepted definitions specified by the\nInternational Labour Organization (ILO)\n. This ensures that the estimates for the UK are comparable with those for other countries.\nWe compare the latest workforce jobs series estimates with the equivalent estimates of jobs from the LFS in our annual\nReconciliation report of job estimates article\n. In March 2026, we updated our\nX03: Reconciliation of estimates of employment and jobs dataset\nto reflect the latest estimates.\nWe compare data sources and discuss some of the main differences between data sources in our\nComparison of labour market data sources methodology\n.\nBack to table of contents\n13.\nRelated links\nImpact of reweighting on Labour Force Survey important indicators: December 2024\nArticle | Released 3 December 2024\nIndicative estimates of the Labour Force Survey (LFS) reweighting methodology on key indicators for the UK, up to and including April to June 2024.\nLabour market transformation – update on progress and plans: April 2026\nArticle | Released 15 April 2026\nLabour market transformation overview, building on previous engagement on the transformed Labour Force Survey.\nWorking and workless households in the UK: October to December 2025\nBulletin | Released 4 March 2026\nThe economic status of households in the UK and the people living in them, where at least one person is aged 16 to 64 years. Taken from the Labour Force Survey.\nYoung people not in education, employment or training (NEET), UK: February 2026\nBulletin | Released 26 February 2026\nEstimates of young people (aged 16 to 24 years) who are not in education, employment or training, by age and sex. These are official statistics in development.\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy\nBulletin | Released 7 May 2026\nThe impact of challenges facing the economy and other events on UK businesses, including financial performance, workforce, trade, and business resilience.\nBack to table of contents\n14.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 19 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nEmployment in the UK: May 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/employmentintheuk/may2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/employmentintheuk/may2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Estimates of employment, unemployment and economic inactivity for the UK.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2", "2025", "2024", "2023", "2024,", "0.1 percentage points", "75.0%", "2026", "0.5 percentage points", "0.2 percentage points", "5.0%", "0.4 percentage points", "20.9%", "12", "3", "19", "2020,", "2021", "2019", "2022", "2020", "2018", "2011", "1,", "77,927", "80,078", "4", "16 years", "34,392", "215", "148", "182", "416", "297", "16", "64 years", "75.0", "0.4", "0.1", "0.0", "0.7", "1,806", "98", "-77", "105", "192", "137", "5.0", "0.3", "-0.2", "0.5", "9,103", "60", "157", "-126", "257", "20.9", "-0.4", "0.6", "1,089.7", "-3.4", "7.6", "126", "25", "-19", "35", "36", "4.2", "-0.7", "5", "2012,", "2025,", "1.275 million", "3.7%", "6", "2013,", "2021,", "6 months", "12 months"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "A02 NSA: Employment, unemployment and economic inactivity for people aged 16 and over and aged from 16 to 64 (not seasonally adjusted)", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/nsaemploymentunemploymentandeconomicinactivityforpeopleaged16andoverandagedfrom16to64a02/current/a02nsajun2026.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "A02 SA: Employment, unemployment and economic inactivity for people aged 16 and over and aged from 16 to 64 (seasonally adjusted)", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/employmentunemploymentandeconomicinactivityforpeopleaged16andoverandagedfrom16to64seasonallyadjusteda02sa/current/a02sajun2026.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "6b197aecfca052602a35"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/earningsandemploymentfrompayasyouearnrealtimeinformationuk/may2026", "title": "Earnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK: May 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nEarly estimates for April 2026 indicate that the number of payrolled employees was 30.2 million, which is a fall of 0.7% from April 2025; this is equivalent to 210,000 fewer employees.\nThe largest decrease was in the wholesale and retail sector, with a fall of 76,000 employees; the largest increase was in the health and social work sector, with a rise of 24,000 employees.\nPayrolled employment decreased by 100,000 employees (0.3%) in April 2026, compared with March 2026; figures for April should be treated as provisional estimates and are likely to be revised when more data are received next month.\nEarly months in the tax year typically carry a greater degree of uncertainty in their initial estimates, and such estimates in recent years have received larger-than-average upward revisions.\nUK payrolled employee growth for March 2026 compared with February 2026 has been revised from a decrease of 11,000 reported in the last bulletin to a decrease of 28,000; this is because of the incorporation of additional real time information (RTI) submissions into the statistics, which takes place every publication and reduces the need for imputation.\nEarly estimates for April 2026 indicate that median monthly pay increased by 4.9%, compared with April 2025.\nAnnual growth in median pay in April 2026 was highest in the health and social work sector, with an increase of 6.8%; it was lowest in the finance and insurance sector, with an increase of 3.1%.\nAbout the data in this bulletin\nEarly estimates for April 2026 are provided to give an indication of the likely level of employees as well as median pay in the latest period. These early estimates are, on average, based on around 85% of information being available. They are of lower quality and will be subject to revision in next month's bulletin when between 98% and 99% of data will be available. A\nrevisions triangle\nis available for employees and median pay at the UK level.\nStatistics in this bulletin are based on people who are employed in at least one job paid through Pay As You Earn (PAYE), and monthly estimates reflect the average of such people for each day of the calendar month. These estimates are formed using a\nmethodology for monthly earnings and employment estimates\ndesigned to align with international guidelines for labour market statistics.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nPayrolled employees\nEarly estimates for April 2026 indicate that there were 30.2 million payrolled employees (Figure 1), a decrease of 0.7% compared with the same period of the previous year. This is a decrease of 210,000 employees over the 12-month period. Compared with the previous month, the number of payrolled employees decreased by 0.3% in April 2026, a decrease of 100,000 people.\nThis monthly change should be treated as provisional, because it is based on an early estimate of April 2026. More information on revisions can be found in\nSection 9: Data sources and quality\n.\nWhen comparing the number of payrolled employees in March 2026 with the previous month, the number decreased by 0.1%. This is revised down from the early estimate of a 0.0% change reported in our previous\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK: April 2026 bulletin\n.\nFigure 1: The number of payrolled employees has decreased from a peak in 2024\nPayrolled employees, seasonally adjusted, UK, July 2014 to April 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period, highlighted in orange, is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nThe March 2026 figure is not a flash estimate of payrolled employees, this is included purely for graphing purposes.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: The number of payrolled employees has decreased from a peak in 2024\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nAnnual growth in the number of employees remained broadly within a range of 1.0% to 1.5% from mid-2016 until 2019. Growth rates before mid-2016 were higher than 1.5% (Figure 2). Starting around early 2019, employee growth began a slight downward trend. However, employee growth slowed more substantially past March 2020, coinciding with the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, becoming negative in April 2020. At the start of 2021, growth rates began to recover and remained high as the labour market recovered from the effects of the pandemic.\nFrom April 2022, the annual growth rate has been falling. Through 2022, this fall was partially caused by the comparison with the increase in employee numbers from March 2021, which levelled off as we no longer compared against this higher baseline, but growth rates then continued to decrease throughout 2023, 2024, and 2025.\nFigure 2: The growth rate of the number of payrolled employees is negative, having decreased at a steady rate since 2022\nPercentage change on same month in previous year, seasonally adjusted, UK, July 2015 to April 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period, highlighted in orange, is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nThe March 2026 figure is not a flash estimate of payrolled employees, this is included purely for graphing purposes.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: The growth rate of the number of payrolled employees is negative, having decreased at a steady rate since 2022\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nMedian monthly pay\nEarly estimates for April 2026 indicate that median monthly pay was £2,627, an increase of 4.9% compared with the same period of the previous year.\nFigure 3: Median pay continues to increase\nMedian pay per month, seasonally adjusted, UK, July 2014 to April 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period, highlighted in orange, is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nThe March 2026 figure is not a flash estimate of payrolled employees, this is included purely for graphing purposes.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: Median pay continues to increase\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFollowing a general trend of increasing pay growth between mid-2015 and mid-2018, pay growth tended to fluctuate around 3.6%, until 2020 when it became negative. This coincided with the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and related economic and policy responses. From June 2020, median pay growth became positive again.\nThe growth rate of median pay continued to increase in line with pre-pandemic trends throughout 2022, but with increasing volatility in late 2022 and early 2023. This pace of growth slowed in late 2023 and remained close to 6.0% throughout 2024 and 2025. A series of lower median pay growth figures were observed in late 2025, likely influenced by the timing of public sector pay settlements having differed from the previous year. In recent months, median pay growth has remained below 6.0%\nFigure 4: The rate of growth in median pay has fallen in recent months, after a period of relative stability from 2023 to 2025\nPercentage change on same month in previous year, seasonally adjusted, UK, July 2015 to April 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period, highlighted in orange, is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nThe March 2026 figure is not a flash estimate of payrolled employees, this is included purely for graphing purposes.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: The rate of growth in median pay has fallen in recent months, after a period of relative stability from 2023 to 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nRegional data\nThe regional figures in this bulletin are based on where employees live and not the location of their place of work. Figures include data for April 2026, and cover\nNomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS): NUTS1, NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions\n.\nNumbers of payrolled employees in the UK for the regions ranged from 818,000 in Northern Ireland, to 4,330,000 in London in April 2026 (Figure 5).\nLondon and Northern Ireland experienced higher growth than the UK average between January 2017 and early 2020, while the North East and Scotland experienced lower growth than the UK overall. Employee numbers within NUTS1, NUTS2, and NUTS3 regions are available in the\naccompanying datasets\n.\nFigure 5: Employee growth is falling in all regions and remains positive in Northern Ireland only\nPercentage change on same month in previous year, seasonally adjusted, UK, January 2017 to April 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nComparing April 2026 with the same period of the previous year for NUTS1 regions, changes in payrolled employees ranged from a 1.3% decrease in London to a 1.0% increase in Northern Ireland.\nExamining NUTS3 regions, Brent experienced a decrease of 2.6% in payrolled employees compared with April 2025, and Mid Ulster experienced an increase of 1.7% (Figure 6).\nFigure 6: Growth in payrolled employees varies across the UK\nPercentage change on same month in previous year, seasonally adjusted, UK, NUTS3 level, April 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nMedian pay across the NUTS3 regions of the UK in April 2026 ranged from £2,277 in Isle of Wight to £4,004 in Wandsworth (Figure 7).\nInner London generally differs from Outer London, with median pay ranging from £2,601 in Enfield to £4,004 in Wandsworth. Median pay in April 2026 for London as a whole was £3,080.\nFigure 7: Median pay varies across the UK\nMedian pay, seasonally adjusted, UK, NUTS3 level, April 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nIndustry data\nThe industrial sectors in this bulletin are based on the\nUK Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes\n, as defined by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). These codes have been determined from both the most recent\nInter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR)\nand data from Companies House for each Pay As You Earn (PAYE) enterprise. The findings from the 14 largest sectors are presented. The seven smaller sectors have been removed from the bulletin for presentational purposes, but their estimates are available in the\naccompanying datasets\n.\nThe three largest sectors (health and social work, wholesale and retail, and education) account for around 40% of UK employees. These three sectors combined with professional, scientific and technical; administrative and support services; manufacturing; and accommodation and food service activities account for around 70% of UK employees.\nSince January 2017, employee growth has not been even across sectors (Figure 8). Sectors such as construction, transportation and storage, and information and communication experienced higher growth than the UK average between January 2017 and early 2020. Sectors such as manufacturing, and wholesale and retail experienced lower growth than the UK overall.\nAll sectors highlighted experienced a decrease in employee growth around April 2020, with the smallest decrease being in health and social work. Public administration and defence, and health and social work saw early recoveries in their growth rates, as did administrative and support services, and education from early 2021 onwards.\nWhen comparing early estimates for April 2026 with the same period of the previous year, percentage changes in payrolled employees ranged from negative 3.4% in accommodation and food service activities to positive 1.4% in finance and insurance.\nFigure 8: Employee growth has varied across sectors\nPercentage change on same month in previous year, seasonally adjusted, UK, January 2017 to April 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nThe largest decrease in payrolled employees between April 2025 and April 2026 was in the wholesale and retail sector (a fall of 76,000 employees), while the largest increase was in the health and social work sector (a rise of 24,000 employees).\nFigure 9: Since April 2025, many of the sectors show a decrease in payrolled employees, particularly wholesale and retail, and accommodation and food services\nPayrolled employees, absolute change on April 2025, seasonally adjusted, UK, April 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 9: Since April 2025, many of the sectors show a decrease in payrolled employees, particularly wholesale and retail, and accommodation and food services\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nMedian pay in April 2026 across the highlighted sectors ranged from £1,435 in the accommodation and food service activities sector to £4,240 in finance and insurance (Figure 10).\nFigure 10: Median pay varies by industry, with the finance and insurance sector and the information and communication sector having notably higher median pay\nMedian pay, seasonally adjusted, UK, April 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 10: Median pay varies by industry, with the finance and insurance sector and the information and communication sector having notably higher median pay\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nCompared with the same month in the previous year, median pay grew fastest in the health and social work sector, at positive 6.8% (Figure 11), and slowest in the finance and insurance sector, at positive 3.1%.\nEstimates of mean pay for each sector are available in the\naccompanying datasets\n.\nFigure 11: Median pay increased most in the health and social work sector\nPercentage change on same month in previous year, seasonally adjusted, UK, April 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 11: Median pay increased most in the health and social work sector\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nAge data\nThe age figures in this bulletin are calculated based on an individual's age at the time they receive a payment.\nOf the 30.2 million payrolled employees in the UK in April 2026, 94.4% are aged 18 to 64 years.\nBetween April 2025 and April 2026, there was a decrease of 55,000 payrolled employees aged under 25 years. During the same period, payrolled employees aged 65 years and over increased by 59,000.\nFigure 12: The 25-to-34-years age group has seen the greatest decrease in payrolled employees since April 2025\nPayrolled employees, absolute change on April 2025, seasonally adjusted, UK, April 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 12: The 25-to-34-years age group has seen the greatest decrease in payrolled employees since April 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nMedian pay in April 2026 ranged from £455 for those aged under 18 years to £3,068 for those aged 35 to 49 years (Figure 13). Overall, median pay is higher in the central age bands, of those studied.\nFigure 13: Median pay varies by age\nMedian pay, seasonally adjusted, UK, April 2026\nSource: Pay As You Earn Real Time Information from HM Revenue and Customs\nNotes:\nThe latest period is based on early data and therefore is more likely to be subject to slightly more substantial revisions.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 13: Median pay varies by age\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nEarnings and employment data\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, non-seasonally adjusted\nDataset | Released 19 May 2026\nEarnings and employment statistics from Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI), UK, NUTS 1, 2 and 3 areas and local authorities, monthly, non-seasonally adjusted.\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, revision triangle\nDataset | Released 19 May 2026\nRevisions of earnings and employment statistics from Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI), UK, monthly.\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, seasonally adjusted\nDataset | Released 19 May 2026\nEarnings and employment statistics from Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI), UK, NUTS 1, 2 and 3 areas and local authorities, monthly, seasonally adjusted.\nIt is also possible for suitable applicants to access a sample of RTI data through HMRC's Datalab. These samples contain the full population of payrolled individuals but only contain selected variables and a shorter timeframe.\nMore information and how to apply for access to HMRC data can be found\non GOV.UK's About the HMRC Datalab page\n.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nGlossary\nMedian monthly pay\nMedian monthly pay shows what a person in the middle of all employees would earn each month. The median pay is generally considered to be a more accurate reflection of the \"average wage\" because it discounts the extremes at either end of the scale.\nPay figures given in this bulletin are based on gross pay\nNational Minimum Wage and National Living Wage\nThe National Minimum Wage (NMW) is a minimum amount per hour that most workers in the UK are entitled to be payrolled. There are different rates of minimum wage depending on a worker's age and whether they are an apprentice. The NMW applies to employees aged 16 to 20 years. The government's National Living Wage (NLW) was introduced on 1 April 2016 and currently applies to employees aged 21 years and over. See current and previous rates for the NMW and NLW on\nthe GOV.UK website\n.\nPay As You Earn\nPay As You Earn (PAYE) is the system employers and pension providers use to take Income Tax and National Insurance contributions before they pay wages or pensions to employees and pensioners. It was introduced in 1944 and is now the way most employees pay Income Tax in the UK. This publication relates to employees only and not pensioners.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nData sources and quality\nData source and collection\nThe data for this release come from HM Revenue and Customs' (HMRC's) Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI) system. They cover the whole population rather than a sample of people or companies, and they will allow for more detailed estimates of the population. More information on the quality of the data and the steps we take to quality assure it can be found in our\nQuality assurance of administrative used in earnings and employment from PAYE RTI methodology\nOur statistical practice is regulated by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR). OSR sets the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nthat all producers of official statistics should adhere to. You are welcome to contact us directly with any comments about how we meet these standards by emailing\nrtistatistics.enquiries@hmrc.gov.uk\n. Alternatively, you can contact OSR by emailing\nregulation@statistics.gov.uk\nor via the OSR website.\nCoverage\nThis publication covers employees payrolled by employers only. It does not cover self-employment income or income from other sources, such as pensions, property rental and investments. Where individuals have multiple sources of income, only income from employers is included.\nThe figures in this release are for the period July 2014 to April 2026 and are seasonally adjusted.\nUpcoming changes\nFollowing the UK's withdrawal from the EU, a replacement to the Eurostat geographical classification NUTS regions has been created. The UK-managed classification of International Territorial Levels (ITLs) will replace the NUTS classification in future publications.\nPlease contact us at\nlabour.market@ons.gov.uk\nand\nrtistatistics.enquiries@hmrc.gov.uk\nif you would like to offer feedback on how the contents can be improved in the future.\nMethodology\nOur\nUser guide to earnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information\ncontains more information on the methods used in this bulletin.\nPre-release data\nHM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) grants pre-release access to\nofficial statistics\npublications. As this is a joint release, and in accordance with the HMRC policy, pre-release access has been granted to a number of people to enable the preparation of statistical publications and ministerial briefing. Further details, including a\nlist of those granted access to official statistics by HMRC\n, can be found on\nthe HMRC website\n.\nAccredited Official Statistics\nThese accredited official statistics were independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in July 2025. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality, and value in the Code of Practice for Statistics and should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nThis is a joint release between HMRC and the Office for National Statistics (ONS).\nStrengths of the data\nAs Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI) data cover the whole population, rather than a sample of people or companies, we are able to use these to produce estimates for geographic areas and other more detailed breakdowns of the population. The methods for producing such breakdowns are under development and we expect to include further statistics in a future release. These statistics can help inform decision-making across the country. They also have the potential to provide more timely estimates than existing measures.\nThese statistics also have the potential to replace some of those based on surveys, which could reduce the burden on businesses needing to fill in statistical surveys.\nIndustry sector classifications\nThe industrial sectors in this bulletin are based on the UK Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes, as defined by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). These codes have been determined from both the most recent Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR) and data from Companies House for each Pay As You Earn (PAYE) enterprise.\nLarge enterprises that cover multiple SIC codes are classified into a single SIC code based on the relative number of employees in each SIC code. Changes to the proportion of employees across SIC codes in large enterprises can result in the enterprise being reclassified to a different SIC code. To obtain the SIC code we link to the most recent quarterly versions of the IDBR. Once a year, when we refresh data for the whole series, the IDBR link is refreshed using the most recent version available, and any reclassifications are then used for the entirety of the time series until the next year.\nThis means that sector-level time series represent the current employers classified in each sector and are less likely to be distorted by employers being reclassified at the enterprise level because of small changes at the lower-unit level. However, it also means that these time series may be revised between publications and, in the historical sections of the time series, employers are classified in sectors in which they were not classified at that point in time. However, this method should minimise discrepancies in the data caused by reclassifications and should more easily allow the tracking of job movements between sectors.\nImputation and revisions\nRTI data used in this release are extracted in the weeks following the end of the latest reference month. For some individuals, this means payments relating to work done in recent reference months are yet to be received. Rather than wait until all payment returns have been received, we produce timelier measures by imputing the values for missing returns.\nFor the latest reference month around 15% of the data are imputed. We refer to this as the \"flash\" or \"early\" estimate in the bulletin, as this figure is the most subject to revision as payment returns are received and the imputed payments replaced with actual data.\nFrom our July 2022 publication, two changes were made to the imputation model. A seasonal factor was incorporated into the imputation model. The model was also made more responsive to recent changes to the labour market that would affect the likelihood of a payment existing. The latter change in particular should reduce the scale of revisions seen to the \"flash\" estimate, but cannot eliminate revisions completely.\nEarlier months also contain some imputed data. Some payment frequencies mean that we have not received the relevant payment data more than a month after the reference period. Also, in some circumstances, returns might be submitted late. Therefore, earlier months are also subject to revision, but these revisions are likely to be much smaller because the level of imputation is smaller. The proportion of imputed data for a reference month, two months before data extraction, is around 1% to 2% of the data.\nFor the majority of months, post-flash revisions will occur in small amounts gradually each month as more submissions are received. However, all RTI submissions must be received before the end of the tax year. Therefore, for months close to the end of the tax year, these submissions and associated minor revisions that would have accumulated through the year instead need to be received all at once in the final submissions of the tax year. The months of January and February will be most affected by this and see sharper non-flash revisions at the end of the tax year if the imputed submissions are not received by that point. From July 2022, changes were incorporated into the imputation model to try to control for these seasonal differences, as well as other seasonal factors that might affect whether submissions are received through different points of the year. Further information on the impact of the changes to the imputation model can be found in our methods article,\nImpact of imputation changes in employment statistics from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information methodology\nThe seasonal adjustment model will also update each month as the model is refined on the latest data available. These adjustments will appear as revisions in the seasonally adjusted data, and in the supporting seasonally adjusted revisions triangle.\nStarting with the December 2020 publication, we introduced a new revisions policy. For each publication, we incorporate new input data only for the current tax year and the previous tax year. Revisions to estimates can potentially be made for up to the last two years, as data can continue to be received, though updates to data outside of the most recent tax year are minimal.\nChanges to the seasonally adjusted data also occur earlier than this limit, as the seasonal adjustment model is refined. The benefit of introducing this revisions policy is that we can use the processing time saved to produce and publish more detailed breakdowns. We capture any new input data referencing earlier years by incorporating data for the whole time series once a year.\nSeasonal adjustment\nThe seasonal adjustment applied in this bulletin follows established best practice. This approach assumes that any seasonal patterns remain broadly consistent over time. If the seasonal pattern changes in strength, this will be represented as greater volatility in the seasonally adjusted figures. Both the seasonal and non-seasonally adjusted datasets are released alongside this bulletin.\nSeasonal adjustment models are updated periodically to incorporate recent data trends. The most recent updates were implemented in the May 2026 publication.\nDifferences compared with other labour market statistics\nThe Labour Force Survey (LFS) is our survey of households, while Workforce Jobs (WFJ) is based mainly on business surveys for employee jobs, with the LFS covering self-employed jobs. HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Indicators (RTI) data are derived from administrative tax records and only cover payrolled employees.\nEach of these three sources are collected and processed in different ways, so we do expect differences in levels (for example, jobs versus people, differing reference periods). Divergence across indicators for more than one period is not unusual. For further information, please see Trends and considerations around comparisons in our\nLabour market overview bulletin\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nRelated links\nLabour market overview: May 2026\nBulletin | Released 19 May 2026\nEstimates of employment, unemployment, economic inactivity and other employment-related statistics for the UK.\nEmployment in the UK: May 2026\nBulletin | Released 19 May 2026\nEstimates of employment, unemployment and economic inactivity for the UK.\nLabour market in the regions of the UK: May 2026\nBulletin | Released 19 May 2026\nRegional, local authority and parliamentary constituency breakdowns of changes in UK employment, unemployment, and economic inactivity and other related statistics. These are official statistics in development.\nAverage weekly earnings in Great Britain: May 2026\nBulletin | Released 19 May 2026\nEstimates of growth in earnings for employees before tax and other deductions from pay.\nVacancies and jobs in the UK: May 2026\nBulletin | Released 19 May 2026\nEstimates of the number of vacancies and jobs for the UK.\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS) and HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC), released 19 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK: May 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/earningsandemploymentfrompayasyouearnrealtimeinformationuk/may2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/earningsandemploymentfrompayasyouearnrealtimeinformationuk/may2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Monthly estimates of payrolled employees and their pay from HM Revenue and Customs’ (HMRC’s) Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI) data. This is a joint release between HMRC and the Office for National Statistics (ONS).", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2026", "30.2 million", "0.7%", "2025", "210,000", "76,000", "24,000", "100,000", "0.3%", "2026,", "11,000", "28,000", "4.9%", "6.8%", "3.1%", "85%", "98%", "99%", "2", "12", "9", "0.1%", "0.0%", "2024", "2014", "1.0%", "1.5%", "2016", "2019", "2019,", "2020,", "19", "2020", "2021,", "2022,", "2023,", "2024,", "2022", "2015", "3", "2,627,", "2018,", "3.6%", "2023", "6.0%", "2025,", "4", "818,000", "4,330,000", "5", "2017", "1.3%", "2.6%", "1.7%", "6", "2,277", "4,004", "7", "2,601", "3,080", "14", "40%", "70%", "2017,", "8", "2021", "3.4%", "1.4%", "1,435", "4,240", "10", "11", "94.4%", "18", "64 years", "55,000", "25 years", "65 years", "59,000"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Earnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, non-seasonally adjusted", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/realtimeinformationstatisticsreferencetablenonseasonallyadjusted/current/rtinsajun2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Earnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, revision triangle", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/earningsandemploymentfrompayasyouearnrealtimeinformationrevisiontriangle/june2026/rtirevisiontrianglejun2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Earnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, revision triangle", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/earningsandemploymentfrompayasyouearnrealtimeinformationrevisiontriangle/may2026/rtirevisiontrianglemay2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/regionallabourmarket/may2026", "title": "Labour market in the regions of the UK: May 2026", "context": "1.\nOther pages in this release\nLabour market overview\nAverage weekly earnings in Great Britain\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK\nEmployment in the UK\nVacancies and jobs in the UK\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nMain points\nEstimates from January to March 2025 include the full effect of the improvements in Labour Force Survey (LFS) data collection and sampling methods introduced from January 2024 onwards.\nSome volatility remains particularly for estimates for mid-2023 and throughout 2024, and for granular breakdowns, where sample sizes are smaller.\nWe recommend using the LFS estimates as part of our suite of labour market indicators, alongside workforce jobs, Claimant Count, and Pay As You Earn Real Time Information (PAYE RTI) estimates.\nThe highest employment rate in the UK was in the South East (78.5%), while the lowest was in the North East (72.0%); the highest unemployment rate was in London (7.3%), while the lowest was in Northern Ireland (2.1%), in January to March 2026. The highest economic inactivity rate was in Northern Ireland (26.3%), while the lowest was in the South West (18.3%), in January to March 2026.\nThe number of payrolled employees has decreased for all regions and countries of the UK except Northern Ireland, where it has increased by 1.0%, when comparing April 2026 with the same period the previous year; early months in the tax year typically carry a greater degree of uncertainty in their initial estimates, and such estimates in recent years have received larger-than-average upward revisions.\n!\nLabour market statistics based on both the Labour Force Survey (LFS) and the Annual Population Survey (APS) are considered\nofficial statistics in development\n. Read more in\nSection 6: Data sources and quality\n.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nLatest headline estimate\nTable 1: Summary of the latest headline estimates and quarterly changes [Notes 1, 5, and 6] UK regions, seasonally adjusted, January to March 2026\nEmployment rate (%) aged 16 to 64 years [Note 2]\nChange on October to December 2025\nUnemployment rate (%) aged 16 years and over [Note 3]\nChange on October to December 2025\nInactivity rate (%) aged 16 to 64 years [Note 4]\nChange on October to December 2025\nUK\n75.0\n0.1\n5.0\n-0.2\n20.9\n0.1\nGreat Britain\n75.1\n0.0\n5.1\n-0.2\n20.8\n0.1\nEngland\n75.4\n0.1\n5.2\n-0.3\n20.4\n0.1\nNorth East\n72.0\n2.9\n5.5\n-1.5\n23.8\n-1.9\nNorth West\n73.9\n0.4\n4.9\n-0.2\n22.2\n-0.3\nYorkshire and The Humber\n72.6\n-0.3\n5.8\n0.0\n22.7\n0.2\nEast Midlands\n75.0\n-0.3\n5.5\n-0.5\n20.5\n0.7\nWest Midlands\n73.8\n0.7\n5.4\n-0.7\n21.9\n0.1\nEast\n77.9\n-0.4\n4.2\n-0.5\n18.6\n0.7\nLondon\n74.1\n0.3\n7.3\n-0.3\n19.9\n-0.2\nSouth East\n78.5\n-0.3\n3.8\n-0.3\n18.4\n0.5\nSouth West\n78.2\n-0.4\n4.5\n0.8\n18.3\n-0.1\nWales\n72.1\n0.3\n3.6\n-0.9\n25.1\n0.2\nScotland\n73.7\n-1.1\n4.4\n0.7\n22.7\n0.5\nNorthern Ireland\n72.1\n0.3\n2.1\n-0.1\n26.3\n-0.2\nSource: Labour Force Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nGiven the volatility of Labour Force Survey (LFS) estimates, we advise users to use caution when drawing conclusions from short-term changes, and to focus on long-term movements in the data.\nCalculation of headline employment rate: number of employed people aged 16 to 64 years, divided by the population aged 16 to 64 years. Population is the sum of employed, plus unemployed, plus inactive.\nCalculation of headline unemployment rate: number of unemployed people aged 16 years and over divided by the sum of employed people aged 16 years and over plus unemployed people aged 16 years and over.\nCalculation of headline economic inactivity rate: number of economically inactive people aged from 16 to 64 years divided by the population aged from 16 to 64 years. Population is the sum of employed plus unemployed plus inactive.\nThe estimates in this table come from a survey and are therefore subject to sampling variability.\nMore information on the quality of these estimates is available in Table A11 of the labour market overview and Dataset S02 from this release.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Summary of the latest headline estimates and quarterly changes [Notes 1, 5, and 6] UK regions, seasonally adjusted, January to March 2026\n.xls\n.csv\nTable 2: Summary of latest headline estimates and annual changes, for regions of the UK, seasonally adjusted, January to March 2026 [Notes 1, 5 and 6]\nEmployment rate (%) aged 16 to 64 years [Note 2]\nChange on January to March 2025\nUnemployment rate (%) aged 16 years and over [Note 3]\nChange on January to March 2025\nInactivity rate (%) aged 16 to 64 years [Note 4]\nChange on January to March 2025\nUK\n75.0\n0.0\n5.0\n0.5\n20.9\n-0.4\nGreat Britain\n75.1\n0.0\n5.1\n0.5\n20.8\n-0.4\nEngland\n75.4\n0.0\n5.2\n0.6\n20.4\n-0.6\nNorth East\n72.0\n4.0\n5.5\n0.3\n23.8\n-4.6\nNorth West\n73.9\n-0.1\n4.9\n0.8\n22.2\n-0.6\nYorkshire and The Humber\n72.6\n0.4\n5.8\n0.9\n22.7\n-1.4\nEast Midlands\n75.0\n0.0\n5.5\n1.2\n20.5\n-1.1\nWest Midlands\n73.8\n1.0\n5.4\n0.9\n21.9\n-1.8\nEast\n77.9\n-0.5\n4.2\n-0.4\n18.6\n0.8\nLondon\n74.1\n-0.2\n7.3\n1.0\n19.9\n-0.7\nSouth East\n78.5\n-0.2\n3.8\n-0.4\n18.4\n0.5\nSouth West\n78.2\n-1.8\n4.5\n1.0\n18.3\n0.9\nWales\n72.1\n0.8\n3.6\n-1.5\n25.1\n0.4\nScotland\n73.7\n-0.8\n4.4\n0.1\n22.7\n0.7\nNorthern Ireland\n72.1\n0.6\n2.1\n0.5\n26.3\n-1.0\nSource: Labour Force Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nGiven the volatility of Labour Force Survey (LFS) estimates, we advise users to use caution when drawing conclusions from short-term changes, and to focus on long-term movements in the data.\nCalculation of headline employment rate: number of employed people aged 16 to 64 years, divided by the population aged 16 to 64 years. Population is the sum of employed, plus unemployed, plus inactive.\nCalculation of headline unemployment rate: number of unemployed people aged 16 years and over divided by the sum of employed people aged 16 years and over plus unemployed people aged 16 years and over.\nCalculation of headline economic inactivity rate: number of economically inactive people aged from 16 to 64 years divided by the population aged from 16 to 64 years. Population is the sum of employed plus unemployed plus inactive.\nThe estimates in this table come from a survey and are therefore subject to sampling variability.\nMore information on the quality of these estimates is available in Table A11 of the labour market overview and Dataset S02 from this release.\nDownload this table\nTable 2: Summary of latest headline estimates and annual changes, for regions of the UK, seasonally adjusted, January to March 2026 [Notes 1, 5 and 6]\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nData on regional labour market\nRegional labour market: Claimant Count denominators\nDataset S03| Released 21 April 2026\nWork-placed based denominators used for calculating Claimant Count rates for regions and countries of the UK.\nRegional labour market: headline Labour Force Survey indicators for all regions\nDataset HI00 | Released 19 May 2026\nLabour market indicators for UK constituent countries and English regions, including employment, unemployment, economic inactivity, workers' hours, jobs and Claimant Count, published monthly.\nRegional labour market: Claimant Count by unitary and local authority (official statistics in development)\nDataset CC01 | Released 19 May 2026\nClaimant Count by sex for local and unitary authorities, counties and regions in the UK, published monthly. These are official statistics in development.\nRegional labour market summary\nDataset S01 | Released 19 May 2026\nLabour market indicators for UK countries and regions, including employment, unemployment, and economic inactivity, rolling three-monthly figures published monthly, seasonally adjusted. Labour Force Survey.\nRegional labour market: local indicators for counties, local and unitary authorities\nDataset LI01 | Released 21 April 2026\nLabour market indicators for local authorities, unitary authorities, counties and regions in Great Britain for a 12-month period, published quarterly. These are official statistics in development.\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, seasonally adjusted\nDataset | Released 19 May 2026\nEarnings and employment statistics from Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI), UK, NUTS 1, 2 and 3 areas and local authorities, monthly, seasonally adjusted.\nAll regional labour market datasets used in this bulletin are available on our Related data page. Alternatively,\nNomis\nprovides free access to the most detailed and up-to-date UK labour market statistics.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nGlossary\nStatistics for\nusual hours worked\nmeasure how many hours people usually work per week. Compared with actual hours worked, they are not affected by absences and so can provide a better measure of normal working patterns. For example, a person who usually works 37 hours a week, but who was on holiday for a week, would be recorded as working zero actual hours for that week, while usual hours would be recorded as 37 hours.\nClaimant Count\nThe\nClaimant Count\nis an official statistic in development that measures the number of people who are receiving a benefit principally for the reason of being unemployed. Currently, the Claimant Count consists of those receiving Jobseekers' Allowance and Universal Credit claimants in the \"searching for work\" conditionality group.\nEconomic inactivity\nPeople not in the labour force (also known as\neconomically inactive\n) are not in employment, but do not meet the internationally accepted definition of unemployment because they have not been seeking work within the last four weeks, or they are unable to start work in the next two weeks. The economic inactivity rate is the proportion of people aged between 16 and 64 years who are not in the labour force.\nEmployment\nThe term\nemployment\nrefers to the number of people in paid work or those who had a job that they were temporarily away from (for example, because they were on holiday or off sick). This differs from the number of jobs because some people have more than one job. The employment rate is the proportion of people aged between 16 and 64 years who are in employment. A more detailed explanation is available in our\nGuide to labour market statistics methodology\n.\nUnemployment\nThe term\nunemployment\nrefers to the number of people without a job who have been actively seeking work within the last four weeks and are available to start work within the next two weeks. The unemployment rate is not the proportion of the total population who are unemployed. It is the proportion of the economically active population (those in work plus those seeking and available to work) who are unemployed.\nLocal labour market indicators\nLocal labour market indicators cover employment, unemployment, economic inactivity, and jobs density for subregional geographical areas (such as local and unitary authorities, counties, and regions in the UK) for the most recent 12-month period available of the Annual Population Survey (APS). The jobs density of an area is the number of jobs per head of resident population, aged 16 to 64 years.\nPay As You Earn Real Time Information\nThese data come from HM Revenue and Customs' (HMRC's) Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI) system. They cover the whole population rather than a sample of people or companies, and they will allow for more detailed estimates of the population. The release is now accredited as official statistics.\nPAYE is the system employers and pension providers use to take Income Tax and National Insurance contributions before they pay wages or pensions to employees and pensioners. This publication relates to employees only and not pensioners.\nFor more terms relating to the labour market, a more detailed glossary is available in our\nGuide to labour market statistics methodology\n.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nData sources and quality\nFrom our December 2024 labour market release, Labour Force Survey (LFS) periods from January to March 2019 onwards have been reweighted. The reweighted LFS estimates incorporate information on the size and composition of the UK population, based on 2022 mid-year estimates. For England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, they are projected forward using scaling factors from 2021-based national population projections, published in January 2024. For Scotland, they are projected forward using scaling factors from 2020-based national population projections, published in January 2023.\nThis reweighting creates a discontinuity between December 2018 to February 2019 and January to March 2019. Users should account for this discontinuity when considering long-term movements in the series.\nWe have modelled the seasonally adjusted UK levels of employment, unemployment, and economic inactivity by sex and age band back to the start of the population revisions in June to August 2011. This has been done by scaling to the latest population estimates, while accounting for the relative revisions to population by sex and age band in each year over the revision period. While UK measures have been modelled, estimates for the regions and countries have not. Therefore, LFS estimates for the regions and countries of the UK will be inconsistent with UK totals for periods between June to August 2011 and December 2018 to February 2019.\nFor further information, please see our\nImpact of reweighting on Labour Force Survey key indicators article\n.\nThe Annual Population Survey (APS) estimates have not been weighted to the same populations as the Labour Force Survey (LFS). Therefore, all APS tables will be inconsistent with those used for the LFS in the latest periods.\nEstimates from January to March 2025 include the full effect of the improvements in LFS data collection and sampling methods introduced from January 2024 onwards. Some volatility remains particularly for estimates for mid-2023 and throughout 2024, and for granular breakdowns, where sample sizes are smaller. Caution should be taken when drawing conclusions from short-term changes, and we advise users to focus on long term movements in the data. It should be noted that LFS, APS, and Real Time Information (RTI) estimates are based on the region where someone lives, as opposed to the region where they may happen to work, which may be different.\nAlongside the labour market publication in April 2026, we published an article on\nLabour market quality\n. The article provides information about current response rates and known biases in LFS data, and provides users with information to better understand the current quality of the data.\nOfficial statistics in development\nLFS and APS estimates are currently not considered accredited official statistics and are designated as\nofficial statistics in development\n. Until September 2023, these were called \"experimental statistics\". Read more about the change in our\nGuide to official statistics in development\n. More information about the APS being classed as \"official statistics in development\" can be found in the\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS) letter to the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) about the Annual Population Survey\n, published on 9 October 2024.\nUncertainty\nThe estimates presented in this bulletin contain uncertainty, as defined in our\nUncertainty and how we measure it for our surveys methodology\n. The LFS gathers information from a\nsample of households\nacross the UK. The sample is designed to be as accurate as possible, given practical limitations. This can have an impact on how changes in the estimates should be interpreted, especially for short-term comparisons.\nAs the number of people in the sample gets smaller, the variability of the estimates that we can make from that sample gets larger. Estimates for small groups, which are based on small subsets of the sample, are less reliable and tend to be more volatile than for larger aggregated groups.\nIn general, changes in the numbers (and especially the rates) reported between three-month periods are small and are not usually greater than the level that is explained by sampling variability. For a fuller picture, short-term movements in reported rates should be considered alongside longer-term patterns in the series and corresponding movements in other sources.\nThe data in this bulletin follow internationally accepted definitions specified by the International Labour Organization (ILO). This ensures that the estimates for the UK are comparable with those for other countries. For more information, see the ILO's\nResolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labour underutilization publication\n.\nReliability of the main indicators in this bulletin can be obtained by monitoring the size of revisions. These measures are available in our\nRegional sampling variability and revisions summary dataset\n.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nRelated links\nWorking and workless households in the UK: October to December 2025\nBulletin | Released 4 March 2026\nThe economic status of households in the UK and the people living in them, where at least one person is aged 16 to 64 years. Taken from the Labour Force Survey.\nWorkless households for regions across the UK: 2024\nBulletin | Released 30 July 2025\nAnnual information at a local level about households and the adults and children living in them, by their economic activity status.\nWelsh Government labour market overview\nBulletin | Released 19 May 2026\nMonthly data on employment, unemployment and economic inactivity.\nScottish Government labour market statistics\nStatistical release | Released 19 May 2026\nStatistical publications relating to Scotland's labour market.\nNorthern Ireland Statistics Research Agency labour market overview\nArticle | Released 19 May 2026\nA monthly overview of the main labour market statistics for Northern Ireland, from household and business surveys, plus administrative sources, from the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA).\nLabour market transformation – update on progress and plans: April 2026\nArticle | Released 15 April 2026\nLabour market transformation overview, building on previous engagement on the Transformed Labour Force Survey.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), published 19 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nLabour market in the regions of the UK: May 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/regionallabourmarket/may2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/regionallabourmarket/may2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Regional, local authority, and parliamentary constituency breakdowns of changes in UK employment, unemployment, and economic inactivity, and related statistics.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2", "2025", "2024", "2023", "2024,", "78.5%", "72.0%", "7.3%", "2.1%", "2026", "26.3%", "18.3%", "1.0%", "6", "3", "1,", "5,", "16", "64 years", "16 years", "4", "75.0", "0.1", "5.0", "-0.2", "20.9", "75.1", "0.0", "5.1", "20.8", "75.4", "5.2", "-0.3", "20.4", "72.0", "2.9", "5.5", "-1.5", "23.8", "-1.9", "73.9", "0.4", "4.9", "22.2", "72.6", "5.8", "22.7", "0.2", "-0.5", "20.5", "0.7", "73.8", "5.4", "-0.7", "21.9", "77.9", "-0.4", "4.2", "18.6", "74.1", "0.3", "7.3", "19.9", "78.5", "3.8", "18.4", "0.5", "78.2", "4.5", "0.8", "18.3", "-0.1", "72.1", "3.6", "-0.9", "25.1", "73.7", "-1.1", "4.4"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "CC02 Regional labour market: Claimant Count by Parliamentary constituency (official statistics in development)", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peoplenotinwork/unemployment/datasets/claimantcountbyparliamentaryconstituencyexperimental/current/lmregtabcc02june2026.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "CC02.1 Regional labour market: Claimant Count for constituencies of the Scottish Parliament (official statistics in development)", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/cc021regionallabourmarketclaimantcountforscottishparliamentaryconstituenciesexperimental/current/lmregtabcc02.1june2026.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "b296c02e916e12de0553"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/publicopinionsandsocialtrendsgreatbritain/april2026", "title": "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: April 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nThe following information is from data collected from 1 to 26 April 2026, based on adults in Great Britain.\nThe most commonly reported important issues facing the UK today were the cost of living (90%), the NHS (80%), and the economy (74%).\nThe proportion of adults reporting international conflict as an important issue (63%) was the same as last month, but has increased since February 2026 (50%); this is currently the highest it has been since we started asking this question in October 2022.\nThe most commonly reported important issues among younger adults aged 16 to 29 years were the cost of living (96%), the NHS (72%), and the economy (70%); the most commonly reported issues among older adults aged 70 years and over were the NHS (88%), the cost of living (83%), and immigration (76%).\nAround 4 in 5 adults (79%) reported that their cost of living had increased compared with one month ago; this is an increase from 67% who reported this in March 2026, and 56% who reported this in February 2026.\nJust over half of adults (51%) agreed or strongly agreed that elections in the UK are fair and democratic, while 28% neither agreed nor disagreed, and 20% disagreed or strongly disagreed.\nAlmost 4 in 5 adults (78%) reported being most concerned about the spread of misinformation, disinformation, and “fake news”; this makes it the most commonly reported issue when thinking about future elections in the UK.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nImportant issues facing the UK\nIn the latest period (1 to 26 April 2026), the most frequently reported issues facing the UK today continued to be:\nthe cost of living (90%)\nthe NHS (80%)\nthe economy (74%)\nOther commonly reported issues during this time included international conflict (63%), crime (58%), immigration (56%), housing (54%), and climate change and the environment (54%).\nThe proportion of adults reporting international conflict as an important issue (63%) has increased since February 2026 (50%). This proportion is the same as last month and is the highest it has been since we started asking this question in October 2022.\nFigure 1: Reporting of international conflict as an important issue is at its highest level since October 2022\nProportion of adults reporting each important issue, Great Britain, October 2022 to April 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nRespondents could select more than one option.\nThe length of each data collection period presented in this time series may be different.\nThere were differences in how demographic groups perceived the importance of the issues facing the UK.\nIn the latest period, the important issues most commonly reported by younger adults (aged 16 to 29 years) were:\nthe cost of living (96%)\nthe NHS (72%)\nthe economy (70%)\nhousing (64%)\nemployment (64%)\nThe important issues most commonly reported by older adults (aged 70 years and over) were:\nthe NHS (88%)\nthe cost of living (83%)\nimmigration (76%)\nthe economy (75%)\ninternational conflict (72%)\nYounger adults (aged 16 to 29 years) were more likely than older adults (aged 70 years and over) to report the cost of living, housing, and employment as important issues. Older adults were more likely than younger adults to select the NHS, crime, and immigration as important issues.\nFigure 2: Adults aged 16 to 29 years were more likely to report the cost of living as an important issue\nProportion of adults reporting each important issue, by age group, Great Britain, 1 to 26 April 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nRespondents could select more than one option.\nSee our accompanying datasets for additional response options and further breakdowns.\nMen were more likely to report the economy as an important issue facing the UK (78%) compared with women (71%); women were more likely to select the NHS (83%) as an important issue, when compared with men (76%).\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nCost of living\nIn the latest period (1 to 26 April 2026), nearly 4 in 5 (79%) adults reported that their cost of living had increased compared with one month ago. This is an increase from 67% reporting this between 4 and 29 March 2026 and 56% between 4 February and 1 March 2026.\nReasons for increases in the cost of living\nAmong those who reported that their cost of living had increased compared with a month ago, the most commonly reported reason was the price of food shopping (92%). This has been the case since we first asked this question in November 2021. Other commonly reported reasons included:\nprice of fuel (80%)\ngas or electricity bills (60%)\nActions taken because of increases in the cost of living\nIn the period 1 to 26 April 2026, the most common actions reported because of increases in the cost of living included:\nspending less on non-essentials (62%)\nshopping around more (40%)\nusing less fuel, such as gas or electricity, in their home (39%)\nspending less on food shopping and essentials (39%)\ncutting back on non-essential journeys in their vehicle (37%)\nAround 2 in 5 (40%) adults reported shopping around more because of the increases in the cost of living. Adults aged 16 to 29 years (20%) were least likely to report this, compared with:\n41% of those aged 30 to 49 years\n54% of those aged 50 to 69 years\n41% of those aged 70 years and over\nAround 2 in 5 (39%) adults reported using less fuel, such as gas or electricity, in their home because of the increases in the cost of living. Younger adults were less likely to report this than older adults. This is broken down as:\n17% of those aged 16 to 29 years\n37% of those aged 30 to 49 years\n49% of those aged 50 to 69 years\n49% of those aged 70 years and over\nAround 2 in 5 (39%) adults reported spending less on food shopping and essentials because of increases in the cost of living. Those aged 70 years and over (26%) were least likely to report this, compared with:\n37% of those aged 16 to 29 years\n44% of those aged 30 to 49 years\n42% of those aged 50 to 69 years\nAlmost 2 in 5 (37%) adults reported cutting back on non-essential journeys because of the rising cost of living. This is an increase from 31% reporting this between 4 and 29 March 2026, and from 25% this time last year (2 to 27 April 2025).\nAbility to save money\nAround 2 in 5 (38%) adults reported that they think they would be unable to save any money in the next 12 months, which is an increase from 33% in the period 4 to 29 March 2026.\nAdults aged 16 to 29 years (28%) were less likely to report that they think they would be unable to save any money in the next 12 months, compared with:\n40% of those aged 30 to 49 years\n43% of those aged 50 to 69 years\n41% of those aged 70 years and over\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nPublic perceptions of UK elections\nFairness of elections in the UK\nIn the latest period (1 to 26 April 2026), we asked adults in Great Britain to what extent they agree or disagree with the statement: \"Elections in the UK are fair and democratic\". Just over half of adults (51%) agreed or strongly agreed that elections in the UK are fair and democratic. Around 3 in 10 adults (28%) neither agreed nor disagreed, and 2 in 10 (20%) disagreed or strongly disagreed with this statement. The proportion of adults who agreed or strongly agreed that elections are fair and democratic was lower than in the period 5 to 30 March 2025, when it was 58%.\nIn the latest period, adults aged 70 years and over were more likely to agree or strongly agree that elections in the UK are fair and democratic (61%), compared with:\n41% of those aged 16 to 29 years\n49% of those aged 30 to 49 years\n54% of those aged 50 to 69 years\nMen (57%) were more likely to agree or strongly agree with this statement than women (46%).\nFigure 3: Just over half of adults agreed UK elections are fair and democratic, while around 3 in 10 neither agreed or disagreed, and 2 in 10 disagreed\nProportion of adults reporting the extent to which they agree or disagree that elections in the UK are fair and democratic, by age group and sex, Great Britain, 1 to 26 April 2026\nSource: Opinions and Lifestyle Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nEstimates may not sum to 100 because of rounding.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: Just over half of adults agreed UK elections are fair and democratic, while around 3 in 10 neither agreed or disagreed, and 2 in 10 disagreed\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nConcerns for future elections\nIn the latest period, we asked adults in Great Britain what issues they were most concerned about when thinking about future elections in the UK. Around 8 in 10 adults (78%) reported concerns about the spread of misinformation, disinformation, and “fake news”, making this the most reported concern. Over 6 in 10 adults (63%) reported being concerned about bias in the media, and over half (53%) reported being concerned about foreign influence on UK election results.\nOther concerns that respondents reported when thinking about future elections in the UK included:\nelectoral fraud (26%)\nthe need for voters to present identification (ID) in certain elections (20%)\nthe safety of candidates who run for election (including physical and online safety) (19%)\nFigure 4: The spread of misinformation, disinformation, and “fake news” was the most commonly reported issue when thinking about future elections in the UK\nProportion of adults reporting the issues they are most concerned about when thinking about future elections in the UK, Great Britain, 1 to 26 April 2026\nSource: Opinions and Lifestyle Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nRespondents could select more than one option.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: The spread of misinformation, disinformation, and “fake news” was the most commonly reported issue when thinking about future elections in the UK\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nAdults aged 70 years and over were more likely to report electoral fraud as a concern when thinking about future elections in the UK (37%), compared with:\n22% of those aged 16 to 29 years\n18% of those aged 30 to 49 years\n31% of those aged 50 to 69 years\nMen (25%) were more likely than women (16%) to report the need for voters to present ID in certain elections as a concern, when thinking about future elections in the UK.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nData on public opinions and social trends\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: household finances\nDataset | Released 15 May 2026\nPeople's experiences of changes in their cost of living and household finances in Great Britain; indicators from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: social media use and attitudes towards elections\nDataset | Released 15 May 2026\nIndicators from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN) related to people’s social media use and attitudes towards elections in Great Britain.\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: personal well-being and loneliness\nDataset | Released 15 May 2026\nPersonal well-being, loneliness and what people in Great Britain felt were important issues; indicators from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: social mobility\nDataset | Released 15 May 2026\nSocial mobility and life opportunities across different generations in Great Britain; indicators from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: working arrangements\nDataset | Released 15 May 2026\nWorking arrangements of people in Great Britain; indicators from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: winter pressures\nDataset | Released 15 May 2026\nPeople's experiences of winter pressures in Great Britain; indicators from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nOpinions and Lifestyle Survey: sample sizes, response rates and user requested data\nDataset | Released 15 May 2026\nSurvey information including sample sizes, response rates and user requested data for the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nData sources and quality\nSample\nThe analysis in this bulletin is based on adults aged 16 years and over in Great Britain.\nIn the latest period, 1 to 26 April 2026, we sampled 8,720 households. This sample was randomly selected from people who had previously completed the Transformed Labour Force Survey (TLFS) or Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN). There were 3,650 individuals in the responding sample for the latest period, representing a 42% response rate.\nData quality\nSurvey weights were applied to make estimates representative of the population, based on our population estimates. Estimates for some groups of the population may be subject to greater\nuncertainty\nbecause of smaller sample sizes for these groups (for example, younger adults).\nFrom the 1 to 26 April 2026 data collection period onwards, the population totals used in weighting OPN estimates are based on 2024 mid-year estimates using updated population projections. They are initially projected forward using scaling factors derived from 2022-based subnational population projections by local authority, age, and sex, and subsequently constrained to 2022-based national population projection totals. These estimates are adjusted to cover only the population living in households and student halls of residence.\nWe provide\nconfidence intervals\nfor all estimates in the datasets. Where comparisons between estimates are made, associated confidence intervals should be used to assess the\nstatistical significance\nof the differences.\nFurther information on the survey design and quality is available in our\nOpinions and Lifestyle Survey quality and methodology information (QMI)\n.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nRelated links\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: March 2026\nBulletin | Released 17 April 2026\nSocial insights on daily life, including experiences of the cost of living and attitudes to important issues, from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nEconomic activity and social change real-time indicators, UK, dashboard\nOnline tool | Updated 14 May 2026\nAn overview of the UK economy and society, based on rapid response surveys, novel data sources, and innovative methods.\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy: 7 May 2026\nBulletin | Released 7 May 2026\nThe impact of challenges facing the economy and other events on UK businesses, including financial performance, workforce, trade, and business resilience.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 15 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain: April 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/publicopinionsandsocialtrendsgreatbritain/april2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/publicopinionsandsocialtrendsgreatbritain/april2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Social insights on daily life, including personal well-being, cost of living, and attitudes on important issues, from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "26", "2026,", "90%", "80%", "74%", "63%", "2026", "50%", "2022", "16", "29 years", "96%", "72%", "70%", "70 years", "88%", "83%", "76%", "4", "5", "79%", "67%", "56%", "51%", "28%", "20%", "78%", "2", "58%", "54%", "64%", "75%", "71%", "3", "29", "92%", "2021", "60%", "62%", "40%", "39%", "37%", "41%", "30", "49 years", "50", "69 years", "17%", "49%", "26%", "44%", "42%", "31%", "25%", "27", "2025", "38%", "12 months", "33%", "43%", "10", "2025,", "61%", "57%", "46%", "100", "8", "6", "53%", "19%", "22%", "18%", "16%", "15", "16 years", "8,720", "3,650", "2024", "7"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: sample sizes, response rates and user requested data", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/datasets/opinionsandlifestylesurveysamplesizesresponseratesanduserrequesteddata/current/samplesizesresponseratesanduserrequesteddata.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "5501fc9a70ae5c53de68"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/lifeexpectancies/bulletins/pastandprojecteddatafromtheperiodandcohortlifetables/2024baseduk1981to2074", "title": "Past and projected period and cohort life tables: 2024-based, UK, 1981 to 2074", "context": "1.\nMain points\nGirls born in the UK in 2024 can expect to live to age 90.2 years on average, and boys to age 86.9 years based on projections of cohort life expectancy, which take into account assumed future improvements in mortality.\nCohort life expectancy at birth in the UK is projected to reach 92.4 years for girls and 89.6 years for boys born in 2049, an increase of 2.2 years and 2.6 years, respectively from 2024.\nThe gap between female and male cohort life expectancy at birth in the UK has fallen from 4.4 years in 1981 to 3.3 years in 2024, and is projected to be 2.9 years in 2049.\nFemales aged 65 years in the UK in 2024 can expect to live a further 22.7 years on average, and males a further 20.0 years based on cohort life expectancy, with this projected to rise to 24.6 years for females and 22.0 years for males in 2049.\n26.3% of girls and 18.3% of boys born in 2049 in the UK are expected to live to at least 100 years of age, an increase from 19.1% of girls and 12.0% of boys born in 2024.\nThe 2024-based cohort life expectancy projections are very similar to the 2022-based projections, with differences of less than 0.1 years for cohort life expectancy at birth in 2049 for both males and females.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nLife expectancy calculator\nUse our interactive calculator to find out average life expectancy and the likelihood of living to age 100 years for someone of your age and sex, given assumed future mortality improvements.\nThis is average cohort life expectancy, which does not consider other factors that may affect life expectancy such as lifestyle or health conditions.\nThe life expectancy calculator is available for ages 0 to 100 years. Expectations of life at the oldest ages are highly uncertain and have not been included in the life expectancy calculator or accompanying data tables.\nLife expectancy calculator\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nSource: Past and projected period and cohort life tables: 2024-based, UK, 1981 to 2074 from the Office for National Statistics\nThe average life expectancy values are age as at last birthday. For example, if the average life expectancy was 87.95 years, the age provided by the life expectancy calculator would be 87 years.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nPrincipal projections of period and cohort life expectancy\nLife expectancy projections are based on\nassumptions about future changes in mortality rates\nby age and sex, which are informed by trends in historical data and expert opinion.\nPeriod life expectancy tells us how much longer (on average) a person of a given age is expected to live based on the mortality rates in a specific year (or group of years). It assumes that these age-specific mortality rates will apply throughout the remainder of a person’s life and is produced separately for males and females For the definition of period life expectancy, please see\nSection 8: Glossary\n.\nFigure 1 shows that period life expectancy at birth in the UK is projected to reach 88.3 years for females and 85.0 years for males in 2074. This is a projected increase of 5.0 years for females and 5.6 years for males compared with 2024 (83.3 years for females and 79.4 for males).\nFigure 1: Period life expectancy at birth is projected to increase by 5.0 years for females and 5.6 years for males by 2074, compared with 2024\nPeriod life expectancy at birth, females and males, UK, 1981 to 2074, principal projection\nSource: Past and projected period and cohort life tables: 2024-based, UK, 1981 to 2074 from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: Period life expectancy at birth is projected to increase by 5.0 years for females and 5.6 years for males by 2074, compared with 2024\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nCohort life expectancy is seen as a more realistic measure of how long a person can expect to live for because it accounts for future projected improvements in mortality. Cohort life expectancy is the average number of additional years a person would live allowing for assumed future changes in mortality for their cohort over the remainder of their life. A cohort refers to people with the same year of birth. For the definition of cohort life expectancy, please see\nSection 8: Glossary\n.\nExample\nChloe and Jack are twins who were born in the UK in the year 2000.\nIn 2026, Chloe and Jack are 26 years old.\nPeriod life expectancy for a female aged 26 years in 2026 is 58.0 additional years and for a male is 54.3 additional years, a difference of 3.6 years. These life expectancies are calculated using the mortality rates for 2026 for age 26 years, age 27 years, age 28 years, and so on.\nCohort life expectancy for a female aged 26 years in 2026 is 62.6 additional years and for a male is 59.2 additional years, a difference of 3.4 years. These life expectancies are calculated using the mortality rates for age 26 years in 2026, age 27 years in 2027, age 28 years in 2028, and so on.\nAs we project that mortality rates at each age will improve over time, cohort life expectancy is longer than period life expectancy.\nA more detailed explanation of the difference between period and cohort life expectancies can be found in our methodology article\nPeriod and cohort life expectancy explained\n.\nFigure 2 shows that cohort life expectancy at birth in the UK was 90.2 years for females and 86.9 years for males in 2024. This is projected to rise to 92.4 years for females in 2049 (an increase of 2.2 years) and to 89.6 years for males in 2049 (an increase of 2.6 years). For the UK, the difference between female and male cohort life expectancy at birth has fallen from 4.4 years in 1981 to 3.3 years in 2024, and is projected to be 2.9 years in 2049.\nFigure 2: The 2024-based projections of cohort life expectancy at birth are similar to the 2022-based projections for both females and males\nCohort life expectancy at birth, females and males, UK, 1981 to 2074, principal projection\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nThe 2024-based principal projections of cohort life expectancy are similar to the 2022-based principal projections, with differences of less than 0.1 years for cohort life expectancy at birth in 2049 for both males and females. This reflects the fact that the same long-term\nmortality improvement rates\nwere used for the 2024-based principal projections as for the 2022-based principal projections. Additionally, other than in the youngest and oldest ages, the mortality rates observed in 2024, the base year, were similar to the projected rates for 2024 in the 2022-based projections.\nMore information on how our mortality projections have changed over time can be found in Section 4 of our\nNational populations, mortality assumptions: 2024-based methodology article\n.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nHigh and low life expectancy variant projections\nVariant projections show how life expectancy may change under different future scenarios. For example, the low life expectancy variant assumes lower levels of annual mortality improvement, and results in lower projected life expectancies over the projection period. More information on the variant projections is available in Section 5 of our\nNational populations, mortality assumptions: 2024-based methodology article\n.\nFigure 3 shows that for the high life expectancy variant, cohort life expectancy at birth in the UK was 94.0 years for females and 91.2 years for males born in 2024. This is projected to reach 96.9 years for females and 94.8 years for males born in 2049, an increase of 2.9 years and 3.6 years, respectively.\nFor the low life expectancy variant, cohort life expectancy at birth in the UK was 87.1 years for females and 83.5 years for males born in 2024. This is projected to increase to 88.3 years for females and 84.9 years for males born in 2049, an increase of 1.2 years and 1.4 years, respectively.\nFigure 3: Cohort life expectancy is projected to increase for the principal projection and both variants, for females and males\nCohort life expectancy at birth, females and males, UK, 1981 to 2074, principal projection, high life expectancy variant and low life expectancy variant\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nProjected life expectancy at older ages\nThis section looks at the effect of projected mortality rates on cohort life expectancy at older ages and on chances of survival to at least age 100 years. These allow us to understand the size of the projected population at older ages, which is important for policy making and service planning.\nIn 2024, females aged 65 years in the UK are expected to live a further 22.7 years on average, compared with 20.0 years for males (Figure 4). By 2049, this is projected to increase to 24.6 additional years for females and 22.0 additional years for males, an increase of 2.0 years for both sexes. These cohort life expectancy projections account for assumed improvements in mortality rates at older ages over time.\nFigure 4: Cohort life expectancy at age 65 years is projected to increase for females and males\nCohort life expectancy at age 65 years, females and males, UK, 1981 to 2074, principal projection\nSource: Past and projected period and cohort life tables: 2024-based, UK, 1981 to 2074 from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: Cohort life expectancy at age 65 years is projected to increase for females and males\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nMortality projections also allow us to analyse the probability of individuals from each cohort surviving to reach a particular age. To do this we use the\nNumbers surviving at exact age (lx), principal projection, UK datasets\n, which are published as part of this release.\nFigure 5 shows that 19.1% of girls and 12.0% of boys born in 2024 are expected to live to at least age 100 years. These percentages are projected to increase to 26.3% of girls and 18.3% of boys born in 2049. By 2074, 33.9% of baby girls and 25.4% of baby boys are expected to live to age 100 years or over.\nFigure 5: The percentage of newborns expected to survive to at least age 100 years is projected to increase to over a third of girls and over a quarter of boys by 2074\nPercentage of newborns expected to survive to at least age 100 years, by year of birth, using cohort lx data, females and males, UK, 1981 to 2074, principal projection\nSource: Past and projected period and cohort life tables: 2024-based, UK, 1981 to 2074 from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: The percentage of newborns expected to survive to at least age 100 years is projected to increase to over a third of girls and over a quarter of boys by 2074\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nProjected life expectancy across UK countries\nAmong the constituent countries of the UK, historically, England has had the highest cohort life expectancy at birth and Scotland the lowest. For Northern Ireland and Wales, life expectancy at birth has been similar.\nFigure 6: Differences in life expectancy at birth within the UK are projected to narrow\nCohort life expectancy at birth for UK constituent countries, females and males, 1981 to 2074, principal projection\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nFigure 6 shows that cohort life expectancy at birth is projected to remain highest in England and lowest in Scotland, but the gap in cohort life expectancy between the countries is projected to narrow over time. In 2024, the gap in cohort life expectancy at birth between England and Scotland was 1.8 years for females and 1.9 years for males. By 2074, because life expectancy in Scotland is projected to increase more than in the other UK countries, this gap is projected to narrow to 1.3 years for both females and males.\nTable 1: Cohort life expectancy at birth for selected years, females and males, UK and constituent countries, principal projection\nFemales\nMales\nYear\n2024\n2049\n2074\n2024\n2049\n2074\nUK\n90.2\n92.4\n94.3\n86.9\n89.6\n91.8\nEngland\n90.4\n92.6\n94.5\n87.1\n89.7\n91.9\nWales\n89.7\n92.0\n93.9\n86.3\n89.0\n91.3\nScotland\n88.6\n91.0\n93.1\n85.3\n88.2\n90.6\nNorthern\nIreland\n89.9\n92.2\n94.1\n86.5\n89.2\n91.5\nSource: Past and projected period and cohort life tables: 2024-based, UK, 1981 to 2074 from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Cohort life expectancy at birth for selected years, females and males, UK and constituent countries, principal projection\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nData on past and projected period and cohort life tables\nExpectation of life (ex), principal projection, UK\nDataset | Released 15 May 2026\nPeriod and cohort expectation of life in the UK using the principal projection by single year of age 0 to 100.\nExpectation of life (ex), high life expectancy variant, UK\nDataset | Released 15 May 2026\nPeriod and cohort expectation of life in the UK using the high life expectancy variant, by single year of age 0 to 100.\nExpectation of life (ex), low life expectancy variant, UK\nDataset | Released 15 May 2026\nPeriod and cohort expectation of life in the UK using the low life expectancy variant, by single year of age 0 to 100.\nLife tables, principal projection, UK\nDataset | Released 15 May 2026\nLife tables for the UK, period and cohort, from the principal projection, single year of age 0 to 100. Historical data before 1966 are not accredited official statistics.\nMortality rates (qx), principal projection, UK\nDataset | Released 15 May 2026\nPeriod and cohort mortality rates (qx) for the UK using the principal projection, by single year of age 0 to 100.\nNumbers surviving at exact age x (lx), principal projection, UK\nDataset | Released 15 May 2026\nPeriod and cohort numbers surviving at exact age x (lx) in the UK using the principal projection, by single year of age 0 to 100.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nGlossary\nPeriod life expectancy\nThe average number of additional years a person would live if he or she experienced the age-specific mortality rates of a given area and time period for the rest of their life.\nCohort life expectancy\nThe average number of additional years a person would live considering assumed future changes in mortality for their cohort over the remainder of their life. A cohort is a group of people with the same year of birth.\nMortality improvement rate\nThe percentage change in the age-specific mortality rate from one year to the next.\nNumber of persons surviving (lx)\nThe number of survivors to exact age x of 100,000 live births of the same sex who are assumed to be subject throughout their lives to the mortality rates experienced in the year or years to which the life table relates.\nProbability of death (qx)\nThe probability that a person aged x exactly will die before reaching age (x plus 1).\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nData sources and quality\nWe produce period and cohort life tables biennially for the UK based on assumptions for future mortality from the national population projections (NPPs). The life tables provide historical and projected\nlife expectancies (ex)\nby single year of age and sex, as well as\nprobabilities of death (qx)\nand\nnumbers of persons surviving (lx)\n.\nThis bulletin and the\naccompanying data tables\nrelate to our\n2024-based national population projections bulletin\npublished on 28 April 2026. The life tables cover the period 1981 to 2074 for the principal population projection and two mortality variants. They are based on observed population and deaths data for all years up to 2024, and projected population and deaths data for 2025 onwards.\nThe estimates in this bulletin are rounded to one decimal place. Calculations in this bulletin have been made using unrounded data. Estimates to two decimal places are available in the accompanying data tables.\nMortality projections are based on assumptions about future changes in mortality rates by age and sex, which are informed by trends in historical data and expert opinion. To produce the mortality assumptions, we model age-specific mortality improvements from the base year and assume they will converge to a long-term\nmortality improvement rate\nin the 25th year of the projection. All future years' mortality improvements by age beyond the 25th year are assumed to be at the level of the long-term rate for that age.\nFor our\n2024-based mortality assumptions methodology\n, we used an Age-Period-Cohort (APC) model. The model used calendar year death registrations and mid-year population estimates from 1975 to 2024 to project future mortality rates and improvement rates by age and sex. We first used this model for the 2022-based mortality assumptions.\nThe long-term mortality improvement rates were set as follows:\nprincipal projection: 1.1% for ages 0 to 90 years, reducing linearly between the ages of 91 and 110 years to 0% for ages 110 years and over\nhigh life expectancy variant: 1.9% for ages 0 to 90 years, reducing linearly between the ages of 91 and 110 years to 0% for ages 110 years and over\nlow life expectancy variant: 0.5% for ages 0 to 90 years, reducing linearly between the ages of 91 and 110 years to 0% for ages 110 years and over\nThe long-term improvement rates for the principal projection and low life expectancy variant are the same as those used in the 2022-based projections. The long-term improvement rate for the high life expectancy variant is higher than that used in the 2022-based projections (1.5%), reflecting the continued uncertainty around future mortality trends and to provide a greater range to illustrate sensitivity.\nLong-term improvement rates were assumed to be the same for females and males and for England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.\nMore information on the mortality assumptions is available in our\nNational population projections, mortality assumptions: 2024-based methodology\n.\nFurther explanation and guidance on how to use the data published in the past and projected period and cohort life tables is available in our\nGuide to interpreting past and projected period and cohort life tables\n.\nA more detailed explanation of the difference between period and cohort life expectancies can be found in our\nPeriod and cohort life expectancy explained article\n.\nFurther information on data quality and methods is available in our\nNational life tables Quality and Methodology Information report\nand our\nNational population projections quality and methods guide\n.\nAccredited official statistics\nThese\naccredited official statistics\nwere independently reviewed by the\nOffice for Statistics Regulation\nin April 2011. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality, and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled “accredited official statistics”.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nRelated links\nGuide to interpreting past and projected period and cohort life tables\nMethodology | Updated 15 May 2026\nExplanation and guidance on how to use the data published in the past and projected period and cohort life tables.\nNational population projections, mortality assumptions: 2024-based\nMethodology | Released 28 April 2026\nThe data sources and methodology used to produce mortality assumptions in the 2024-based national population projections.\nNational population projections: 2024-based\nBulletin | Released 28 April 2026\nThe potential future population size of the UK and its constituent countries. These statistics are widely used in planning, including fiscal projections, health, education and pensions.\nNational life tables – life expectancy in the UK: 2022 to 2024\nBulletin | Released 10 December 2025\nTrends in period life expectancy, a measure of the average number of years people will live beyond their current age, analysed by age and sex for the UK and its constituent countries.\nLife expectancy for local areas of the UK: between 2001 to 2003 and 2022 to 2024\nBulletin | Released 10 December 2025\nSubnational trends in period life expectancy, a measure of the average number of years people will live beyond their current age.\nPeriod and cohort life expectancy explained\nMethodology | Released 19 January 2023\nA guide to the two types of life table – cohort and period – used to calculate past and projected life expectancy.\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 15 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nPast and projected period and cohort life tables: 2024-based, UK, 1981 to 2074\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/lifeexpectancies/bulletins/pastandprojecteddatafromtheperiodandcohortlifetables/2024baseduk1981to2074", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/lifeexpectancies/bulletins/pastandprojecteddatafromtheperiodandcohortlifetables/2024baseduk1981to2074", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Period and cohort life tables, including expectations of life, using past and projected mortality data from the 2024-based national population projections.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2024", "90.2 years", "86.9 years", "92.4 years", "89.6 years", "2049,", "2.2 years", "2.6 years", "4.4 years", "1981", "3.3 years", "2024,", "2.9 years", "2049", "65 years", "22.7 years", "20.0 years", "24.6 years", "22.0 years", "26.3%", "18.3%", "100 years", "19.1%", "12.0%", "2022", "0.1 years", "2", "0", "2074", "87.95 years", "87 years", "3", "8", "88.3 years", "85.0 years", "5.0 years", "5.6 years", "83.3 years", "79.4", "2074,", "2000", "2026,", "26 years", "2026", "58.0", "54.3", "3.6 years", "27 years", "28 years", "62.6", "59.2", "3.4 years", "2027,", "2028,", "4", "5", "94.0 years", "91.2 years", "96.9 years", "94.8 years", "87.1 years", "83.5 years", "84.9 years", "1.2 years", "1.4 years", "24.6", "22.0", "2.0 years", "33.9%", "25.4%", "6", "1.8 years", "1.9 years", "1.3 years", "90.2", "92.4", "94.3", "86.9", "89.6"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Expectation of life, high life expectancy variant, England", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/lifeexpectancies/datasets/expectationoflifehighlifeexpectancyvariantengland/2024based/enphp24ex.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Expectation of life, high life expectancy variant, England", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/lifeexpectancies/datasets/expectationoflifehighlifeexpectancyvariantengland/2022based/enphp22ex.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Expectation of life, high life expectancy variant, England", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/lifeexpectancies/datasets/expectationoflifehighlifeexpectancyvariantengland/2018based/enghle18ex.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "c7f77c0e1b0ba25fa2ed"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/indexofservices/march2026", "title": "Index of Services, UK: March 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nServices output for Quarter 1 (January to March) 2026 was estimated to have increased by 0.8% compared with Quarter 4 (October to December) 2025.\nIn Quarter 1 2026, 11 of the 14 sectors saw an increase, with the main positive contributing sectors being “wholesale and retail trade” (up 2.0%), “information and communication” (up 1.7%), and “professional, scientific, and technical activities (up 1.2%).\nIn Quarter 1 2026, 3 of the 14 sectors saw a decrease, with “administrative and support service activities” (down 1.0%), providing the largest negative contribution.\nMonthly services output was estimated to have increased by 0.3% in March 2026, this follows a rise in February 2026 (0.5%), and no growth in January 2026 (0.0%).\nThere were monthly increases in 11 of the 14 sectors in March 2026; the largest positive contribution on the month came from “information and communication” (up 1.1%).\nThere were monthly decreases in 2 of the 14 sectors (1 sector had no growth (0.0%) ) in March 2026 with “wholesale and retail trade” (down 0.2%) providing the largest negative contribution.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nData on Index of Services\nIndex of Services time series\nDataset | Dataset ID: IOS1 | Released 14 May 2026\nMonthly movements in output for the services industries: distribution, hotels and restaurants; transport, storage and communication; business services and finance; and government and other services.\nMonthly Business Survey turnover of services industries\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nMonthly Business Survey services industries’ total turnover; current price and non-seasonally adjusted, UK.\nIndex of Services, main components and sectors to four decimal places\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nMonthly historical movements in output for services and their industry components, by chained volume indices of gross value added, UK.\nIndex of Services revisions triangles\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nMonthly chained volume indices in gross value added for services and its main components.\nAll data related to the Index of Services are available on our\nRelated data page\n.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nData sources and quality\nResponse rates for March 2026\nThe response rates for March 2026 were 70.7 % based on forms returned. This accounted for 85.7% of total turnover coverage of the sample population. For further information, see our\nCurrent and historical Monthly Business Survey (MBS) (services) response rates dataset\n.\nData sources and collection\nThe Index of Services (IoS) is compiled using data from several different sources (share of overall economy based on latest gross value added (GVA) weights). These include the:\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS) MBS (34.9%)\nONS Retail Sales Inquiry (4.8%)\nONS Government Expenditure (15.3%)\nONS Households’ Expenditure (11.2%)\nONS Finance Expenditure (8.0%)\nONS Households and non-profit institutions serving households (1.9%)\nOther (3.6%)\nThe MBS data are published alongside this release in our\nMBS turnover of services industries dataset\n.\nFor further information on what is included within “other”, please see our\nGross domestic product (GDP(o)) data sources catalogue\n.\nThe percentage of each data source is based on their gross value added weight.\nOur\nIoS methods and sources pages\nprovide more information on the data that underpin these statistics; of particular note is our GDP(o) data sources catalogue.\nValue Added Tax (VAT) data are also included for small and medium-sized businesses to help inform estimates. For more information, see our\nVAT turnover data in National Accounts: background and methodology\n.\nQuality and methodology\nThe data reported in IoS bulletins and datasets are estimates that are subject to uncertainty, for example, sampling variability and non-sampling error. For more information on these, see Section 2 of our\nUncertainty and how we measure it for our surveys methodology\n.\nMore quality and methodology information (QMI) on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nIndex of Services Quality and Methodology Information\n.\nAccredited official statistics\nThese\naccredited official statistics were independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in April 2014\n. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality, and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled “accredited official statistics”.\nRevisions to Index of Services\nThis release gives data for March 2026 for the first time, with revisions open from January 2024.\nIn our next IoS publication on 12 June 2026, we will be publishing data for April 2026 for the first time, with no previous periods open for revision. Please see the\nNational Accounts Revisions Policy: updated January 2026\nfor further details.\nTable 1 shows the revisions from the current release against the previous IoS release (February 2026) published on 16 April 2026.\nTable 1: Revisions to month-on-month growth for Index of Services and its sectors\nPercentage growth, January 2024 to February 2026\nDate\nIoS\nSections G & I\n- Distribution,\nHotels and\nRestaurants\nSections H & J -\nTransport,\nStorage and\nCommunications\nSections K to\nN - Business\nServices and\nFinances\nSections O to\nT -\nGovernment\nand other\nservices\nJan 2024\n0.0\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\nFeb 2024\n0.0\n0.0\n-0.1\n0.1\n0.0\nMar 2024\n0.0\n-0.1\n0.0\n-0.2\n0.0\nApr 2024\n0.0\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\n-0.1\nMay 2024\n0.0\n0.0\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\nJun 2024\n0.0\n-0.1\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\nJul 2024\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\nAug 2024\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\nSep 2024\n0.0\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\nOct 2024\n0.0\n0.0\n0.1\n0.1\n0.0\nNov 2024\n0.0\n0.0\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\nDec 2024\n0.0\n-0.1\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\nJan 2025\n0.0\n-0.1\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\nFeb 2025\n0.0\n0.0\n0.2\n0.0\n0.1\nMar 2025\n-0.1\n-0.1\n-0.4\n-0.3\n0.1\nApr 2025\n0.0\n0.0\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\nMay 2025\n0.0\n0.0\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\nJun 2025\n0.1\n0.0\n0.3\n0.0\n0.0\nJul 2025\n0.1\n0.1\n0.1\n0.1\n0.0\nAug 2025\n0.0\n0.0\n0.1\n0.1\n0.0\nSep 2025\n0.0\n0.1\n-0.1\n0.0\n0.0\nOct 2025\n0.1\n0.1\n0.2\n0.1\n0.1\nNov 2025\n0.0\n0.0\n0.2\n0.0\n0.0\nDec 2025\n0.1\n0.2\n0.2\n0.1\n0.0\nJan 2026\n-0.1\n0.0\n-0.4\n0.0\n-0.1\nFeb 2026\n0.0\n-0.2\n-0.5\n0.2\n-0.2\nSource: Index of Services estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nRevisions are rounded to one decimal place and calculated based on the one decimal place indexes.\nFurther information on current and past revisions can be found in our Index of Services revisions triangles dataset.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Revisions to month-on-month growth for Index of Services and its sectors\n.xls\n.csv\nSeasonal adjustment\nThe monthly estimates of IoS are seasonally adjusted. Seasonal adjustment is the process of removing the variations associated with the time of year, or the arrangement of the calendar, from a data time series.\nIoS estimates, as for many data time series, are difficult to analyse using raw data because seasonal effects dominate short-term movements. Identifying and removing the seasonal component leaves the trend and irregular components.\nWe use the X-13-ARIMA-SEATS approach to seasonal adjustment. Seasonal adjustment parameters are monitored closely and regularly reviewed. For more information, please see our\nseasonal adjustment methodology page\n.\nIn our IoS estimates seasonal adjustment is applied at the industry level and the seasonally adjusted series are aggregated to create estimates by sector and total IoS output. As part of our quality assurance approach,\nresidual seasonality checks\nare regularly completed by our time series analysis team on both the directly seasonally adjusted series and also the indirectly derived aggregate time series.\nThis topic is explored further in our\nAssessing residual seasonality in published outputs\narticle updated on 30 September 2025.\nBased on our quality assurance as part of this publication, there is no statistically significant residual seasonality in our aggregate estimates for the Index of Services in the period from January 1997 to January 2026.\nFrom the next IoS release which will be published on 12 June 2026, we will be publishing non-seasonally adjusted chained volume measure series in addition to our current datasets.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nRelated links\nGDP monthly estimate, UK: March 2026\nBulletin | Released 14 May 2026\nGross domestic product (GDP) measures the value of goods and services produced in the UK. It estimates the size of and growth in the economy.\nGDP quarterly national accounts, UK: January to March 2026\nBulletin | Released 14 May 2026\nRevised quarterly estimate of gross domestic product (GDP) for the UK. Uses additional data to provide a more precise indication of economic growth than the first estimate.\nIndex of Production, UK: March 2026\nBulletin | Released 14 May 2026\nMovements in the volume of production for the UK production industries: manufacturing, mining and quarrying, energy supply, and water and waste management. Figures are seasonally adjusted.\nProducer price inflation, UK: March 2026\nBulletin | Released 22 April 2026\nChanges in the prices of goods bought and sold by UK manufacturers, including price indices of materials and fuels purchased (input prices), and factory gate prices (output prices).\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 14 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nIndex of Services: March 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/indexofservices/march2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/indexofservices/march2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Movements in the volume of output for the UK services industries. Figures are seasonally adjusted.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2026", "0.8%", "4", "2025", "2026,", "11", "14", "2.0%", "1.7%", "1.2%", "3", "1.0%", "0.3%", "0.5%", "0.0%", "1.1%", "2", "0.2%", "2026\nMonth", "70.7 %", "85.7%", "34.9%", "4.8%", "15.3%", "11.2%", "8.0%", "1.9%", "3.6%", "2014", "2024", "12", "16", "0.0", "0.1", "-0.1", "-0.2", "0.2", "-0.4", "-0.3", "0.3", "-0.5", "13", "30", "1997", "22", "5"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Current and historical Monthly Business Survey (services) response rates", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/currentsurveyresponserates/april2026/rftiosresponseratesapr2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Current and historical Monthly Business Survey (services) response rates", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/currentsurveyresponserates/march2026/rftiosresponseratesmar2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Current and historical Monthly Business Survey (services) response rates", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/currentsurveyresponserates/february2026/rftiosresponseratesfeb2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "7548c39ed755ea5489c3"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/gdpmonthlyestimateuk/march2026", "title": "GDP monthly estimate, UK: March 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nIn the three months to March 2026, compared with the three months to December 2025:\nReal gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 0.6%, following a growth of 0.5% in the three months to February 2026 and a growth of 0.4% in the three months to January 2026 (revised up from a growth of 0.3% in our previous publication).\nServices output grew by 0.8%, after showing a growth of 0.6% in the three months to February 2026 (revised up from a growth of 0.5% in our previous publication).\nProduction output grew by 0.2%; this follows a growth of 1.1% in the three months to February 2026 (revised down from a growth of 1.2% in our previous publication).\nConstruction output grew by 0.4%, following five consecutive three-monthly falls, including the three months to February 2026 falling by 1.9% (revised up from a fall of 2.0% in our previous publication).\nIn the month to March 2026:\nMonthly GDP grew by 0.3% in March 2026, following a growth of 0.4% in February 2026 and no growth in January 2026 (revised down from growths of 0.5% and 0.1%, respectively, in our previous publication).\nServices and construction output both grew, by 0.3% and 1.5%, respectively - these growths were partially offset by a 0.2% fall in production.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nMonthly GDP\nReal gross domestic product (GDP) is estimated to have grown by 0.6% in the three months to March 2026, compared with the three months to December 2025. This follows an unrevised growth of 0.5% in the three months to February 2026, and a growth of 0.4% in the three months to January 2026 (revised up from a growth of 0.3% in our previous publication).\nThe largest contribution to the three-month on three-month growth came from a growth of 0.8% in services output. Production output grew by 0.2% in the three months to March 2026, and construction output grew by 0.4%.\nIn this release, all industries are open for revision from January 2024. Our\nNational Accounts Revisions Policy\nhas been updated to ensure we reflect the dynamic nature of the UK economy. Details regarding the causes of revisions are discussed in\nSection 7: Revisions to GDP.\nAs also mentioned in our quarterly GDP release, there have been small revisions to the months across 2024 and 2025, mainly reflecting updated source data and changes to seasonal adjustment factors. We have separately published a\ncomprehensive note on how we assess for residual seasonality\n. In bringing this information together we have drawn on experiences both internationally (United States, Bureau of Economic Analysis) and from academic expertise (University of Southampton). Today we have also published a\nblog\nfrom James Benford looking at how we adjust GDP to remove seasonal effects.\nNote that early estimates of GDP are subject to revision in future publications (both positive and negative) as more data become available and we subsequently update the estimates with that additional information. Please see our\nWhy GDP figures are revised article\nfor more information on revisions.\nFigure 1: Real GDP grew by 0.6% in the three months to March 2026, following a growth of 0.5% in the three months to February 2026 and a growth of 0.4% in the three months to January 2026\nContributions to three-month GDP growth, UK, March 2025 to March 2026\nSource: Gross domestic product (GDP) monthly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nSum of component contributions may not sum to total growth because of rounding.\nGDP growth rates are rounded to one decimal place. Contributions are rounded to two decimal places.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: Real GDP grew by 0.6% in the three months to March 2026, following a growth of 0.5% in the three months to February 2026 and a growth of 0.4% in the three months to January 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nMonthly real GDP is estimated to have grown by 0.3% in March 2026, following a growth of 0.4% in February 2026 (revised down from a growth of 0.5% in our previous publication), and no growth in January 2026 (revised down from a growth of 0.1% in our previous publication). Services output grew by 0.3%, production fell by 0.2%, and construction grew by 1.5% in March 2026.\nFigure 2: Real GDP is estimated to have grown by 1.0% in the three months to March 2026 compared with the same three months a year ago\nMonthly index, UK, January 2007 to March 2026\nSource: Gross domestic product (GDP) monthly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Real GDP is estimated to have grown by 1.0% in the three months to March 2026 compared with the same three months a year ago\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nLooking over the longer term, GDP is estimated to have grown by 1.0% in the three months to March 2026, compared with the same three months a year ago. Over this period, services grew by 1.4%, production showed no growth, and construction fell by 1.3%.\nGDP is estimated to be 1.2% higher in March 2026 compared with the same month a year ago.\nOther indicators also report economic strength in the month of March. For example, our\n23 April 2026 Economic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators publication\nreported that: \"Business and workforce indicators were more positive than in the previous month. A higher net proportion of firms reported month‑on‑month growth in turnover, led by the services sector, and the number of potential redundancies fell.\"\nMore about economy, business and jobs\nExplore the latest trends in employment, prices and trade in our\neconomic dashboard\n.\nView\nall economic data\n.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nThe services sector\nServices output grew by 0.8% in the three months to March 2026, compared with the three months to December 2025.\nServices were the main contributor to the growth seen in gross domestic product (GDP) in the three months to March 2026. This follows a growth of 0.6% in the three months to February 2026 (revised up from a growth of 0.5% in our previous publication), and 0.4% in the three months to January 2026 (revised up from a growth of 0.3% in our previous publication).\nFigure 3: Services output grew by 0.8% in the three months to March 2026, after increasing by 0.6% in the three months to February 2026\nMonthly index and three-month on three-month growth rates for the services sector, UK, January 2023 to March 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nThere was a rise in output in 11 of the 14 subsectors in the three months to March 2026, with the largest positive contributions at the subsector level coming from:\nwholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (up 2.0%), driven by a growth of 3.1% in wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles, and a growth of 1.6% in retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; more information on this subsector is available in the Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles section\ninformation and communication (up 1.7%), driven by growth in computer programming, consultancy and related activities (up 3.0%) and publishing activities (up 7.2%)\nprofessional, scientific and technical activities (up 1.2%), driven by growth in advertising and market research (up 7.0%) and activities of head offices; management consultancy activities (up 2.3%)\nThe largest negative contributions at the subsector level came from:\nadministrative and support service activities (down 1.0%), driven by falls in rental and leasing activities (down 4.1%) and employment activities (down 4.1%)\narts, entertainment and recreation (down 0.9%), because of a fall of 2.2% in sports activities, and amusement and recreation activities\nFigure 4: In the three months to March 2026, the wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles subsector was the largest positive contributor to services output growth\nThree-month and monthly services contributions to GDP, UK, March 2026\nSource: Gross domestic product (GDP) monthly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nSum of component contributions may not sum to total services growth because of rounding.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: In the three months to March 2026, the wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles subsector was the largest positive contributor to services output growth\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nServices output grew by 0.3% on the month in March 2026. This follows an unrevised growth of 0.5% in February 2026 and no growth in January 2026 (revised down from a growth of 0.1% in our previous publication). In March 2026, there was widespread growth across services output, with 11 of the 14 subsectors showing growth.\nThe largest positive contribution to services sector output in March 2026 came from information and communication, which grew by 1.1%, following four consecutive months of growth. A growth of 6.0% in information service activities was the largest positive contributor to the subsector after falling by 7.5% in February 2026 (revised down from a fall of 6.5% in our previous publication). Computer programming, consultancy and related activities also contributed positively to the subsector (up 1.1%).\nThe second-largest positive contribution came from accommodation and food service activities (up 1.3%), where there was growth in both accommodation (up 2.9%) and food and beverage service activities (up 0.6%).\nHuman health and social work activities also contributed to the output growth, with a rise of 0.4% in March 2026. This was because of a growth of 0.5% in the human health activities industry.\nThese growths were partially offset by a fall of 0.2% in wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles.\nWholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles\nThe wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles subsector grew by 2.0% in the three months to March 2026 and was the largest positive contributor at the subsector level to GDP growth. This was the largest three-monthly growth in this subsector since August 2021.\nDespite the recent growth, this subsector remains below levels seen in 2022, and is only 0.3% higher in March 2026 than in the same month last year.\nFigure 5: Despite growth of 2.0% in the three-month period, the wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles subsector is below levels seen in 2022\nMonthly index of wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles, UK, January 2022 to March 2026\nSource: Gross domestic product (GDP) monthly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: Despite growth of 2.0% in the three-month period, the wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles subsector is below levels seen in 2022\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nConsumer-facing services\nConsumer-facing services output grew by 0.8% in the three months to March 2026, compared with the three months to December 2025.\nThe largest positive contributions in this period came from:\nretail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles (up 1.6%)\nfood and beverage service activities (up 1.1%)\nother personal service activities (up 2.0%)\nThe largest negative contributions in this period came from:\nsports activities, and amusement and recreation activities (down 2.2%)\ntravel agency, tour operator and other reservation service and related activities (down 1.2%)\nFigure 6: Consumer-facing services grew by 0.8% in the three months to March 2026, with retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles being the largest positive contributor\nThree-month and monthly industry contributions to consumer-facing services output, UK, March 2026\nSource: Gross domestic product (GDP) monthly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nSum of component contributions may not sum to total consumer-facing services growth because of rounding.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: Consumer-facing services grew by 0.8% in the three months to March 2026, with retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles being the largest positive contributor\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nConsumer-facing services grew by 0.5% in March 2026, following a fall of 0.1% in February 2026 (revised down from no growth in our previous publication).\nThe largest positive contributions at the industry level came from retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles (up 0.7%) and other personal service activities (up 2.5%).\nThe largest negative contribution came from travel agency, tour operator and other reservation service and related activities, which fell by 6.4% following a growth of 4.9% in February 2026 (revised up from a growth of 4.8% in our previous publication).\nMore information on consumer-facing services is available in our\nConsumer-facing services: March 2026 dataset\n.\nOur Monthly Business Survey (MBS) is used for 43.3% of the services sector by industry weight. The turnover response rate for the MBS element of the services sector was 85.7% in March 2026, which is broadly as expected at this point in the data reporting cycle. We would expect this to increase over time as more responses are received. Any new data will be included in future monthly GDP releases. For context, the average turnover response rate for the service sector in 2023, 2024, and 2025 now stands at 97.5%, 97.6%, and 97.5%, respectively.\nMore detailed breakdowns on services are available in the\nIndex of Services, UK: March 2026\nrelease.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nThe production sector\nProduction output is estimated to have grown by 0.2% in the three months to March 2026, compared with the three months to December 2025. This follows a growth of 1.1% in the three months to February 2026 (revised down from a growth of 1.2% in our previous publication).\nFigure 7: Production output fell by 0.2% in the month of March 2026 and grew by 0.2% in the three months to March 2026, the fourth consecutive three-month on three-month growth\nMonthly index and three-month on three-month growth rates for Index of Production, UK, January 2023 to March 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nThe growth in production output in the three months to March 2026 was mainly because of a growth of 0.8% in manufacturing, and a growth of 0.6% in electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply.\nThese growths were partially offset by falls in mining and quarrying, which was down by 4.5%, and water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities, which fell by 0.5%, in the three months to March 2026.\nFigure 8: Production sectors monthly indices and three-monthly growth rates\nMonthly index and three-month on three-month growth rates for the production sectors, January 2023 to March 2026, UK\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes\nIndices are rounded to one decimal place.\nWeights of these subsectors are available in the\nGDP(o) data sources catalogue\n.\nProduction output is estimated to have fallen by 0.2% on the month in March 2026, following a growth of 0.3% in February 2026 (revised down from a growth of 0.5% in our previous publication) and a fall of 0.1% in January 2026.\nThis was driven by falls in electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply (down 4.3%), mining and quarrying (down 2.3%) and water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities (down 1.6%), in March 2026. These falls were partially offset by a rise of 1.2% in manufacturing.\nManufacturing output\nManufacturing output grew by 0.8% in the three months to March 2026, compared with the three months to December 2025, with 8 of the 13 subsectors increasing over this period. The largest positive contributors to this growth over the three months were:\nmanufacture of transport equipment (up 5.7%), driven by a 10.9% growth in manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers; this is a base effect because of the comparison with the three months to December 2025, which includes October 2025 where the industry had not recovered fully from impacts of a cyber-incident in August 2025\nother manufacturing and repair (up 4.0%)\nmanufacturing of computer, electronic and optical products (up 2.4%)\nThese growths were partially offset by falls elsewhere, with the largest negative contributions coming from:\nmanufacture of machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified (down 6.1%)\nmanufacture of electrical equipment (down 8.4%)\nmanufacture of wood and paper products, and printing (down 1.5%)\nFigure 9 shows both the three-month and monthly contributions to manufacturing output from each of the manufacturing subsectors.\nFigure 9: Manufacture of transport equipment was the largest positive contributor to the 0.8% growth in manufacturing output in the three months to March 2026\nThree-month and monthly manufacturing subsectors contributions to manufacturing output, UK, March 2026\nSource: Gross domestic product (GDP) monthly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nSum of component contributions may not sum to total manufacturing growth because of rounding.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 9: Manufacture of transport equipment was the largest positive contributor to the 0.8% growth in manufacturing output in the three months to March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nManufacturing output grew by 1.2% in March 2026, with 10 of the 13 subsectors increasing. This follows a fall of 0.2% in February 2026 (revised down from a fall of 0.1% in our previous publication) and a growth of 0.1% in January 2026 (revised down from a growth of 0.2% in our previous publication).\nThe largest positive contribution to growth came from a rise of 2.0% in the manufacture of transport equipment, following a fall of 2.1% in February 2026. The next largest positive contributions came from the manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations (up 2.1%), and manufacture of basic metals and metal products (up 2.1%). These growths were partially offset by falls in the manufacture of machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified (down 2.9%), and other manufacturing repair (down 2.0%) subsectors.\nOur Monthly Business Survey (MBS) is used for 71.2% of the production sector by industry weight. The turnover response rate for the MBS element of the production sector was 87.8% in March 2026, which is broadly in line with expected response rates. We would expect this to increase over time as more responses from businesses are received. Any new data will be included in future monthly GDP releases, in line with our\nNational Accounts Revisions Policy\n. For context, the average turnover response rates for the production sector in 2023, 2024 and 2025 now stand at 97.7%, 97.8% and 97.6%, respectively.\nMore detailed breakdowns on services are available in the\nIndex of Production, UK: March 2026\nrelease.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nThe construction sector\nConstruction output is estimated to have increased by 0.4% in the three months to March 2026 compared with the three months to December 2025.\nRepair and maintenance grew by 3.4% over the period, whereas new work fell by 1.9%. Within repair and maintenance, the largest positive contribution came from private housing repair and maintenance, which grew by 4.1%. In new work, the largest negative contributor was private new housing, which fell by 2.6%.\nFigure 10: Construction output grew by 0.4% in the three months to March 2026, compared with the three months to December 2025\nMonthly index and three-month on three-month growth rates for the construction sector, January 2023 to March 2026, Great Britain\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nMonthly construction output is estimated to have increased by 1.5% in March 2026. This follows an increase of 0.5% in February 2026 (revised down from an increase of 1.0%), and an increase of 0.7% in January 2026 (revised up from an increase of 0.5%).\nThe increase in monthly output in March 2026 came from increases in both new work, and repair and maintenance, which grew by 2.0% and 0.8%, respectively. At the sector level, the main contributor to the monthly increase was private housing new work, which grew by 2.8%.\nFigure 11: Both new work, and repair and maintenance increased in March 2026\nMonthly index and three-month on three-month growth rates of the construction subsectors, January 2023 to March 2026, Great Britain\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nFigure 12 shows both the monthly and three-month contributions to construction output from each of the construction sectors.\nFigure 12: Private housing new work was the largest contributor to the rise in construction output in March 2026\nMonthly and three-month contributions to construction output, Great Britain , March 2026\nSource: Construction output from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nSum of component contributions may not sum to total construction growth because of rounding.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 12: Private housing new work was the largest contributor to the rise in construction output in March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nConstruction data are sourced from our Monthly Business Survey (MBS). For March 2026, the survey turnover response rate for construction was 75.7%. We would expect this to increase over time as more responses are received and any new data will be included in future monthly gross domestic product (GDP) estimates. For context, the average turnover response rates in 2023 and 2024 now stand at 95.4% and 95.8%, respectively, while the average response rate in 2025 is 96.9%.\nFurther detail on construction output growth rates can be found in our\nConstruction output in Great Britain: March 2026\nrelease.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nCross-industry themes\nThere were some common themes that were anecdotally reported to have played a part in performance across different industries in March 2026, as part of our monthly business surveys. However, it is difficult to quantify their exact impact.\nThe conflict in Iran, which started at the end of February, has been cited from various businesses in terms of March 2026 data. These comments were across a range of industries and were both positive and negative in terms of their impact.\nNegative comments were cited in some manufacturing industries, wholesale, warehousing and support activities for transportation, accommodation, employment agencies and travel agencies. These stated the conflict in Iran had an impact in terms of reduced turnover in March 2026. Many of these comments also cited likely negative impacts for future months as well.\nSome comments also cited activity being bought forward in anticipation of increases in costs because of conflict in Iran. These comments came from a selection of industries in manufacturing, car sales, wholesale, and rental and leasing activity. On a similar note, the\nRetail sales, Great Britain: March 2026 release\nalso highlighted fuel sales rose sharply on the month, with retailers reporting that motorists stocked up on fuel as prices rose.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nRevisions to GDP\nThis release gives data for March 2026 for the first time. We have been open to revisions from January 2024.\nThere have been small revisions to months across 2024 and 2025, mainly reflecting updated source data and changes to seasonal adjustment factors. Now that we have information on March 2026 to help us assess previous months' seasonal factors, March 2024 and March 2025 have been revised down by 0.1 and 0.2 percentage points, respectively.\nWe have separately published a\ncomprehensive note on how we assess for residual seasonality\n. In bringing this information together, we have drawn on experiences both internationally (United States, Bureau of Economic Analysis) and from academic expertise (University of Southampton). Today we have also published a\nblog\nfrom James Benford looking at how we adjust GDP to remove seasonal effects.\nTable 1 shows the monthly revisions back to January 2025, with the monthly and three-month revisions back to January 2024 available in our\nRevisions triangles dataset\n.\nTable 1: Revisions to month-on-month growth for GDP and its sectors\nPercentage points, January 2025 to February 2026, UK\nJan\n2025\nFeb\n2025\nMar\n2025\nApr\n2025\nMay\n2025\nJun\n2025\nJul\n2025\nAug\n2025\nSep\n2025\nOct\n2025\nNov\n2025\nDec\n2025\nJan\n2026\nFeb 2026\nGDP\n0.0\n0.1\n-0.2\n0.0\n0.0\n0.1\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\n0.1\n0.0\n0.1\n-0.1\n-0.1\nServices\n0.0\n0.0\n-0.1\n0.0\n0.0\n0.1\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\n0.1\n0.0\n0.1\n-0.1\n0.0\nProduction\n0.0\n-0.1\n0.2\n0.0\n0.0\n-0.1\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\n0.1\n-0.1\n0.0\n-0.2\nConstruction\n0.0\n0.3\n-0.8\n0.2\n0.1\n0.0\n0.1\n-0.1\n-0.1\n0.0\n-0.1\n0.1\n0.2\n-0.5\nSource: GDP monthly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Revisions to month-on-month growth for GDP and its sectors\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nReal-time indicators: look ahead to April 2026\nThe Office for National Statistics (ONS)\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators: 23 April 2026\nrelease provides early insights into UK economic activity for April 2026.\nIndicators of consumer demand suggested some easing during the month: retail footfall was broadly unchanged compared with March 2026 but was lower than in April 2025. In the week ending 26 April 2026, average automotive fuel prices were 12% higher than in the week ending 29 March 2026, alongside a 10% fall in estimated quantity demanded per transaction. Our Retail sales release for April 2026 will be published on 22 May 2026.\nHousing market activity showed modest growth, as seasonally adjusted Energy Performance Certificates lodged for new dwellings in England and Wales have increased compared with the previous month and also when compared with the same month a year ago.\nTransport indicators were broadly stable, with the seasonally adjusted number of UK flights broadly unchanged on both the month and the year, while ship visits to major UK ports were broadly unchanged on the month, although lower than a year earlier. In contrast, seasonally adjusted new car and light commercial vehicle registrations fell by 9% compared with the relatively high number of registrations in March 2026, but were 21% higher than in the same month a year earlier.\nInitial results from our Business Insights and Conditions Survey show that over a quarter (27%) of trading businesses reported that their turnover had decreased in April 2026 when compared with the previous month, up 4 percentage points from March 2026 and broadly in line with movements seen around this time in previous years; 13% of trading businesses reported that their turnover increased and 52% said it stayed the same.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nData on monthly GDP\nMonthly gross domestic product by gross value added\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nThe gross value added (GVA) tables showing the monthly and annual growths and indices as published within the monthly gross domestic product (GDP) statistical bulletin.\nContributions to monthly GDP\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nContributions to growth within monthly gross domestic product (GDP), UK.\nMonthly gross domestic product: time series\nDataset MGDP | Released 14 May 2026\nMonthly estimate of gross domestic product (GDP) containing constant price gross value added (GVA) data for the UK.\nRevisions triangles for monthly GDP\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nComparison of gross domestic product (GDP) first estimates against estimates published later.\nConsumer-facing services dataset\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nMonthly index values for consumer-facing services, broken down by industry, to one decimal place.\nMonthly GDP low level industry dataset\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nMonthly chained volume measures of gross value added (GVA) by industry, for both seasonally adjusted and non-seasonally adjusted data.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nGlossary\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nData sources and quality\nThe level of accuracy of growth rates in these statistics is one decimal place. While growth rates can be calculated to more than one decimal place using our monthly GDP low level industry dataset, where a series is estimated to have shown no growth over a period, looking at further decimal places to gauge a direction is not recommended because of increasing levels of uncertainty.\nFurther information on measuring the data across our main data sources is available in the following releases:\nIndex of Services, UK: March 2026\nIndex of Production, UK: March 2026\nConstruction output in Great Britain: March 2026\nThe main data source for these statistics is the Monthly Business Survey (MBS) and response rates for each can be found at:\nIndex of Services response rates\nIndex of Production response rates\nConstruction response rates\nThe\nMonthly GDP data sources catalogue\nprovides a full breakdown of the data used in this publication.\nIn the UK, we produce estimates of monthly and quarterly GDP. Monthly estimates of GDP are based on only the output measure of GDP, while quarterly estimates of GDP reflect the average of the three approaches (output, income and expenditure).\nEstimates for the construction industry within monthly GDP will differ to those published in the construction output release as they account for both the outputs produced and inputs consumed by the industry. There are also some coverage differences given the use of the Annual Business Survey in their compilation.\nConsumer-facing services industry classification\nThe industry breakdown used for consumer-facing services is based on the\nUK Standard Industrial Classification\n(SIC).\nThe following list contains the full SIC names of industries included in consumer-facing services:\nWholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles\nRetail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles\nRail transport\nAccommodation\nFood and beverage service activities\nBuying and selling, renting and operating of own or leased real estate, excluding imputed rental\nVeterinary activities\nTravel agency, tour operator and other reservation service and related activities\nGambling and betting services\nSports activities, and amusement and recreation activities\nActivities of membership organisations\nOther personal service activities\nActivities of households as employers of domestic personnel\nIntermediate consumption in early estimates of monthly GDP\nMonthly GDP measures the gross value added (GVA) of each industry in the economy. GVA is derived as the industry's output minus its intermediate consumption, where output is the value of goods and services produced and intermediate consumption is the value of goods and services purchased to be used in the production of goods and services.\nEstimates of intermediate consumption are only collected annually. For most industries, our monthly estimates are based on deflated turnover or volume estimates of output as a proxy for GVA. Complete estimates of GVA are calculated as part of our annual Blue Book process, where both output and intermediate consumption are measured. The annual process for calculating estimates of GVA is described in our\nDouble deflation and the supply use framework in the UK National Accounts article\n.\nThe main assumption this proxy approach makes is that the relationship between output and intermediate consumption remains the same past the last year where annual GVA estimates are available. Therefore, the extent to which this proves not to be the case is one cause of revision between our early estimates of GVA and the fully balanced annual estimates. This relationship can be represented by the intermediate consumption ratio or IC ratio. This is the intermediate consumption of an industry divided by its output. The last year where annual GVA estimates are available is 2023 and the intermediate consumption ratios for each section are shown in Table 2.\nTable 2: Intermediate consumption ratios for each section-level industry in 2023\nSection level industry\nIntermediate consumption ratio (2023)\nA: Agriculture, forestry and fishing\n0.61\nB: Mining and quarrying\n0.4\nC: Manufacturing\n0.66\nD: Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply\n0.8\nE: Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities\n0.48\nF: Construction\n0.63\nG: Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles\n0.44\nH: Transportation and storage\n0.59\nI: Accommodation and food service activities\n0.47\nJ: Information and communication\n0.49\nK: Financial and insurance activities\n0.47\nL: Real estate activities\n0.14\nM: Professional, scientific and technical activities\n0.41\nN: Administrative and support service activities\n0.46\nO: Public administration and defence; compulsory social security\n0.44\nP: Education\n0.27\nQ: Human health and social work activities\n0.39\nR: Arts, entertainment and recreation\n0.46\nS: Other service activities\n0.32\nSource: GDP monthly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 2: Intermediate consumption ratios for each section-level industry in 2023\n.xls\n.csv\nWhen the annual data for 2024 are available, if the observed IC ratio of an industry is higher, it requires more product inputs to create the same amount of output, and hence GVA (other things equal) will be lower. We therefore expect an increase in the IC ratio of an industry to be associated with a downward revision in GVA growth. Similarly, a lower IC ratio in the most recent year would be associated with an increase in the GVA growth rate.\nStrengths and limitations\nThese\naccredited official statistics\nwere independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in March 2015. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nQuality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in the\nGross domestic product (GDP) QMI\n.\nMonthly growth rates can be volatile. This indicator should therefore be used with caution and alongside other measures, such as the three-month growth rate, when looking for an indicator of the medium-term trend of the economy. However, it is useful in highlighting one-off changes that can be masked by three-month growth rates.\nSeasonal adjustment\nThe monthly estimates of GDP are seasonally adjusted. Seasonal adjustment is the process of estimating and removing the variations associated with the time of year, or the arrangement of the calendar, from a data time series.\nGDP estimates, as for many data time series, are difficult to analyse using just raw data because seasonal effects can dominate short-term movements. Identifying and removing the seasonal component leaves the trend and irregular components.\nThe ONS uses the X-13-ARIMA-SEATS approach to seasonal adjustment. Seasonal adjustment parameters are monitored closely and regularly reviewed. For more information, please see our\nseasonal adjustment methodology page\n.\nIn our monthly GDP estimates, seasonal adjustment is applied at the industry level and the seasonally adjusted series are aggregated to create estimates by sector and total output.\nBased on our quality assurance as part of this publication, there is no statistically significant residual seasonality in our aggregate estimates for monthly GDP, Index of Services, Index of Production, construction or manufacturing, in the period from January 1997 to March 2026.\nThis topic is explored further in our\narticle on assessing residual seasonality\n, published on 12 May 2026.\nIn this publication we have, for the first time, published non-seasonally adjusted chained volume measure series in our updated\nlow level industry dataset\n. There are conceptual differences between indirect and direct seasonal adjustment. Indirect seasonal adjustment is the sum of the directly seasonally adjusted component series, typically chosen at an optimal level and depending on user needs. For the UK National Accounts, GDP aggregates are created with indirect seasonal adjustment. Because of processing, including benchmarking and chain-linking, direct seasonal adjustment of the non-seasonally adjusted GDP aggregate will not give the same results as the indirect seasonally adjusted output.\nBack to table of contents\n12.\nRelated links\nIndex of Services, UK: March 2026\nBulletin | Released 14 May 2026\nMonthly movements in output for the services industries.\nIndex of Production, UK: March 2026\nBulletin | Released 14 May 2026\nMovements in the volume of production for the UK production industries: manufacturing, mining and quarrying, energy supply, and water and waste management.\nConstruction output in Great Britain: March 2026, new orders and Construction Output Price Indices, January to March 2026\nBulletin | Released 14 May 2026\nShort-term measures of output by the construction industry in March 2026.\nGDP first quarterly estimate, UK: January to March 2026\nBulletin | Released 14 May 2026\nFirst quarterly estimate of gross domestic product (GDP). Contains current and constant price data on the value of goods and services to indicate the economic performance of the UK.\nGDP revisions in Blue Book: 2025\nArticle | Released 31 October 2025\nGross domestic product (GDP) revisions in annual and quarterly national accounts rounds, focusing on revisions in Blue Book 2025.\nWhy GDP figures are revised\nArticle | Released 12 February 2024\nLearn more about how gross domestic product (GDP) figures are revised over time between the monthly, quarterly and annual estimates.\nUK input-output analysis tool: 2019 to 2023\nInteractive tool | Released 5 March 2025\nThis tool shows which industries are the most notable users of a selected product, and which products are required to make other goods and services in the UK economy.\nBack to table of contents\n13.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 14 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nGDP monthly estimate, UK: March 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/gdpmonthlyestimateuk/march2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/gdpmonthlyestimateuk/march2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the value of goods and services produced in the UK. It estimates the size of the economy and its growth.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2026,", "2025", "0.6%", "0.5%", "2026", "0.4%", "0.3%", "0.8%", "0.2%", "1.1%", "1.2%", "1.9%", "2.0%", "0.1%", "1.5%", "2", "2024", "7", "2025,", "1.0%", "2007", "1.4%", "1.3%", "23", "3", "2026\nMonth", "2023", "11", "14", "3.1%", "1.6%", "1.7%", "3.0%", "7.2%", "7.0%", "2.3%", "4.1%", "0.9%", "2.2%", "4", "6.0%", "7.5%", "6.5%", "2.9%", "2021", "2022,", "5", "2022\nMonth", "2022", "6", "0.7%", "2.5%", "6.4%", "4.9%", "4.8%", "43.3%", "85.7%", "2023,", "2024,", "97.5%", "97.6%", "4.5%", "8", "4.3%", "13", "5.7%", "10.9%", "4.0%", "2.4%", "6.1%", "8.4%", "9", "10", "2.1%", "71.2%", "87.8%", "97.7%", "97.8%", "3.4%"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Consumer-facing services", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/consumerfacingservices/current/consumerfacingservicesapr2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Contributions to monthly GDP", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/contributionstomonthlygdp/current/monthlycontributionstablesapr26.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "GDP(o) data sources catalogue", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/gdpodatasourcescatalogue/current/mgdpdatasourcescatalogue6.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/businessinvestment/januarytomarch2026provisionalresults", "title": "Business investment in the UK: January to March 2026 provisional results", "context": "1.\nMain points\nUK business investment increased by 0.7% in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 and is 1.8% below the level seen in the same quarter in 2025.\nThis bulletin contains datasets for Quarter 1 2026 business investment provisional results; for more commentary on these data, please see our Gross domestic product (GDP) first quarterly estimate, UK bulletin in\nSection 4: Related links\n.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nBusiness investment data\nGross fixed capital formation - by sector and asset\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nSector and asset breakdowns of gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), including business investment and revisions.\nQuarterly Stocks Survey (QSS) and Quarterly Acquisitions and Disposals of Capital Assets Survey (QCAS) textual data analysis\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nBased on qualitative responses from businesses to our Quarterly Acquisitions and Disposals of Capital Assets Survey (QCAS) and Quarterly Stocks Survey (QSS).\nAnnual gross fixed capital formation by industry and asset\nDataset | Released 31 October 2025\nAnnual estimates of gross fixed capital formation (investment) by industry and asset, in current prices and chained volume measures, consistent with the UK National Accounts.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nData sources and quality\nQuality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nBusiness investment in the UK quality and methods guide\n.\nRevisions\nIn line with our\nNational Accounts Revisions Policy\n, the data are open to revision from Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2024 to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025 for current price (CP) data and chained volume measure (CVM) estimates.\nIn our\nBusiness investment in the UK revisions in Blue Book: 2025 article\n, we analyse and explain revisions performance for business investment up to and including the release of the Blue Book 2025-consistent dataset, published 30 September 2025.\nData within this bulletin\nAll data within this bulletin, unless specified, are presented in chained volume measure (CVM), otherwise known as \"real\". This means the effect of price changes has been removed (in other words, the data are deflated).\nIn Quarter 1 2026, the Quarterly Acquisitions and Disposals of Capital Assets Survey (QCAS), the largest data source for gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) and business investment, had a response rate of 60.2% for estimates used in the provisional release. From Quarter 1 2022 onwards, the average response rate at the provisional business investment release was 63.0%, and the average response rate at the revised business investment release was 77.5%.\nAdjustments\nLarge capital expenditure tends to be reported later in the data collection period than smaller capital expenditure. This means that larger expenditures are often included in the revised (Month 3) results but are not reported in time for the provisional (Month 2) results. This can result in upward revisions in the later estimates for business investment and GFCF.\nFollowing investigation of the impact of this effect, from Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2013, an option to include a bias adjustment was introduced in the provisional estimate to help manage uncertainty around these early estimates. The bias adjustment for this provisional release is £2.1 billion.\nAccredited official statistics\nThese accredited official statistics were independently reviewed by the\nOffice for Statistics Regulation\nin September 2013. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nRelated links\nGDP first quarterly estimate, UK: January to March 2026\nBulletin | Released 14 May 2026\nFirst quarterly estimate of gross domestic product (GDP). Contains current and constant price data on the value of goods and services to indicate the economic performance of the UK.\nNational balance sheet estimates for the UK\nBulletin | Released 18 December 2025\nAnnual estimates of the market value of financial and non-financial assets for the UK, providing a measure of the nation's wealth.\nCapital stocks and fixed capital consumption, UK: 2025\nBulletin | Released 27 November 2025\nThe value and types of non-financial assets used in the production of goods or services within the UK economy and their loss in value over time, annual estimates.\nInvestment in intangible assets in the UK: 2023\nArticle | Released 2 December 2025\nEstimates of investment, both purchased and own-account production, of intangible assets, and investment in intangible assets by industry. Annual, current price data. These are official statistics in development.\nVolume Index Capital Services (VICS), annual, UK\nDataset | Released 23 May 2025\nAnnual Volume Index of Capital Services estimates for the UK market sector. These are official statistics in development.\nA short guide to gross fixed capital formation and business investment\nArticle | Released 25 May 2017\nThis article provides a useful background of how to interpret, compare and analyse statistics regarding gross fixed capital formation and business investment.\nReview of historical gross fixed capital formation, current and upcoming work: February 2026\nArticle | Released 4 February 2026\nAn update on a review into the gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) historical (pre-1997) time series following user feedback, including an overview of the work and next steps.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 14 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nBusiness investment in the UK: January to March 2026 provisional results\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/businessinvestment/januarytomarch2026provisionalresults", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/businessinvestment/januarytomarch2026provisionalresults", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Estimates of short‑term investment in non‑financial assets, including business investment and asset and sector breakdowns of total gross fixed capital formation.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "0.7%", "2026", "1.8%", "2025", "4", "2", "14", "31", "3", "2024", "30", "2026,", "60.2%", "2022", "63.0%", "77.5%", "2013,", "2.1 billion", "2013", "18", "27", "2023", "23", "25", "2017", "1997", "5"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Annual gross fixed capital formation by industry and asset", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/annualgrossfixedcapitalformationbyindustryandasset/current/bb25gfcfbyindustryandassetdisclosed.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Business investment by asset", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/businessinvestmentbyasset/current/businessinvestmentbyasset.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Business investment by industry and asset", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/businessinvestmentbyindustryandasset/current/businessinvestmentbyindustryandasset.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/constructionindustry/bulletins/constructionoutputingreatbritain/march2026newordersandconstructionoutputpriceindicesjanuarytomarch2026", "title": "Construction output in Great Britain: March 2026, new orders and Construction Output Price Indices, January to March 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nTotal construction output is estimated to have grown by 0.4% in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 compared with Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025; repair and maintenance grew by 3.4%, while new work fell by 1.9%.\nAt the sector level, four out of the nine sectors grew in Quarter 1 2026; the main positive contributor to the increase was private housing repair and maintenance, which grew by 4.1%.\nMonthly construction output is estimated to have grown by 1.5% in March 2026, this follows an increase of 0.5%, (revised from 1.0%) in February 2026, and an increase of 0.7%, (revised from 0.5%) in January 2026; anecdotal evidence from businesses suggested notable financial year-end pushes increased output.\nThe increase in monthly output in March 2026 came from increases in both new work and repair and maintenance, which grew by 2.0% and 0.8%, respectively.\nTotal construction new orders fell by 10.5% (£1,238 million) in Quarter 1 2026 compared with Quarter 4 2025; this quarterly decrease came mainly from private commercial new work and infrastructure new work.\nThe annual rate of construction output price growth was 0.8% in the 12 months to March 2026.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nData on Construction in Great Britain\nOutput in the construction industry\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nMonthly construction output for Great Britain at current price and chained volume measures, seasonally adjusted by public and private sector. Quality measures, including response rates.\nOutput in the construction industry: sub-national and sub-sector\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nQuarterly non-seasonally adjusted type of work and regional data at current prices, Great Britain.\nConstruction output price indices\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nA summary of the Construction Output Price Indices (OPIs) from January 2014 to March 2026, UK.\nNew orders in the construction industry\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nQuarterly new orders at current price and chained volume measures, seasonally adjusted by public and private sector. Quarterly non-seasonally adjusted type of work and regional data.\nConstruction statistics annual tables\nDataset | Released 19 February 2026\nThe construction industry in Great Britain, including value of output and type of work, new orders by sector, number of firms and total employment.\nOutput in the Construction Industry – Customise my data\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nCustomise My Data (CMD) is our way of providing filterable, explorable data suitable to individual user needs.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nGlossary\nConstruction output estimates\nConstruction output estimates are monthly estimates of the amount of output chargeable to customers for building and civil engineering work done in the relevant period, excluding Value Added Tax (VAT) and payments to subcontractors.\nSeasonally adjusted estimates\nSeasonally adjusted estimates are derived by estimating and removing calendar effects (for example, leap years such as 2024) and seasonal effects (for example, decreased activity at Christmas because of site shutdowns) from the non-seasonally adjusted estimates.\nValue estimates\nThe value estimates reflect the total value of work that businesses have completed over a reference month.\nVolume estimates\nThe volume estimates are calculated by taking the value estimates and adjusting to remove the impact of price changes.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nData sources and quality\nQuality and methodology\nMore quality and methodology information (QMI) is available in:\nour\nConstruction output QMI\nour\nConstruction output price indices (OPIs) QMI\nour\nNew orders in construction QMI\nData error in public new housing sector\nWe have identified a data error within the public housing new work sector from January 2022. While this error increases the level of construction output by approximately 1.2% from January 2022 onwards, growth in construction output is only affected for the month of January 2022, increasing from 1.2% to 1.7%. Users should note that other factors will have contributed to this increase, such as an improvement in a deflator and new seasonal parameters being implemented. Note that there is no impact to GDP growth to one decimal place.\nThis error was because of incorrect data being used while processing improvements for the Blue Book 2025. Data from January 2024 has now been corrected in the Quarterly National Accounts release published on 22 December 2022. In accordance with the National Accounts Revisions Policy, data for 2022 and 2023 will be corrected in the 2026 Blue Book.\nWe apologise for this data error. We have put in place additional quality assurance to improve our process and prevent a similar error in the future.\nReasons for revisions to construction output in this release\nThis release contains revisions from January 2024 onwards and is consistent with the\nNational Accounts Revisions Policy\n. This has been updated to ensure we reflect the dynamic nature of the UK economy.\nTable 1 shows the revisions from the current release against the previous Construction output in Great Britain release (February 2026) published on 16 April 2026.\nTable 1: Revisions to month-on-month growth\nMarch 2026 release compared with February 2026 release, percentage growth, January 2024 to February 2026\nDate\nTotal construction\nTotal new work\nTotal repair and\nmaintenance\nJan 2024\n0.1\n0.2\n-0.1\nFeb 2024\n0.2\n0.2\n0.1\nMar 2024\n-0.5\n-0.9\n0.0\nApr 2024\n0.3\n0.3\n0.0\nMay 2024\n-0.1\n0.0\n-0.1\nJun 2024\n0.0\n0.1\n0.0\nJul 2024\n0.0\n0.1\n0.1\nAug 2024\n-0.1\n0.0\n0.0\nSep 2024\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\nOct 2024\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\nNov 2024\n0.0\n0.0\n0.1\nDec 2024\n0.0\n0.2\n-0.2\nJan 2025\n0.0\n0.1\n0.0\nFeb 2025\n0.3\n0.2\n0.3\nMar 2025\n-0.8\n-0.9\n-0.7\nApr 2025\n0.2\n0.1\n0.3\nMay 2025\n0.1\n0.1\n0.2\nJun 2025\n0.0\n0.0\n0.1\nJul 2025\n0.1\n0.1\n0.0\nAug 2025\n-0.1\n-0.1\n0.0\nSep 2025\n-0.1\n-0.3\n0.1\nOct 2025\n0.0\n0.2\n0.0\nNov 2025\n-0.1\n-0.1\n0.0\nDec 2025\n0.1\n0.0\n0.2\nJan 2026\n0.2\n-0.2\n0.7\nFeb 2026\n-0.5\n-0.4\n-0.5\nSource: Construction output in Great Britain from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nRevisions are rounded to one decimal place and calculated based on the one decimal place indexes.\nFurther information on current and past revisions can be found in our Output in the construction industry – revisions triangle dataset.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Revisions to month-on-month growth\n.xls\n.csv\nFor further information on the revisions profile, see our\nOutput in the construction industry revisions triangle (one-month growth) dataset\nand our\nOutput in the construction industry revisions triangle (three-month growth) dataset\n.\nSeasonal adjustment\nOur monthly construction estimates are seasonally adjusted. Seasonal adjustment is the process of removing the variations associated with the time of year, or the arrangement of the calendar, from a data time series.\nConstruction estimates, as for many data time series, are difficult to analyse using raw data because seasonal effects dominate short-term movements. Identifying and removing the seasonal component leaves the trend and irregular components.\nThe ONS uses the X-13-ARIMA-SEATS approach to seasonal adjustment. Seasonal adjustment parameters are monitored closely and regularly reviewed. For more information, please see our\nseasonal adjustment methodology page\n.\nIn our monthly estimates, seasonal adjustment is applied at the sector level and the seasonally adjusted series are aggregated to create estimates by total output. As part of our quality assurance approach, residual seasonality checks are regularly completed by our time series analysis team on both the directly seasonally adjusted series and the indirectly derived aggregate time series.\nSub-national and sub-sector construction output\nData on new orders supplied by Barbour ABI are used to model the breakdown of the overall output figures for Great Britain into the lower level and regional data. This is shown in Tables 1 and 2 of our\nOutput in the construction industry: sub-national and sub-sector dataset\n. More detail is available in our\nQuality assurance of administrative data used in construction statistics methodology\n.\nBias adjustment\nTypically, since the move to monthly gross domestic product (GDP) estimates, an adjustment to address any bias in survey responses for construction output is applied to the early construction output monthly estimates. We show this in our\nImprovements to construction statistics: Addressing the bias in early estimates of construction output, June 2018 article\n.\nResponse rates for March 2026 showed improvement compared with levels in recent years since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The survey turnover response rate for March 2026 was 75.7%. This follows first estimate response rates of 85.6% in February 2026 and 72.9% in January 2026. We have continued not to apply a bias adjustment since May 2020 while we review this approach. More information on our response rates is available in our\nOutput in the construction industry dataset\n.\nDifferences with monthly GDP construction estimates\nIn Blue Book 2021, we introduced a new framework to improve how we produce volume estimates of GDP for balanced years as part of the supply use process. This was explained in our\nProducing an alternative approach to GDP using experimental double deflation estimates article\n. This framework included the implementation of double-deflated industry-level gross value added (GVA) for the first time. This improvement was reflected in the\nGDP quarterly national accounts, UK: April to June 2021 bulletin and dataset\nand\nGDP monthly estimate, UK: August 2021 bulletin\nfor the first time.\nAs a result, volume estimates in the monthly GDP and construction outputs releases will differ for the period 1997 to 2020. This is because the construction publication measures the volume of construction work (output), while the GDP series measures GVA (that is, output minus intermediate consumption). Construction estimates will align, but on a growth basis from January 2021 onwards.\nInformation and indicative effects of this change to industry-level GVA volume can be found in our\nImpact of double deflation on industry chain volume measure annual estimates article\nand our\nImpact of Blue Book 2021 changes on quarterly volume estimates of gross domestic product by industry article\n.\nAccredited official statistics\nThese accredited official statistics were independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in March 2019. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in\nthe Code of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nRelated links\nConstruction statistics: sources and outputs\nMethodology | Released 18 November 2022\nA list of the known sources of information available on the construction industry and their outputs.\nGDP monthly estimate, UK: March 2026\nBulletin | Released 14 May 2026\nGross domestic product (GDP) measures the value of goods and services produced in the UK and estimates the size of and growth in the economy.\nIndex of Services, UK: March 2026\nBulletin | Released 14 May 2026\nMonthly movements in output for the services industries.\nIndex of Production, UK: March 2026\nBulletin | Released 14 May 2026\nMovements in the volume of production for the UK production industries: manufacturing, mining and quarrying, energy supply, and water and waste management.\nConstruction statistics, Great Britain: 2024\nBulletin | Released 19 February 2026\nA wide range of statistics and analysis on the construction industry in Great Britain in 2023.\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy: 7 May 2026\nBulletin | Released 7 May 2026\nExperimental data from the voluntary fortnightly business survey (BICS) about financial performance, workforce, prices, trade, and business resilience.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), published 14 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nConstruction output in Great Britain: March 2026, new orders and Construction Output Price Indices, January to March 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "businessindustryandtrade/constructionindustry/bulletins/constructionoutputingreatbritain/march2026newordersandconstructionoutputpriceindicesjanuarytomarch2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/constructionindustry/bulletins/constructionoutputingreatbritain/march2026newordersandconstructionoutputpriceindicesjanuarytomarch2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Short-term measures of output by the construction industry in March 2026, contracts awarded for new construction work in Great Britain and a summary of the Construction Output Price Indices (OPIs) in the UK for Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "0.4%", "2026", "4", "2025", "3.4%", "1.9%", "4.1%", "1.5%", "2026,", "0.5%", "1.0%", "0.7%", "2.0%", "0.8%", "10.5%", "1,238 million", "12 months", "2", "14", "2026\nMonth", "2014", "19", "3", "2024", "2022", "1.2%", "2022,", "1.7%", "22", "2023", "16", "0.1", "0.2", "-0.1", "-0.5", "-0.9", "0.0", "0.3", "-0.2", "-0.8", "-0.7", "-0.3", "0.7", "-0.4", "13", "2018", "75.7%", "85.6%", "72.9%", "2020", "2021,", "2021", "1997", "2019", "5", "18", "7", "6"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Construction output price indices", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/businessindustryandtrade/constructionindustry/datasets/interimconstructionoutputpriceindices/current/bulletindataset9.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "New orders in the construction industry", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/businessindustryandtrade/constructionindustry/datasets/newordersintheconstructionindustry/current/bulletindataset7.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "New orders revisions triangle (quarter-on-quarter) growth", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/businessindustryandtrade/constructionindustry/datasets/newordersrevisiontrianglequarteronquartergrowth/current/bulletindataset8.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "4a288de3d693d46400ed"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/gdpfirstquarterlyestimateuk/januarytomarch2026", "title": "GDP first quarterly estimate, UK: January to March 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nUK real gross domestic product (GDP) is estimated to have increased by 0.6% in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026, following revised growth of 0.2% in Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025.\nIn output terms, all three sectors contributed to growth in the latest quarter; the largest contribution came from the services sector, growing by 0.8%.\nGDP is estimated to have increased by an unrevised 1.4% annually in 2025, following revised growth of 1.0% in 2024 (previously 1.1%).\nReal GDP per head is estimated to have increased by 0.6% in Quarter 1 2026 and is up 0.9% compared with the same quarter a year ago.\nIn line with the updated National Accounts Revisions Policy, this bulletin includes revisions to data from Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2024 to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025; there have been small plus and minus 0.1 percentage point revisions to growth across both these years.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nHeadline GDP figures\nUK real gross domestic product (GDP) is estimated to have increased by 0.6% in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026, following revised growth of 0.2% in Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025 (Figure 1).\nOur\nmonthly GDP figures\npublished today also show that GDP grew by 0.3% in March 2026, following growth of 0.4% in February 2026 and no growth in January 2026 (revised down from growths of 0.5% and 0.1%, respectively, in our previous publication).\nIn line with the\nNational Accounts Revisions Policy\n, this release includes revisions to data from Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2024 to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025. There have been small plus and minus 0.1 percentage point revisions to the quarters across 2024 and 2025; mainly reflecting revised source data, changes to seasonal adjustment factors and a review of previously applied balancing adjustments. We have separately published a\ncomprehensive methodology explaining how we assess for residual seasonality\n. To bring this information together, we have incorporated experiences both internationally (United States, Bureau of Economic Analysis) and academic expertise (University of Southampton). Today, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) also published a\nblog that discusses how the ONS monitors the quality of our seasonally adjusted estimates in times of dynamic economic activity\n.\nEarly estimates of GDP are subject to revision\n(positive or negative). Our recently published analysis shows that the mean absolute revision between the first quarterly GDP estimate, and the same quarterly estimate three years later is, on average, plus or minus 0.28 percentage points. Revisions are made when more detailed information becomes available through the comprehensive annual supply and use balancing process, as the data content increases. For more information, please refer to our\nGDP revisions in Blue Book: 2025 article\n.\nThe GDP growth vintages from 2024 onwards are shown in Table 4. We give more information on\nuncertainty\nin\nSection 11: Data sources and quality.\nFigure 1: Real GDP is estimated to have increased by 0.6% in Quarter 1 2026\nUK, Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2024 to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nSource: GDP first quarterly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nQ1 refers to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar), Q2 refers to Quarter 2 (Apr to June), Q3 refers to Quarter 3 (July to Sept) and Q4 refers to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec).\nChart shows the quarter-on-previous-quarter growth rounded to 1 decimal place (%).\nThis is the first estimate of GDP in Quarter 1 2026. There was no estimate produced as part of the previous Quarterly National Accounts.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: Real GDP is estimated to have increased by 0.6% in Quarter 1 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nReal GDP per head is estimated to have increased by 0.6% in Quarter 1 2026, and is up 0.9% compared with the same quarter a year ago. See\nSection 6: Real GDP per head for more information\n.\nTable 1: Headline national accounts indicators for the UK\nPercentage growth\nGDP (Chained volume measures)\nGDP per head (Chained volume measures) [Note 3]\nGDP (Current market prices)\nGDP implied deflator\nSeasonally adjusted\n2024\n1.0\n-0.1\n5.0\n4.0\n2025\n1.4\n1.1\n5.1\n3.6\nQ1 2024\n0.7\n0.5\n2.1\n1.4\nQ2 2024\n0.6\n0.3\n1.8\n1.2\nQ3 2024\n0.2\n0.1\n1.7\n1.5\nQ4 2024\n0.4\n0.3\n1.1\n0.7\nQ1 2025\n0.6\n0.5\n1.3\n0.7\nQ2 2025\n0.1\n0.1\n1.2\n1.1\nQ3 2025\n0.2\n0.1\n1.0\n0.8\nQ4 2025\n0.2\n0.1\n0.7\n0.6\nQ1 2026\n0.6\n0.6\n1.6\n1.0\nSource: GDP first quarterly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nPercentage change on previous period, rounded to one decimal place.\nQ1 refers to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar), Q2 refers to Quarter 2 (Apr to June), Q3 refers to Quarter 3 (July to Sept) and Q4 refers to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec).\nPopulation figures for up to mid-2024 are based on mid-year UK population estimates published on 26 September 2025. Figures for Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2024 up to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2025 are based on an interpolation between mid-year estimates and 2024-based national population projections using the principal variant published in our National population projections bulletin on 28 April 2026. Figures for Quarter 2 (Apr to June) 2025 onwards are based on the 2024-based national population projections.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Headline national accounts indicators for the UK\n.xls\n.csv\nNominal GDP is estimated to have increased by 1.6% in Quarter 1 2026 and is now 4.6% higher compared with the same quarter a year ago.\nThe implied GDP deflator is the broadest measure of inflation in the domestic economy, reflecting changes in the price of all goods and services that make up GDP. The GDP deflator covers the whole of the domestic economy, not just consumer spending. It also reflects the change in the relative price of exports to imports. For more information on the implied GDP deflator, see our\nMeasuring price changes of the UK national accounts: February 2023 article\n.\nCompared with the same quarter a year ago, the GDP implied deflator increased by 3.5% in Quarter 1 2026, mainly caused by household expenditure, gross capital formation, general government, and exports (Figure 2).\nFigure 2: The implied price of GDP increased by 3.5% in Quarter 1 2026 compared with the same quarter a year ago\nQuarter-on-quarter a year ago contributions to growth in the price deflator, UK, Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2025 to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nSource: GDP first quarterly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nQ1 refers to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar), Q2 refers to Quarter 2 (Apr to June), Q3 refers to Quarter 3 (July to Sept) and Q4 refers to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec).\nComponent contributions do not sum to total because of rounding.\nAn increase in import prices contributes negatively to the implied GDP deflator, while a decrease in import prices contributes positively to the implied GDP deflator.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: The implied price of GDP increased by 3.5% in Quarter 1 2026 compared with the same quarter a year ago\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe three approaches to measuring GDP\nReal annual GDP is estimated to have increased by an unrevised 1.4% in 2025 (Figure 3). Growth in 2024 has been revised down slightly to 1.0% (previously 1.1%), with the three approaches showing growth in the range of 0.8% to 1.2%.\nThere will be uncertainty at the component level at this stage in the production cycle for 2024 onwards until these data have been confronted through the supply and use tables framework (SUTs). There are various reasons for this uncertainty, and these are further discussed in\nSection 11: Data sources and quality\n.\nFigure 3: Real GDP is estimated to have increased by an unrevised 1.4% in 2025\nThree approaches to measuring GDP and average GDP growth, 2025\nSource: GDP first quarterly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nChart shows the annual-on-previous-annual growth (%).\nGrowth rates are rounded to one decimal place.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: Real GDP is estimated to have increased by an unrevised 1.4% in 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nOutput\nOutput is estimated to have increased by 0.6% in the latest quarter, following an upwardly revised 0.2% increase in Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec). Overall, in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026, there were increases in 14 out of 20 subsectors of GDP.\nThe services sector increased by 0.8%, while the construction sector increased by 0.4% and production by 0.2%.\nServices\nServices output increased by 0.8% in Quarter 1 2026, following a 0.2% increase in Quarter 4 2025. Services output is estimated to be 1.4% higher compared with the same quarter a year ago.\nNon-consumer-facing services (business-facing services) grew by 0.7%, while consumer-facing services grew by 0.8%.\nFigure 4 shows that 11 of the 14 services subsectors contributed positively to services growth. The largest positive contributor to growth was wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles subsector, which grew by 2.0%. This was driven by growth of 3.1% in wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles, and a growth of 1.6% in retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles, as shown in our\nRetail sales bulletin\n.\nDespite the recent growth, the wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles subsector remains below levels seen in 2022, and is only 0.3% higher in March 2026 than in the same month last year.\nThe largest negative contributor to growth in Quarter 1 2026 was administrative and support service activities, which fell by 1.0%, mainly because of declines in rental and leasing activities, and employment activities.\nMore detail on services can be found in our\nIndex of Services, UK: March 2026 bulletin\n.\nFigure 4: 11 out of 14 services subsectors contributed positively to growth in Quarter 1 2026\nUK, contributions to services growth, Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025 and Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nSource: GDP first quarterly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nComponents contribution may not sum to total because of rounding.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: 11 out of 14 services subsectors contributed positively to growth in Quarter 1 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nProduction\nThe production sector is estimated to have grown by 0.2% in Quarter 1 2026, following a 1.3% increase in the previous quarter. Production output is estimated to be unchanged compared with the same quarter a year ago.\nThe growth in production output in the latest quarter was mainly because of a growth of 0.8% in manufacturing and a growth of 0.6% in electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply. These growths were partially offset by falls in mining and quarrying, which was down 4.5% and water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities, which fell by 0.5% in Quarter 1 2026.\nLooking at the manufacturing sector in more detail, 8 out of 13 manufacturing subsectors contributed positively to manufacturing growth in the latest quarter (Figure 5). The largest positive contributions to the growth were the manufacture of transport equipment, which increased by 5.7%, driven by a 10.9% growth in manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers. This is a base effect caused by the comparison to Quarter 4 2025. This includes October 2025 when the industry had not recovered fully from impacts of a cyber incident in August 2025.\nFurther detail on production can be found in our\nIndex of Production, UK: March 2026 bulletin\n.\nFigure 5: 8 out of 13 manufacturing subsectors contributed positively to growth in Quarter 1 2026\nUK, contributions to manufacturing growth, Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025 and Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nSource: GDP first quarterly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nComponents contribution may not sum to total because of rounding.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: 8 out of 13 manufacturing subsectors contributed positively to growth in Quarter 1 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nConstruction\nConstruction output is estimated to have increased by 0.4% in Quarter 1 2026 but remains 1.3% lower compared with the same quarter a year ago. Repair and maintenance grew by 3.4% over the period, whereas new work fell by 1.9%. Within repair and maintenance, the largest positive contribution came from private housing repair and maintenance, which grew by 4.1%. In new work, the largest negative contributor was private new housing, which fell by 2.6%.\nFurther detail on construction output growth rates can be found in our\nConstruction output in Great Britain: March 2026, new orders and Construction Output Price Indices, January to March 2026 bulletin\n.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nExpenditure\nExpenditure is estimated to have grown by 0.6% in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026, which was mainly caused by increases in gross capital formation: other, household consumption and government consumption (Figure 6).\nWithin gross capital formation: other, the largest contribution was from acquisitions less disposals of valuables, which increased by £4.5 billion between Quarter 4 2025 and Quarter 1 of 2026. This component is largely made up of non-monetary gold, which also appears within net trade, so the effect is GDP neutral.\nFigure 6: Growth in the latest quarter was driven by gross capital formation: other and household consumption\nUK, contributions to GDP by expenditure components, Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025 and Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nSource: GDP first quarterly estimate from the Office for National\nNotes:\n“Gross capital formation: other” will include changes in inventories and acquisitions less disposals of valuables, as well as the expenditure alignment adjustment.\nContributions may not sum to total because of rounding.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: Growth in the latest quarter was driven by gross capital formation: other and household consumption\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nHousehold final consumption expenditure\nThere was a 0.6% increase in real household final consumption expenditure in Quarter 1 2026. Household consumption is now estimated to be up by 0.9% compared with the same quarter a year ago.\nWithin household consumption in the latest quarter, growth was caused by increases in miscellaneous, food and drink, recreation and culture, and transport.\nNet tourism made little contribution to growth in household consumption in the latest quarter. Net tourism is offset within trade, so there is no effect on the gross domestic product (GDP) aggregate. Information on how we measure net tourism is provided in our\nNational Accounts articles: Treatment of tourism in the UK National Accounts\n. Excluding net tourism, domestic consumption grew by 0.6% in the latest quarter.\nConsumption of government goods and services\nReal government consumption expenditure grew by 0.4% in Quarter 1 2026, and is now estimated to be 1.4% higher than it was in the same quarter a year ago.\nThe growth in government consumption in the latest quarter mainly reflects increases in education, health, and social care.\nGross capital formation\nWithin gross capital formation, gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) fell by 0.6% in Quarter 1 2026, and is now estimated to be 0.5% higher compared with the same quarter a year ago. The main drivers of the fall are the result of declines in intellectual property products and dwellings.\nWithin GFCF, business investment is estimated to have increased by 0.7% in the latest quarter and is now estimated to be 1.8% lower than it was in the same quarter a year ago.\nExcluding the alignment adjustments, early estimates show that chained volume inventories increased by £2,352 million in Quarter 1 2026 (Table 2).\nTable 2: Change in inventories, including and excluding balancing and alignment adjustments\nUK, Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2025 to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nChange in Inventories\nOf which alignment\nOf which balancing\nChange in Inventories excluding alignment and balancing\nQ1 2025\nCurrent price\n511\n-1721\n2232\nQ1 2025\nChained volume measure\n595\n-1621\n2216\nQ2 2025\nCurrent price\n761\n1222\n-461\nQ2 2025\nChained volume measure\n2170\n1143\n1027\nQ3 2025\nCurrent price\n747\n760\n-13\nQ3 2025\nChained volume measure\n878\n710\n168\nQ4 2025\nCurrent price\n-673\n-261\n-412\nQ4 2025\nChained volume measure\n-8\n-232\n-500\n724\nQ1 2026\nCurrent price\n6098\n2429\n3669\nQ1 2026\nChained volume measure\n4565\n2213\n2352\nSource: GDP first quarterly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nData are in £ millions where chained volume measures are referenced to 2023.\nQ1 refers to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar), Q2 refers to Quarter 2 (Apr to June), Q3 refers to Quarter 3 (July to Sept) and Q4 refers to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec).\nAlignment adjustments typically have a target limit of plus or minus £3,000 million on any quarter. However, in periods where the data sources are particularly difficult to balance or have greater uncertainty, larger alignment adjustments are sometimes needed.\nDownload this table\nTable 2: Change in inventories, including and excluding balancing and alignment adjustments\n.xls\n.csv\nNet trade\nThe UK's trade deficit for goods and services is now estimated at 1.8% of nominal GDP in Quarter 1 2026. However, this includes non-monetary gold and other precious metals, which is an erratic series. It can be useful to exclude this from the trade balance. You can find more information about non-monetary gold in our\narticle on non-monetary gold in national accounts\n.\nExcluding non-monetary gold and other precious metals, the trade deficit is now estimated at 0.9% of nominal GDP in Quarter 1 2026 (Figure 7).\nDuring our routine quality assurance checks, we identified an error in trade in goods export data supplied by HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC). The error occurred because of new HMRC processing systems, resulting in incorrect data being delivered to the ONS. HMRC Overseas Trade Statistics are not affected.\nThe error affects data from July 2025 to December 2025, and has been corrected in this release, and in our UK trade bulletin. The corrected data do not affect GDP estimates in either Quarter 3 or Quarter 4 2025.\nMore information can be found in our\nMonthly trade release\n.\nFigure 7: Excluding non-monetary gold and other precious metals, the trade deficit was 0.9% of nominal GDP in Quarter 1 2026\nTrade balance as a percentage of nominal GDP, including and excluding non-monetary gold and other precious metals, UK, Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2024 to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nSource: GDP first quarterly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nQ1 refers to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar), Q2 refers to Quarter 2 (Apr to June), Q3 refers to Quarter 3 (July to Sept) and Q4 refers to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec).\nNon-monetary gold\n(NMG) is an erratic series and so it can be useful to consider this excluded from the trade balance.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 7: Excluding non-monetary gold and other precious metals, the trade deficit was 0.9% of nominal GDP in Quarter 1 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nExport volumes increased by 0.1% in the latest quarter and are now 0.5% higher compared with the same quarter a year ago.\nThe increase in the latest quarter was mainly caused by a 1.0% growth in goods exports, which offset a 0.5% decrease in services exports. Within goods exports, the growth was mainly caused by rises in machinery and transport equipment. The fall in services exports was mainly because of travel services.\nImport volumes are estimated to have increased by 0.6% in the latest quarter and are now 1.8% higher compared with the same quarter a year ago. Goods imports increased by 1.0% mainly because of increases in machinery and transport equipment. Services imports fell by 0.1%, mainly because of travel services.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nIncome\nNominal gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 1.6% in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 and is up 4.6% compared with the same quarter a year ago. Growth in nominal GDP in the latest quarter was mainly caused by an increase in compensation of employees (Figure 8).\nFigure 8: Growth in nominal GDP was mainly driven by an increase in compensation of employees in Quarter 1 2026\nUK, Contributions to nominal GDP, Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025 and Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nSource: GDP first quarterly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nQ1 refers to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar), Q2 refers to Quarter 2 (Apr to June), Q3 refers to Quarter 3 (July to Sept) and Q4 refers to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec).\nComponents contributions may not sum to total because of rounding.\nPlease note, the alignment adjustment is included in the Gross Operating Surplus of nominal GDP.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 8: Growth in nominal GDP was mainly driven by an increase in compensation of employees in Quarter 1 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nCompensation of employees\nCompensation of employees increased by 1.7% in the latest quarter and is up 5.8% compared with the same quarter a year ago. Growth in Quarter 1 2026 was caused by increases of 1.3% in wages and salaries, and 3.2% in employers social contributions.\nEarly estimates of private sector wages and salaries are based on estimates of the number of employees in the economy, from our Labour Force Survey (LFS), and average earnings from our average weekly earnings statistics. However, because of ongoing improvements in the LFS and therefore increased volatility in quarterly estimates, we continue to use additional information. This includes using information from our\nEarnings and employment from Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information UK bulletin\nto help improve both the accuracy of the income measure of GDP and coherence with related statistics, such as those in the Sector Accounts.\nOther income\nOther income is now estimated to have increased by 1.8% in the latest quarter and is 2.5% higher compared with the same quarter a year ago. This was caused by an increase in household gross operating surplus and mixed income.\nTaxes less subsidies\nTaxes less subsidies are estimated to have increased by 0.1% in Quarter 1 2026 and are now 0.1% higher compared with the same quarter a year ago.\nThere was a 0.6% fall in taxes (mainly Value Added Tax), and a 6.6% fall in subsidies that contribute positively to GDP.\nGross operating surplus\nTotal gross operating surplus (GOS) of corporations, excluding the alignment adjustment, increased by 1.1% in Quarter 1 2026 (Table 3). This is mainly because of an increase in private non-financial corporations (PNFC).\nEstimates of non-financial corporations within the GOS of corporations remains subject to uncertainty. This is because we do not have up-to-date quarterly information on the gross trading profits of businesses. These data are collected from HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) and are available with a lag of approximately two years. We rely on contextual data from other sources to inform these quarterly estimates, as outlined in our\nProfitability of UK companies quality and methodology information (QMI)\n.\nTable 3: Gross operating surplus of corporations, including and excluding alignment adjustments\nUK, Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2025 to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nGross operating surplus of corporations\nOf which alignment\nGross operating surplus of corporations excluding alignment\nGross operating surplus of corporations excluding alignment\nQuarter-on-quarter growth\nQ1 2025\n159509\n-2261\n161770\n-0.4\nQ2 2025\n167749\n2739\n165010\n2\nQ3 2025\n165153\n989\n164164\n-0.5\nQ4 2025\n165769\n-1467\n167236\n1.9\nQ1 2026\n169181\n138\n169043\n1.1\nSource: GDP first quarterly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nData are in £ millions where chained volume measures are referenced to 2023.\nQ1 refers to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar), Q2 refers to Quarter 2 (Apr to June), Q3 refers to Quarter 3 (July to Sept) and Q4 refers to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec).\nAlignment adjustments typically have a target limit of plus or minus £3,000 million on any quarter. However, in periods where the data sources are particularly difficult to balance or have greater uncertainty, larger alignment adjustments are sometimes needed.\nDownload this table\nTable 3: Gross operating surplus of corporations, including and excluding alignment adjustments\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nReal GDP per head\nWe produce estimates of gross domestic product (GDP) per head (or per capita), which divides UK GDP by the total UK population. This is one proxy indicator of welfare, rather than production, which reflects a country's living standards. It captures the volume of goods and services available to the average person. Further information on this is available in our\nTrends in UK real GDP per head: 2022 to 2024 article\n.\nReal GDP per head is estimated to have increased by 0.6% in Quarter 1 2026, and is up 0.9% compared with the same quarter a year ago (Figure 9). There have been some small revisions to GDP per head figures across 2025, reflecting some revisions to GDP £ million figures as discussed at the start of this bulletin and population revisions.\nReal GDP per head is estimated to have increased by 1.1% annually in 2025, following a 0.1% fall in 2024.\nPopulation figures for up to mid-2024 are based on our\nmid-year UK population estimates\npublished on 26 September 2025. Figures for Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2024 up to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2025 are based on an interpolation between mid-year estimates and 2024-based national population projections using the principal variant published in our\nNational population projections bulletin\n, on 28 April 2026. Figures for Quarter 2 (Apr to June) 2025 onwards are based on the 2024-based national population projections.\nFigure 9: Real GDP per head is estimated to have increased by 0.6% in Quarter 1 2026\nUK, Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2024 to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nSource: GDP first quarterly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nQ1 refers to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar), Q2 refers to Quarter 2 (Apr to June), Q3 refers to Quarter 3 (July to Sept) and Q4 refers to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec).\nChart shows the quarter-on-previous-quarter growth (%), rounded to one decimal place.\nPopulation figures for up to mid-2024 are based on mid-year UK population estimates published on 26 September 2025. Figures for Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2024 up to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2025 are based on an interpolation between mid-year estimates and 2024-based national population projections using the principal variant published in our National population projections bulletin on 28 April 2026. Figures for Quarter 2 (Apr to June) 2025 onwards are based on the 2024-based national population projections.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 9: Real GDP per head is estimated to have increased by 0.6% in Quarter 1 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nRevisions to GDP\nIn line with our\nNational Accounts Revisions Policy\n, this release includes revisions to data from Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2024 to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025.\nThere have been small plus and minus 0.1 percentage point revisions to the quarters across 2024 and 2025. These revisions mainly reflect revised source data and changes to seasonal adjustment factors that were implemented after we received Quarter 1 2026 data and were then able to assess data for the previous quarters. Most notably, growth in both Quarter 1 2024 and Quarter 1 2025 have each been revised down by 0.1 percentage points. In addition, we have reviewed previously applied balancing adjustments.\nWe have separately published a comprehensive\nmethodology explaining how we assess for residual seasonality\n. In this methodology, we draw on international experiences from the United States' Bureau of Economic Analysis, as well as academic expertise from the University of Southampton. Today, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) also published a blog post that discusses how the ONS monitors the quality of our seasonally adjusted estimates in times of dynamic economic activity.\nEarly estimates of gross domestic product (GDP) are subject to positive or negative revision, as described in our\nWhy GDP figures are revised article\n. For more information, please refer to our\nGDP revisions in Blue Book: 2025 article\n, published on 31 October 2025. The GDP growth vintages to 1 decimal place are shown in Table 4.\nTable 4: Quarter-on-quarter growth for real GDP at different publication vintages\nQuarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2024 to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nRelating to Period\nQ1 2024\nQ2 2024\nQ3 2024\nQ4 2024\nQ1 2025\nQ2 2025\nQ3 2025\nQ4 2025\nQ1 2026\nMay 2024\n0.6\nJun 2024\n0.7\nAug 2024\n0.7\n0.6\nSep 2024\n0.7\n0.5\nNov 2024\n0.7\n0.5\n0.1\nDec 2024\n0.7\n0.4\n0.0\nFeb 2025\n0.8\n0.4\n0.0\n0.1\nMar 2025\n0.9\n0.5\n0.0\n0.1\nMay 2025\n0.9\n0.5\n0.0\n0.1\n0.7\nJun 2025\n0.9\n0.5\n0.0\n0.1\n0.7\nAug 2025\n0.9\n0.5\n0.0\n0.1\n0.7\n0.3\nSep 2025\n0.8\n0.6\n0.2\n0.2\n0.7\n0.3\nNov 2025\n0.8\n0.6\n0.2\n0.2\n0.7\n0.3\n0.1\nDec 2025\n0.8\n0.6\n0.2\n0.3\n0.7\n0.2\n0.1\nFeb 2026\n0.8\n0.6\n0.2\n0.3\n0.7\n0.2\n0.1\n0.1\nMar 2026\n0.8\n0.6\n0.2\n0.3\n0.7\n0.2\n0.1\n0.1\nLatest estimate: May 2026\n0.7\n0.6\n0.2\n0.4\n0.6\n0.1\n0.2\n0.2\n0.6\nTotal revision between first and latest estimate\n0.1\n0.0\n0.1\n0.3\n-0.1\n-0.2\n0.1\n0.1\n..\nSource: GDP first quarterly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nQ1 refers to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar), Q2 refers to Quarter 2 (Apr to June), Q3 refers to Quarter 3 (July to Sept) and Q4 refers to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec).\nDownload this table\nTable 4: Quarter-on-quarter growth for real GDP at different publication vintages\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nInternational comparisons\nTable 5: Real GDP growth for the G7 economies\nPercentage change, quarter on quarter and annual growth, real gross domestic product (GDP) for 2025 and 2026\nQuarter on previous quarter (%)\nAnnual (%)\nCountry\nQ1 2025\nQ2 2025\nQ3 2025\nQ4 2025\nQ1 2026\n2025\nCanada\n0.5\n-0.2\n0.6\n-0.2\n0.4\n1.7\nFrance\n0.2\n0.4\n0.6\n0.2\n0.0\n0.9\nGermany\n0.4\n-0.2\n0.0\n0.2\n0.3\n0.3\nItaly\n0.3\n0.0\n0.2\n0.3\n0.2\n0.7\nJapan\n0.3\n0.6\n-0.7\n0.3\n..\n1.2\nUK\n0.6\n0.1\n0.2\n0.2\n0.6\n1.4\nUnited States\n-0.2\n0.9\n1.1\n0.1\n0.5\n2.1\nSource: GDP first quarterly estimate from the Office for National Statistics, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development\nNotes\nQ1 refers to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar), Q2 refers to Quarter 2 (Apr to June), Q3 refers to Quarter 3 (July to Sept) and Q4 refers to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec).\nThe Group of Seven (G7) is an intergovernmental organisation that consists of the US, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Canada, and Japan.\nData were accessed and retrieved from the OECD website on 13 May 2026, where revision policies for published estimates can differ between countries.\nDownload this table\nTable 5: Real GDP growth for the G7 economies\n.xls\n.csv\nTable 6: Real GDP per head growth for the G7 economies\nPercentage change, quarter-on-quarter and annual growth, real gross domestic product (GDP)\nQuarter on previous quarter (%)\nAnnual (%)\nCountry\nQ1 2025\nQ2 2025\nQ3 2025\nQ4 2025\nQ1 2026\n2025\nCanada\n0.3\n-0.3\n0.5\n0.0\n..\n0.6\nFrance\n0.1\n0.3\n0.5\n0.1\n..\n0.7\nGermany\n0.4\n-0.2\n0.0\n0.3\n..\n0.3\nItaly\n0.3\n0.1\n0.2\n0.3\n..\n0.7\nJapan\n0.4\n0.6\n-0.5\n0.5\n..\n1.7\nUK\n0.5\n0.1\n0.1\n0.1\n0.6\n1.1\nUnited States\n-0.3\n0.8\n1.0\n0.0\n0.4\n1.6\nSource: GDP first quarterly estimate from the Office for National Statistics, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development\nNotes\nQ1 refers to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar), Q2 refers to Quarter 2 (Apr to June), Q3 refers to Quarter 3 (July to Sept) and Q4 refers to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec).\nThe Group of Seven (G7) is an intergovernmental organisation that consists of the US, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Canada, and Japan.\nData were accessed and retrieved from the OECD website on 13 May 2026, where revision policies for published estimates can differ between countries and be available on a lag compared with GDP estimates.\nDownload this table\nTable 6: Real GDP per head growth for the G7 economies\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nData on GDP first quarterly estimate\nGDP – data tables\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nAnnual and quarterly data for UK gross domestic product (GDP) estimates, in chained volume measures and current market prices.\nGDP in chained volume measures – real-time database (ABMI)\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nQuarterly levels for UK gross domestic product (GDP), in chained volume measures at market prices.\nGDP at current prices – real-time database (YBHA)\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nQuarterly levels for UK gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nGlossary\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nData sources and quality\nReaching the GDP balance\nQuarterly GDP is a balanced measure of three approaches. The GDP monthly estimate focuses on gross value added (GVA) and output as a proxy for GDP. This results in data differences, in both levels and growth terms, between our quarterly bulletins (average GDP) and our\nGDP monthly estimate bulletins\n(output approach to GDP). Quarterly GDP is the lead measure of GDP because of its higher data content and inclusion of variables that enable the conversion from a GVA concept to a GDP basis.\nInformation on the methods we use is in our\nBalancing the output, income and expenditure approaches to measuring GDP report\n.\nAlignment adjustments, found in Table M of our\nGDP data tables\n, have a target limit of plus or minus £3,000 million on any quarter. However, in periods where the data sources are particularly difficult to balance, larger alignment adjustments are sometimes needed. This is explained in more detail in our\nRecent challenges of balancing the three approaches of GDP article\n.\nAs standard, we prefer having the alignment adjustment out of tolerance, rather than over-adjusting individual GDP components to achieve a balance. This is most likely to occur in the latest quarter, where the constraints are larger, and where we must align to the output estimate for the change in GDP, and where the data content is at its lowest.\nTo achieve a balanced GDP dataset through alignment, we apply balancing adjustments to the components of GDP where data content is particularly weak in each quarter because of a higher level of forecast content. Table 7 shows the balancing adjustments applied to the GDP quarterly dataset.\nTable 7: Balancing adjustments applied to the GDP first quarterly estimate dataset\nQuarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2024 to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026\nGDP measurement approach and component adjustment applied to\nQ1 2024\nQ2 2024\nQ3 2024\nQ4 2024\nQ1 2025\nQ2 2025\nQ3 2025\nQ4 2025\nQ1 2026\nExpenditure\nHousehold consumption\nCurrent price\n500\nChained volume measures\n500\nInventories\nCurrent price\n500\nChained volume measures\n500\n-500\nTrade in services exports\nCurrent price\n-500\n500\n-1000\n-500\n750\n500\nChained volume measures\n-500\n500\n-1000\n-500\nTrade in services imports\nCurrent price\n-500\n500\n500\n500\n500\n500\nChained volume measures\n1000\n750\n2000\n1500\n1500\n1500\n1500\n1500\n1500\nIncome\nCompensation of employees\nCurrent price\n-500\n-1500\n-1500\n-1500\n-1500\n-1500\nPrivate non-financial corporation gross operating surplus\nCurrent price\n-1000\n1000\n-1000\n-4500\n-500\n-2000\n-4000\n-4000\nFinancial corporations gross operating surplus\nCurrent price\n-500\n500\n-500\nSource: GDP first quarterly estimate from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 7: Balancing adjustments applied to the GDP first quarterly estimate dataset\n.xls\n.csv\nNet trade\nSince the UK left the EU on 31 January 2020, arrangements for how the UK trades with the EU changed. HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) implemented some data collection changes following Brexit, which affected statistics on UK trade in goods with the EU.\nWe have made adjustments to our estimates of goods imports from the EU in 2021 and 2022 to account for these changes. However, a structural break remains in the full time series for goods imports from, and exports to, the EU from January 2021. We therefore advise caution when interpreting and drawing conclusions from these statistics. More detail is provided in our\nImpact of trade in goods data collection changes on UK trade statistics: summary of adjustments and the structural break from 2021 article\n.\nInternational Trade in Services estimates\nFrom September 2025 until early 2027, International Trade in Services (ITIS) data (which account for approximately 50% of total Trade in Services) will be processed once each quarterly period. During this period, the data will be based on a strong survey response rate of between approximately 60% and 70%. This will facilitate more focus on improving processing systems and ensuring methods and quality in the future.\nITIS-based data in Trade in Services estimates at first quarterly estimate will be forecast until early 2027.\nThe International Passenger Survey (IPS), which is the source of travel services estimates (accounting for approximately 8% of total trade), is being transformed as part of our\nImproving our travel and tourism statistics project\n. Travel services estimates have been forecast since Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2024. Estimates will be forecast during the period of the travel and tourism transformation.\nOur\nFinancial Services Survey (FSS) is undergoing transformation\nto improve the quality of our financial sector statistics. During the period of transformation, starting from Quarter 1 2024, financial services trade statistics in this publication are based on forecasts.\nThe three approaches to measuring GDP\nThere are three approaches to measuring gross domestic product (GDP):\nthe output approach\nthe expenditure approach\nthe income approach\nThe data and data quality are different for each approach, and this dictates the approach taken in balancing quarterly data. There are more data available on output in the UK in the short term than in the other two approaches. To get the best estimate of GDP, our published figure, estimates from all three approaches are balanced to produce an average, except in the latest two quarters where the output data take the lead, because of the larger data content.\nThe three approaches to measuring GDP allow us to confront our data sources within the national accounts framework. Figure 3 shows there are differences in the three approaches at this stage in the production cycle for 2025, with real growth estimated in a range of 1.3% to 1.5%. There will be uncertainty at the component level at this stage in the production cycle for 2024 onwards until these data have been confronted through the supply and use tables framework (SUTs). This uncertainty may be for various reasons and is discussed further later in this section.\nOutput approach\nIn the output approach, we do not currently have final estimates for intermediate consumption (the value of goods and services purchased to be used up in the production of goods and services). This is outlined in our\nBlue Book 2025: advanced aggregate estimates article\n. Initially, we use turnover and output as a proxy for changes in gross value added. We assume that the intermediate consumption ratio by industry, calculated in 2023, holds constant into 2024 onwards. More information on this is provided in Section 11: Data sources and quality of our\nGDP first quarterly estimate, UK: April to June 2024 bulletin\n.\nExpenditure approach\nIn the expenditure approach, we currently have lower response rates for areas, such as the Living Costs and Food Survey, which is one of many data sources that inform our estimates of household consumption. We therefore rely on additional indicators, such as our Monthly Business Survey, to quality adjust some of our estimates in the short term.\nIncome approach\nIn the income approach, we do not have up-to-date quarterly information on the gross trading profits of businesses. These data are collected from HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) and are available with a lag of approximately two years.\nWe rely on contextual data from other sources to inform these quarterly estimates, as outlined in our\nProfitability of UK companies quality and methodology information (QMI)\n. There is currently more uncertainty around the compensation of employees figures in this release because of lower response rates in our Labour Force Survey (LFS), as described in our\nLFS: planned improvements and its reintroduction methodology\n. We have used additional information from our\nEarnings and employment Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK: January 2025 bulletin\nto help inform the estimates.\nStrengths and limitations\nThe UK National Accounts are drawn together using data from many different sources. This ensures that they are comprehensive and provide different perspectives on the economy, for example, sales by retailers and purchases by households. Further information on measuring GDP can be found in our\nGuide to the UK National Accounts\n. More quality and methodology information is available in our\nGDP quality and methodology information (QMI)\n.\nSeasonal adjustment\nThe headline estimates of quarterly GDP are seasonally adjusted. Seasonal adjustment is the process of removing the variations associated with the time of year, or the arrangement of the calendar, from a data time series.\nGDP estimates, as for many data time series, are difficult to analyse using raw data because seasonal effects dominate short-term movements. Identifying and removing the seasonal component leaves the trend and irregular components.\nWe use the X-13-ARIMA-SEATS approach to seasonal adjustment. Seasonal adjustment parameters are monitored closely and regularly reviewed. For more information, please see our\nseasonal adjustment methodology page\n.\nIn our quarterly GDP estimates, seasonal adjustment is applied at a low level, and the seasonally adjusted series are aggregated to create estimates by sector and total output. As part of our quality assurance approach, residual seasonality checks are regularly completed by our time series analysis team on both the directly seasonally adjusted series, and the indirectly derived aggregate time series.\nThere are conceptual differences between indirect and direct seasonal adjustment. Indirect seasonal adjustment is the sum of the directly seasonally adjusted component series, typically chosen at an optimal level and depending on user needs. For the National Accounts, GDP aggregates are created with indirect seasonal adjustment. Because of processing, including benchmarking and chain-linking, direct seasonal adjustment of the non-seasonally adjusted GDP aggregate will not give the same results as the indirect seasonally adjusted output.\nBased on our combined assessment from the suite of statistical tests, there is no statistically significant residual seasonality in our aggregate outputs from Quarter 1 1995 to Quarter 1 2026, although we continue to monitor this closely.\nThis topic is explored further in our\nHow the ONS assesses statistical outputs for residual seasonality article\n, published on 12 May 2026.\nMore details can also be found in the OSR's\nCompliance review of Treatment of Seasonality in Quarterly GDP statistics\nand in our\nresponse to the OSR review\n.\nImportant quality information\nThere are common pitfalls in interpreting data series:\nexpectations of accuracy and reliability in early estimates are often too high\nrevisions are an inevitable consequence of the trade-off between timeliness and accuracy\nearly estimates are often based on incomplete data\nVery few statistical revisions arise because of \"errors\" in the popular sense of the word. All estimates, by definition, are subject to statistical \"error\".\nMany different approaches can be used to summarise revisions. The section on Accuracy and reliability in our\nGDP QMI\nanalyses the mean average revision and the mean absolute revision for GDP estimates over data publication iterations. For more information, please refer to our\nGDP revisions in Blue Book: 2025 article\n, published on 31 October 2025.\nAccredited official statistics\nThese\naccredited official statistics\nwere independently reviewed by the\nOffice for Statistics Regulation\nin October 2016. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality, and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nBack to table of contents\n12.\nRelated links\nGDP monthly estimates, March 2026\nBulletin | Released 14 May 2026\nGross domestic product (GDP) measures the value of goods and services produced in the UK. It estimates the size of and growth in the economy.\nGDP revisions in Blue Book: 2025\nArticle | Released 31 October 2025\nGross domestic product (GDP) revisions in annual and quarterly national accounts rounds, focusing on revisions in Blue Book 2025.\nMeasuring monthly and quarterly gross domestic product in the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic\nArticle | Released 11 November 2021\nHow we produce monthly and quarterly estimates of UK gross domestic product and why this affects estimating where the economy is relative to its pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic level.\nCommunicating the UK Economic Cycle\nMethodology | Released 11 November 2022\nExplanation of movement in gross domestic product (GDP) and wider considerations around technical recessions in the UK.\nUK Input-output analysis tool: 2019 to 2023\nInteractive tool | Released 5 March 2025\nThis tool shows which industries are the most notable users of a selected product, and which products are required to make other goods and services in the UK economy.\nBack to table of contents\n13.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 14 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nGDP first quarterly estimate, UK: January to March 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/gdpfirstquarterlyestimateuk/januarytomarch2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/gdpfirstquarterlyestimateuk/januarytomarch2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "First quarterly estimate of gross domestic product (GDP). Contains current and constant price data on the value of UK goods and services.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "0.6%", "2026,", "0.2%", "4", "2025", "0.8%", "1.4%", "2025,", "1.0%", "2024", "1.1%", "2026", "0.9%", "0.1 percentage point", "2", "0.3%", "0.4%", "0.5%", "0.1%", "0.28 percentage points", "11", "3", "6", "1.0", "-0.1", "5.0", "4.0", "1.4", "1.1", "5.1", "3.6", "0.7", "0.5", "2.1", "0.6", "0.3", "1.8", "1.2", "0.2", "0.1", "1.7", "1.5", "0.4", "1.3", "0.8", "1.6", "26", "28", "1.6%", "4.6%", "2023", "3.5%", "1.2%", "14", "20", "0.7%", "2.0%", "3.1%", "2022,", "1.3%", "4.5%", "8", "13", "5", "5.7%", "10.9%", "3.4%", "1.9%", "4.1%", "2.6%", "4.5 billion", "1.8%", "2,352 million", "511", "-1721", "2232", "595", "-1621", "2216"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "GDP at current prices – real-time database (YBHA)", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/realtimedatabaseforukgdpybha/quarter1jantomar2026firstestimate/gdpatcurrentpricesrealtimedatabaseybha.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "GDP at current prices – real-time database (YBHA)", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/realtimedatabaseforukgdpybha/quarter4octtodec2025quarterlynationalaccounts/gdpatcurrentpricesrealtimedatabaseybha.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "GDP at current prices – real-time database (YBHA)", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/realtimedatabaseforukgdpybha/quarter4octtodec2025firstestimate/gdpatcurrentpricesrealtimedatabaseybha.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/indexofproduction/march2026", "title": "Index of Production, UK: March 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nProduction output was estimated to have increased by 0.2% during Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026, compared with Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025.\nThe main positive contribution in Quarter 1 2026 was from \"manufacturing\" (up 0.8%), followed by \"electricity and gas\" (up 0.6%); these were mostly offset by a fall from \"mining and quarrying\" (down 4.5%) and a smaller, supporting fall from \"water supply and sewerage\" (down 0.5%).\n8 of the 13 subsectors in \"manufacturing\" increased during Quarter 1 2026, with the largest positive contributions being from \"transport equipment\" (up 5.7%) and \"other manufacturing\" (up 4.0%); within transport equipment, \"motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers\" increased by 10.9%, as the industry continued to recover from a cyber incident in September 2025.\nMonthly production output was estimated to have decreased by 0.2% in March 2026, which follows a rise in February 2026 (up 0.3%) and a fall in January 2026 (down 0.1%).\nThe fall in monthly production output in March 2026 was mainly because of weakness in \"electricity and gas\" (down 4.3%), with supporting contributions from \"mining and quarrying\" (down 2.3%) and \"water supply and sewerage\" (down 1.6%); these were partially offset by strength in \"manufacturing\" (up 1.2%).\nThe fall in \"electricity and gas\" (down 4.3%) was caused by \"electric power generation, transmission and distribution\" (down 6.0%).\n10 of the 13 manufacturing subsectors saw increased output in March 2026, mainly caused by similarly-sized positive contributions from \"transport equipment\" (up 2.0%), \"basic pharmaceutical products\" (up 2.1%) and \"basic metals\" (up 2.1%).\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nData on the Index of Production\nIndex of Production time series\nDataset DIOP | Released 14 May 2026\nMovements in the volume of production for the UK production industries: manufacturing, mining and quarrying, energy supply, and water and waste management. Figures are seasonally adjusted.\nOutput of the production industries\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nIndex values and growth rates for production, manufacturing, and the main industrial groupings in the UK.\nIndex of Production and industry sectors to four decimal places\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nMonthly index values for production and the main Index of Production sectors in the UK to four decimal places.\nMonthly Business Survey turnover in production industries\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nMonthly Business Survey production industries' total turnover, domestic sales, and exports in the UK. Figures are in current price and are non-seasonally adjusted.\nExport proportions for manufacturing industries\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nMonthly, quarterly, and annual export data for the manufacturing industries, collected by the Monthly Business Survey at industry level in the UK.\nAll data related to the Index of Production (IoP) are available on our\nRelated data page\n.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nData sources and quality\nThe Index of Production (IoP) uses data from a variety of sources. It is calculated by taking turnover and removing the effect of price changes, or by using direct volume estimates.\nMost of these data are collected as \"turnover values\" through the Monthly Business Survey (MBS). Direct volume series are also collected by the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ), and the International Steel Statistics Bureau (ISSB) for steel industries.\nThe MBS is fully online. Business owners can log in from any location and submit their data at an appropriate time.\nValue Added Tax (VAT) data have also been included for 64 production industries for small and medium-sized businesses from January 2018. More information is available in our\nVAT turnover data in National Accounts: background and methodology\n.\nA comprehensive list of the IoP source data can be found in our\nGross domestic product (GDP) data sources catalogue\n.\nResponse rates for March 2026\nMBS response rates were 74.0% for March 2026, based on forms returned. This accounted for 87.8% of total turnover coverage of the sample population. For further information, see our\nMonthly Business Survey (production) response rates dataset\n.\nQuality and methodology\nThe data reported in IoP bulletins and datasets are estimates that are subject to uncertainty, such as sampling variability and non-sampling error. More information is available in Section 2 of our\nUncertainty and how we measure it for our surveys methodology\n.\nMore quality and methodology information (QMI) on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nIndex of Production, UK quality and methodology information (QMI)\n.\nAccredited official statistics\nThese accredited official statistics were\nindependently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in April 2014\n. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality, and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\n, and should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nRevisions to Index of Production\nThis release gives data for March 2026 for the first time, with revisions open from January 2024.\nWe will be publishing data for April 2026 for the first time, with no previous periods open for revision, in our next IoP publication, publishing on 12 June 2026. For further details, please see our\nNational Accounts Revisions Policy: updated January 2026 methodology\n.\nTable 1 shows the revisions from the current release against the previous February 2026 IoP release, published on 16 April 2026.\nTable 1: Revisions to month-on-month growth for Index of Production and its sectors\nPercentage growth, January 2024 to February 2026\nDate\nIndex\nof\nProduction\nSection B –\nmining and\nquarrying\nSection C –\nmanufacturing\nSection D –\nelectricity\nand gas\nSection E –\nwater supply\nand sewerage\nJan 2024\n0.1\n-0.3\n0.1\n-0.4\n0.1\nFeb 2024\n0.0\n0.3\n0.0\n-0.4\n0.1\nMar 2024\n0.1\n-0.5\n-0.1\n1.4\n0.2\nApr 2024\n0.1\n0.2\n0.0\n0.3\n0.0\nMay 2024\n0.0\n0.1\n0.0\n-0.2\n-0.1\nJune 2024\n-0.1\n0.1\n0.0\n-0.3\n0.0\nJuly 2024\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\n0.2\n0.0\nAug 2024\n0.0\n0.1\n0.0\n0.1\n-0.1\nSept 2024\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\n-0.1\n0.0\nOct 2024\n0.0\n0.0\n-0.1\n-0.1\n-0.1\nNov 2024\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\n0.4\n0.0\nDec 2024\n-0.1\n0.0\n-0.1\n-0.6\n0.0\nJan 2025\n0.0\n0.1\n0.1\n-0.6\n-0.1\nFeb 2025\n-0.1\n-0.1\n0.0\n-0.4\n0.2\nMar 2025\n0.2\n0.0\n0.0\n1.6\n0.1\nApr 2025\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\n0.4\n0.0\nMay 2025\n0.0\n-0.1\n0.1\n-0.4\n0.0\nJune 2025\n-0.1\n0.0\n0.0\n-0.4\n0.0\nJuly 2025\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\n0.2\n-0.1\nAug 2025\n0.0\n0.1\n-0.1\n0.1\n0.1\nSept 2025\n0.0\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\nOct 2025\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\n-0.1\n0.1\nNov 2025\n0.1\n0.0\n0.0\n0.2\n0.0\nDec 2025\n-0.1\n0.0\n0.0\n-0.4\n-0.2\nJan 2026\n0.0\n0.0\n-0.1\n0.7\n-0.1\nFeb 2026\n-0.2\n0.1\n-0.1\n-0.6\n-0.4\nSource: Index of Production estimates from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nRevisions are rounded to one decimal place and calculated based on the one decimal place indexes.\nFurther information on current and past revisions can be found in our Index of Production revisions triangles dataset.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Revisions to month-on-month growth for Index of Production and its sectors\n.xls\n.csv\nSeasonal adjustment\nThe monthly estimates of IoP are seasonally adjusted. Seasonal adjustment is the process of removing the variations associated with the time of year, or the arrangement of the calendar, from a data time series.\nIoP estimates, as for many data time series, are difficult to analyse using raw data because seasonal effects dominate short-term movements. Identifying and removing the seasonal component leaves the trend and irregular components.\nWe use the X-13-ARIMA-SEATS approach to seasonal adjustment. Seasonal adjustment parameters are monitored closely and are regularly reviewed. For more information, please see our\nSeasonal adjustment methodology\n.\nIn our IoP estimates, seasonal adjustment is applied at the industry level. The seasonally adjusted series are aggregated to create estimates by sector and total IoP output. As part of our quality assurance approach,\nresidual seasonality checks\nare regularly completed by our time series analysis team on both the directly seasonally adjusted series and the indirectly derived aggregate time series.\nThis topic is explored further in our\nAssessing residual seasonality in published outputs methodology\n, updated on 30 September 2025.\nBased on our quality assurance as part of this publication, there is no statistically significant residual seasonality in our aggregate estimates for the IoP in the period from January 1997 to March 2026.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nRelated links\nGDP monthly estimate, UK: March 2026\nBulletin | Released 14 May 2026\nGross domestic product (GDP) measures the value of goods and services produced in the UK. It estimates the size of and growth in the economy.\nGDP first quarterly estimate, UK: January to March 2026\nBulletin | Released 14 May 2026\nFirst quarterly estimate of gross domestic product (GDP). Contains current and constant price data on the value of goods and services to indicate the economic performance of the UK.\nIndex of Services, UK: March 2026\nBulletin | Released 14 May 2026\nMovements in the volume of output for the UK services industries. Figures are seasonally adjusted.\nUK manufacturers' sales by product: 2024\nBulletin | Released 22 July 2025\nAnnual estimates for UK manufacturers' sales by product covered by the ProdCom survey.\nEnergy Trends and Prices: monthly data\nDataset Collection | Last updated 30 April 2026\nDepartment for Energy Security and Net Zero statistics on energy prices and monthly production, trade, electricity generation, and consumption of coal, electricity, gas, oil, and total energy in the UK.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 14 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nIndex of Production, UK: March 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/indexofproduction/march2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/indexofproduction/march2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Movements in the volume of production for UK production industries: manufacturing, mining and quarrying, energy supply, and water and waste management.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "0.2%", "2026,", "4", "2025", "2026", "0.8%", "0.6%", "4.5%", "0.5%", "8", "13", "5.7%", "4.0%", "10.9%", "0.3%", "0.1%", "4.3%", "2.3%", "1.6%", "1.2%", "6.0%", "10", "2.0%", "2.1%", "2", "14", "2026\nMonth", "3", "64", "2018", "74.0%", "87.8%", "2014", "2024", "12", "16", "0.1", "-0.3", "-0.4", "0.0", "0.3", "-0.5", "-0.1", "1.4", "0.2", "-0.2", "0.4", "-0.6", "1.6", "0.7", "30", "1997", "22", "5"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Index of Production and industry sectors to four decimal places", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/indexofproductionandsectorsto4decimalplaces/current/rftiopandsectorsto4dpapr2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "6a8bd2aae6dc1b3da2e3"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/balanceofpayments/bulletins/uktrade/march2026", "title": "UK trade: March 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nThe value of goods imports increased by £1.1 billion (2.1%) in March 2026 because of a rise in imports from both EU and non-EU countries.\nThe value of goods exports increased by £0.6 billion (1.9%) in March 2026, with a rise in exports to the EU.\nThe total goods and services trade deficit widened by £4.5 billion to a deficit of £7.0 billion in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026, compared with the previous quarter.\nThe trade in goods deficit widened by £3.8 billion to £59.3 billion in Quarter 1 2026, while the trade in services surplus is estimated to have narrowed by around £0.7 billion to £52.3 billion.\n!\nPlease note that all trade figures exclude non-monetary gold (NMG) and other precious metals unless otherwise stated. This is because movements in NMG, an important component of precious metals, can be large and highly volatile, distorting underlying trends in goods exports and imports. Trade statistics in this bulletin are in value terms (current prices) not inflation-adjusted terms (chained volume measures) unless otherwise stated.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nMonthly trade in goods\nTotal imports of goods in \"current prices\", which are not adjusted for inflation (as explained in\nSection 12: Glossary\n), increased by £1.1 billion (2.1%) in March 2026, when compared with February 2026. This increase was because of a £0.7 billion (2.7%) rise in imports from the EU, and a £0.4 billion (1.5%) rise in imports from non-EU countries (Table 1 and Figure 1).\nTotal exports of goods increased by £0.6 billion (1.9%) in March 2026, because of a £0.6 billion (3.9%) rise in exports to the EU, while exports to non-EU countries were unchanged when compared with February 2026.\nImports from the EU were £2.5 billion higher than imports from non-EU countries in March 2026, while exports to the EU were similar in value to non-EU countries.\nTable 1: Total imports and exports of goods rose in March 2026\nMonthly UK trade in goods, excluding precious metals, current prices, seasonally adjusted, EU and non-EU\nExports\nImports\nBalance\nTotal trade in goods:\nMarch 2026 vs\nFebruary 2026\nValue (£bn)\n32.2\n53.2\n-21.0\nChange (£bn)\n0.6\n1.1\n-0.5\n% Change\n1.9\n2.1\nEU:\nMarch 2026 vs\nFebruary 2026\nValue (£bn)\n16.1\n27.9\n-11.8\nChange (£bn)\n0.6\n0.7\n-0.1\n% Change\n3.9\n2.7\nNon-EU:\nMarch 2026 vs\nFebruary 2026\nValue (£bn)\n16.1\n25.4\n-9.3\nChange (£bn)\n0.0\n0.4\n-0.4\n% Change\n-0.2\n1.5\nSource: UK trade statistics from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Total imports and exports of goods rose in March 2026\n.xls\n.csv\nFigure 1: Imports from both EU and non-EU countries increased in March 2026\nEU and non-EU goods imports and exports, excluding precious metals, current prices, seasonally adjusted, March 2023 to March 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nAfter removing the effect of inflation by calculating \"chained volume measures\" (as explained in\nSection 12: Glossary\n), total goods imports remained similar in March 2026 when compared with February 2026 (Figure 2). This was because a £0.7 billion (2.6%) rise in imports from the EU was offset by a £0.7 billion (2.8%) fall in imports from non-EU countries.\nTotal goods exports decreased by £0.3 billion (0.8%) in March 2026, after the effect of inflation was removed. This was because exports to non-EU countries fell by £0.1 billion (0.8%), and exports to the EU also fell by £0.1 billion (0.8%).\nIn March 2026, there was a notable difference between the current price estimates (CPs) and chained volume measures (CVMs) for non-EU imports and EU exports. This can be attributed to rising fuel prices for both\nexports\nand\nimports\n. Non-EU imports and EU exports of fuels increased in current prices in March 2026. However, when the effect of inflation is removed, non-EU imports and EU exports of fuels decreased in the same period.\nFigure 2: Imports of goods from non-EU countries rose in value terms but fell in inflation-adjusted terms in March 2026\nImports and exports of goods, excluding precious metals, current prices and chained volume measures, seasonally adjusted, EU and non-EU, March 2023 to March 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nMonthly trade in goods by commodity\nSilver, platinum and palladium bullion are components of precious metals and form part of the \"material manufactures\" commodity group. Trade in precious metals can be large and highly volatile, distorting underlying trends in trade in goods. We have added a \"Material manufactures, excluding precious metals\" series to our\nUK trade: goods and services publication tables\ndataset, and have used this series for the analysis in this section.\nMore detail on the allocation of precious metals is provided in\nSection 13: Data sources and quality\n.\nGoods imports\nImports from the EU increased by £0.7 billion (2.7%) in March 2026 when compared with February 2026. This was because of a £0.5 billion rise in fuel imports linked to higher imports of refined oil from the Netherlands, and a £0.4 billion increase in imports of machinery and transport equipment, mainly because of higher imports of cars from Germany. The increases were partially offset by a £0.2 billion fall in chemical imports because of reduced imports of inorganic chemicals from the Netherlands and France (Figure 3).\nImports from non-EU countries rose by £0.4 billion (1.5%) in March 2026. This rise was primarily because of a £1.3 billion increase in fuel imports, partially offset by £0.3 billion falls in imports of both machinery and transport equipment, and chemicals, and a £0.2 billion fall in imports of miscellaneous manufactures.\nThe rise in fuel imports was linked to higher imports of gas from Norway. The fall in imports of machinery and transport equipment was linked to reduced imports of telecoms and sound equipment (capital) from Vietnam and cars from China. The decrease in imports of chemicals was linked to lower imports of inorganic chemicals from Japan and Canada.\nAlthough the total value of fuel imported increased substantially in March 2026 in current prices, the value of imports increased by only a relatively small amount after removing the effect of inflation. This rise in value has been driven by\nrising oil prices\nand\nrising gas\nprices in the month of March.\nFigure 3: Imports of fuels from EU and non-EU countries rose in March 2026\nChanges in EU and non-EU goods imports by commodity group, excluding unspecified goods, current prices, seasonally adjusted, March 2026 compared with February 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nMaterial manufactures presented in this chart exclude silver, platinum, and palladium bullion bars as these are components of precious metals. Trade in precious metals can be large and highly volatile, distorting underlying trends in trade in goods.\nThe monthly commodity changes may not sum to the total trade in the goods monthly change because of rounding.\nGoods exports\nExports to the EU increased by £0.6 billion (3.9%) in March 2026 when compared with February 2026. This was mainly because of a £0.6 billion rise in fuel exports and a £0.2 billion rise in exports of chemicals, which was partially offset by a £0.2 billion fall in exports of machinery and transport equipment (Figure 4).\nThe increase in fuel exports was because of higher exports of crude oil to the Netherlands while the rise in chemical exports was because of increased exports of medicinal and pharmaceutical products to Germany. The fall in exports of machinery and transport equipment was linked to reduced exports of cars to Italy.\nExports to non-EU countries remained relatively unchanged when compared with February 2026. This was because a £0.3 billion rise in chemical exports was offset by a £0.2 billion fall in exports of material manufactures (excluding precious metals), and small falls across most other commodities. The increase in chemical exports was mainly because of higher exports of medicinal and pharmaceutical products to the United States.\nFigure 4: Exports of fuels to the EU rose in March 2026\nChanges in EU and non-EU goods exports by commodity group, excluding unspecified goods, current prices, seasonally adjusted, March 2026 compared with February 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nMaterial manufactures presented in this chart exclude silver, platinum, and palladium bullion bars as these are components of precious metals. Trade in precious metals can be large and highly volatile, distorting underlying trends in trade in goods.\nThe monthly commodity changes may not sum to the total trade in the goods monthly change because of rounding.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nMonthly trade in services\nEarly estimates suggest that imports of services remained similar in value terms in March 2026 when compared with February 2026. Exports of services increased by £0.1 billion (0.2%) (Figure 5). There was little difference between trade in services trends in value and inflation-adjusted terms.\nMonthly figures for trade in services for March 2026 are forecast from estimated Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 data, using time series and additional data sources. Early estimates of trade in services are revised in line with the National Accounts Revisions Policy. More detail on how our trade in services statistics are compiled is in our\nUK trade quality and methods guide\n.\nOn 7 April 2026, the S&P Global Services PMI reported a sharp decline in UK business confidence during the month of March. There was a marginal increase in services output. The war in Iran affected exports with new business falling at its fastest rate in nearly a year.\nFigure 5: Exports and imports of services remained relatively similar in both value and inflation-adjusted terms in March 2026\nImports and exports of services, current prices and chained volume measures, seasonally adjusted, March 2023 to March 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nMonthly figures for trade in services for March 2026 are forecast using time series and additional data sources. Early estimates of trade in services are revised in line with the\nNational Accounts Revisions Policy\n.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nQuarterly trade in goods and services\nTotal imports of goods increased by £6.1 billion (4.1%) in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026, compared with Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025 (Table 2). The increase was because goods imports from non-EU countries rose by £4.1 billion (5.9%) and goods imports from the EU rose by £2.0 billion (2.5%).\nTotal exports of goods increased by £2.3 billion (2.5%) in Quarter 1 2026. This rise was because goods exports to the EU increased by £2.7 billion (6.2%), partially offset by a £0.4 billion (0.9%) fall in goods exports to non-EU countries.\nFor trade in services in Quarter 1 2026, we forecast International Trade in Services (ITIS) survey figures using time series data. This forecast is combined with additional data sources, to estimate trade in services totals. Early estimates indicate that imports of services remained similar and exports of services fell by an estimated £0.7 billion (0.5%) in Quarter 1 2026, compared with Quarter 4 2025.\nTable 2: Total exports and imports rose in Quarter 1 2026\nQuarterly UK trade, excluding precious metals, current prices, seasonally adjusted, EU and non-EU\nExports\nImports\nBalance\nTotal trade:\nQuarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 vs\nQuarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025\nValue (£bn)\n236.0\n243.0\n-7.0\nChange (£bn)\n1.6\n6.1\n-4.5\n% Change\n0.7\n2.6\nTotal trade in goods:\nQuarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 vs\nQuarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025\nValue (£bn)\n96.2\n155.5\n-59.3\nChange (£bn)\n2.3\n6.1\n-3.8\n% Change\n2.5\n4.1\nTrade in goods, EU:\nQuarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 vs\nQuarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025\nValue (£bn)\n47.2\n81.6\n-34.4\nChange (£bn)\n2.7\n2.0\n0.8\n% Change\n6.2\n2.5\nTrade in goods, non-EU:\nQuarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 vs\nQuarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025\nValue (£bn)\n49.0\n73.9\n-24.9\nChange (£bn)\n-0.4\n4.1\n-4.5\n% Change\n-0.9\n5.9\nTotal trade in services:\nQuarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 vs\nQuarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025\nValue (£bn)\n139.8\n87.6\n52.3\nChange (£bn)\n-0.7\n0.0\n-0.7\n% Change\n-0.5\n0.0\nSource: UK trade statistics from Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 2: Total exports and imports rose in Quarter 1 2026\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nQuarterly trade in goods by commodity\nImports of goods from the EU increased by £2.0 billion (2.5%) in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 compared with Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025. This was because of a £2.0 billion increase in imports of machinery and transport equipment, and a £0.2 billion rise in fuel imports (Figure 6). The rise in imports of machinery and transport equipment was driven by increased imports of office machinery (capital) from Ireland.\nImports from non-EU countries increased by £4.1 billion (5.9%) in Quarter 1 2026, because of a £1.5 billion rise in imports of fuels, a £1.3 billion increase in machinery and transport equipment imports, and a £0.7 billion rise in imports of material manufactures.\nThe rise in imports of fuels was linked to increased gas imports from Norway and the United States. The rise in imports of machinery and transport equipment was linked to increased imports of cars from China and aircraft from the United States.\nExports to the EU increased by £2.8 billion (6.2%) in Quarter 1 2026, because of a £1.4 billion rise in exports of machinery and transport equipment, and £0.9 billion increase in fuels exports. The increase in exports of machinery and transport equipment was because of increased exports of office machinery (capital) to the Netherlands, while the increase in fuels was linked to a rise in exports of crude oil to Poland.\nExports to non-EU countries decreased by £0.4 billion (0.9%) in Quarter 1 2026 because of a £0.7 billion fall in exports of miscellaneous manufactures, and a £0.4 billion fall in exports of fuels. This was partially offset by a £0.4 billion rise in machinery and transport equipment exports. The fall in miscellaneous manufactures was linked to small falls across various commodities.\nFigure 6: Exports and imports of machinery and transport equipment to EU and non-EU countries increased in Quarter 1 2026\nChanges in imports and exports by goods commodity group, excluding unspecified goods, current prices, seasonally adjusted, Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 compared with Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nQuarterly trade in services by account type\nEarly estimates indicate that imports of services remained similar in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 compared with Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025. The largest falls in imports were a £0.7 billion decrease in travel services, which was offset by a £0.6 billion rise in other business services (Figure 7).\nExports of services decreased by £0.7 billion (0.5%) in Quarter 1 2026, because of a £0.7 billion fall in exports of travel services, alongside small falls in other service types.\nFor trade in services for Quarter 1 2026, data are primarily forecast using time series data, including International Trade in Services (ITIS) survey figures to estimate trade in services totals. This estimate will be updated in the gross domestic product (GDP)\nquarterly national accounts\nusing ITIS survey data returns and updated source data.\nFigure 7: Exports and imports of travel services decreased in Quarter 1 2026\nChanges in imports and exports by service account type, current prices, seasonally adjusted, Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 compared with Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025\nSource: UK trade statistics from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 7: Exports and imports of travel services decreased in Quarter 1 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nQuarterly total trade balances\nThe total goods and services trade deficit, excluding precious metals, widened by £4.5 billion to £7.0 billion in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026, compared with Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025 (Figure 8). Imports rose by £6.1 billion and exports also increased by £1.6 billion over this period. When removing the effect of inflation, the total trade deficit, excluding precious metals, widened by £3.2 billion to £15.5 billion.\nThe trade in goods deficit in value terms, excluding precious metals, widened by £3.8 billion to £59.3 billion in Quarter 1 2026, compared with Quarter 4 2025. This is because goods imports increased by more than exports. The trade in services surplus is estimated to have narrowed by £0.7 billion to £52.3 billion, as exports of services fell.\nFigure 8: The total trade in goods and services deficit, excluding precious metals, widened in Quarter 1 2026, because imports rose more than exports\nUK trade balances, current prices, seasonally adjusted, quarterly, Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2023 to Quarter 1 2026\nSource: UK trade statistics from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nQuarterly data provide more stable estimates of trade balances, however, this may conceal trends in monthly data.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 8: The total trade in goods and services deficit, excluding precious metals, widened in Quarter 1 2026, because imports rose more than exports\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nExplore UK trade in goods country-by-commodity data for 2025\nExplore the 2025 trade in goods data using our interactive tools. Our data break down UK trade in goods with 236 countries by 122 commodities.\nUse our map to get a better understanding of what goods the UK traded with a country. Select a country by hovering over it (desktop only) or use the drop-down menu.\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nFor more information about our methods and how we compile these statistics, see our\nTrade in goods, country-by-commodity experimental data: 2011 to 2016 article\n. Users should note that the data published alongside this release are official statistics and no longer in development.\nThese data are our best estimate of these bilateral UK trade flows. Users should note that alternative estimates are available, in some cases, through the statistical agencies for bilateral countries or through central databases, such as\nUnited Nations (UN) Comtrade\n.\nThis interactive map denotes country boundaries in accordance with statistical classifications set out in Appendix 4 of the\nBalance of Payments (BoP) Vademecum (PDF, 4.4MB)\nand do not represent the UK policy on disputed territories.\nYou can also explore the 2025 trade in goods data by commodity, such as car exports to the EU, and UK tea or coffee imports.\nSelect a commodity from the drop-down menu or select the levels with your digit or cursor to explore the data.\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nFor more information about our methods and how we compile these statistics, see our\nTrade in goods, country-by-commodity experimental data: 2011 to 2016 article\n. Users should note that the data published alongside this release are official statistics and no longer in development.\nThese data are our best estimate of these bilateral UK trade flows. Users should note that alternative estimates are available, in some cases, through the statistical agencies for bilateral countries or through central databases, such as\nUnited Nations (UN) Comtrade\n.\nThese interactive charts denote country boundaries in accordance with statistical classifications set out within Appendix 4 of the\nBalance of Payments (BoP) Vademecum (PDF, 4.4MB)\nand does not represent the UK policy on disputed territories.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nRevisions\nIn accordance with our\nNational Accounts Revisions Policy\n, the data in this release have been revised from January 2024 for both goods and services.\nHMRC data feed correction\nDuring our routine quality assurance checks, we identified an error in trade in goods export data supplied by HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC). The error occurred because of the new processing systems, resulting in incorrect data being delivered to the Office for National Statistics (ONS). HMRC Overseas Trade Statistics are not affected.\nThis error affects data from July 2025 to December 2025, and has been corrected in this release, and in our gross domestic product (GDP) first quarterly estimates for January to March 2026 bulletin. The corrected data do not affect GDP estimates in either Quarter 3 (July to Sept) or Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025.\nThe corrected data reduce Quarter 3 exports by £0.6 billion and reduce Quarter 4 exports by £0.6 billion. This correction mainly impacts EU exports of fuels.\nTrade in goods revisions\nThe largest impacts of trade in goods revisions were in Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2025 and Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025, when the trade in goods balance saw upward revisions of £2.4 billion and £4.5 billion, respectively (Figure 9). The commodities that were the largest contributors to these revisions were:\nfuels\nmachinery and transport equipment\nunspecified goods\nThe revisions to fuel exports were mainly because of the HMRC data feed correction. This affected exports of crude oil to EU countries.\nThe revisions to machinery and transport equipment exports were mainly because of the reclassification of a government services export in Quarter 4 2025, to be a trade in goods export instead. This affected exports of aircraft to non-EU countries.\nThe revision to unspecified goods imports is due to our methodology to smooth the non-monetary gold data received from the Bank of England. Our data smoothing methodology involves spreading the reported value for a month across adjacent months (before and after) in order to ensure individual responses are not disclosed. Revisions to Quarter 4 2025 occur because of the incorporation of data for March 2026 into our precious metals data processing. For more information on precious metals in UK trade statistics, see our\nUK trade quality and methods guide\n.\nFigure 9: The largest impacts of trade in goods revisions were in Quarter 3 2025 and Quarter 4 2025\nTrade in goods revisions, current prices, seasonally adjusted, quarterly, Quarter 1 2024 to Quarter 4 2025\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes\nQ1 refers to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar), Q2 refers to Quarter 2 (Apr to June), Q3 refers to Quarter 3 (July to Sept) and Q4 refers to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec).\n\"All other commodities\" includes food and live animals, beverages and tobaccos, crude materials, animals and vegetable oils and fats, chemicals, material manufactures and miscellaneous manufactures.\nTrade in services revisions\nThe largest impacts of trade in services revisions were in Quarter 2 (Apr to June) 2025, when the trade in services balance saw a downward revision of £0.5 billion (Figure 10). The service types that were the largest contributors to these revisions were:\nother business services\ntravel\ngovernment\nThe revisions to other business services exports and imports were mainly the result of gross domestic product (GDP) balancing, whereby the output, income and expenditure estimates of GDP are aligned (balanced) to produce our headline measure of GDP. More detail on GDP balancing can be found in our\nGDP quarterly national accounts, UK: January to March 2026 bulletin\n.\nThe revisions to travel services exports and imports were mainly as a result of using additional indicator data to improve our estimates. Travel services data have been forecast since Quarter 3 2024 following the International Passenger Survey (IPS) transformation. We have analysed these estimates using data from the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) as an indicator and have applied adjustments to bring our estimates of travel services more in line with CAA data.\nThe largest contributor to the revisions of government exports was the reclassification of a government services export to be a trade in goods export instead, which was in Quarter 4 2025. There were also revisions in earlier periods because of the recalculation of seasonal adjustment factors.\nFigure 10: The largest impacts of trade in services revisions were in Quarter 2 2025\nTrade in services revisions, current prices, seasonally adjusted, quarterly, Quarter 1 2024 to Quarter 4 2025\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes\nQ1 refers to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar), Q2 refers to Quarter 2 (Apr to June), Q3 refers to Quarter 3 (July to Sept) and Q4 refers to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec).\n\"All other service types\" includes manufacturing and maintenance, transport, construction, insurance and pension, financial, intellectual property, telecoms, computer and information, personal cultural and recreational services.\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nData on UK trade\nUK trade: goods and services publication tables\nDataset | Released 14 May 2026\nMonthly data on the UK's trade in goods and services, including trade inside and outside the EU. This replaces our previous dataset, UK trade: goods and services (up until July 2018).\nUK trade time series\nDataset MRET | Released 14 May 2026\nMonthly value of UK exports and imports of goods and services by current price, chained volume measures (CVMs) and implied deflators (IDEFs).\nUK trade in goods by classification of product by activity time series\nDataset MQ10 | Released 14 May 2026\nQuarterly and annual time series of the value of UK imports and exports of goods grouped by product. Goods are attributed to the activity of which they are the principal products.\nOther related trade data\nDataset web page | Released 14 May 2026\nOther UK trade data related to this bulletin. These include trade in goods for all countries with the UK, monthly export and import country-by-commodity trade in goods data, and revisions triangles for monthly trade data.\nBack to table of contents\n12.\nGlossary\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nChained volume measures\nChained volume measures (CVMs) are a \"real\" measure in that they have had the effect of inflation removed to measure the change in volume between consecutive periods, fixing the prices of goods and services in one period (known as the base year, which is 2023 for trade).\nCurrent price measures\nCurrent price estimates (CPs) measure the actual price paid for goods or services and are not adjusted for inflation. Unless otherwise stated, all current price data are provided in £ million and are seasonally adjusted.\nInflation\nInflation is the change in the average price level of goods and services over a period of time.\nImplied deflators\nAn implied deflator (IDEF) shows the implied change in average prices for the respective components of the trade balance, for example, the IDEF for imports will show the average price movement for imports.\nPrecious metals and non-monetary gold\nPrecious metals include non-monetary gold, silver bullion, platinum bullion and palladium bullion. Non-monetary gold forms the majority of the commodity group \"unspecified goods\" and is the technical term for gold bullion not owned by central banks. Silver, platinum and palladium bullion form part of the \"material manufactures\" commodity group. This change is part of our\nMethods improvements for Blue Book and Pink Book 2025\n.\nTrade balance\nThe trade balance is the difference between exports and imports or exports minus imports. When the value of exports is greater than the value of imports, the trade balance is in surplus. When the value of imports is greater than the value of exports, the trade balance is in deficit. The balance is sometimes referred to as \"net exports\".\nA full\nGlossary of economic terms\nis available.\nBack to table of contents\n13.\nData sources and quality\nThe UK leaving the EU and the subsequent transition period, along with the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, supply chain disruption and global recession, have caused higher levels of volatility in trade statistics in recent years. The monthly analysis shows short-term trade movements, but it is important to note that monthly data can be erratic and therefore may not be indicative of longer term trends.\nData collection changes\nSince the UK left the EU on 31 January 2020, the arrangements for how the UK trades with the EU changed.\nHM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) implemented some data collection changes following Brexit, which affected statistics on UK trade in goods with the EU. We have made adjustments to our estimates of goods imports from the EU in 2021 and 2022 to account for these changes, however, a structural break remains in the full time series for goods imports from and exports to the EU from January 2021.\nWe therefore advise caution when interpreting and drawing conclusions from these statistics. Our\nImpact of trade in goods data collection changes on UK trade statistics: summary of adjustments and the structural break from 2021 article\nprovides more detail.\nData sources\nData from HMRC make up over 90% of trade in goods value and are the main source for this release. Data from the quarterly International Trade in Services (ITIS) Survey make up over 50% of trade in services data. View our\nUK trade quality and methods guide\nfor more detail.\nData from the International Passenger Survey (IPS) are the main source for travel services, historically making up around 8% of total imports. The survey has now fully resumed following the suspension in 2020.\nUnless otherwise specified, data within this bulletin are in current prices and have not been adjusted to remove the effects of inflation. In line with international standards, our headline trade statistics contain the UK's exports and imports of non-monetary gold. More information can be found in our\nNational Accounts article: A brief explanation of non-monetary gold in national accounts\n.\nMethod\nTrade is measured through both exports and imports of goods and services. Data are supplied by over 30 sources, including several administrative sources, with HMRC being the largest for trade in goods.\nOur UK trade figures are produced using country of dispatch, which records imports as coming from the country dispatching the shipments. However, trade figures can also be produced using country of origin, as is used by the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ). Users should be aware of the different accounting methods used and the resulting differences across trade figures.\nMonthly trade in services data are taken from quarterly trade in services data and are split across the months within that quarter through estimation. In months where we have a full quarter's data, we revise previous estimates of monthly values within that quarter.\nView more detailed information about the methods used to produce UK trade statistics in our\nUK trade quality and methods guide\n.\nAllocation of precious metals\nOur headline trade statistics contain the UK's exports and imports of non-monetary gold, in line with international standards. More information can be found in our\nNational Accounts article: A brief explanation of non-monetary gold in national accounts\n.\nAs part of our\nMethods improvements for Blue Book and Pink Book 2025\n, we have implemented improvements to the way we record trade in precious metals in this release. We have removed the double counting of some precious metals bars and included previously under-recorded non-monetary gold that is not in bar form.\nPrecious metals include non-monetary gold, silver bullion, platinum bullion and palladium bullion. Non-monetary gold forms the majority of the commodity group \"unspecified goods\" and is the technical term for gold bullion not owned by central banks. Silver, platinum and palladium bullion form part of the \"material manufactures\" commodity group.\nWe are continuing to review our methodology for the allocation of precious metals, to ensure that we capture all trade of non-ferrous metals where these commodities are traded as a financial asset.\nStrengths and limitations\nNational Statistics designation status\nThe\nUK Statistics Authority suspended the National Statistics designation of UK trade (PDF, 72.9KB)\non 14 November 2014. We have responded to all of the specific requirements of the\nOffice for Statistics Regulation's (OSR's) reassessment of UK trade\n. As part of our engagement with the OSR team, we are sharing our continuous improvement and development plans to support UK trade statistics regaining\naccredited official statistics status\n. We welcome feedback on our new trade statistics, developments, and future plans by email to\ntrade@ons.gov.uk\n.\nTrade asymmetries\nAsymmetries can be caused by a range of conceptual and measurement variations between the estimation practices of different countries. Statistical agencies are likely to have different source data, estimation methods, and methodological, geographical and definitional differences. HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) publishes more\ninformation on UK trade asymmetries\n. We publish analysis on trade in services asymmetries in our\nAsymmetries in trade data articles\n.\nMore quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nUK trade quality and methods guide\n.\nBack to table of contents\n14.\nRelated links\nUK trade with the United States: exports and imports of goods following the introduction of US tariffs, April 2025 to February 2026\nArticle | Released 1 May 2026\nA closer look at the goods the UK trade with the United States in the context of trade tariffs.\nFocus on UK trade\nArticle series | Latest release 25 April 2025\nA series of articles taking a closer look at emerging themes in UK trade statistics.\nUK trade in goods, year in review: 2023\nArticle | Released 1 March 2024\nAnalysis of UK trade in goods in 2023 in the context of volatile pricing trends.\nImpact of trade in goods data collection changes on UK trade statistics: summary of adjustments and the structural break from 2021\nArticle | Released 22 January 2024\nDetails of the structural break affecting goods imports from and exports to the EU from January 2021, resulting from the move from Intrastat to customs declarations.\nTrading places: How we are producing consistent estimates of trade figures following the UK's EU exit\nBlog post | Released 10 February 2023\nA blog summarising the changes to the way trade in goods is recorded following the UK's exit from the EU, and how we are responding to their impact.\nDifferent ways of measuring trade: Where do our imports come from?\nBlog post | Released 26 January 2023\nA blog outlining the differences between country of origin and country of dispatch for import statistics.\nBack to table of contents\n15.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 14 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nUK trade: March 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/nationalaccounts/balanceofpayments/bulletins/uktrade/march2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/balanceofpayments/bulletins/uktrade/march2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Total value of UK exports and imports of goods and services by current price, chained volume measures and implied deflators.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "1.1 billion", "2.1%", "2026", "0.6 billion", "1.9%", "2026,", "4.5 billion", "7.0 billion", "3.8 billion", "59.3 billion", "0.7 billion", "52.3 billion", "2", "12", "2.7%", "0.4 billion", "1.5%", "3.9%", "2.5 billion", "2026\nMonth", "32.2", "53.2", "-21.0", "0.6", "1.1", "-0.5\n%", "1.9", "2.1", "16.1", "27.9", "-11.8", "0.7", "-0.1\n%", "3.9", "2.7", "25.4", "-9.3", "0.0", "0.4", "-0.4\n%", "-0.2", "1.5", "2023", "2.6%", "2.8%", "0.3 billion", "0.8%", "0.1 billion", "3", "13", "0.5 billion", "0.2 billion", "1.3 billion", "4", "0.2%", "5", "7", "6.1 billion", "4.1%", "2025", "4.1 billion", "5.9%", "2.0 billion", "2.5%", "2.3 billion", "2.7 billion", "6.2%", "0.9%", "0.5%", "236.0", "243.0", "-7.0", "1.6", "6.1", "-4.5\n%", "2.6", "96.2", "155.5", "-59.3"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Trade in goods: CPA (08) exports and imports", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/nationalaccounts/balanceofpayments/datasets/publicationtablesuktradecpa08/current/cpapublicationmarch2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "832ea4f0fe140339eda0"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/causesofdeath/bulletins/alcoholrelateddeathsintheunitedkingdom/registeredin2024", "title": "Alcohol-specific deaths in the UK: registered in 2024", "context": "1.\nMain points\nIn 2024:\n9,809 deaths from alcohol-specific causes were registered in the UK, the lowest number since 2021 (9,641 deaths), and the rate of alcohol-specific deaths (14.8 per 100,000 people) decreased to its lowest recorded number since 2020 (13.9 deaths per 100,000 people).\nAge-specific rates decreased compared with 2023 for people aged between 25 and 79 years, while rates for those aged 80 years and over increased; rates for those aged 20 to 24 years remained similar to 2023.\nThe rate of alcohol-specific deaths for males remained around double the rate for females (20.2 and 9.7 deaths per 100,000 people, respectively); this is consistent with previous years.\nEngland and Wales had a decrease in the rate of alcohol-specific deaths (13.8 and 16.8 deaths per 100,000 people, respectively) compared with 2023.\nScotland and Northern Ireland continued to have the highest rate of alcohol-specific deaths (20.9 and 21.4 deaths per 100,000 people, respectively), with a decrease in the rate in Scotland and an increase in Northern Ireland when compared with 2023.\nThe North East had the highest rate of alcohol-specific deaths of any English region (21.1 deaths per 100,000); London had the lowest rate (10.9 deaths per 100,000).\nIf you are struggling with alcohol, please consider visiting\nGet help now\n, on the Alcohol Change UK website, or contacting other sources of support, such as those listed on the\nNHS alcohol support web page\n. Help is available if you are concerned for yourself or on behalf of a family member or friend.\n!\nAlcohol-specific deaths only include those health conditions in which each death is a direct consequence of alcohol (that is, wholly attributable causes such as alcoholic liver disease). It does not include all deaths that can be attributed to alcohol. See\nSection 5: Glossary for more information\n.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nAlcohol-specific deaths in the UK\nThere were 9,809 deaths related to alcohol-specific causes registered in the UK in 2024, equivalent to 14.8 deaths per 100,000 people. There were 664 fewer deaths (a 6.3% decrease) in 2024 when compared with 2023, when there were 10,473 deaths, a record high and equivalent to 15.9 deaths per 100,000 people.\nThe figures in this bulletin are based on the date a death was registered, which is usually later than the date it occurred. Of the 9,809 alcohol-specific deaths registered in the UK in 2024, 85.5% occurred in 2024, 12.9% occurred in 2023, and 1.5% occurred in 2022 or earlier.\nIn 2024, alcohol-specific deaths decreased year-on-year for the first time since 2018. Between 2019 and 2023, registered alcohol-specific deaths increased from 7,565 to 10,473, a rise of 38.4%. Over that same period, the alcohol-specific death rate rose from 11.8 to 15.9 per 100,000 people.\nBetween 2019 and 2022, alcohol-specific death rates in the UK rose year-on-year to a record high of 16.6 deaths per 100,000 people, in 2022. However, in 2023, this rate decreased when compared with 2022, and in 2024 the rate of 14.8 was the lowest since 2020, when it was of 13.9 deaths per 100,00 people.\nFigure 1: The UK's alcohol-specific death rate in 2024 was 6.9% lower than in 2023\nAge-standardised alcohol-specific death rates per 100,000 people, by sex, UK, deaths registered between 2001 and 2024\nSource: Alcohol-specific deaths in the UK: registered in 2024 from the Office for National Statistics, National Records of Scotland, and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency\nNotes:\nRates are expressed per 100,000 population and standardised to the 2013 European Standard Population.\nDeaths of non-residents are included in figures for the UK.\nFigures are for deaths registered in each calendar year.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: The UK's alcohol-specific death rate in 2024 was 6.9% lower than in 2023\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nRates of male alcohol-specific death are twice those of females\nThe alcohol-specific death rate for males in the UK in 2024 (20.2 deaths per 100,000 males; 6,480 deaths) was around double the rate for females (9.7 deaths per 100,000 females; 3,329 deaths). This is consistent with previous years.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nAlcohol-specific deaths by UK constituent country\nRates of alcohol-specific death fell in England, Wales and Scotland, compared with 2023\nScotland and Northern Ireland were the UK constituent countries with the highest alcohol-specific death rates in 2024, with 20.9 and 21.4 deaths per 100,000 people, respectively. However, the rate in Scotland in 2024 was the lowest since 2019, when it was of 18.5 deaths per 100,000 people.\nThe rate of 21.4 deaths per 100,000 people in Northern Ireland in 2024 was a record high, with it being the only UK constituent country to see an increase in the rate in 2024 when compared with 2023.\nEngland and Wales continue to have lower rates of alcohol-specific deaths when compared with Scotland and Northern Ireland, with 13.8 deaths per 100,000 people in England and 16.8 in Wales in 2024.\nFigure 2: Alcohol-specific death rates decreased in England, Wales and Scotland but increased in Northern Ireland in 2024\nAge-standardised alcohol-specific death rates per 100,000 people, UK constituent countries, deaths registered between 2001 and 2024\nSource: Alcohol-specific deaths in the UK: registered in 2024 from the Office for National Statistics, National Records of Scotland, and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency\nNotes:\nRates are expressed per 100,000 population and standardised to the 2013 European Standard Population.\nFigures for Scotland and Northern Ireland include deaths of non-residents. However, figures for England and Wales (separately) exclude deaths of non-residents.\nFigures are for deaths registered in each calendar year.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Alcohol-specific death rates decreased in England, Wales and Scotland but increased in Northern Ireland in 2024\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nAlcohol-specific deaths in the UK data\nAlcohol-specific deaths in the UK\nDataset | Released 11 May 2026\nAnnual data on age-standardised and age-specific alcohol-specific death rates in the UK, its constituent countries, and regions of England.\nAlcohol-specific deaths in England and Wales by local authority\nDataset | Released 11 May 2026\nAnnual data on number of deaths, age-standardised death rates and median registration delays for local authorities in England and Wales.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nGlossary\nAlcohol-specific death\nThis bulletin uses the National Statistics definition of alcohol-specific deaths; it includes those health conditions in which each death is a direct consequence of alcohol misuse (that is, wholly attributable deaths). This is explored in greater detail in Section 8 of our\nConcepts and definitions of our Alcohol-specific deaths in the UK quality and methodology information (QMI)\n.\nFigures are based on deaths registered in each calendar year, rather than the date on which the death occurs. On a national level, trends are broadly similar, whether the data are analysed by year of occurrence or year of registration. Registration delays can have greater influence on smaller geographical areas.\nAlcohol-attributable death\nAlcohol-attributable deaths, also known as alcohol-related deaths, include deaths from any cause that can be attributed to alcohol. This includes alcohol-specific causes (those that can only be caused by alcohol), such as alcoholic liver disease. Also included are those that are made more likely by alcohol, but also occur in people who do not drink, such as heart disease or various types of cancer.\nAge-specific mortality rates\nAge-specific mortality rates are used to allow comparisons between specified age groups.\nAge-standardised mortality rates\nAge-standardised mortality rates allow for differences in the age structure of populations. Therefore, they allow valid comparisons to be made between geographical areas, different sexes, and over time. In this bulletin, age-standardised mortality rates are presented per 100,000 people and standardised to the 2013 European Standard Population.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nData sources and quality\nQuality and methodology\nStatistics on mortality are derived from the information provided when deaths are certified and registered. These statistics are assessed to be fully compliant with the UK Statistics Authority's\nCode of Practice for Statistics\n, and are therefore designated as\naccredited official statistics\n. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) holds mortality data for England and Wales. Figures for the UK include data provided by\nNational Records of Scotland\nand the\nNorthern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency\n.\nMultiple changes were made to death certification and registration under the\nCoronavirus Act 2020\n. We have previously explored the\nimpact on the quality of death registration data\nin England and Wales. More information about the methods and quality of these statistics can be found in our\nMortality statistics in England and Wales quality and methodology information (QMI)\nand our\nUser guide to mortality statistics methodology\n.\nOther quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nAlcohol-specific deaths in the UK QMI\n.\nRegistration delay\nFigures used in this bulletin are for deaths registered, rather than deaths occurring in each calendar year.\nThe amount of time it takes to complete an inquest creates what is known as a \"registration delay\", which is a lag between the date of death and the date of death registration. For alcohol-specific deaths registered in 2024, the average (median) time between death occurrence and registration was ten days in England and eleven days in Wales.\nPopulations\nMortality rates are calculated using the number of deaths and\nmid-year population estimates\nprovided by our Population Estimates Unit. Population estimates are based on the decennial UK census estimates and use information on births, deaths, and migration to estimate the mid-year population in non-census years.\nStrengths and limitations\nStrengths\nConsistent methodology across the UK allows for robust and comparable estimates of trends in alcohol mortality to be made.\nThe precision of the alcohol-specific definition reduces the uncertainty that arises when estimating the total number of alcohol-attributable deaths.\nUsing the alcohol-specific definition, figures can be produced regularly and reliably from routinely collected data.\nLimitations\nThe alcohol-specific definition underestimates the true extent of alcohol-attributable mortality; for further information, please see\nSection 5: Glossary\n.\nThe largely chronic nature of the conditions defined as wholly attributable to alcohol mean that there may be a delay between changes in alcohol consumption and behaviour and the resulting change in the number of alcohol-specific deaths.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nRelated links\nAlcohol-specific deaths 2024 (Scotland)\nBulletin | Released 23 September 2025\nNational Records of Scotland (NRS) statistics on the most recent official death registration data available on alcohol-specific mortality across Scotland.\nAlcohol-specific deaths in Northern Ireland, 2024\nBulletin | Released 11 February 2026\nNorthern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) statistics on the most recent official death registration data available on alcohol-specific mortality across Northern Ireland.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 11 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nAlcohol-specific deaths in the UK: registered in 2024\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/causesofdeath/bulletins/alcoholrelateddeathsintheunitedkingdom/registeredin2024", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/causesofdeath/bulletins/alcoholrelateddeathsintheunitedkingdom/registeredin2024", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Deaths caused by diseases known to be a direct consequence of alcohol, by age, sex, and region.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2024", "9,809", "2021", "9,641", "14.8", "100,000", "2020", "13.9", "2023", "25", "79 years", "80 years", "20", "24 years", "20.2", "9.7", "13.8", "16.8", "20.9", "21.4", "21.1", "10.9", "5", "2", "2024,", "664", "6.3%", "2023,", "10,473", "15.9", "85.5%", "12.9%", "1.5%", "2022", "2018", "2019", "7,565", "10,473,", "38.4%", "11.8", "2022,", "16.6", "2020,", "100,00", "6.9%", "2001", "2013", "6,480", "3,329", "3", "2019,", "18.5", "4", "11", "2026", "8", "6", "7", "23", "2025", "2026,"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Alcohol-specific deaths in England and Wales by local authority", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/datasets/alcoholspecificdeathsinenglandandwalesbylocalauthority/current/alcoholspecificdeathsbylocalauthority2024.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Alcohol-specific deaths in the UK", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/datasets/alcoholspecificdeathsintheuk/current/alcoholspecificdeaths2024.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/childhoodinfantandperinatalmortalityinenglandandwales/2024", "title": "Child and infant mortality in England and Wales: 2024", "context": "1.\nOverview\nChild and infant mortality rates in England and Wales have fallen steeply since records began in the 1980s, though they have stabilised in recent years.\nRecent changes in infant and child mortality\nThere were 2,318 infant deaths (aged under 1 year) and 918 child deaths (aged 1 to 15 years) in England and Wales.\nCompared with 2023 (2,320 infant deaths and 961 child deaths), the number of infant deaths in 2024 was similar, whereas child death decreased.\nInfant mortality rates remained stable between 2023 and 2024, at 3.9 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, while child mortality rates decreased from 9.0 to 8.6 child deaths per 100,000 population aged 1 to 15 years.\nStillbirths and neonatal mortality\nThere were 3.9 stillbirths per 1,000 live births and stillbirths.\nThe neonatal mortality rate (aged under 28 days) was 3.0 deaths per 1,000 live births; the mortality rate was generally lower for neonates of longer gestations.\nStillbirth and neonatal mortality rates were similar in 2023 and in 2024.\nRisk factors and cause of death\nInfants with at least one of the following characteristics had higher rates of infant mortality:\na birthweight under 2,500 grams\nBlack ethnicity\na mother aged under 20 years\nIn England, the mortality rate for infants living in the 10% most deprived areas was over twice the mortality rate for infants living in the 10% least deprived areas.\nThe most frequent cause of death among infants (aged 1 month to under 1 year) was congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities, whereas for children (aged 1 to 15 years) it was neoplasms (tumours).\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nChild and Infant mortality\nChildren (aged 1 to 15 years)\nThere were 918 child deaths, or 8.6 deaths per 100,000 children aged between 1 and 15 years, in England and Wales in 2024. This is down from 961 deaths in 2023. The child mortality rate also decreased from 9.0 child deaths per 100,000 population aged 1 to 15 years.\nInfants (aged under 1 year)\nThere were 2,318 infant deaths in England and Wales in 2024, equal to 3.9 deaths per 1,000 live births. This is similar to 2023, when there were 2,320 infant deaths. The rate also remained stable compared with 2023 (Figure 1).\nFigure 1: The infant mortality rate in England and Wales remains stable, following a sustained decrease since 1980\nInfant mortality rate, England and Wales, 1980 to 2024\nSource: Child and infant mortality in England and Wales from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: The infant mortality rate in England and Wales remains stable, following a sustained decrease since 1980\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nCauses of child and infant mortality\nThe leading causes of death for children in England and Wales in 2024 were:\ncongenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (birth defects) for those aged 1 month to under 1 year; this accounted for 26% of deaths in this age group\nneoplasms (tumours) for those aged 1 to 15 years; this accounted for 27% of deaths in this age group\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nStillbirth and neonatal mortality\nStillbirths\nThere were 3.9 stillbirths per 1,000 live births and stillbirths in England and Wales in 2024. This is similar to the rate in 2023 (4.0 per 1,000 live births and stillbirths).\nNeonates (aged under 28 days)\nIn 2024, 76% of infant deaths (1,758) in England and Wales were deaths of neonates aged under 28 days. After a record low of 2.5 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2014, the overall neonatal mortality rate was 3.0 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2024, the same as in 2023. Data for 2014 can be found in our\npreviously published tables\n.\nGovernment targets for stillbirths and neonatal deaths\nIn 2017, the government\nset an ambition\nto halve the 2010 neonatal mortality rate (for babies born at 24 weeks or later) and stillbirth rate by 2025 in England. The current targets are 1.5 neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births and 2.6 stillbirths per 1,000 births.\nThe neonatal mortality rate (1.4 neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births) and stillbirth rate (3.8 stillbirths per 1,000 births) in England in 2024 were both lower than in 2010. However, there has been little progress towards the ambition since 2020 (Figure 2).\nFigure 2: Stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates remain broadly stable\nStillbirths and neonatal mortality (babies born at 24 weeks or over) rates, England, 2010 to 2024\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nStillbirth data in this chart refer to stillborn babies born at 24 weeks and over.\nNeonatal death data in this chart refer to babies who were born alive at 24 weeks and over, and died within 28 days of birth.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nRisk factors for neonatal and infant mortality\nGestational age\nThe mortality rate for neonates born before 24 weeks gestation was 789.6 deaths per 1,000 live births in England and Wales in 2024. Though this only represents about 0.1% of all live births, these babies accounted for 39.7% of all neonatal deaths in 2024 (Figure 3).\nIn comparison, the neonatal mortality rate for babies born at 37 and over weeks gestation (92.0% of all live births) was 0.5 deaths per 1,000 live births.\nFigure 3: Neonatal mortality is highest at the lowest gestational ages\nChange over time in neonatal mortality rates since 2010 by gestational ages, England and Wales, 2010 to 2024\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nNeonatal deaths include babies who were born alive and died within 28 days of birth.\nThe improvement in overall neonatal mortality rate since 2010 in England and Wales has not been consistent. It has decreased by over a third for babies born at 37 weeks or over gestation, but only by 5.7% for babies born before 24 weeks gestation.\nBirthweight\nBirthweight is closely associated with infant mortality. The mortality rate for infants with low birthweight (weighing under 2.5 kilograms) was 28.7 deaths per 1,000 live births in England and Wales in 2024. Infants weighing 2.5 kilograms or more had a much lower mortality rate, at 0.8 deaths per 1,000 live births.\nGeography\nIn England, the West Midlands region continued to have the highest infant mortality rate (6.0 deaths per 1,000 live births). The South West region continued to have the lowest (2.8 deaths per 1,000 live births).\nThere were 94 infant deaths (3.5 deaths per 1,000 live births) in Wales in 2024.\nDeprivation\nInfants from the most deprived 10% of areas in England had a mortality rate of 6.0 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2024. This was more than double the mortality rate of infants from the 10% of areas with the lowest deprivation levels (2.6 deaths per 1,000 live births) (Figure 4).\nFigure 4: Infants from the most deprived areas have the highest mortality rate\nInfant mortality rate, by English index of multiple deprivation (IMD), England, 2010 to 2024\nSource: Child and infant mortality in England and Wales from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nYears 2021 to 2024 are calculated based on 2025 IMD deciles. Previously published data may have slightly different values because of updated area classification.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: Infants from the most deprived areas have the highest mortality rate\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nParental occupation\nParental occupation is derived from the parent whose occupation is in the highest National Statistics Socio-economic classification system (NS-SEC) category.\nIn 2024, infants in England and Wales with a parent in an occupation classed as \"other and not classified\" had the highest mortality rates (7.3 deaths per 1,000 births), followed by parents in \"semi-routine occupations\" (6.5 deaths per 1,000 births). The occupations with the lowest infant mortality rate were \"higher managerial, administrative and professional occupations\" (2.7 deaths per 1,000 births).\nEthnicity\nInfants from Black and Asian ethnic groups in England and Wales consistently have higher mortality rates than those of other ethnicities (Figure 5).\nMeanwhile, infants from White ethnic groups consistently see the lowest mortality rates.\nFigure 5: Infants from the Black ethnic group consistently have the highest infant mortality rate\nInfant mortality rates by ethnicity of infant, England and Wales, 2007 to 2024\nSource: Child and infant mortality in England and Wales from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: Infants from the Black ethnic group consistently have the highest infant mortality rate\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nMaternal age\nInfants born to mothers aged under 20 years, or mothers aged 40 years and over, have had higher mortality rates in England and Wales over the past decade than infants born to mothers in their 20s or 30s (Figure 6).\nInfants born to mothers aged under 20 years had the highest mortality rate in 2024, at 6.2 deaths per 1,000 live births. Infants born to mothers aged 30 to 39 years had the lowest mortality rate, at 3.4 deaths per 1,000 live births.\nFigure 6: Infant mortality rate is highest for infants born to the youngest and oldest mothers\nInfant mortality rates by age of mother, England and Wales, 2010 to 2024\nSource: Child and infant mortality in England and Wales from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: Infant mortality rate is highest for infants born to the youngest and oldest mothers\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nDefinitions\nChild\nAged 1 to 15 years.\nChild mortality rate\nThe number of child deaths per 100,000 population.\nInfant\nAged under 1 year.\nInfant mortality rate\nThe number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.\nNeonatal\nAged under 28 days.\nStillbirth\nBorn after 24 or more weeks completed gestation without, at any time, breathing or showing signs of life.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nData on child and infant mortality\nChild and infant mortality (by year of death), England and Wales\nDataset | Released 11 May 2026\nLive births, stillbirths and linked infant deaths occurring annually in England and Wales, and associated risk factors.\nInfant mortality before their first birthday (by year of birth), England and Wales\nDataset | Released 11 May 2026\nAnnual statistics on births and infant deaths based on babies born in a calendar year\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nData from other statistics producers\nData on stillbirths and infant deaths from:\nNorthern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA)\nare\nbroadly comparable\nwith our data\nNational Records of Scotland (NRS)\nare\nbroadly comparable\nwith our data\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nQuality, methods and data sources\nAbout the statistics\nChild and infant mortality statistics quality and methodology information (QMI)\nQMI | Last revised 11 May 2026\nQuality and methodology information for child and infant mortality statistics, detailing the strengths and limitations of the data, methods used, accuracy of the data, and data uses and users.\nUser guide to child and infant mortality statistics\nUser guide | Last revised 11 May 2026\nThe user guide provides further information on data quality, legislation, and the procedures relating to mortality and cause of death coding. It also includes a full glossary of terms.\nStatistical designation\nThe Office for Statistics Regulation independently reviewed these accredited official statistics in May 2023. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nFor more information on accredited official statistics, read the\nOffice for Statistics Regulation guidance\n.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nRelated links\nBirths in England and Wales: 2024 (refreshed populations)\nBulletin | Released 27 August 2025\nAnnual live births, stillbirths, maternities, and fertility rates in England and Wales by factors including parent age, parent country of birth, ethnicity, deprivation, gestational age and birthweight.\nDeaths registered in England Wales: 2024\nBulletin | Released 9 October 2025\nRegistered deaths by age, sex, selected underlying causes of death and the leading causes of death. Contains death rates and death registrations by area of residence and single year of age.\nUnexplained deaths in infancy, England and Wales: 2023\nBulletin | Released 27 October 2025\nAnnual data on sudden infant deaths in England and Wales and infant deaths for which the cause remained unascertained after a full investigation.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nCite this bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 11 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nChild and infant mortality in England and Wales: 2024\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/childhoodinfantandperinatalmortalityinenglandandwales/2024", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/childhoodinfantandperinatalmortalityinenglandandwales/2024", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Stillbirths, infant and childhood deaths occurring annually in England and Wales, and associated risk factors.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "1980", "2,318", "1 year", "918", "15 years", "2023", "2,320", "961", "2024", "2024,", "3.9", "1,000", "9.0", "8.6", "100,000", "28 days", "3.0", "2,500", "20 years", "10%", "1 month", "2", "2023,", "26%", "27%", "3", "4.0", "76%", "1,758", "2.5", "2014,", "2014", "2017,", "2010", "24", "2025", "1.5", "2.6", "1.4", "3.8", "2020", "4", "789.6", "0.1%", "39.7%", "37", "92.0%", "0.5", "5.7%", "28.7", "0.8", "6.0", "2.8", "94", "3.5", "2021", "7.3", "6.5", "2.7", "5", "2007", "40 years", "20", "30", "6", "6.2", "39 years", "3.4", "11", "2026", "7", "8", "9", "27", "10", "2026,"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Child and infant mortality (by year of death), England and Wales", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/datasets/childmortalitystatisticschildhoodinfantandperinatalchildhoodinfantandperinatalmortalityinenglandandwales/2024/cimdeathcohort2024.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Child and infant mortality (by year of death), England and Wales", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/datasets/childmortalitystatisticschildhoodinfantandperinatalchildhoodinfantandperinatalmortalityinenglandandwales/2023/cim2023deathcohortworkbook.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Child and infant mortality (by year of death), England and Wales", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/datasets/childmortalitystatisticschildhoodinfantandperinatalchildhoodinfantandperinatalmortalityinenglandandwales/2022/cim2022deathcohortworkbook.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/publicservicesproductivity/bulletins/publicserviceproductivityquarterlyuk/octobertodecember2025", "title": "Public service productivity, quarterly, UK: October to December 2025", "context": "1.\nMain points\nAnnualised total public service productivity (TPSP) UK estimates for 2025 are published for the first time in this release, alongside revised 2024 estimates.\nAnnualised TPSP grew 0.6% in 2025, as output growth (1.7%) outpaced inputs growth (1.1%).\nAnnualised TPSP growth for 2024 was revised up to 0.4% in 2024 (from 0.0%), mainly because of new data causing a downward revision to inputs.\nIn 2025, TPSP was 3.1% lower than the pre-pandemic 2019 level.\nThese estimates are official statistics in development and are subject to continuous improvement and revision as more timely data and new sources become available.\nWe are not publishing quarterly and healthcare breakdowns in this release while we work with our data suppliers to further develop health inputs data; this will build on improvements to health output estimates, and coherence with National Accounts and our annual Public Service Productivity release.\n!\nThese are official statistics in development and are subject to revision. Use caution when comparing quarterly estimates in 2024 and 2025 (which are official statistics in development) with earlier annual estimates (which are accredited official statistics), as some sources, methods, and the structure of inputs and output differ. Read more in\nSection 8: Data sources and quality\n.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nAbout these estimates\nThis release does not include quarterly or healthcare breakdowns, as we continue to work on improvements to this series to reduce the quarter-to-quarter erratic movements seen across early 2025. The volatility is caused primarily by inputs, and results in some differences when comparing with estimates published by NHS England.\nWhile there are reasons as to why the Office for National Statistics and NHS England measures may differ (as set out below), the erratic quarter-to-quarter movements indicate that some further assurance is needed to ensure quarterly healthcare productivity during that period provides a good signal of quarter-on-quarter and quarter-on-year movements. This does not affect the use of our annualised estimates for 2024 and 2025, but we do advise caution in using previously published quarterly healthcare estimates until we undertake further work with our data suppliers and re-introduce them.\nReasons why our estimates of healthcare productivity may differ from in-year productivity estimates produced by\nNHS England\n:\nwe cover a wider range of healthcare services across the whole UK (including spend on primary care services commissioned by Integrated Care Boards (ICBs), for example) whereas the NHS England measure looks specifically at spend by NHS Trusts in England only\nwe primarily use data drawn from the central government Online System for Accounting and Reporting (OSCAR) via the National Accounts, while NHS England uses more up-to-date internal data available to it\nwe adhere to National Accounts methodology and best practice (for example, deflation, chain-linking aggregation, and seasonal adjustment processes) whereas NHS England uses other approaches (including inflation adjustments and reconciling to published NHS trust accounts)\nWe continue to work with colleagues at the Department for Health and Social Care, NHS England, and HM Treasury to further minimise differences in coverage and timeliness between our estimates on healthcare inputs. The aim is to re-introduce quarterly and healthcare breakdowns in our next quarterly release this summer.\nMethodological differences between the annual and quarterly estimates, and a description of the quarterly data, can be found in our\nSources and methods for public service productivity estimates methodology\n.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nAnnualised total public service productivity\nThis section focuses on the annualised estimates of our quarterly total public service productivity, inputs, and output, which are\nofficial statistics in development\n. The annualised estimates are based on a quarterly annualised growth rate (QAGR) approach, which produces \"nowcasted\" estimates for 2024 and 2025. Read more on this method in\nSection 8: Data sources and quality\n.\nFigure 1 combines our\naccredited annual estimates\nfrom 1997 to 2023 with official statistics in development for 2024 and 2025, derived using the QAGR approach.\nFigure 1: Total public service productivity increased by 0.4% in 2024 and 0.6% in 2025\nTotal public service productivity, inputs, and output, UK, 1997 to 2025\nSource: Public service productivity from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nEstimates from 1997 to 2023 are annual accredited official statistics.\nEstimates for 2024 and 2025 are official statistics in development and are annualised quarterly estimates.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: Total public service productivity increased by 0.4% in 2024 and 0.6% in 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe most recent data indicate that total public service productivity (TPSP) has grown for the fifth consecutive year in 2025, following the large fall in productivity in 2020 during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.\nTotal public service productivity increased by 0.4% in 2024 and 0.6% in 2025. These growth rates are slightly lower than the average annual growth of 0.7% in the decade to 2019, before the coronavirus pandemic.\nLatest estimates suggest slower growth in inputs (1.1%) and output (1.7%) in 2025 compared with 2024. Inputs growth in 2025 was mainly caused by healthcare and social protection. The slowdown in inputs growth in 2025 was mainly caused by weaker growth in labour inputs in health and social protection, and falling real term spend in goods and services across most service areas.\nMost services saw growth in output in 2025, except for education which fell slightly. The slowdown in output growth in 2025 was mainly caused by weaker growth in health and education services.\nOverall, total public service productivity in 2025 is estimated to be 3.1% below 2019 levels, and growth is slightly weaker compared with pre-2019 trends. Revisions are explained in the next section.\nEstimates for 2025 are published for the first time in this release and include more timely expenditure data from devolved administrations not currently available via the National Accounts. Without this improvement, total inputs growth across 2025 would have appeared stronger.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nRevisions to total public service productivity\nRevisions to annual estimates of productivity, inputs and output up to 2023 were published and explained in our\nPublic service productivity, total, UK, 2023 article.\nIn line with our\nNational Accounts Revisions Policy\n, this release contains data that are consistent with the UK National Accounts unless otherwise stated. Table 1 compares our latest annualised total public service productivity estimates with previously published annualised estimates.\nTable 1: Latest and previously published annualised estimates for total inputs, output and productivity growth\nYear\nEstimate\nInputs\nOutput\nProductivity\nProductivity compared\nwith 2019\n2024\nPreviously published\n3.4%\n3.5%\n0.0%\n3.4% lower\n2024\nLatest\n3.0%\n3.5%\n0.4%\n3.7% lower\nSource: Public service productivity from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nProductivity compared with 2019 looks at annualised quarterly estimates (official statistics in development) with annual 2019 estimates (accredited official statistics).\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Latest and previously published annualised estimates for total inputs, output and productivity growth\n.xls\n.csv\nTotal public service productivity for 2024 was revised up, from no growth to 0.4% growth. This is because of downward revisions to inputs growth (from 3.4% to 3.0%) as a result of updated residential care and social work expenditure data from the Ministry of Housing, Communities, and Local Government.\nDespite upward revisions to productivity growth in 2024, productivity compared with 2019 is 0.3 percentage points lower than previously published. This is caused by revisions in our annual accredited estimates published in March 2026 that show a slower rate of productivity growth in 2021 and 2022.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nConfidence intervals\nConfidence intervals (CIs) surrounding our nowcasted total productivity estimates are shown in Tables 2 and 3. These provide a statistical measure of uncertainty attached to these annualised growth estimates, with the interval width determined by historical differences between the growth rates of quarterly and annual estimates. We ignore 2019 to 2023 in our calculation of confidence intervals, as growth during this period is not reflective of historical and underlying differences between our quarterly and annual estimates.\nNowcasted estimates are official statistics in development and should be treated with caution until our 2024 and 2025 annual accredited estimates become available.\nTable 2: Nowcast estimates for 2024 and 2025 total public service productivity, inputs and output growth rates, UK\n95% Confidence Interval\nNowcast estimate for\nCentral estimate\nLower\nUpper\nProductivity\n2024\n0.4%\n-1.2%\n2.0%\n2025\n0.6%\n-1.6%\n2.8%\nInputs\n2024\n3.0%\n1.6%\n4.5%\n2025\n1.1%\n-1.0%\n3.2%\nOutput\n2024\n3.5%\n2.7%\n4.3%\n2025\n1.7%\n0.4%\n3.1%\nSource: Public service productivity from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nWe use a quarterly annualised growth rate nowcast. For more details please see Developing nowcast methodologies for public service productivity, UK\nDownload this table\nTable 2: Nowcast estimates for 2024 and 2025 total public service productivity, inputs and output growth rates, UK\n.xls\n.csv\nEven with these refined confidence intervals, we are unable to say with confidence whether there was growth or contraction in total public service productivity in 2024 and 2025. While some elements of our estimates over this period come with greater certainty, such as current price expenditure from government accounts, other elements cause large confidence intervals. This includes different deflators, time lag in certain sources, and methodological differences between our annual and quarterly datasets.\nTable 3: Previously published total public service productivity nowcast estimates compared with annual estimates for 2023\nAnnualised estimate\n(with 95% Confidence Intervals)\nAnnual\nestimate\nLower\nCentral\nUpper\nProductivity\n-0.8%\n0.8%\n2.3%\n1.4%\nInputs\n-0.4%\n1.1%\n2.6%\n1.1%\nOutput\n1.0%\n1.9%\n2.7%\n2.5%\nSource: Public service productivity from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nWe use a quarterly annualised growth rate nowcast. For more details please see Developing nowcast methodologies for public service productivity, UK,\nThese figures compare 2023 nowcasted estimates (as previously published) with annual accredited official statistics.\nDownload this table\nTable 3: Previously published total public service productivity nowcast estimates compared with annual estimates for 2023\n.xls\n.csv\nThis table compares\npreviously published\nnowcast estimates for 2023 (our official statistics in development) with our recently published\nannual estimates\n(our accredited official statistics). The table shows that our annual estimates came within range of our confidence intervals across inputs, output, and productivity estimates. Note that annual estimates include quality adjusted output, hence the larger difference between central annualised estimates and the annual estimate for our outputs compared with inputs.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nData on public service productivity\nPublic service productivity, quarterly, UK: October to December 2025\nDataset | Released 8 May 2026\nUK total public service productivity. Includes estimates of inputs, output, productivity, and revisions. These are official statistics in development.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nGlossary\nDeflator\nA price index used to remove inflation effects from current price estimates of expenditure to provide a volume estimate.\nDirect output measurement\nOutput is estimated using an activity-based index (typically weighted by cost). For example, the number of students in state schools, adjusted for attendance and weighted by the cost of different phases of schooling. This differs from an indirect output measurement, where output is assumed equal to inputs.\nIntermediate inputs\nAlso referred to as \"goods and services\", or \"intermediate consumption\" (the National Accounts term). Intermediate inputs include goods and services used up in the provision of a public service, such as utilities, energy, professional services, and medical supplies, among others.\nPublic services\nThese are services delivered by or paid for by government (central or local). If paid for by the government, they may be delivered by a private body - for example, the provision of nursery places by the private sector, where these places were funded by the government.\nQuality adjustment\nA statistical estimate of the change in the quality of a public service, using an appropriate metric, such as safety in prisons as part of the public order and safety adjustment.\nService area\nThe way we refer to the breakdown of public services into seven areas, closely following standard industrial classification (SIC) codes.\nStandard industrial classification\nThe industrial classification applied to the collection and publication of a wide range of economic statistics.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nData sources and quality\nOfficial statistics in development\nThese statistics are labelled as \"official statistics in development\". They are based on information from various quarterly UK National Accounts categories. We are developing how we collect the data and produce the statistics to improve their quality.\nOnce we have completed the developments, we will review the statistics with the Statistics Head of Profession.\nIf the statistics meet trustworthiness, quality and value standards based on user feedback, we will remove the \"official statistics in development\" label to publish under the \"official statistics\" label.\nIf they do not meet trustworthiness, quality and value standards, we will further develop them or might stop producing them.\nIf they were \"accredited official statistics\" before the start of the developments, we will ask the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) to reassess and re-accredit them.\nWe will inform users of the outcome of our, and any OSR, review and any changes.\nData sources\nWe use different sources and methods to produce our official statistics in development quarterly statistics and our annual accredited official statistics.\nThis bulletin uses expenditure data from quarterly UK National Accounts, split into seven categories:\nhealthcare\neducation\nsocial protection\njustice and fire\nmilitary defence\ncentral government services\nlocal government services\nData sources and methods differ from the annual publication, depending on data availability and appropriateness on a quarterly or annual basis. For example, some inputs measures that are available on an annual basis as direct measures are not available on a quarterly basis. These missing quarterly direct input measures may only be obtainable using indirect measures (deflated expenditure).\nOur\nannual total public service productivity\n(accredited official statistics) also use different deflators to estimate volumes of inputs other than those used in this release. As such, estimates are not directly comparable between the quarterly and annual publications. Estimates of productivity, inputs and output up to 2023 are reported on an annual basis and use data from our\nPublic service productivity, total, UK, 2023 article\n. Further information about our annual accredited official statistics can be found in our\nPublic service productivity: total, UK, quality and methodology information (QMI)\n.\nSeasonal adjustment\nOur quarterly estimates of public service productivity contain systematic calendar related variation therefore for comparability we apply seasonal adjustment. Please see\nOffice for National Statistics seasonal adjustment publication\nfor more information. For our quarterly estimates we use the X11 algorithm in the X-13 ARIMA-SEATS software to perform seasonal adjustment.\nSince 2023, the non-seasonally adjusted data on public service productivity, particularly inputs, show a different seasonal pattern than earlier data. This is because of policies and measures adopted by government departments following the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. This new seasonality was not properly captured by the seasonal adjustment model for inputs, which produced estimates that do not appear to fully reflect the current economic scenario. To revise the seasonal adjustment fully requires more quarters of data post-COVID-19 to enable re-estimation of the trend of the new seasonality. For this reason, supported by experts on seasonal adjustment, we previously treated data on healthcare inputs from Quarter 2 2020 until the latest quarter as outliers, reflecting the impact of COVID-19 and subsequent effects.\nHowever, publications after November 2025 just treat Quarter 2 2020 to Quarter 2 2022 as outliers. This reflects advice from time series experts given the current data and length of time series available since 2022. We also apply indirect seasonal adjustment consistent with other areas of National Accounts. This step uses the chain-linking aggregation approach to aggregate the seasonally adjusted service areas and ensures additivity across our service area estimates and the total. These estimates will be subject to continued assessment as new data become available, and as we work to further align ourselves with National Accounts best practice.\nMeasuring public service productivity\nThese statistics take no further account of changes to the quality of public services in periods beyond the latest statistics published for 2023 in our\nannual total public service productivity article\n, which are\naccredited official statistics\n. We incorporate data consistent with the\nUK National Accounts\n, unless otherwise specified such as in cases where we have more timely data available to inform our estimates.\nThese estimates are not a measure of the productivity of an individual worker within the public sector. Instead, they reflect the volume of services delivered to end users, relative to the volume of total inputs required to deliver these services. Productivity will increase when more output is being produced for each unit of inputs used. Estimates of inputs, output, and productivity are given both as growth rates between consecutive periods and as indices, showing the cumulative trend over time.\nFor total UK public services, estimates of inputs are made up of aggregated series for individual public services, weighted together by their relative share of total expenditure on public services in current price (expenditure weight). Inputs include labour, goods and services, social transfers in kind (STIK), and consumption of fixed capital. Expenditure data, used to estimate most inputs growth, are taken from our GDP quarterly national accounts bulletin.\nOutput in our productivity estimates reflects total general government final consumption expenditure (GGFCE). The quarterly national accounts produce estimates of government output, based on direct measures where they are available, and indirect measures where they are not.\nOur quarterly data do not currently account for staff absenteeism in our labour estimates. However, our\nannual accredited official statistics estimates\ndo account for this. More information on the differences in method and sources used in our quarterly and annual estimates of public service productivity can be found in our\nPublic service productivity QMI\n.\nHealthcare inputs are calculated as follows. Labour growth is based on our public sector employment data (direct implied expenditure), and deflated bank staff implied expenditure. The volume growth of healthcare labour inputs are then weighted according to its current price expenditure share relative to other health inputs components. Our estimates of intermediate consumption, capital, and STIK are based on national accounts sources and adopt the same aggregation approach. The sum of these components leads to the healthcare inputs volume growth in each period.\nOur public service quarterly output volume measure for healthcare is estimated based on the growth in the following types of activities in England, which have timely data collections:\nelective and non-elective treatments\nhospital outpatient first and follow-up appointments\nemergency care\ncritical care services\nambulance attendances\ncommunity health services\nmental health treatments\ncommunity prescribed drugs\ngeneral practitioner (GP) consultations\ndental services\nophthalmic services\nNHS phone and website services\nMore information can be found in our\nImprovements to healthcare volume output in the quarterly national accounts methodology\n.\nQuarterly healthcare output growth is based on available data for a subset of services in England. Because of limited data, these indicators are assumed to reflect overall healthcare trends. Longer-term estimates are adjusted when more complete annual data become available.\nPublic service productivity uses the expenditure of public services, which defines GGFCE. It includes services where employees are central or local government, as well as publicly funded independent sector providers. This differs from the public sector, which includes public corporations but excludes publicly funded independent sector providers, to avoid double-counting.\nPublic service productivity is\nmeasured differently\nto labour productivity and multi-factor productivity and is not directly comparable. It reflects the volume of services delivered to end users, relative to the volume of total inputs (which include labour, intermediate consumption, and capital). The measure is dominated by healthcare and education services because of their relative size.\nThese estimates should be considered a first estimate of public service productivity. The Office for National Statistics, together with\nHM Treasury and other government departments\n, will continue to develop and improve its methods, which may lead to revisions of these preliminary estimates.\nAnnualised estimates\nAnnualised inputs and output estimates are derived by averaging the non-seasonally adjusted index values across four quarters of a year. These estimates are used to calculate productivity growth rates for 2024 and 2025, which are then applied to\n2023 accredited official statistics\n. This method is used in our\nDeveloping nowcast methodologies for public service productivity, UK\narticle.\nWe also make pre-pandemic annual comparisons, recognising the impact the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic had on public services. Inputs rose in 2020, reflecting the extra resources provided to public services to deal with the pandemic. Conversely, output fell in 2020, as many services were delivered in a different way than in 2019, with additional costs and mandatory restrictions present for certain services.\nRecommendations from National Statistician's Independent Review of the Measurement of Public Services Productivity\nWe continue to make incremental improvements to this release and accompanying datasets, in line with recommendations set out in the\nNational Statistician's Independent Review of the Measurement of Public Services Productivity\n. We have made progress on:\nreplacing the current \"contribution to growth\" compilation method with \"chain volume measures\", and implementing reconciliation of the quarterly estimates with the annual estimates each year to align with UK National Accounts protocols and improve coherence and understanding for users (see recommendation 18)\napplying the Quarterly cumulative Average Growth Rates (QAGR) method to provide timelier nowcast estimates for annual estimates as further research is undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of alternative methods in the light of the coronavirus pandemic (see recommendation 19)\nWe will continue to work on remaining recommendations to:\naccount for available quality adjustment data and, where this is not possible, keep nowcasting models under annual review to provide the most accurate and timely data possible (see Recommendation 16)\nproceed with best practice improvements to align quarterly and annual production statistics (see Recommendation 20)\nBeyond this, we will continually review our data sources and methods to provide the best timely indicator of UK public service productivity.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nRelated links\nPublic service productivity: total, UK, 2023\nArticle | Released 30 March 2026\nUpdated measures of output, inputs and productivity for UK public services between 1997 and 2023, including service area breakdown, quality adjustment, and latest revisions.\nImpact of improved methods on total public service productivity 1997 to 2022\nArticle | Last revised 16 March 2026\nThis article presents the improvements to public service productivity measures introduced in the Public Services Productivity Review implemented in March 2026.\nNational Statistician's Independent Review of the Measurement of Public Services Productivity\nReport | 13 March 2025\nReview of the measurement of UK Public Services Productivity.\nGDP quarterly national accounts, UK - Office for National Statistics\nStatistical bulletin | Released 31 March 2026\nRevised quarterly estimate of gross domestic product (GDP) for the UK. Uses additional data to provide a more precise indication of economic growth than the first estimate.\nProductivity flash estimate and overview, UK - Office for National Statistics\nArticle | Released 17 February 2026\nProductivity flash estimates for Quarter 4 2025, based on the GDP first quarterly estimate and labour market statistics, and productivity overview for Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2025.\nDeveloping nowcast methodologies for public service productivity, UK\nArticle | Released 11 December 2024\nAn overview of the latest experimental methods to produce timelier estimates of annual UK public service productivity. These are official statistics in development.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 8 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nPublic service productivity, quarterly, UK: October to December 2025\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/economicoutputandproductivity/publicservicesproductivity/bulletins/publicserviceproductivityquarterlyuk/octobertodecember2025", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/publicservicesproductivity/bulletins/publicserviceproductivityquarterlyuk/octobertodecember2025", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Quarterly estimates of UK total public service productivity, inputs and output, to provide a short-term, timely indicator of annual productivity estimates.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2025", "2024", "0.6%", "2025,", "1.7%", "1.1%", "0.4%", "0.0%", "3.1%", "2019", "8", "2", "3", "1997", "2023", "2020", "19", "0.7%", "2019,", "4", "3.4%", "3.5%", "3.0%", "3.7%", "2024,", "0.3 percentage points", "2026", "2021", "2022", "5", "95%", "-1.2%", "2.0%", "-1.6%", "2.8%", "1.6%", "4.5%", "-1.0%", "3.2%", "2.7%", "4.3%", "-0.8%", "0.8%", "2.3%", "1.4%", "-0.4%", "2.6%", "1.0%", "1.9%", "2.5%", "6", "7", "13", "2023,", "2020,", "18", "16", "20", "9", "30", "31", "17", "11", "10", "2026,"], "numeric_evidence": [], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "a10d2018edfc78f954e6"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/7may2026", "title": "Business insights and impact on the UK economy: 7 May 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nIn late April 2026, 38% of businesses with 10 or more employees reported that they were concerned about international conflict impacting supply chains over the next year, broadly stable from March, but a 28 percentage point rise from December 2025; 25% were concerned about the impact of shipping disruption, a rise of 4 percentage points from March, and 18 percentage points from December 2025.\nIn late April 2026, 22% of trading businesses with 10 or more employees reported that they had exported goods, services, or both in the last 12 months; 28% reported that they had imported goods, services, or both in the last 12 months.\nAround two in five (39%) trading businesses with 10 or more employees that had exported reported that their exporting costs had increased in March 2026 compared with March 2025; this was an increase of 9 percentage points from December 2025, and the highest proportion since September 2023.\nMore than two in five (44%) trading businesses with 10 or more employees that had imported reported that their importing costs had increased in March 2026 compared with March 2025; this was an increase of 14 percentage points since December 2025, and the highest proportion since June 2023.\nIn late April 2026, of the 17% of trading businesses that reported that they had sold goods or services to customers in other UK nations in the last 12 months, 19% cited transport costs as a challenge experienced while doing so, a rise of 7 percentage points from January 2026 and the highest proportion since January 2023; a number of businesses cited increased fuel costs as a reason for this when invited to comment.\n!\nThese are\nofficial statistics in development\n, and we advise caution when using the data. The Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) questions and topics are regularly reviewed, and questions are often added, removed, or amended to reflect changing circumstances and analytical priorities.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nHeadline figures\nThe data presented in this bulletin are the final results from Wave 155 of the Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS), which was live from 20 April to 3 May 2026.\nThis wave of the survey asked businesses questions about:\nexporting and importing including rules of origin\nUKCA markings\nsupply chains\ndomestic trade\ninternational trade, including EU trade, US trade and US tariffs.\nFor full details of the survey questions used, see our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey questions: 20 April to 3 May article.\nData reported within BICS bulletins and datasets are estimates that are subject to\nuncertainty\n, for example, sampling variability and\nnon-sampling error\n. Further information on quality is available in our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI)\n, and we regularly update\nconfidence intervals\nassociated with the survey questions.\nSingle-site weighted regional estimates up to Wave 142 are available in our\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK subnational single-site economy: November 2025 article\n.\nMore about economy, business and jobs\nExplore the latest trends in employment, prices and trade in our\neconomic dashboard\n.\nView\nall economic data\n.\nThe percentage of businesses that reported they were trading in late April 2026 was 93%, with 84% fully trading, and 10% partially trading (for example, trading with reduced hours or staff numbers). Meanwhile, 4% of businesses reported \"temporarily paused trading\", and 2% reported \"permanently ceased trading\" as their business's trading status.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey data\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy: 7 May 2026\nDataset | Released 7 May 2026\nWeighted estimates from the voluntary fortnightly Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) about financial performance, workforce, prices, trade, and business resilience. This dataset includes additional information collected as part of the survey not presented in this publication. These are official statistics in development.\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy confidence intervals\nDataset | Released 7 May 2026\nConfidence intervals for weighted estimates from the voluntary fortnightly Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) about financial performance, workforce, prices, trade, and business resilience. These are official statistics in development.\nAccess to microdata\nYou can access the microdata for Waves 1 to 154 of the Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) through the Secure Research Service (SRS). The BICS microdata for each wave are released on a rolling basis in the week following the publication of each wave. The microdata are made confidential and do not disclose information on any specific business.\nOnly researchers accredited under the\nDigital Economy Act, as explained on the UK Statistics Authority website\nare able to access data in the SRS. You can apply for researcher accreditation using the People and Projects Service (PPS). For further guidance, please see our\nInformation on the Integrated Data Service (IDS) website\n.\nTo conduct analysis with microdata from the SRS, a project application must be submitted to the\nResearch Accreditation Panel (RAP), as explained on the UK Statistics Authority website\n. Project accreditation applications should be submitted using the Project Accreditation Service for SRS (PASS). For more information, please see our\nguidance on applying for an accredited research project\n.\nTo use the SRS, you must access it through the appropriate safe setting. For more information on the full range of safe setting options, please see our\nguidance on accessing data securely\n.\nMaking our published spreadsheets accessible\nFollowing the\nGovernment Statistical Service (GSS) guidance on releasing statistics in spreadsheets\n, we will be amending our published tables over the next couple of publications to improve the usability, accessibility, and machine readability of our published statistics. If you have any questions or comments, please email us at\nbics@ons.gov.uk\n.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nGlossary\nPrivate sector businesses\nThe Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) is a survey of private sector businesses, meaning that the public sector is not sampled. Some businesses are also excluded; please see the Coverage section of this bulletin for more information.\nReporting unit\nThe reporting unit is the business unit to which questionnaires are sent. The response from the reporting unit can cover the enterprise as a whole, or parts of the enterprise identified by lists of local units.\nTrading businesses\nTrading businesses refers to businesses that responded that their trading status was \"currently fully trading\" or \"currently partially trading\" only.\nIf trading businesses is not exactly specified, the statistics presented refer to businesses that have \"not permanently stopped trading\". This includes trading businesses, and those that said their trading status was \"paused trading and intends to restart in the next two weeks\" or \"paused trading and does not intend to restart within the next two weeks\".\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nMeasuring the data\nMore quality and methodology information (QMI) on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) QMI\n, which was updated on 10 October 2024.\nThe BICS is voluntary, and the results are official statistics in development. More information is available in our\nGuide to official statistics in development\n.\nTable 1: Sample and response rates for Waves 153, 154 and 155 of the Business Insights and Conditions Survey\nWave\n2 April 2026\nPublication Wave 153\n23 April 2026\nPublication Wave 154\n7 May 2026\nPublication Wave 155\nSample\n38,759\n38,750\n38,715\nResponse\n10,756\n9,833\n10,466\nRate\n27.8%\n25.4%\n27.0%\nSource: Business Insights and Conditions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nResponse rates for all waves can be found in the accompanying dataset.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Sample and response rates for Waves 153, 154 and 155 of the Business Insights and Conditions Survey\n.xls\n.csv\nThe results are based on responses from the voluntary fortnightly BICS, which captures businesses' views on financial performance, workforce, prices, trade and business resilience. The Wave 155 survey was live for the period 20 April to 3 May 2026. For full details of the survey questions used, see our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey questions: 20 April to 3 May 2026 article.\nCoverage\nThe BICS sampling frame is based on the same industries as our Monthly Business Survey (MBS). The MBS covers the UK for production industries only, and Great Britain for construction, retail and services industries. The MBS is an important input to the output measure of gross domestic product (GDP), which includes monthly GDP.\nFor detailed information on the industries covered by the MBS and BICS, see our\nGDP(o) data sources catalogue\n. The following are some industries that are excluded from MBS and BICS:\nagriculture\noil and gas extraction\nenergy generation and supply\npublic administration and defence\npublic provision of education and health\nfinance and insurance\nFor more information on the methodology of producing the BICS, such as\nweighting\n, please see our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) QMI report\n.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nRelated links\nEconomic activity and social change real-time indicators, UK, dashboard\nDashboard | Updated frequently\nAn overview of the UK economy and society, based on rapid response surveys, novel data sources, and innovative methods.\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators: 23 April 2026\nBulletin | Updated frequently\nData on the UK economy and society. These faster indicators are created using rapid response surveys, novel data sources, and innovative methods. These are official statistics in development.\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK subnational single-site economy: November 2025\nArticle | Released 3 November 2025\nEstimates from the voluntary fortnightly business survey (BICS) on financial performance, prices and workforce. These are official statistics in development.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 7 May 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy: 7 May 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/7may2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/7may2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "The impact of challenges facing the economy and other events on UK businesses, including financial performance, workforce, trade, and business resilience.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2026,", "38%", "10", "28 percentage point", "2025", "25%", "4 percentage points", "18 percentage points", "22%", "12 months", "28%", "39%", "2026", "9 percentage points", "2025,", "2023", "44%", "14 percentage points", "17%", "19%", "7 percentage points", "2", "155", "20", "3", "142", "93%", "84%", "10%", "4%", "2%", "7", "154", "4", "5", "2024", "153,", "153", "23", "38,759", "38,750", "38,715", "10,756", "9,833", "10,466", "27.8%", "25.4%", "27.0%", "6"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Business insights and impact on the UK economy", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/bicswave158/bicswave1582final.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Business insights and impact on the UK economy", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/bicswave157/bicswave1572final.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Business insights and impact on the UK economy", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/bicswave156/bicswave1562final.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "3129e587b86aa3734f8d"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthcaresystem/bulletins/ukhealthaccounts/2024and2025", "title": "Healthcare expenditure, UK Health Accounts: 2024 and 2025", "context": "1.\nMain points\nOur provisional estimates indicate that nominal UK healthcare expenditure was approximately £345 billion in 2025.\nBetween 2024 and 2025, total healthcare expenditure grew by 7.7% in nominal terms and, after adjusting for inflation, by 3.9% in real terms.\nHealthcare spending as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) was 11.4% in 2025, higher than the share of 11.1% in 2024.\nGovernment-financed healthcare makes up most healthcare spending in the UK (81% of the total) and was £280 billion in 2025, a real-terms increase of 4.2% from 2024.\n!\nUK Health Accounts use definitions in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD's)\nSystem of Health Accounts 2011 framework\n. These are broader than those used in other UK analyses and include some services considered social care in the UK. As such, the measure of healthcare expenditure in this release is not equivalent to NHS spending.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nProvisional estimates of healthcare expenditure in 2025\nTotal current healthcare expenditure\nOur provisional estimates suggest that approximately £345 billion was spent on healthcare in the UK in 2025, including both government and non-government expenditure, and equating to around £4,966 per person. Estimates for 2025 are provisional and limited to healthcare expenditure by financing schemes. As they are based on non-final financial data, these estimates are subject to a greater degree of uncertainty than expenditure estimates between 1997 and 2024.\nIn this bulletin, \"healthcare spending\" refers to current healthcare expenditure and excludes capital outlay. Estimates of healthcare capital expenditure are presented separately in\nSection 6: Capital expenditure\n.\nFigure 1: Healthcare expenditure grew in both nominal terms and real terms in 2025\nTotal current healthcare expenditure, in nominal and real terms, £ billion, UK, 1997 to 2025\nSource: UK Health Accounts from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nReal terms figures are presented in 2025 prices, adjusted for inflation using the gross domestic product (GDP) deflator.\nChallenges in measuring the GDP deflator over the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic mean that particular care should be taken in interpreting real-terms growth over 2020 and 2021.\nFigures for 2025 are provisional estimates based on more timely but less comprehensive data sources than earlier years.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: Healthcare expenditure grew in both nominal terms and real terms in 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nTotal healthcare expenditure grew by 7.7% in nominal terms between 2024 and 2025, compared with growth of 7.8% in 2024. After adjusting to account for general inflation in the economy over that period, healthcare spending grew by 3.9% in 2025, compared with 3.8% growth in 2024.\nSince 2023, the first full calendar year following the\nend of national coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic countermeasures\n, healthcare spending grew at an average annual rate of 3.8% in real terms. This is higher than the pre-pandemic average annual growth rate of 3.6% (1997 to 2019). The average annual rate used here is the compound average growth rate.\nOur real terms estimates are produced using the GDP deflator to adjust for general inflation. Therefore, these real terms estimates are not measures of healthcare activity or volumes directly. As a whole-economy price deflator, the GDP deflator is not a measure of average healthcare inflation, and it will also not account for the variation in price inflation across different components of health spending. Instead, our real terms figures represent healthcare spending relative to the general increase in prices in the economy.\nWithin the UK national accounts, quarterly chained volume measures are published for government and household consumption expenditure on healthcare. More information is available in our\nGross domestic product (GDP) data tables\n(for government expenditure) and in our\nConsumer trends bulletin\n(for household consumption expenditure), respectively. Our\nPublic service productivity article\nalso provides estimates of public service healthcare output volumes for England, while volumes for a range of privately funded services are collected and reported by the\nPrivate Healthcare Information Network\n.\nIt is important to note that these data sources represent a different definition of healthcare to that used in the health accounts, and they are not directly comparable. For example, between the two there are differences in the treatment of services considered in the UK to be social care. Further information on comparisons to other healthcare spending analyses is available in our\nUK Health Accounts quality and methodology information (QMI)\n.\nHealthcare expenditure as a share of GDP\nHealthcare expenditure accounted for 11.4% of gross domestic product in 2025, which is higher than the 11.1% share in 2024. This reflected the fact that growth in healthcare expenditure was faster than growth in the overall economy in 2024, and is primarily because of an increase in the share of government healthcare spending relative to the size of the economy.\nHealthcare expenditure represented a larger share of the overall economy in 2025 than prior to the coronavirus pandemic. Between 2009 and 2019, healthcare expenditure represented between 9.7% and 10.0% of the economy, as shown in Figure 2.\nFigure 2: Healthcare spending as a share of GDP has been consistently higher post-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic\nShare of GDP attributed to total current healthcare expenditure and growth contributions, percent, UK, 1997 to 2025\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes\nThe nominal growth in gross domestic product (GDP) is inverted relative to the direction of nominal healthcare spending growth. For instance, the fall in GDP in 2020 is represented as a positive contribution to the change in healthcare expenditure as a percentage of GDP.\nFinancing of healthcare expenditure in the UK\nGovernment expenditure is the principal mode of healthcare financing in the UK and stood at £280 billion in 2025. This mode of financing includes spending by the NHS, local authorities and other public bodies. Government spending on healthcare in 2025 was estimated to be 4.2% higher in real terms than in 2024.\nFigure 3 shows that government healthcare expenditure has been the largest means of healthcare financing throughout the time series. The share of spending attributed to government has increased from 73.1% in 1997 to 81.3% in 2025. Government spending represented a higher share of healthcare expenditure in 2025 than in 2019, before the coronavirus pandemic, when it stood at 78.9% of total healthcare expenditure.\nFigure 3: The share of government spending in overall healthcare expenditure has increased since the start of the series, in 1997\nShare of total current healthcare expenditure by financing scheme, percent, UK, 1997 to 2025\nSource: UK Health Accounts from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: The share of government spending in overall healthcare expenditure has increased since the start of the series, in 1997\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe largest non-government financing arrangement in the UK is out-of-pocket expenditure, which includes private spending by consumers on hospital treatments and other health services, medical goods, and some long-term care services.\nOut-of-pocket expenditure accounted for 14.1% of overall healthcare spending, or £49 billion, in 2025. Voluntary health insurance, the next largest means of financing, was 2.8% of overall spending on healthcare in 2025, or £9.5 billion. The smallest financing schemes were non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH), which represent where charities finance healthcare, and enterprise financing schemes (or employer-provided healthcare). These accounted for 1.8% and 0.1% of total healthcare expenditure, respectively.\nFigure 4: The biggest contributor to the increase in total healthcare expenditure in 2025 was an increase in government expenditure (in real-terms)\nAnnual growth rates in health expenditure and the contributions to growth for each financing scheme in real terms, percent, UK, 1998 to 2025\nSource: UK Health Accounts from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nReal terms figures are adjusted for inflation using the gross domestic product (GDP) deflator.\nFigures for 2025 are provisional estimates based on more timely but less comprehensive data sources than preceding years.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: The biggest contributor to the increase in total healthcare expenditure in 2025 was an increase in government expenditure (in real-terms)\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 4 shows that growth in overall healthcare expenditure tends to be caused by government spending. In 2025, government expenditure was estimated to be 4.2% higher in real terms than in 2024.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nHealthcare expenditure in 2024\nThis and subsequent sections of this bulletin present more detailed analysis of healthcare expenditure. Figures up to 2024 are produced from more comprehensive but less timely data sources than our provisional high-level 2025 estimates, discussed in\nSection 2: Provisional estimates of healthcare expenditure in 2025\n. Expenditure estimates are presented in real terms (2025 prices).\nGovernment healthcare expenditure\nGovernment healthcare expenditure was £269 billion in 2024 (2025 prices), reflecting a 3.8% growth in real terms compared with 2023 (7.9% increase in nominal terms). Total government spending in 2024 was 19.7% higher in real terms than before the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, in 2019. Increases in government spending in this period reflect increases in health budgets, in part to tackle pressures on health services including\nfunding to reduce NHS waiting times\n.\nHealthcare represents a sizeable share of overall government spending on goods and services, as per the measure of general government final consumption expenditure within the UK National Accounts. Healthcare, as reported under the UK Health Accounts definitions, which includes elements of social care, represented 42.9% of government spending on goods and services in 2024, an increase from 31.7% in 1997, at the start of the series.\n!\nSeveral data sources used to produce our analysis of government healthcare expenditure were not available for the financial year ending 2025. As a result, our government healthcare expenditure estimates by healthcare function and provider should be treated as provisional for 2024 and may be subject to a greater degree of revision than usual in our next release. This does not affect the figure for total government healthcare expenditure, which is based on annual national accounts data and is not provisional. More information on our methods for producing these estimates are available in\nSection 9: Data sources and quality\nand in our\nUK Health Accounts QMI\n.\nNon-government healthcare expenditure\nWhile the UK's universal healthcare system provides widespread public coverage of health services, there are also alternative means of financing healthcare that fund both complementary and additional services. While non-government healthcare financing represents privately arranged healthcare, it also covers instances where co-payments are required for government-funded services, like prescription fees or contributions towards adult social care costs.\nNon-government healthcare expenditure grew by an average of 3.0% between 2023 and 2025, lower than the average annual rate of growth in government expenditure over the same period. Total non-government healthcare expenditure increased by 3.7% in 2024 in real terms, reaching £63.1 billion in 2025 prices.\nGrowth since the pandemic has been strongest for voluntary health insurance schemes, which grew by 13.8% in real terms in 2024. Voluntary health insurance spending outpaced out-of-pocket expenditure over this period, caused by growth in corporate funded policies and\nrising demand for private healthcare and structural pressures in the NHS\n.\nOut-of-pocket expenditure is the largest non-government financing scheme in the UK and represents direct payments for healthcare by households. This includes entirely self-funded treatments, as well as contributions to government-funded care and co-payments on health insurance. In 2024, out-of-pocket spending grew in real terms by 1.7%, with long-term care expenditure being the main cause of growth. Long-term care expenditure, which includes privately purchased care and contributions to local authority arrangements, increased by 5.6% in real terms in 2024. Long-term care spending now accounts for over 41% of total out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure, a share that has been rising since the series began in 2013.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nLong-term care expenditure\nTotal long-term care expenditure stood at £80.3 billion in 2024 (in 2025 prices).\nLong-term care\nconcerns the management of chronic health conditions (including old age conditions). It combines services considered to be a form of healthcare and services considered to be health-related in nature.\nFigure 5 shows that long-term care expenditure grew faster in 2024 than any other year in our time series. In 2024, total long-term care spending grew by 4.7% in real terms, outpacing growth in total healthcare expenditure (3.8%).\nFigure 5: Total long-term care spending grew faster in 2024 than in any other year in our time series\nAnnual growth rates in total long-term care in real terms, percent, UK, 2014 to 2024\nSource: UK Health Accounts from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nReal terms figures are presented in 2025 prices, adjusted for inflation using the gross domestic product (GDP) deflator.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: Total long-term care spending grew faster in 2024 than in any other year in our time series\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nGovernment spending made up 67.7% of total long-term care expenditure in 2024 and grew by 4.2% in real terms compared with 2023. Out-of-pocket expenditure, the second largest financing scheme for total long-term care, increased by 5.9.% in real terms compared with 2023.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nTotal pharmaceutical expenditure\nTotal pharmaceutical expenditure was £35.7 billion in 2024 (2025 prices), with:\n54.0% relating to spending on community-prescribed medicines\n21.3% on over-the-counter medicines\n7.0% relating to immunisation programmes\n17.8% relating to medicines administered as part of courses of treatment\nThe measure presents net expenditure on medicines, accounting for pharmaceutical rebates, as well as payments made through voluntary and statutory payback schemes such as the\n2024 voluntary scheme for branded medicines pricing, access and growth\n.\nThe scale of payments made through payback schemes each year may be affected by previous years' sales and payments, which can influence growth in overall pharmaceutical expenditure. As a comparison, gross of these payments, total pharmaceutical expenditure in 2023 was £38.4 billion.\nAn overall fall of 3.9% in total pharmaceutical expenditure in real terms was caused by reductions in both government and non‑government spending. A fall in spending on over-the-counter medicines and drugs used as part of wider treatments (such as elective care) contributed to lower pharmaceutical spending in 2024.\nFigure 6: Total pharmaceutical expenditure fell by 3.9% in 2024 because of reduced spending on over-the-counter medicines and drug treatments\nTotal pharmaceutical expenditure, in real terms, £ billions, UK, 2017 to 2024\nSource: UK Health Accounts from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nReal terms figures are presented in 2025 prices, adjusted for inflation using the gross domestic product (GDP) deflator.\nImmunisation programmes includes coronavirus (COVID-19) testing, tracing, vaccination, and pandemic management, from 2020 onwards.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: Total pharmaceutical expenditure fell by 3.9% in 2024 because of reduced spending on over-the-counter medicines and drug treatments\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe definitions of our measure of total pharmaceutical expenditure differ compared with other sources of data, including NHS estimates (see\nSection 9: Data sources and quality\n). Caution should be exercised when making international comparisons, as not all countries estimating total pharmaceutical expenditure are able to account for pharmaceutical rebates and pricing mechanisms.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nCapital expenditure\nGross fixed capital formation is an estimate of net capital expenditure by both the public and private sectors in the UK. More information is available in our\nShort guide to gross fixed capital formation and business investment article\n. Net capital expenditure refers to acquisition minus disposals. It is an additional measure and not a part of the headline current healthcare expenditure statistics.\nIn 2024, the net capital outlay on healthcare in the UK was £16.8 billion (in 2025 prices), including £2.3 billion related to research and development (R&D), which is typically excluded from\ninternational comparisons\n.\nBetween 1997 and 2024, capital expenditure on healthcare grew by an average of 3.1% per year, slower than the average rate for current healthcare expenditure of 3.5% over the same period.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nRevisions\nIn this release, we revise our\nprovisional healthcare expenditure estimates for 2024\nupwards by £2.9 billion overall (an upward revision of 0.9%). The largest revisions were made to government schemes and non-profit institutions serving households, as detailed in Table 1.\nTable 1: Revised estimates of current healthcare expenditure in 2024 (£ billions, nominal terms)\nAll financing\nschemes\nGovernment\nschemes\nVoluntary\nhealth\ninsurance\nNon-profit\ninstitutions\nserving\nhouseholds\nEnterprise\nfinancing\nOut-of-pocket\nexpenditure\nProvisional\nestimate\n317.4\n258.1\n8.3\n4.3\n0.5\n46.2\nRevised\nestimate\n320.3\n259.5\n9.2\n5.7\n0.4\n45.6\nSource: UK Health Accounts from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Revised estimates of current healthcare expenditure in 2024 (£ billions, nominal terms)\n.xls\n.csv\nData source changes and improvements have resulted in revisions of no more than 1.4% of total current healthcare expenditure, either upwards or downwards, for healthcare expenditure between 1997 and 2023. The largest revisions come from revised national accounts data, especially:\nrevisions to central government final consumption expenditure in 2023\nnewly available source data for non-profit institutions serving households\nThis year's capital outlay revisions mainly reflect a full redevelopment of the Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) system, alongside improved use of government data and updated business survey benchmarks. More information is available in our\nBusiness investment in the UK revisions in Blue Book: 2025 article\n.\nFurther information on revisions is available in our\nUK Health Accounts dataset\n.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nData on UK Health Accounts\nUK Health Accounts\nDataset | Released 29 April 2026\nUK current healthcare expenditure data by financing scheme, function and provider. Additional analyses of long-term care expenditure, total pharmaceutical expenditure and capital healthcare expenditure.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nData sources and quality\nData presented in this bulletin are consistent with the definitions of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD's)\nSystem of Health Accounts 2011 framework\n.\nMore information about the sources and methods used to produce the UK Health Accounts are available in our\nUK Health Accounts: methodological guidance\n. For more information about the sources and methods used to produce our provisional 2025 estimates of healthcare expenditure, please see our\nUK Health Accounts: T-1 estimates of healthcare expenditure – methodological guidance\n. The methods used to compile our back series before 2013 are presented in our\nEstimating the 1997 to 2012 UK Health Accounts time series – methodology guidance\n.\nLong-term care expenditure accounts for services aimed at managing chronic health conditions related to long-term care dependency and reducing suffering where an improvement in health is not expected. Total long-term care can be divided into health-related long-term care and social long-term care. For definitions of these terms please see Section 5 of our\nHealthcare expenditure, UK Health Accounts: 2019 bulletin\n.\nQuality and methods information for the UK Health Accounts can be found in our\nUK Health Accounts QMI\n.\nStrengths and limitations\nInternational comparability\nThe UK Health Accounts are constructed using standardised definitions drawn from the\nSystem of Health Accounts 2011 framework\n. This framework is employed by all EU member states and most OECD countries, making the Health Accounts the most suitable source for international comparisons of healthcare expenditure.\nTimeliness\nSufficiently detailed data needed to produce estimates of spending on healthcare functions and providers are only available at a two-year lag, which limits the timeliness of our detailed health accounts breakdowns.\nHowever, we produce provisional estimates of healthcare expenditure at a one-year lag, which means we can present high-level provisional estimates for healthcare expenditure for 2025. The data used to produce these provisional estimates are based on growth presented in quarterly national accounts data. These provisional estimates are subject to data revisions, reflecting the inherent trade-off between timeliness and accuracy of different data sources. Quarterly national accounts data are subject to revision, as explained in Section 3 of our\nNational Accounts revision policy\n.\nData limitations\nSome elements of government healthcare expenditure by healthcare function and provider for 2024 are estimated for the devolved health administrations of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland because of data availability. For this reason, our estimates of government healthcare expenditure by function and provider for 2024 should be treated as provisional and subject to revision in our next edition of the UK Health Accounts. This only applies to function and provider-level expenditure, as total government healthcare expenditure is produced from national accounts data. The non-government healthcare financing by healthcare function and provider is also not affected by this.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nRelated links\nUK Health Accounts: methodological guidance\nMethodology | Last revised 17 May 2023\nThis guidance note explains the methodology used to calculate healthcare expenditure for government and non-government financing schemes of health accounts.\nOECD health accounts\nDataset | Updated as new data becomes available\nData on health expenditure and financing for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member states.\nUK Health Accounts QMI\nMethodology | Last revised 29 April 2026\nQuality and methods information for the UK health accounts.\nEstimating the 1997 to 2012 UK Health Accounts time series – methodology guidance\nMethodology | Last revised 28 April 2020\nThe methodology used to calculate healthcare expenditure by financing scheme for the period 1997 to 2012 on a basis consistent with the international definitions of the System of Health Accounts 2011.\nUK Health Accounts: T-1 estimates of healthcare expenditure – methodological guidance\nMethodology | Last revised 1 June 2021\nThe methodology used to calculate healthcare expenditure by financing scheme for the year t-1 on a basis consistent with the back series of the UK health accounts.\nIntroduction to health accounts\nArticle | Last revised 12 May 2016\nThis article explains what health accounts are and how they differ from the previous Office for National Statistics (ONS) analysis \"Expenditure on healthcare in the UK\".\nSystem of Health Accounts 2011 (revised edition)\nFramework | Released 16 March 2017\nA systematic description of the financial flows related to the consumption of healthcare goods and services from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).\nPublic service productivity: total, UK, 2023\nArticle | Released 30 March 2026\nUpdated measures of output, inputs and productivity for UK public services between 1997 and 2023, including service area breakdown, quality adjustment, and latest revisions.\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 29 April 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nHealthcare expenditure, UK Health Accounts: 2024 and 2025\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthcaresystem/bulletins/ukhealthaccounts/2024and2025", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthcaresystem/bulletins/ukhealthaccounts/2024and2025", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Healthcare expenditure statistics for 1997 to 2025, produced to the international definitions of the System of Health Accounts 2011.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "345 billion", "2025", "2024", "2025,", "7.7%", "3.9%", "11.4%", "11.1%", "81%", "280 billion", "4.2%", "2011", "2", "4,966", "1997", "6", "19", "2020", "2021", "7.8%", "3.8%", "2023,", "3.6%", "2019", "2024,", "2009", "2019,", "9.7%", "10.0%", "3", "73.1%", "81.3%", "78.9%", "14.1%", "49 billion", "2.8%", "9.5 billion", "1.8%", "0.1%", "4", "1998", "269 billion", "2023", "7.9%", "19.7%", "42.9%", "31.7%", "1997,", "9", "3.0%", "3.7%", "63.1 billion", "13.8%", "1.7%", "5.6%", "41%", "2013", "80.3 billion", "5", "4.7%", "2014", "67.7%", "5.9", "35.7 billion", "54.0%", "21.3%", "7.0%", "17.8%", "38.4 billion", "2017", "16.8 billion", "2.3 billion", "3.1%", "3.5%", "7", "2.9 billion", "0.9%", "317.4", "258.1"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "UK Health Accounts", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthcaresystem/datasets/healthaccountsreferencetables/2025/ukhareferencetablespublished20260429.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "UK Health Accounts", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthcaresystem/datasets/healthaccountsreferencetables/2025/ukhacompletedatapublished20260429.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "UK Health Accounts", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthcaresystem/datasets/healthaccountsreferencetables/2024/ukhareferencetablespublished20250430.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "ec59c1d62bbc70b6683d"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/bulletins/nationalpopulationprojections/2024based", "title": "National population projections: 2024-based", "context": "1.\nOverview\nThe UK population is projected to reach 71 million by 2034. This is slower growth than our previous, 2022-based projections, which projected the UK population would reach 72.2 million by mid-2034. Over the first 10 years of our projections period, the population is projected to grow from 69.3 million in mid-2024 to 71.0 million in mid-2034, an increase of 1.7 million (2.5%). The increase arises from net international migration.\nNet migration remains the only source of expected population growth, though at a lower level than in our previous projections. It is projected that net migration will add 2.2 million to the population in the 10 years to mid-2034. Over the same period, natural change (births minus deaths) is projected to be negative 450,000 (6.40 million births and 6.85 million deaths).\nAfter peaking at 72.5 million in mid-2054, the UK population is projected to decrease. The population of England is projected to peak at 62.1 million in mid‑2056, while Wales is projected to peak at 3.2 million in mid‑2035, Scotland at 5.6 million in mid‑2033, and Northern Ireland at 1.9 million in mid‑2031.\nOver the 10 years to mid-2034, England’s population is projected to grow more quickly than other UK nations, at 2.9%. The projected population growth for Wales (1.0%), Northern Ireland (0.6%), and Scotland (0.3%) is slower in this period.\n!\nNational population projections are not forecasts and do not predict international migration changes. They do not directly account for recent and future policy or economic changes. Assumptions for fertility, migration, and mortality are based on observed trends.\nAssumption setting\nOur assumptions are based on current and past demographic behaviours (births, deaths, and migration) and trends. As those patterns change, we will adjust our projections accordingly. For instance, these projections assume lower long-term international migration and lower future fertility than in the previous (2022-based) national population projections (NPPs).\nMigration\nThe 2024-based NPPs long-term average annual net international migration assumption is 230,000, down by 110,000 from 340,000 in the 2022-based projections. This reflects the sharp decrease in net migration since it peaked in 2023, as well as expert advice.\nThere is always uncertainty in estimates and projections of migration. This means actual levels of future migration and the resulting population may be higher or lower than assumed in these projections.\nBirths and deaths\nDeaths are projected to exceed births in the UK from mid-2026 onwards. There are projected to be around 450,000 more deaths than births between mid-2024 to mid-2034.\nAge structure\nBetween mid-2024 and mid-2034, the number of people of pensionable age is projected to increase by 1.8 million (14.6%), from 12.4 million to 14.2 million. This is one in five of the total projected population, and takes into account the planned increases in State Pension age to 67 years for both sexes. Over the same period, children (those under 16 years) are projected to comprise 15.5% of the total population in mid-2034, down from 18.2% in mid-2024.\nImportant information on developing and using 2024-based national population projections\nMigration assumptions do not directly account for recent and future policy, economic changes, or international events. Future releases of long-term international migration estimates will include updates to provisional and past estimates used in this release and will be incorporated into future projections.\nFor users who require a UK-level estimate for mid-2025 that is consistent with estimates for years before mid-2025, we recommend continued use of our\nProvisional population estimate for the UK: mid-2025 bulletin\n. For users who require data by UK country, age or sex for mid-2025, these projections can be used until equivalent mid-2025 population estimates are published later in 2026.\nWe recommend that the NPPs are used:\nfor forming the basis of fiscal projections, identifying future demand for health and education services, and estimating the future cost of state pensions; they can provide a valuable planning tool, taking into account the uncertainty around future population levels\nas the base for bespoke population projections\nwith variant projections to understand the implications of higher or lower assumed levels of fertility, migration, and life expectancy\nWe recommend that the NPPs are not used:\nto replace use of provisional population estimates for mid-2025 unless data for future years are needed; mid-year population estimates for mid-2025 will be published in summer 2026\nas a prediction or forecast of specific demographic outcomes; long-term assumptions are an illustration of an assumed average sustained in the long-term\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nUK population\nProjected population change over 10 years\nThe UK population is projected to rise by 1.7 million over the first 10 years of the projections, from 69.3 million in mid-2024 to 71.0 million in mid-2034 (a 2.5% increase). The population is estimated to have grown by 4.7 million (a 7.2% increase) in the 10 years between 2014 and 2024. The population of the UK is projected to exceed 70 million by mid-2028.\nFigure 1: UK population is projected to rise to 70 million by mid-2028 and to 72.4 million by mid-2049\nUK population estimates, mid-1997 to mid-2024, and projections to mid-2049\nSource: Mid-year population estimates and 2024-based national population projections from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: UK population is projected to rise to 70 million by mid-2028 and to 72.4 million by mid-2049\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 2 shows projected growth over the 10-year period between mid-2024 and mid-2034, which varies between the four countries of the UK. England’s population is projected to grow by 2.9%, Wales by 1.0%, and Northern Ireland by 0.6%. Scotland has the lowest projected growth at 0.3%. There is year-to-year variation in these projections; for some years decreases are also projected.\nFigure 2: Population growth of UK countries is projected to continue\nProjected population growth (percentage) of UK constituent countries, between mid-2024 and mid-2034\nSource: National population projections from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Population growth of UK countries is projected to continue\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nProjected population change over 25 years\nPopulation growth over the next 25 years is projected to be slower than the 25 years to mid-2024. The total projected growth for the UK population is 3.1 million (4.5%) over the 25 years between mid-2024 and mid-2049 (Table 1). In comparison, the population growth was estimated to be 10.6 million (18.1%) for the 25 years between 1999 and 2024.\nThe UK population is projected to peak at 72.5 million in mid-2054 before declining thereafter, rather than continuing to grow until mid-2096, as in the 2022-based national population projections (NPPs).\nTable 1: Estimated and projected population of the UK and constituent countries, mid-2024 to mid-2049, thousands (persons)\n2024\n2029\n2034\n2039\n2044\n2049\nUK\n69,281\n70,224\n71,014\n71,594\n72,063\n72,410\nEngland\n58,620\n59,518\n60,294\n60,899\n61,416\n61,832\nWales\n3,187\n3,208\n3,218\n3,216\n3,208\n3,195\nScotland\n5,547\n5,558\n5,563\n5,548\n5,518\n5,475\nNorthern Ireland\n1,928\n1,940\n1,939\n1,931\n1,922\n1,909\nSource: Mid-year population estimates and 2024-based national population projections from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Estimated and projected population of the UK and constituent countries, mid-2024 to mid-2049, thousands (persons)\n.xls\n.csv\nEngland’s population is projected to increase by 5.5% over the 25-year period between mid-2024 and mid-2049, while Wales’s population is projected to have the smallest growth (0.3%). Scotland’s population is projected to decrease by 1.3%, and Northern Ireland’s by 1.0%, over the same period.\nThe population of Scotland is projected to decrease in the year to mid-2026 and from mid-2033. The population of Northern Ireland is projected to decrease from mid-2032 onwards, and for Wales from mid-2036 onwards.\nThe projections trend differs from that seen in our previous 2022-based projections. This is because of the relatively small difference between births and deaths, along with lower assumed future levels of migration and fertility. Additionally, the relatively large post-World War 2 birth cohorts are projected to reach older ages over the early part of the projections period, leading to increases in the number of deaths until mid-2061.\nFor more information on changes since the last release, see\nSection 5: Changes since the 2022-based projections\n.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nBirths, deaths, and migration\nComponents of population change over the first 10 years of the projection\nThe population of the UK is projected to increase by 1.7 million (from 69.3 million to 71.0 million) over the 10 years between mid-2024 and mid-2034. During this period, it is projected that:\n6,396,000 people will be born\n6,846,000 people will die\n7,278,000 people will immigrate long term to the UK\n5,096,000 people will emigrate long term from the UK\nThere are projected to be around 450,000 more deaths than births over the 10 years between mid-2024 and mid-2034. Deaths are projected to exceed births in the UK from mid-2026, with mid-2025 being the last year in which births are slightly higher. Net international migration is the difference between immigration and emigration. During the same decade, it is projected that net migration will be 2.2 million people.\nFigure 3 shows how changes in births, deaths, and migration contribute to the overall change in population between 2024 and 2034 for the UK and its constituent countries. Net international migration is projected to be the largest contributor to population growth in England, adding around 2 million people, and in Northern Ireland, adding around 20,000 people.\nOver the same 10-year period, the biggest factor in population change in Wales and Scotland is net cross-border migration, with projected increases of around 92,000 and 110,000 people, respectively.\nFigure 3: Net migration is projected to be the largest contributor to population change in the UK\nContributors to population change (thousands), UK and constituent countries, mid-2024 to mid-2034\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nComponents of change over the first 25 years of the projection\nNet migration is projected to be the only source of population growth in the UK over the next 25 years, as deaths are expected to exceed births by 2.5 million. Overall, it is projected that the population will grow by 3.1 million, with projected net migration totalling 5.6 million between mid-2024 and mid-2049.\nNet migration has fallen in recent years, and the early years of our projections reflect this. We project that net migration will reach the long‑term assumption of 230,000 a year from mid-2027 onwards (Figure 4).\nWe set the long‑term international migration assumption using a 10‑year average of long-term international migration data. For this release, the 10-year average uses the period from mid‑2013 to mid‑2021 and mid‑2025. It excludes mid‑2022, mid‑2023, and mid‑2024, which were affected by short‑term factors that led to unusually high levels of migration. This approach provides a long‑term average for future migration, which is likely to be more representative of prevailing trends and is closer to expert views on the potential range within which we may see average long-term net international migration.\nDemographic behaviour is inherently uncertain, so it is not possible to predict future migration trends. The long-term assumption should not be viewed as a forecast, but as a scenario where long-term net migration averages at a certain level with year-to-year variation. As trends change in births, migration, and deaths, then so will our assumptions for use in future projections.\nFigure 4: From mid‑2026 to mid‑2049, deaths are projected to exceed births, and net international migration becomes the only source of population growth\nProjected births minus deaths and net international migration, UK, mid-2025 to mid-2049\nSource: National population projections from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: From mid‑2026 to mid‑2049, deaths are projected to exceed births, and net international migration becomes the only source of population growth\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 4 also shows that births are projected to exceed deaths in the UK in the year to mid‑2025. From mid‑2026 onwards, deaths are projected to outnumber births each year, with the difference increasing throughout the projection period.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nChanging age structure\nFigure 5 shows the age structure of the population in mid-2024 and the projected age structure in mid-2034.\nIn mid-2024, there were more females than males at older ages, reflecting their higher life expectancy. The spike at age 77 years reflects the baby boom after World War 2 and the second peak around age 59 years reflects the baby boom of the 1960s. The decreases in the late teenage years are because of lower birth rates around the turn of the millennium.\nIn mid-2034, there are still projected to be more females than males at older ages. The post-World War 2 bump represents 87-year-olds, and the 1960s baby boom peak represents those aged around 69 years.\nFigure 5: Age structure of the UK population, mid-2024 and mid-2034\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nMore people at older ages\nIn mid-2024 there were 1.75 million people aged 85 years and over, making up 2.5% of the population. By mid-2049, this is projected to have doubled to 3.6 million, representing 4.9% of the total UK population. There are projected to be many more people at older ages by mid-2049. This is, in part, because of larger cohorts from the 1960s are now aged over 80 years, as well as general increases in life expectancy. Over the longer-term, lower assumed fertility affects the percentage balance between older and younger cohorts.\nFewer children\nThere are projected to be fewer children in the UK by  mid-2034 and mid-2049, compared  with  mid-2024. This reflects that the assumed fertility rates in the 2020s and 2030s are lower than those around 2001, when UK fertility was at a record low for the time.\nFigure  6 shows the changing age structure in mid-2024, mid-2034, and mid-2049 by life stage:\nchildren\nworking age\npensionable age\nBy mid-2034, the number of children (those aged from 0 to 15 years) is projected to decrease by 1.6 million (negative 12.7%), from 12.6 million to 11.0 million. Over the same period, the number of working-age people is projected to increase by 1.5 million (3.4%), from 44.3 million to 45.8 million. The number of people of pensionable age is projected to increase by 1.8 million (14.6%), from 12.4 million to 14.2 million. This includes the planned increases in State Pension age to 67 years for both sexes.\nBy mid-2049, the number of children is projected to decrease by 2.1 million (16.3% below 2024 levels). During the same period, the number of working-age people is projected to increase by 2.2 million (5.1%). The number of people of pensionable age is projected to increase by 23.7%, to 15.3 million. Therefore, the percentage of people of pensionable age is projected to grow the most of any life stage between mid-2024 and mid-2049.\nFigure 6: The number of pension age people is projected to increase the most of any life stage\nUK population by life stage, mid-2024, mid-2034, and mid-2049\nSource: National population projections from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nChildren are defined as those aged 0 to 15 years.\nWorking age and pensionable age populations are based on State Pension age for the stated year according to current legislation.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: The number of pension age people is projected to increase the most of any life stage\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nOld-age-dependency ratio\nThe numbers of people in each life stage are used to calculate dependency ratios, which inform government financial planning. A common measure is the old-age-dependency ratio (OADR), which is the number of people of pensionable age for every 1,000 people of working age. It is projected that OADR will increase from 280 in mid-2024 to 310 in mid-2034, and reach 329 by mid-2049.\nInteractive population pyramids\nExplore in more detail how the UK population is projected to change over time in our interactive population pyramids (Figure 7).\nFigure 7:  Use our interactive population pyramids to explore our projections\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nChanges since the 2022-based projections\nThe 2024-based national population projections (NPPs) are based on the population estimates from mid-2024. They use the latest data on births, deaths, and migration, along with assumptions of potential future fertility, migration, and mortality. More detail on these assumptions can be found in:\nour\nNational Population projections, fertility assumptions: 2024-based\nmethodology\nour\nNational Population projections, mortality assumptions: 2024-based\nmethodology\nour\nNational Population projections, migration assumptions: 2024-based\nmethodology\nNet international migration\nCompared with the migration category variant projection from the 2022-based NPPs at UK level, we have assumed lower net international migration. The 2024-based NPPs long-term average net international migration assumption is 230,000, down by 110,000 from 340,000 in the 2022-based projections. This assumption is based on 10 years of international migration data and expert advice, including insights from our\nLong-term international migration, provisional: year ending June 2025 bulletin\n. We are using the latest available international migration data in the projections, including where this exists beyond the base year.\nFertility\nWe have assumed a lower fertility rate than in the 2022-based NPPs. In the 2024-based NPPs the long-term total fertility rate is 1.42, down by 0.03 from 1.45 in the 2022-based projections. This reflects the long-term trends seen in fertility and input from our Expert Advisory Panel.\nLife expectancy\nThe assumed long-term rate of annual mortality improvement for the UK and each of its countries is the same as in the 2022-based NPPs. It has been set at 1.1% for ages 0 to 90 years. This reflects the latest data and expert advice.\nTable 2 contains details of the long-term assumptions for fertility, international migration (the difference between immigration and emigration), and mortality. These assumptions should not be interpreted as predictions of the future, but as plausible scenarios based upon what has happened in the past.\nTable 2: UK long-term assumptions for the 2024-based national population projections compared with 2022-based\n2022-based\n2024-based\nNet annual long-term international migration (mid-2027 onwards)\n340,000\n230,000\nLong-term average number of children per woman\n1.45\n1.42\nLife expectancy at birth, females, 2049 (years)\n85.8\n85.9\nLife expectancy at birth, males, 2049 (years)\n82.2\n82.4\nSource: National population projections from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nLife expectancies are period expectations of life for the start of 2049. They do not account for future improvements in mortality projected after that point.\nFertility and mortality assumptions have been changed from the 2022-based national population projections with new assumptions based on recent data.\nNet international migration does not include cross-border migration between the countries of the UK.\nDownload this table\nTable 2: UK long-term assumptions for the 2024-based national population projections compared with 2022-based\n.xls\n.csv\nTable 3 shows headline statistics from the 2024-based NPPs, compared with the previous 2022-based NPPs. At the total population level, a major difference is that the UK population is not projected to pass 73 million. Projected old-age-dependency ratio (OADR) in mid-2049 is higher compared with the previous 2022-based NPPs.\nTable 3: Summary of UK projected outcomes, 2024-based and 2022-based NPPs\n2022-based\n2024-based\nProjected UK population in mid-2034\n72.2 million\n71 million\nProjected UK population in mid-2049\n75.9 million\n72.4 million\nUK population projected to pass 70 million\nmid-2027\nmid-2028\nProjected old-age-dependency ratio (OADR) in mid-2049\n311\n329\nSource: National population projections from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\n2022-based statistics are from the migration category variant.\nDownload this table\nTable 3: Summary of UK projected outcomes, 2024-based and 2022-based NPPs\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nData on national population projections\nNational population projections table of contents\nDataset | Released 28 April 2026\nTools to locate the dataset tables and supporting documentation for the national population projections. Contains links to the principal and variant projections for the UK and constituent countries for 100 years ahead.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nGlossary\nLong-term assumptions\nThe 2024-based national principal projections use a set of long-term assumptions that are considered to best reflect recent patterns of future fertility, net migration, and mortality. These assumptions are based on past trends and input from an independent panel of experts. The assumptions are:\nthe average UK completed family size will be 1.42 children per woman by mid-2049\nthe annual improvement in UK mortality rates will be 1.1% for both males and females aged 0 to 90 years by 2049\naverage annual net international migration to the UK will be 230,000 from year ending mid-2027 onwards\nLife expectancies\nLife expectancies at birth are period expectations of life; this is the average number of years that a newborn baby could expect to live if the mortality rates at the time of their birth stayed constant throughout their lives. For example, life expectancy in the year between mid-2049 and mid-2050 reflects the life expectancy projected for the start of 2050. It does not account for the continuing decrease in mortality rates projected after that point.\nOld-age-dependency ratio (OADR)\nThe number of people of pensionable age for every 1,000 people of working age.\nPopulation projections\nPopulation projections provide statistics on potential future population levels of the UK and its constituent countries by age and sex. These are based on assumptions of future levels of births, deaths, and migration.\nTotal fertility rate\nThe total fertility rate (TFR) represents the average number of children born per woman if women experienced the age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) of the year in question throughout their childbearing lives.\nVariant projections\nVariant projections are based on alternative assumptions of fertility, migration and mortality compared with the principal projection. These provide an indication of uncertainty in, and the outcomes of, alternative demographic assumptions but do not represent upper or lower limits of future demographic behaviour.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nData sources and quality\nAccredited official statistics\nThe Office for Statistics Regulation independently reviewed these accredited official statistics in April 2019. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality, and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled “accredited official statistics”.\nProduction of the national population projections\nNational population projections (NPPs) provide an indication of the potential future population size of the UK and its constituent countries. These statistics are widely used in planning, for example:\neconomic and fiscal forecasts\nhealth\neducation\npensions\nWe normally produce NPPs for the UK and its constituent countries every two years, although this has changed around the time of the census and in response to user needs. This release supersedes the 2022-based NPPs release, published in January 2025 that followed the 2021-based interim release published in January 2024.\nThe 2024-based projections have been produced using a new set of demographic long-term assumptions for fertility, migration, and mortality, which are derived from analysis of past trends and through consultation with independent academic experts. The mid-year population estimate for mid-2024 is used as the starting point of the projection. This release is based upon the 2024 mid-year estimate for the UK and a revised back series from the 2021 (England, Wales, and Northern Ireland) and 2022 (Scotland) censuses. Births and deaths are constrained to mid-2024 data available in published sources.\nThis release provides a principal national population projection and 13 further variants, for example:\nhigh fertility\nlow fertility\nhigh life expectancy\nlow life expectancy\nhigh migration\nlow migration\nzero net migration\nThese are single component variants, which show the effect of varying one assumption while keeping other assumptions in line with the principal projection. Others are combination variants, for example, old age structure and young age structure, which look at the effect of varying two or more assumptions. Information on the full range of variants is available in our\nNational population projections variant projections: 2024-based\nmethodology.\nThe National Population Projections (NPP) Committee comprises the Office for National Statistics (ONS), National Records of Scotland (NRS), Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA), and the Welsh Government. After reviewing expert advisory feedback and our own research, the NPP Committee agreed to base the long-term assumptions on an average of 10 years of historical international migration data, including mid-2013 to mid-2021 and mid-2025. The long-term net migration assumption set out in our\nNational population projections, migration assumptions: 2024-based\nmethodology is 230,000 from year ending mid-2027. This is lower than the 340,000 assumption used in the 2022-based population projections.\nFor mid-2026 the short-term assumptions are produced using a methodology based upon stay rates and expected parameters for migrants. Values from the method have been fitted to the latest provisional estimate in mid-2025 and then capped at the long-term assumption (mid-2027). Assumptions for each year and geography are available in summary and machine-readable datasets which can be found in our\nNational population projections table of contents\n. There remains uncertainty over future directions and levels of international migration. Over recent years, there have been differences in international migration arising from:\nfree movement ending for EU nationals as part of the introduction of the new immigration system in January 2021\nthe easing of travel restrictions following the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic\nexternal developments such as the war in Ukraine and the Hong Kong scheme\nPotential future changes in international migration are not directly accounted for in the migration assumptions used in these projections.\nQuality\nNational population projections (NPPs) are used both within and outside of government as the definitive set of NPPs. These are produced on a consistent basis for the constituent countries of the UK using the internationally accepted cohort component methodology. The NPPs help to inform fiscal projections, by identifying future demand for health and education services and estimating the future cost of state pensions.\nThe projections are based on the latest mid-year population estimates for each UK country and the latest births, deaths, and migration data. Because the NPPs use the accredited official mid-year estimates for each UK country, the NPPs do not use and will not match against the\nProvisional population estimate for the UK: mid-2025\n.\nProjections are not forecasts and will differ from actual future outcomes to a greater or lesser extent. There is a margin of error in the underlying data, for example, estimates of the current population and past migration flows. In addition, the assumptions we have made about the future cannot be certain as patterns of births, death, and migration can change and are influenced by many factors. In most cases, each set of projections is superseded when the next scheduled release is published.\nMany factors such as geopolitical, economic and policy change can affect fertility, migration, and mortality. However, it is not possible to consider all possible factors or to know in advance what effects these might have. Therefore, the projections do not attempt to predict the effect of events such as the UK leaving the EU or the lasting effect of the coronavirus pandemic. However, the projections of people of State Pension age (SPA) do reflect future changes under existing legislation.\nThis bulletin focuses on the first 25 years of the projections, up to mid-2049. The data files include projections going forward 100 years, up to mid-2124. However, such long-term projections are subject to considerable uncertainty as much change can occur over that timescale.\nMore quality and methodology information\nMore quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nNational population projections quality and methods guide\n.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nRelated links\nNational population projections quality and methods guide\nMethodology | Released 28 April 2026\nWhat the national population projections statistics cover, how we produce them, and their quality and comparability. Includes definitions and latest, past and upcoming changes.\nUK population projection explorer\nTool | 28 April 2026\nAn interactive tool that shows how changes in life expectancy, net migration, and fertility could affect the population over the next 50 years.\nNational population projections, mortality assumptions: 2024 based\nMethodology | Released 28 April 2026\nThe data sources and methodology used to produce mortality assumptions in the 2024-based national population projections.\nNational population projections, fertility assumptions: 2024-based\nMethodology | Released 28 April 2026\nThe data sources and methodology used to produce fertility assumptions in the 2024-based national population projections.\nNational population projections, migration assumptions: 2024-based\nMethodology | Released 28 April 2026\nThe data sources and methodology used to produce migration assumptions in the 2024-based national population projections.\nNational population projections, variant projections: 2024-based\nMethodology | Released 28 April 2026\nThe variant projections, a range of scenarios with alternative demographic assumptions, used in the 2024-based national population projections.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 28 April 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nNational population projections: 2024-based\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/bulletins/nationalpopulationprojections/2024based", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/bulletins/nationalpopulationprojections/2024based", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "The potential future population size of the UK and its constituent countries. These statistics are widely used in planning, including fiscal projections, health, education and pensions.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "71 million", "2034", "2022", "72.2 million", "10 years", "69.3 million", "2024", "71.0 million", "2034,", "1.7 million", "2.5%", "2.2 million", "450,000", "6.40 million", "6.85 million", "72.5 million", "2054,", "62.1 million", "2056,", "3.2 million", "2035,", "5.6 million", "2033,", "1.9 million", "2031", "2.9%", "1.0%", "0.6%", "0.3%", "230,000,", "110,000", "340,000", "2023,", "2026", "1.8 million", "14.6%", "12.4 million", "14.2 million", "67 years", "16 years", "15.5%", "18.2%", "2025", "2025,", "2", "4.7 million", "7.2%", "2014", "70 million", "2028", "72.4 million", "2049", "1997", "2024,", "10", "25 years", "3.1 million", "4.5%", "10.6 million", "18.1%", "1999", "2054", "2096,", "2049, thousand", "2029", "2039", "2044", "69,281", "70,224", "71,014", "71,594", "72,063", "72,410", "58,620", "59,518", "60,294", "60,899", "61,416", "61,832"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "National population projections table of contents", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/datasets/2014basednationalpopulationprojectionstableofcontents/2024basednationalpopulationprojectionstableofcontents/2024basednationalpopulationprojectionstableofcontents.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "National population projections table of contents", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/datasets/2014basednationalpopulationprojectionstableofcontents/2022basednationalpopulationprojectionstableofcontents/2022basednationalpopulationprojectionstableofcontents.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "National population projections table of contents", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/datasets/2014basednationalpopulationprojectionstableofcontents/2021basedinterimnationalpopulationprojectionstableofcontentseditionofthisdataset/2021basedinterimnationalpopulationprojectionstableofcontents2.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "de93765e6dd072cb3f13"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/humancapitalstocksestimatesintheuk/2004to2024", "title": "Human capital stocks estimates in the UK: 2004 to 2024", "context": "1.\nMain points\nIn 2024, the real value of the UK’s human capital stock, defined as the present value of projected lifetime earnings reflecting the skills and knowledge of the working‑age population, was £28.59 trillion, a 0.1% decline from £28.61 trillion in 2023.\nLifetime earnings declined in 2024 following a 1.7% increase between 2022 and 2023; this was the strongest real annual growth since 2005 and was largely caused by a 10.6% increase in the number of people whose highest qualification was a master’s degree or PhD, rising from 5.4 million people in 2022 to 5.9 million people in 2023.\nThe difference in per person lifetime earnings between groups with different types of qualifications has narrowed over time; in real terms, the additional lifetime earnings associated with holding an undergraduate degree, compared with GCSEs as the highest qualification, decreased from £245,000 in 2019 to £232,000 in 2024.\nIn 2024, the gender gap in lifetime earnings was at its lowest level across the time series, with women's per person lifetime earnings estimated to be 31.9% lower than men's, compared with 36.3% in 2004 when measurements began.\nIn 2024, women aged 56 to 65 years had the largest per person lifetime earnings gap relative to men, with earnings estimated to be 44.5% lower than men, although this group also experienced the largest narrowing of this gap from 54.3% in 2004.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nData on Human capital stocks\nHuman capital estimates: supplementary tables\nDataset | Released 24 April 2026\nHuman capital stock and per head values, equating to lifetime labour earnings, at national level, supplementary to human capital stock publications.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nData sources and quality\nMethodology\nThis bulletin presents estimates of the UK's human capital stock, which measure the value of future labour income generated by the working‑age population. Human capital is measured using an income‑based approach, in line with international guidance from the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and is defined as lifetime labour income based on an individual's highest qualification, earnings, age, and sex. Individuals are assumed to participate in the labour market up to the age of 65 years.\nThe estimates are primarily derived from the Annual Population Survey (APS), alongside the longitudinal Labour Force Survey (LFS) and mortality data. Earnings are used as an indicator of human capital as they reflect differences in qualifications, skills, and experience. To enable comparisons over time, changes in real human capital are measured using a Törnqvist index, which accounts for changes in population composition by age, sex, and highest qualification, as well as changes in earnings.\nChanges to existing methodology: age band aggregation and interpolation\nRecent challenges with APS response rates and weighting, particularly in 2023 and 2024, have reduced sample sizes for detailed breakdowns by single year of age, sex, and highest qualification, increasing volatility in granular lifetime labour income estimates. To address this, an interpolation-based approach using age band aggregation has been introduced. Under this approach, weighted population counts are aggregated into multi-year age bands and interpolated to produce smooth single year age population estimates for people aged 16 to 65 years. These population estimates are applied to employment and earnings at respondent level to ensure consistency across the dataset and are used to estimate lifetime labour income and human capital stocks.\nInterpolation is applied selectively at the individual age, sex, and highest qualification level, and only where unweighted sample sizes fall below predefined acceptability thresholds. Where sample sizes remain sufficient, original single-year estimates are retained, preserving continuity and comparability of estimates over time.\nAt the aggregate UK level, the impact of interpolation is small. Total nominal full human capital stocks differed by 0.3% in 2023 and 0.01% in 2024 between interpolated and non-interpolated systems, indicating that the method improves stability without introducing material breaks in the time series. Estimates up to 2022 remain based on the pre-existing, non-interpolated system.\nWhile this approach improves stability relative to raw APS single-year data, it does not remove all data limitations associated with reduced sample sizes. Estimates disaggregated beyond single dimensions of age, sex, or highest qualification therefore remain more uncertain, with combinations of age group with sex or highest qualification, and sex with highest qualification, being more sensitive to adjustment and should be interpreted with caution.\nIn terms of sample coverage, the youngest (aged 16 to 25 years) and oldest (aged 56 to 65 years) working age groups show the largest shortfalls relative to expected levels and are therefore more affected by interpolation. Lifetime labour income estimates for women have also been more susceptible to adjustment than those for men, reflecting differences in sample composition. No comparable pattern was observed for breakdowns by highest qualification. Users are therefore advised to place greater weight on broader age patterns, aggregated estimates and overall trends rather than small differences at individual ages.\nHighest qualification coding improvements\nFrom 2022, improvements to the Annual Population Survey qualification variable (HIQUAL22) enhanced the classification of apprenticeship levels. A coding error affecting the default \"Trade apprenticeship\" category was identified and corrected, and these corrections have been applied to the APS microdata used in this release; however, they are not yet reflected in the reweighted five‑quarter LFS datasets. While the impact on headline human capital stocks is minimal, estimates may be revised once reweighted LFS data are published to ensure full consistency.\nQuality\nAn important strength of this approach is that it produces a single, coherent measure of lifetime labour income while accounting for changes in population structure by age, sex, and highest qualification. The use of a Törnqvist index allows real changes in human capital to be distinguished from changes caused by prices or population growth alone. The methodology also produces distinct human capital values for different population groups, enabling analysis of how demographic and educational factors contribute to overall changes in human capital.\nThe estimates are subject to a number of assumptions. In particular, future earnings, employment patterns and mortality are projected from current‑year data, and may change in response to economic, social or policy conditions. As a result, the lifetime labour income estimates should be interpreted as representing prevailing circumstances in the reference year, rather than as forecasts of long‑term individual outcomes.\nSome uncertainty remains in periods or population sub-groups where survey sample sizes are lower and estimates for finely disaggregated breakdowns should therefore be interpreted with greater caution. This is particularly relevant when analysing small differences at detailed combinations of age, sex and qualification.\nThese statistics are most appropriate for analysing broad patterns and changes in the UK's human capital stock over time and across population groups. They are not designed to predict individual earnings outcomes or labour‑market behaviour.\nFurther methodological development will respond to user needs and data availability. Planned areas for development include incorporating health into the human capital framework, given its influence on educational attainment, employment and mortality, and exploring the potential use of administrative data to provide greater granularity and improved statistical quality.\nMore quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses and data creation is available in our\nMeasuring the UK's Human Capital Stock methodology guidance (PDF, 208KB)\n.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nRelated links\nHuman capital stocks estimates in the UK: 2004 to 2022\nBulletin | Released 19 March 2024\nNational and regional estimates of human capital stock in the UK from 2004 to 2022. Includes full and employed human capital estimates for each year.\nMethodology the UK's Human Capital Stock methodology guidance (PDF, 208KB)\nMethodology | Released December 2013\nDocument detailing the recommended method for calculating human capital stock estimates, taking into account academic literature.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 24 April 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nHuman capital stocks estimates in the UK: 2004 to 2024\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/humancapitalstocksestimatesintheuk/2004to2024", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/humancapitalstocksestimatesintheuk/2004to2024", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "National estimates of human capital stock in the UK from 2004 to 2024. Includes full and employed human capital estimates for each year.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2024,", "28.59 trillion", "0.1%", "28.61 trillion", "2023", "2024", "1.7%", "2022", "2005", "10.6%", "5.4 million", "5.9 million", "245,000", "2019", "232,000", "31.9%", "36.3%", "2004", "56", "65 years", "44.5%", "54.3%", "2", "24", "2026", "3", "16", "0.3%", "0.01%", "25 years", "2022,", "208", "4", "19", "2013", "5", "2026,"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Human capital estimates: supplementary tables", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/datasets/humancapitalestimatessupplementarytables/2004to2024/humancapitalestimatesuk2004to2024.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. 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Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/bulletins/retailsales/march2026", "title": "Retail sales, Great Britain: March 2026", "context": "1.\nOverview\nThe quantity of goods bought (volume) in retail sales is estimated to have risen by 1.6% in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026, compared with Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025. Non-food stores’ sales volumes grew, with art selling well in January and February, alongside a strong quarter for cosmetic and toiletries stores, with new collections being launched. Beyond this, non-store retailers also had a strong Quarter 1.\nRetail sales volumes are estimated to have risen by 0.7% in March 2026, following a fall of 0.6% in February 2026 (revised down from a 0.4% fall in our previous bulletin) and a rise of 1.8% in January 2026 (revised down from a 2.0% rise in our previous bulletin). Fuel sales rose sharply on the month, with retailers reporting that motorists stocked up on fuel as prices rose.\nTotal retail sales, excluding automotive fuel, rose by 0.2% on the month. Clothing stores' sales volumes rose, which retailers attributed to the improved weather. Computer and telecoms stores, and non-store retailers, saw an increase in sales volumes as retailers reported new product launches.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nRetail sales in March\nSales volumes rose over both the month and the quarter\nRolling three-month and monthly index for the quantity bought in all retailing, seasonally adjusted, Great Britain, March 2023 to March 2026\nSource: Monthly Business Survey, Retail Sales Inquiry from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nThe chart shows the quantity bought in retail sales over time, for both the rolling three-month and the monthly movements.\nThe monthly path shows more volatility than the smoother three-month series.\nDownload this chart\nSales volumes rose over both the month and the quarter\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nSales volumes rose by 1.6% in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026, compared with Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025. Sales volumes were 2.7% higher than in Quarter 1 2025.\nSales volumes rose by 0.7% over the month during March 2026, following a fall of 0.6% in February 2026. When excluding automotive fuel from the total, volumes rose by 0.2% over the month to March 2026.\nSales volumes (including automotive fuel) rose by 1.7% over the year to March 2026. Volumes were down by 0.1% compared with their pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic level in February 2020.\nThese data are available in our\nRetail Sales Index dataset\n.\nGood Friday (3 April 2026) was included in the reporting period which covered 1 March 2026 to 4 April 2026. In 2025, Good Friday was included in the April release. This shift is accounted for in our seasonal adjustment.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nRetail sector volumes\nFuel retailers, other non-food stores, and non-store retailers rose over the three months to March 2026\nVolume sales, three-monthly, and monthly percentage change, seasonally adjusted, Great Britain, March 2026\nSource: Monthly Business Survey, Retail Sales Inquiry from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nMonthly growth rates can be volatile. Monthly growth should therefore be used with caution and alongside other measures, such as the three-month growth rate.\nNon-store retailing refers to retailers that do not have a store presence. While the majority is made up of online retailers, it also includes other retailers, such as street stalls and markets.\nMore data are available in our\nRetail Sales Index datasets\n.\nDownload this chart\nFuel retailers, other non-food stores, and non-store retailers rose over the three months to March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nSales volumes rose by 1.6% in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026, compared with Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025. Other non-food stores rose by 4.7%, its largest three-monthly rise since March 2024. Within this, commercial art galleries did well earlier in the quarter, while cosmetics and toiletries stores rose across all three months of Quarter 1 as retailers reported launching new collections. Non-store retailers (which are predominantly online) also rose, with boosts from retailers selling sports supplements in January. There were also suggestions that the spring sales went well, with some non-store retailers mentioning new product launches.\nSales volumes rose by 0.7% over the month to March 2026. This was largely because of a rise in fuel sales, with many retailers reporting motorists stocking up on fuel because of the war in the Middle East.\nAll retail, excluding automotive fuel, rose by 0.2% over the month. Non-food stores (the total of department, clothing, household, and other non-food stores) rose by 0.7% as sales of clothing improved, with retailers reporting better weather. Within other non-food stores, both auction houses and computer and telecoms retailers also performed well, with reports of new product launches. This was offset by a fall-back in commercial art galleries following a strong January and February 2026. Non-store retailers also rose on the month amid the spring sales and new products being released, with volumes at their highest level since February 2022.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nOnline retail values\nOnline sales rose both over the month and over the three months to March 2026\nValue sales, three-monthly, and monthly percentage change, seasonally adjusted, Great Britain, March 2026\nSource: Monthly Business Survey, Retail Sales Inquiry from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nMonthly growth rates can be volatile. Monthly growth should therefore be used with caution and alongside other measures, such as the three-month growth rate.\nNon-store retailing refers to retailers that do not have a store presence. While the majority is made up of online retailers, it also includes other retailers, such as street stalls and markets.\nMore data, such as the proportion of sales made online, are available in our\nRetail Sales Index internet sales datasets\n.\nDownload this chart\nOnline sales rose both over the month and over the three months to March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe amount spent online, known as \"online spending values\", rose by 2.5% when comparing Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026 with Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025. It rose by 11.7% when comparing the same period with Quarter 1 2025.\nWithin the monthly series, online sales values rose by 2.4% over the month to March 2026. They rose by 10.5% when comparing March 2026 with March 2025.\nThe total spend (the sum of in-store and online sales) rose by 1.8% over the month. As a result, the proportion of sales made online rose from 28.2% in February 2026 to 28.7% in March 2026.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nData on retail sales\nRetail Sales Index\nDataset | Released 24 April 2026\nA series of retail sales data for Great Britain in value and volume terms, seasonally and non-seasonally adjusted.\nRetail sales pounds data\nDataset | Released 24 April 2026\nTotal sales and average weekly spending estimates for each retail sector in Great Britain in thousands of pounds.\nRetail Sales Index internet sales\nDataset | Released 24 April 2026\nInternet sales in Great Britain by store type, month, and year.\nRetail Sales Index categories and their percentage weights\nDataset | Released 27 March 2026\nRetail sales categories and descriptions, and their percentage of all retailing in Great Britain.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nData sources and quality\nFor March 2026, the Retail Sales Index (RSI) survey response rates were 59.4% based on returned forms, which is 1.6 percentage points below the average of the past 12 months. This accounted for 89.1% of total turnover coverage of the sample population, 0.6 percentage points above the average of the past 12 months. Historical response information is available in our\nRetail sales quality tables dataset\n.\nInformation on how we calculated the data, including strengths and limitations, and a glossary of relevant terms, is available in our\nRetail Sales Index quality and methodology information (QMI) report\n.\nSeasonal adjustment\nSeasonally adjusted estimates are derived by estimating and removing calendar effects (for example, Easter moving between March and April) and seasonal effects (for example, increased spending in December because of Christmas) from the non-seasonally adjusted estimates.\nWe use the X-13ARIMA-SEATS approach to seasonal adjustment. Seasonal adjustment parameters are monitored closely and are regularly reviewed. More information is available on our\nSeasonal adjustment methodology\n.\nSeasonal adjustment is applied at the industry level, and the seasonally adjusted series are aggregated to create estimates by industry sector and total retail. As part of our quality assurance approach, residual seasonality checks are completed regularly by our time series analysis team on both the seasonally adjusted series and the indirectly derived aggregate time series. Based on current data, we find no residual seasonality in the main aggregate for monthly retail sales estimates.\nAccredited official statistics\nThese\naccredited official statistics\nwere independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in March 2015. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality, and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 24 April 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nRetail sales, Great Britain: March 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/bulletins/retailsales/march2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/bulletins/retailsales/march2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Retail sales rose in the three months to March 2026, according to our first estimate.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "1.6%", "2026,", "4", "2025", "0.7%", "0.6%", "2026", "0.4%", "1.8%", "2.0%", "0.2%", "2", "2023", "2.7%", "1.7%", "0.1%", "19", "2020", "3", "2025,", "4.7%", "2024", "2022", "2.5%", "11.7%", "2.4%", "10.5%", "28.2%", "28.7%", "5", "24", "27", "6", "59.4%", "1.6 percentage points", "12 months", "89.1%", "0.6 percentage points", "13", "2015", "7"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Retail Sales Index", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/datasets/retailsalesindexreferencetables/current/mainreferencetables.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Retail Sales Index categories and their percentage weights", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/datasets/retailsalesindexcategoriesandtheirpercentageweights/current/indexcatweights2025.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Retail Sales Index internet sales", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/datasets/retailsalesindexinternetsales/current/internetreferencetables.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "dab43cfea7b412957287"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/23april2026", "title": "Business insights and impact on the UK economy: 23 April 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nNearly a quarter (23%) of trading businesses reported that their turnover had decreased in March 2026 when compared with the previous month, down 2 percentage points from February but in line with movements seen around this time in previous years; 16% of trading businesses expected turnover to decrease in May 2026, which is broadly stable compared with expectations for April.\nEconomic uncertainty remained the most reported challenge affecting turnover for trading businesses in early April 2026 at 35%, rising to 40% for trading businesses with 10 or more employees; these were up 3 and 6 percentage points, respectively, since March, and the highest proportions reported since the question was introduced in April 2022.\nFour in ten (40%) trading businesses reported an increase in the prices of goods or services bought in March 2026 when compared with the previous month, 11 percentage points higher than February, and the highest proportion reported since December 2022 (41%); 15% reported an increase in the prices of goods or services sold, the highest proportion since April 2023 (16%).\nOver a quarter (28%) of trading businesses expect the prices of goods or services they sell to increase in May 2026, up 6 percentage points compared with April and the highest since January 2023; 34% cited energy prices as a reason for considering raising prices in May, up 9 percentage points from April, the highest proportion since April 2023.\n66% of businesses reported at least some level of concern about energy prices in early April 2026, up 11 percentage points from late March; this proportion was 76% for businesses with 10 or more employees, a rise of 2 percentage points from late March.\nAlmost 1 in 10 (9%) businesses experienced global supply chain disruption in March 2026, up 6 percentage points from February and the highest proportion since December 2022 (10%); of these businesses, 46% cited conflict in the Middle East as a reason for experiencing global supply chain disruption in March, a\n34-percentage-point rise from February.\n!\nThese are\nofficial statistics in development\n, and we advise caution when using the data. The Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) questions and topics are regularly reviewed, and questions are often added, removed, or amended to reflect changing circumstances and analytical priorities.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nHeadline figures\nThe data presented in this bulletin are the final results from Wave 154 of the Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS), which was live from 6 to 19 April 2026.\nThis wave of the survey asked businesses questions about:\nturnover, including expectations for next month and current challenges impacting turnover\nprices of goods and services bought and sold, including expectations for next month\nenergy (gas and electricity) prices\nglobal supply chain disruption\nworker shortages and recruitment difficulties\nbusiness concerns\nbusiness performance, including expectations for next year\nFor full details of the survey questions used, see our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey questions: 6 to 19 April article\n.\nData reported within BICS bulletins and datasets are estimates that are subject to\nuncertainty\n, for example, sampling variability and\nnon-sampling error\n. Further information on quality is available in our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI)\n, and we regularly update\nconfidence intervals\nassociated with the survey questions.\nSingle-site weighted regional estimates up to Wave 142 are available in our\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK subnational single-site economy: November 2025 article\n.\nMore about economy, business and jobs\nExplore the latest trends in employment, prices and trade in our\neconomic dashboard\n.\nView\nall economic data\n.\nThe percentage of businesses that reported they were trading in early April 2026 was 95%, with 85% fully trading, and 10% partially trading (for example, trading with reduced hours or staff numbers). Meanwhile, 3% of businesses reported \"temporarily paused trading\", and 2% reported \"permanently ceased trading\" as their business's trading status.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nFinancial performance\nTurnover\nTrading businesses were asked how their turnover in March 2026 compared with February 2026, excluding any seasonal trading.\nFigure 1: 23% of trading businesses reported that their turnover had decreased in March 2026 compared with the previous calendar month\nTurnover, businesses currently trading, weighted by count, UK, 1 March 2022 to 31 March 2026\nSource: Business Insights and Conditions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nData are plotted in the middle of the period of each wave.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: 23% of trading businesses reported that their turnover had decreased in March 2026 compared with the previous calendar month\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nNearly a quarter (23%) of trading businesses reported that their turnover had decreased in March 2026 when compared with the previous month. This is down 2 percentage points from February 2026 but is broadly stable compared with March 2025. Despite current challenges, these movements are following the pattern seen in previous years, when a peak in December is followed by a downward trend in the early months of the following year.\nThe industries with the highest proportion reporting turnover decreased in March were:\nthe other service activities industry (31%)\nthe accommodation and food service activities, wholesale and retail industries (both 27%)\nthe transportation and storage industry (26%)\nAround 17% of trading businesses reported that their turnover increased in March 2026, broadly stable with February 2026 and March 2025. Half (50%) reported that their turnover stayed the same, broadly stable compared with February 2026.\nFor trading businesses with 10 or more employees, 21% reported that their turnover had decreased, down 6 percentage points from February 2026 but broadly stable compared with March 2024 and 2025.\nNearly a third (32%) of businesses with 10 or more employees reported that their turnover had increased, rising 9 percentage points from February (24%) and the highest since March 2025 (34%). This proportion has peaked in March in three of the last four years.\nFor businesses with 250 or more employees, the proportion reporting turnover increased in March 2026 was 46%, rising 17 percentage points from February. For businesses with 0 to 9 employees, the proportion was 15%, the same proportion as February.\nTurnover expectations\nTrading businesses were asked how they expected their turnover to change in the upcoming month.\nFigure 2: Around 1 in 7 (16%) trading businesses expect their turnover to decrease in May 2026 compared with April 2026\nExpected and actual turnover decrease, businesses currently trading, broken down by response option, weighted by count, UK, 1 April 2022 to 31 May 2026\nSource: Business Insights and Conditions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nFor presentational purposes, some response options have been removed.\nData are plotted in the middle of the period of each wave.\nCaution should be taken when interpreting expectations questions, as the employees responding on behalf of businesses may not have full oversight of all of their business's future expectations.\n\".\" represents data not yet available.\n[x] represents unavailable data because the question was not included in this wave of the survey.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Around 1 in 7 (16%) trading businesses expect their turnover to decrease in May 2026 compared with April 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nAround 1 in 7 (16%) trading businesses reported that they expect their turnover to decrease in May 2026. This is broadly stable compared with expectations for April but down 10 percentage points from expectations for December 2025. These movements follow a pattern that has been observed at this time in all of the previous years since the Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) was introduced. The proportion expecting turnover to decrease remained below the proportion reporting an actual decrease throughout this time.\nAround one in six (16%) trading businesses expect their turnover to increase in May 2026. This is down 3 percentage points from April and down 5 percentage points compared with expectations for March, following the typical seasonal pattern observed in previous years.\nLarger businesses were more likely to expect an increase in turnover: the proportion ranged from 15% for businesses with 0 to 9 employees, to 31% for businesses with 100 to 249 employees. This pattern has been observed since the question was introduced to the BICS in April 2022.\nTurnover challenges\nTrading businesses were asked what challenges, if any, were impacting their turnover in early April 2026.\nFigure 3: Economic uncertainty (40%) was the most commonly reported challenge impacting turnover of businesses with 10 or more employees in early April 2026\nTurnover challenges, businesses currently trading, weighted by count, UK, 19 April 2022 to 19 April 2026\nSource: Business Insights and Conditions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nData are plotted in the middle of the period of each wave.\nFor presentational purposes, some response options have been removed.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: Economic uncertainty (40%) was the most commonly reported challenge impacting turnover of businesses with 10 or more employees in early April 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFor trading businesses with 10 or more employees reporting in early April 2026:\n40% reported that economic uncertainty was impacting turnover, up 6 percentage points from early March 2026 and the highest proportion reported since the question was introduced in April 2022.\n39% reported that the cost of labour was impacting turnover, up 5 percentage points from early March and the highest proportion reported since June 2025 (40%).\n30% reported that the cost of materials was impacting turnover, up 6 percentage points from March and the highest proportion reported since April 2023 (33%).\n18% reported not experiencing any challenges, a 3-percentage-point fall from early March and the lowest proportion reported since April 2023.\nFor all trading businesses, economic uncertainty was the most frequently cited challenge at 35%. This is up 3 percentage points from March, and the highest proportion reported since the question was introduced in April 2022.\nThe accommodation and food service activities industry had the highest proportion reporting that cost of labour (59%), cost of materials (55%) and economic uncertainty (50%) were affecting turnover, with 86% of businesses within this industry experiencing at least one turnover challenge.\nFurther details on financial performance, including all response options broken down by industry and size band, are available in our\naccompanying dataset\n.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nPrices\nPrices bought and prices sold\nBusinesses were asked how the prices of goods or services they bought and sold in March 2026 compared with the previous month.\nFigure 4: 40% of trading businesses reported an increase in the prices of goods or services bought in March 2026 compared with February 2026\nPrices bought and sold increased, businesses currently trading, weighted by count, UK, 1 March 2022 to 31 March 2026\nSource: Business Insights and Conditions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nData are plotted in the middle of the period of each wave.\nFor presentational purposes, some response options have been removed.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: 40% of trading businesses reported an increase in the prices of goods or services bought in March 2026 compared with February 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\n40% of trading businesses reported an increase in the prices of goods or services bought in March 2026 compared with the previous month. This is up 11 percentage points from February (the largest month-on-month movement since the question was introduced in March 2022) and is the highest proportion reported since December 2022 (41%).\nThe proportion generally decreased as business size increased. 48% of businesses with 10 to 49 employees reported an increase while only 21% of businesses with 250 or more employees did so. However, these proportions were up 16 and 8 percentage points, respectively, from February.\nThe accommodation and food service activities industry had the highest proportion of businesses reporting that the prices of goods or services bought had increased, at 76%.\nAround one in seven (15%) trading businesses reported an increase in the prices of goods or services sold in March 2026. This is up 4 percentage points from February, and the highest proportion reported since April 2023 (16%).\nThe accommodation and food service activities industry also had the highest proportion of trading businesses reporting that the prices of goods or services they sold had increased, at 34%.\nPrice expectations\nBusinesses were asked what their expectations were for their prices of goods or services to be sold in May 2026.\nFigure 5: 28% of trading businesses expected prices of goods or services sold to increase in May 2026 compared with the previous month\nExpected and actual price increase, businesses currently trading, broken down by response option, weighted by count, UK, 1 April 2022 to 31 May 2026\nSource: Business Insights and Conditions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nFor presentational purposes, some response options have been removed.\nData are plotted in the middle of the period of each wave.\nCaution should be taken when interpreting expectations questions, as the employees responding on behalf of businesses may not have full oversight of all of their business's future expectations.\n\".\" represents data not yet available.\n[x] represents unavailable data because the question was not included in this wave of the survey.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: 28% of trading businesses expected prices of goods or services sold to increase in May 2026 compared with the previous month\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nOver a quarter (28%) of trading businesses expect the prices of goods or services they sell to increase in May 2026. This is up 6 percentage points from expectations for April 2026, and the highest proportion reported since January 2023.\nWhen asked in February 2026, 17% of businesses expected to increase the prices of goods or services they would sell in March 2026, a 3-percentage-point fall from expectations for February 2026. Nearly all responses for this were provided before the conflict in the Middle East started on 28 February. While the proportion reporting an actual increase in March 2026 was lower than expectations at 15%, it rose 4 percentage points from February 2026, likely because of the ensuing Middle East conflict.\nSince April 2022, the proportion of businesses expecting an increase in prices sold for a particular month ahead of time has remained above the proportion reporting an actual increase in that month, suggesting that businesses are pessimistic in their expectations.\nThe industries with the highest proportions of trading businesses expecting to raise the prices of goods or services they sell in April 2026 were:\nthe accommodation and food service activities industry (41%)\nthe transportation and storage industry (41%)\nthe wholesale and retail trade industry (41%)\nPrice-raising factors\nBusinesses were asked which factors, if any, were causing their business to consider raising prices in May 2026.\nFigure 6: 34% of trading businesses cited energy prices as a factor for considering raising prices in May 2026\nFactors behind consideration of price rises, businesses currently trading, weighted by count, UK, 1 February 2026 to 31 May 2026\nSource: Business Insights and Conditions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nData are plotted in the middle of the period of each wave.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: 34% of trading businesses cited energy prices as a factor for considering raising prices in May 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nEnergy prices were the most reported factor behind trading businesses considering raising prices in May 2026, at 34%. This is up 9 percentage points compared with March, 13 percentage points compared with February, and the highest proportion reported since April 2023.\nThe other most reported factors were:\nlabour costs (27%), broadly stable compared with April\ntransportation or haulage costs (23%), up 11 percentage points from April and the highest proportion reported since the response option was introduced in March 2024\nraw materials prices (22%), broadly stable with April 2026\nIn comparison, 36% of trading businesses reported they were not considering raising prices in May. This is down 4 percentage points when compared with April, and the lowest proportion reported since March 2023.\nFor trading businesses with 10 or more employees, the most reported factors were:\nlabour costs (47%), broadly stable with April\nenergy prices (41%), an 11-percentage-point rise from April and the highest proportion reported since April 2023 (45%)\nraw materials prices (28%), a 4-percentage-point rise from April, and the highest proportion reported since May 2023 (31%)\ntransportation and haulage costs (26%), a 12-percentage-point rise from April, and the highest proportion reported since the response option was introduced in March 2024\nThe proportion not considering raising prices was 25%, a 5-percentage-point decrease from April, and the lowest proportion reported since April 2022.\nFurther details on prices, including all response options broken down by industry and size band, are available in our\naccompanying dataset\n.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nOther topics\nConcern about energy prices\nTwo-thirds (66%) of businesses reported at least some level of concern about energy prices in early April 2026, up 11 percentage points from late March.\nOver three-quarters (76%) of businesses with 10 or more employees reported some form of concern about energy prices. This was a rise of 2 percentage points from late March. 30% reported being very concerned about energy prices in early April 2026, a 6-percentage-point rise from late March.\nThe proportion citing that energy prices will be the main concern for their business in May 2026 was 10%. This has risen 7 percentage points since September 2025 and is the highest proportion reported since November 2023 (12%).\nGlobal supply chain disruption\nAlmost 1 in 10 (9%) businesses experienced global supply chain disruption in March 2026, up 6 percentage points from February. This is the highest proportion reported since December 2022.\nOf these businesses, 46% cited conflict in the Middle East as a reason for experiencing global supply chain disruption in March, a 34-percentage-point rise from February.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey data\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy\nDataset | Released 23 April 2026\nWeighted estimates from the voluntary fortnightly Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) about financial performance, workforce, prices, trade, and business resilience. This dataset includes additional information collected as part of the survey not presented in this publication. These are official statistics in development.\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy confidence intervals\nDataset | Released 23 April 2026\nConfidence intervals for weighted estimates from the voluntary fortnightly Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) about financial performance, workforce, prices, trade, and business resilience. These are official statistics in development.\nAccess to microdata\nYou can access the microdata for Waves 1 to 153 of the Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) through the Secure Research Service (SRS). The BICS microdata for each wave are released on a rolling basis in the week following the publication of each wave. The microdata are made confidential and do not disclose information on any specific business.\nOnly researchers accredited under the\nDigital Economy Act, as explained on the UK Statistics Authority website\nare able to access data in the SRS. You can apply for researcher accreditation using the People and Projects Service (PPS). For more information, please see the\nguidance on the Integrated Data Service (IDS) website\nce on the Integrated Data Service (IDS).\nTo conduct analysis with microdata from the SRS, a project application must be submitted to the\nResearch Accreditation Panel (RAP), as explained on the UK Statistics Authority website\n. Project accreditation applications should be submitted using the Project Accreditation Service for SRS (PASS). For more information, please see our\nguidance on applying for an accredited research project\n.\nTo use the SRS, you must access it through the appropriate safe setting. For more information on the full range of safe setting options, please see our\nguidance on accessing data securely\n.\nMaking our published spreadsheets accessible\nFollowing the\nGovernment Statistical Service (GSS) guidance on releasing statistics in spreadsheets\n, we will be amending our published tables over the next couple of publications to improve the usability, accessibility and machine readability of our published statistics. If you have any questions or comments, please email us at\nbics@ons.gov.uk\n.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nGlossary\nReporting unit\nThe reporting unit is the business unit to which questionnaires are sent. The response from the reporting unit can cover the enterprise as a whole or parts of the enterprise identified by lists of local units.\nPrivate sector businesses\nThe Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) is a survey of private sector businesses, meaning that the public sector is not sampled. Some businesses are also excluded; please see the Coverage section of this bulletin for more information.\nTrading businesses\n“Trading businesses” refers to businesses that responded that their trading status was “currently fully trading” or “currently partially trading” only.\nIf “trading businesses” is not specified, the statistics presented refer to businesses that have “not permanently stopped trading”. This includes trading businesses and those that said their trading status was “paused trading and intends to restart in the next two weeks” or “paused trading and does not intend to restart within the next two weeks”.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nData sources and quality\nMore quality and methodology information (QMI) on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) QMI\n, which was updated on 10 October 2024.\nThe BICS is voluntary, and the results are official statistics in development. More information is available in our\nGuide to official statistics in development\n.\nTable 1: Sample and response rates for Waves 152, 153 and 154 of the Business Insights and Conditions Survey\nWave\n19 March 2026\nPublication Wave 152\n2 April 2026\nPublication Wave 153\n23 April 2026\nPublication Wave 154\nSample\n38,801\n38,759\n38,750\nResponse\n10,563\n10,756\n9,833\nRate\n27.2%\n27.8%\n25.4%\nSource: Business Insights and Conditions Survey from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nResponse rates for all waves can be found in the accompanying dataset.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Sample and response rates for Waves 152, 153 and 154 of the Business Insights and Conditions Survey\n.xls\n.csv\nThe results are based on responses from the voluntary fortnightly BICS, which captures businesses' views on financial performance, workforce, prices, trade, and business resilience. The Wave 154 survey was live for the period 6 to 19 April 2026. For full details of the survey questions used, see our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey questions: 6 to 19 April article.\nCoverage\nThe BICS sampling frame is based on the same industries as our Monthly Business Survey (MBS). The MBS covers the UK for production industries only, and Great Britain for construction, retail and services industries. The MBS is an important input to the output measure of gross domestic product (GDP), which includes monthly GDP.\nFor detailed information on the industries covered by the MBS and BICS, see our\nGDP(o) data sources catalogue\n. The following are some industries that are excluded from MBS and BICS:\nagriculture\noil and gas extraction\nenergy generation and supply\npublic administration and defence\npublic provision of education and health\nfinance and insurance\nFor more information on the methodology of producing the BICS, such as\nweighting\n, please see our\nBusiness Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) QMI report\n.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nRelated links\nEconomic activity and social change real-time indicators, UK, dashboard\nDashboard | Updated frequently\nAn overview of the UK economy and society, based on rapid response surveys, novel data sources, and innovative methods\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators: 23 April 2026\nBulletin | Updated monthly\nData on the UK economy and society. These faster indicators are created using rapid response surveys, novel data sources and innovative methods. These are official statistics in development.\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK subnational single-site economy: November 2025\nArticle | Released 3 November 2025\nEstimates from the voluntary fortnightly business survey (BICS) on prices, financial performance, workforce and business resilience.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 23 April 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy: 23 April 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/23april2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/23april2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "The impact of challenges facing the economy and other events on UK businesses, including financial performance, workforce, trade, and business resilience.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "23%", "2026", "2 percentage points", "16%", "2026,", "35%", "40%", "10", "3", "6 percentage points", "2022", "11 percentage points", "41%", "15%", "2023", "28%", "34%", "9 percentage points", "66%", "76%", "9%", "10%", "46%", "34", "2", "154", "6", "19", "142", "2025", "95%", "85%", "3%", "2%", "31", "31%", "27%", "26%", "17%", "50%", "21%", "2024", "32%", "24%", "250", "17 percentage points", "0", "9", "7", "10 percentage points", "3 percentage points", "5 percentage points", "100", "249", "39%", "30%", "33%", "18%", "59%", "55%", "86%", "4", "48%", "49", "16", "8 percentage points", "4 percentage points", "5", "28", "2022,", "13 percentage points", "22%", "36%", "47%", "11", "45%", "12", "25%", "7 percentage points"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Business insights and impact on the UK economy", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/bicswave158/bicswave1582final.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. 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Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Business insights and impact on the UK economy", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/businessinsightsandimpactontheukeconomy/bicswave156/bicswave1562final.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/economicactivityandsocialchangeintheukrealtimeindicators/23april2026", "title": "Economic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators: 23 April 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nIn March 2026:\nConsumer activity grew as both retail footfall and seasonally adjusted Revolut debit card spending increased by 7% and 3%, respectively, compared with February 2026, and consumers spent more on automotive fuel (BT Active Intelligence, Revolut, Department for Energy Security and Net Zero).\nSection 3: Consumer behaviour\n.\nThe Direct Debit failure rate increased in March 2026 (2.41%) when compared with March 2025 (2.19%); recipients receiving State Pension had a lower failure rate for \"Electricity and gas\" payments (0.3% in March 2026) than consumers in general (2.9%), while recipients receiving Universal Credit had a higher failure rate (12.0%) (Vocalink and Pay.UK).\nSection 3: Consumer behaviour\n.\nBusiness and workforce indicators were more positive than the previous month; a net 4% of firms reported a month-on-month increase in turnover, up 1 percentage point compared with February 2026, and the number of potential redundancies fell by 3% over the same period (HM Revenue and Customs Value Added Tax returns, Insolvency Service HR1 forms).\nSection 4: Business and workforce\n.\nWholesale energy prices and automotive fuel prices at pumps increased compared with February 2026, as markets reacted to the conflict in the Middle East (National Gas Transmission, Elexon, Department for Energy Security and Net Zero).\nSection 5: Energy\n.\nTransport indicators showed mixed activity compared with the previous month, with UK flights seeing a 2% increase but ship visits to major UK ports remaining broadly unchanged (EUROCONTROL, exactEarth).\nSection 6: Transport\n.\nNew vehicle registrations increased by 15% compared with February 2026, and increased by 8% when compared with March 2025 (The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT)).\nSection 6: Transport\n.\nThe number of Energy Performance Building Certificates (EPCs) lodged in England and Wales for new dwellings decreased by 6% compared with February 2026, and by 5% when compared with March 2025 (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government).\nSection 7: Housing\n.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nLatest indicators at a glance\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nCard spending over time is pushed upwards by the impacts of both inflation on value of transactions and cash-to-card conversion.\nIndicators with “SA” in the title have been seasonally adjusted. Indicators with “NSA” in the title have not been seasonally adjusted but do present seasonality. All other indicators do not present seasonality.\nExisting EPC data can show sudden spikes when housing associations lodge multiple expired EPCs at once.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nConsumer behaviour\nMarch 2026 saw increased retail footfall and debit card spending compared with February 2026. Demand for automotive fuel increased despite an increase in price, as consumers reacted to potential supply concerns.\nUK retail footfall\nUK retail footfall increased by 7% in March 2026, compared with February 2026, reflecting normal seasonal patterns as the weather improves and daylight hours increase. However, total footfall was 8% lower than in March 2025, possibly because of weaker consumer confidence and a continuing shift to online shopping.\nFootfall increased in all three site types compared with February 2026; local centres, retail parks, and city centres were higher by 9%, 7%, and 5%, respectively.\nHowever, footfall decreased across all three site types when compared with March 2025; retail parks, local centres, and city centres fell by 12%, 9%, and 5% respectively.\nFigure 1: UK retail footfall increased by 7% in March 2026 compared with February 2026\nIndex of monthly retail footfall volumes, UK, July 2024 to March 2026, non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: BT Active Intelligence\nNotes:\nBT Active Intelligence retail footfall data are an estimate of UK retail footfall. The data exclude those who work and live in retail areas and only count visitors to these locations.\nThe data are available from July 2024 onwards. This back series is not long enough to seasonally adjust the data, so caution is advised when assessing seasonal impacts.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: UK retail footfall increased by 7% in March 2026 compared with February 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nRetail footfall increased in each of the 12 regions (including UK countries and English regions) in March 2026, compared with February 2026. Increases of 8% were seen in the East Midlands, London, the East of England, and Wales.\nWhen compared with March 2025, retail footfall decreased across all regions. The largest decreases were in Wales (14%), Northern Ireland (13%), and Yorkshire and the Humber (13%).\nFigure 2: Retail footfall decreased in all UK regions in March 2026, when compared with March 2025\nChange in retail footfall by region, UK, March 2026, non-seasonally adjusted\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nDetails of the methods used to compile these data are available in the\nBT Active Intelligence methodology\n.\nData are available in further detail, broken down by region and site type, in our accompanying\nUK retail footfall dataset\n.\nRevolut spending on debit cards\nSeasonally adjusted Revolut debit card spending increased by 3% in March 2026, compared with February 2026. Increases were seen across all spend categories with the biggest change seen in \"Transport\", climbing by 5%. This increase reflects both an increase in the price of automotive fuel, and an increase in demand.\nWhen compared with March 2025, seasonally adjusted Revolut debit card spending increased by 12%. The largest changes were seen in \"Services\", \"Entertainment\", and \"Utilities\", increasing by 29%, 18%, and 17%, respectively.\nOur accompanying\nRevolut spending on debit cards dataset\nis available.\nAutomotive fuel spending\nThe annual growth rate for the average price of automotive fuel increased by 5 percentage points in March 2026, when compared with both the previous month, and with March 2025. This reflects a spike in global oil prices as a result of the conflict in the Middle East, beginning on 28 February 2026.\nThe growth rate for the average fuel demand per transaction increased by 1 percentage point in March 2026, compared with the previous month, and increased by 3 percentage points when compared with March 2025.\nFigure 3: The annual growth rate for the average price of automotive fuel increased by 5 percentage points in March 2026 compared with the previous month\nIndex of year-on-year change in fuel price and estimated quantity demand, UK, January 2023 to March 2026, non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: Aggregated anonymised card spending data from Office for National Statistics; Road fuel price, road fuel sales and stock levels from the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: The annual growth rate for the average price of automotive fuel increased by 5 percentage points in March 2026 compared with the previous month\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nMonthly Direct Debit average transaction amount and failure rate\nThis month, we have changed the way we publish our Direct Debit transaction amounts and failure rates. Previously, Direct Debit average amount and failure rates were published for all Direct Debit payers (which included both consumer and business payments), broken down into six service categories: electricity and gas, fitness facilities, loans, mortgages, water, and other.\nFirstly, we are changing the way we calculate Direct Debit average amount and failure rates from \"all Direct Debit payments\" to consumer only Direct Debit payments. This improves the accuracy of the dataset as an indicator of household financial resilience. Secondly, we are expanding our Direct Debit breakdowns. Alongside our regular Direct Debit average amount and failure rates across the six service categories, we will be providing additional breakdowns for those who are benefit recipients, the type of benefit received, as well as by salary quintile.\nPlease note, when interpreting these data, that financial arrangements can be complex. Financial statistics are traditionally compiled at the individual or household level, while our Direct Debit statistics are derived from anonymised account-level data and are unlikely to map one-to-one with underlying economic units.\nFurthermore, structural changes in payment behaviour may affect trends over time. For example, gradual shifts from alternative payment methods (for example, pre-payment meters) to Direct Debit, or changes in how households allocate payments across accounts, can alter observed levels and trends independently of underlying financial conditions.\nAs a result, movements in these indicators should be interpreted carefully. Additionally, these updated data have not yet been adjusted for seasonal variations. More detailed information on this indicator can be found in our\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators methodology\n.\nThe total Direct Debit average transaction amount increased by 1.7% in March 2026 when compared with March 2025. \"Water\" was the category with the largest year-on-year increase, rising by 18.8% from March 2025. \"Electricity and gas\" was the only category to record a year-on-year fall, decreasing by 0.2% over the same period.\nFigure 4: The Direct Debit average transaction amount for March 2026 increased by 1.7% from March 2025\nAverage transaction amount, UK, January 2023 to March 2026, non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: Pay.UK and Vocalink\nNotes:\nData based on a sample of anonymised and aggregated Bacs Direct Debit payments data.\nData include consumer Direct Debit transactions only, excluding payments made by businesses and unclassified accounts.\nData are not adjusted for inflation.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: The Direct Debit average transaction amount for March 2026 increased by 1.7% from March 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe Direct Debit failure rate increased by 10% in March 2026 when compared with March 2025. Year-on-year increases were seen across all categories: \"Electricity and gas\" (32.1%), \"Loans\" (20.5%), \"Water\" (10.6%), \"Mortgages\" (3.6%) \"Fitness facilities\" (3.0%), and \"Other\" (8.3%).\nFigure 5: The Direct Debit failure rate increased to 2.41% in March 2026 from 2.19% in March 2025\nDirect Debit failure rate, UK, January 2023 to March 2026, non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: Pay.UK and Vocalink\nNotes:\nData based on a sample of anonymised and aggregated Bacs Direct Debit payments data.\nThe underlying failure rates are low, with month-to-month volatility expected.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: The Direct Debit failure rate increased to 2.41% in March 2026 from 2.19% in March 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nWe identify benefit recipients based on accounts that both receive one of the specified benefits within a calendar year, and also make a Direct Debit payment during a given month.\nGenerally, accounts which received State Pension payments had a lower failure rate for \"Electricity and gas\" payments (0.3% in March 2026) than all consumers in general (2.9%). This includes recipients of the means-tested Pension Credit (1.1%). By contrast, recipients of Personal Independence Payments (PIP) (5.9%), Child Benefits (7.0%), and Universal Credit (12.0%), have a higher failure rate.\nFigure 6: The “Electricity and gas” Direct Debit failure rate for recipients of Universal Credit was 12% in March 2026\nDirect Debit failure rate, UK, January 2023 to March 2026, select benefits, non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: Pay.UK and Vocalink\nNotes:\nData based on a sample of anonymised and aggregated Bacs Direct Debit and Bacs Direct Credit payments data.\nBenefit classification is based on receiving at least one relevant benefit payment within a calendar year.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: The “Electricity and gas” Direct Debit failure rate for recipients of Universal Credit was 12% in March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nData relating to salary quintiles are based on accounts that receive a specific salary payment and make a Direct Debit payment, both within a given month. These salary payments include a specific accounting reference (Real Time Information \"hash\").\nAccounts with the lowest monthly salary payment (quintile 1) have the highest \"Electricity and gas\" failure rate (5.6% in March 2026), whereas accounts with the highest monthly salary payment (quintile 5) have the lowest failure rate (0.5%).\nThere is some evidence that the failure rate has risen faster for those on lower incomes, however these trends should be interpreted with caution, as outlined in the introduction to this section.\nFigure 7: The “Electricity and gas” Direct Debit failure rate was highest for those with the lowest monthly salary, at 5.6% in March 2026\nDirect Debit failure rate, UK, January 2023 to March 2026, salary quintiles, non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: Pay.UK and Vocalink\nNotes:\nData based on a sample of anonymised and aggregated Bacs Direct Debit and Bacs Direct Credit payments data.\nQuintiles values are based on all Bacs payments with a “Real Time Information Hash”, classified as salary or wage income.\nSalary Quintile 1 is the lowest fifth of earners, and Quintile 5 is the highest fifth of earners.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 7: The “Electricity and gas” Direct Debit failure rate was highest for those with the lowest monthly salary, at 5.6% in March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe monthly Direct Debit failure rate and average transaction amount are anonymised and aggregated datasets made available to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) by Pay.UK and Vocalink. The data are unadjusted for inflation and reflect economic activity in nominal terms.\nFor further details on what is covered within this indicator, see our\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators methodology\n.\nOur accompanying\nMonthly Direct Debit failure rate and average transaction amount dataset\nis available.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nBusiness and workforce\nBusiness and workforce indicators were more positive than in the previous month. A higher net proportion of firms reported month‑on‑month growth in turnover, led by the services sector, and the number of potential redundancies fell.\nValue Added Tax flash estimates\nTurnover diffusion indices are an aggregate measure used to track whether most firms are reporting an increase or decrease in turnover in their Value Added Tax (VAT) returns. They are calculated as the percentage of firms with increasing turnover, minus the percentage of firms with decreasing turnover.\nVAT returns are forms submitted by businesses to HMRC that detail how much VAT they have charged (turnover VAT), and how much they have paid to other businesses (expenditure VAT). This dataset only uses VAT returns received within the first seven days after each reporting month to allow for early (flash) estimates. This accounted for approximately 9,120 businesses in March 2026. Quarterly or annual reporting businesses are not included, as they do not file returns every month and are not part of the flash estimate pipeline.\nFigure 8: The number of firms reporting an increased turnover in March 2026 was 4% higher than those reporting a decreased turnover, up 1 percentage point from February 2026\nWeighted Value Added Tax (VAT) month-on-month turnover diffusion indices, UK, January 2023 to March 2026, seasonally adjusted\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nThese data are current price so may reflect elements of inflation.\nThe shaded areas represent the 95% confidence limits.\nThe confidence limits are 1.96 standard deviations of the seasonally adjusted series, centred around zero. If a data point is outside of these limits, it is a statistically significant difference.\nA net 4% of firms reported a month‑on‑month increase in turnover in March 2026. This was a 1 percentage point increase compared with February 2026 and was above normal month‑on‑month variation.\nThe services sector, the largest contributor to gross domestic product (GDP), had a net 5% of firms reporting an increase in turnover in March 2026, compared with the previous month. This was also a 1 percentage point increase from February 2026 and above normal month‑on‑month variation.\nIn the construction sector, the proportion of firms reporting an increase in turnover exceeded those reporting a decrease by 2%, which was 2 percentage points higher than in February 2026.\nIn the production sector, a net 3% of firms reported an increase in turnover in March 2026, up 2 percentage points compared with February 2026.\nIn the agriculture sector, a net 1% of firms reported a decrease in turnover, an increase of 4 percentage points compared with February 2026.\nFor the construction, production and agriculture sectors, diffusion indices in March 2026 were within their respective limits of normal month‑on‑month variation.\nThese estimates have been weighted according to each industry's contribution to the economy. As services have the greatest contribution, they have a greater contribution to the total index. The data are seasonally adjusted. More information on the compilation and methodology of these estimates can be found in our\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators methodology\n.\nOur accompanying\nValue Added Tax (VAT) flash estimates dataset\nis available.\nAdvanced notification of potential redundancies\nThe number of potential redundancies decreased by 3% in March 2026, compared with February 2026. The decline mainly reflected a relatively large fall in the Banking and Finance sector, where HR1 notices often cluster in February following year‑end financial results. Over the same period, the number of employers proposing redundancies increased by 9%.\nWhen compared with March 2025, the number of potential redundancies decreased by 11%. Potential redundancies fell across most industries in March 2026, compared with March 2025. This reflected the relatively high number of HR1 notifications submitted in March 2025, following a concentration of restructuring announcements. Over the same period, the number of employers proposing redundancies increased by 10%.\nFigure 9: The number of potential redundancies decreased by 3% in March 2026 compared with February 2026, and decreased by 11% when compared with March 2025\nMonthly potential redundancies, UK, January 2023 to March 2026, non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: Insolvency Service HR1 forms\nDownload this chart\nFigure 9: The number of potential redundancies decreased by 3% in March 2026 compared with February 2026, and decreased by 11% when compared with March 2025\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFor more information, our accompanying\nAdvanced notification of potential redundancies weekly dataset\nis available. Industry and regional breakdowns by month are available in our\nHR1: potential redundancies dataset\n.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nEnergy\nWholesale energy prices surged in March 2026 in response to the escalation of conflict in the Middle East.\nSystem Average Price of gas and System Price of electricity\nFigure 10: The System Average Price of gas increased by 65% in March 2026 compared with February 2026, from 2.733 p/kWh to 4.507 p/kWh\nSystem Average Price (SAP) of gas, monthly average and seven-day rolling average, UK, 1 January 2023 to 19 April 2026, non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: National Gas Transmission\nDownload this chart\nFigure 10: The System Average Price of gas increased by 65% in March 2026 compared with February 2026, from 2.733 p/kWh to 4.507 p/kWh\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe System Average Price (SAP) of gas increased by 65% in March 2026, compared with February 2026, from 2.733 pence per kilowatt hour (p/kWh) to 4.507p/kWh. The price increased by 30% when compared with March 2025, which had a monthly SAP of 3.476p/kWh.\nFigure 11: The System Price of electricity increased by 20% in March 2026 compared with February 2026, from 7.953p/kWh to 9.517p/kWh\nSystem Price of electricity, monthly average and seven-day rolling average, UK, 1 January 2023 to 19 April 2026, non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: Elexon\nDownload this chart\nFigure 11: The System Price of electricity increased by 20% in March 2026 compared with February 2026, from 7.953p/kWh to 9.517p/kWh\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe System Price of electricity increased by 20% in March 2026, compared with February 2026, from an average price of 7.953p/kWh to 9.517p/kWh. The price increased by 8% when compared with March 2025, which had a monthly price of 8.795p/kWh.\nThe increase in wholesale gas prices is because of the escalation of conflict in the Middle East, which is a vital energy producing region. Traders repriced wholesale gas in response to the perceived increased risk to global supply chains.\nElectricity wholesale prices increased by a lesser extent because the impact of increased gas prices was softened by the production of electricity from renewables.\nChanges in the System Average Price (SAP) of gas and the System Price of electricity are considered by the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem) when setting the energy price caps for the next three months. Large changes in these prices can indicate that the future price cap set by Ofgem will change.\nOur accompanying\nSystem Average Price of gas dataset\nand\nSystem Price of electricity dataset\nare available.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nTransport\nNew vehicle registrations\nThe seasonally adjusted number of new vehicle registrations increased by 15% in March 2026 compared with February 2026, and increased by 8% when compared with March 2025.\nThe largest month‑on‑month increases in new registrations were recorded for business cars, which rose by 38%, and private cars, which rose by 29%. Even allowing for the usual March uplift associated with the introduction of the new 26‑plate, registrations in March were particularly strong. This partly reflects buyers bringing forward purchases ahead of tax and regulatory changes taking effect in April 2026.\nFigure 12: The seasonally adjusted number of new vehicle registrations increased by 15% in March 2026 compared with February 2026\nNumber of new car and Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) registrations, UK, January 2023 to March 2026, seasonally adjusted and non-seasonally adjusted\nSource: The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT), seasonally adjusted by the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nNew registrations include all cars and LCVs up to 3.5 tonnes that were newly registered with the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Association (DVLA). Heavy Goods Vehicles, buses, and coaches are not included.\nThe number of vehicle registrations falls each February and August, ahead of the registration plate change each March and September. Seasonally adjusting the data removes this repeated variation from the time series so that users can see the underlying trend and any irregular movements.\nFurther information on definitions and compilation methods is available in our\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators methodology article\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 12: The seasonally adjusted number of new vehicle registrations increased by 15% in March 2026 compared with February 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe seasonally adjusted number of new registrations for electric vehicles recorded the largest month‑on‑month increases in March 2026. Battery electric vehicle registrations increased by 14%, hybrid electric vehicle registrations increased by 44%, and plug‑in hybrid electric vehicle registrations increased by 59%. By comparison, registrations of petrol vehicles increased by 1% compared with the previous month, while registrations of diesel vehicles fell by 3%.\nThe proportion of new cars registered that were electric increased by 7 percentage points to 57% in March 2026, compared with the previous month, and by 8 percentage points compared with March 2025.\nOur accompanying\nSMMT vehicle production and registrations dataset\nis available.\nUK flights\nThe seasonally adjusted number of UK flights increased by 2% in March 2026 compared with February 2026, and was 1% higher than March 2025. Our accompanying\nDaily UK flights dataset\nis available.\nShipping\nThe seasonally adjusted total number of ship visits to selected UK ports remained broadly unchanged in March 2026, compared with the previous month. Over this period, the number of cargo and tanker visits decreased by 2%, following the conflict in the Middle East, while other ship visits increased by 2%.\nWhen compared with March 2025, the seasonally adjusted total number of ship visits decreased by 7%, with cargo and tanker visits decreasing by 12%, and other ship visits decreasing by 2%. This partly reflects a consolidation of shipping activity towards major continental European ports over the last two years.\nOur accompanying\nWeekly shipping indicators dataset\nis available.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nHousing\nEnergy Performance Building Certificates\nThe seasonally adjusted number of Energy Performance Building Certificates (EPCs) lodged in England and Wales for new dwellings decreased by 6% in March 2026, compared with February 2026, and also decreased by 5% when compared with March 2025.\nThe seasonally adjusted number of Energy Performance Building Certificates (EPCs) lodged in England and Wales for existing dwellings increased by 5% in March 2026, compared with the previous month, but decreased by 4% when compared with March.\nOur accompanying\nEnergy Performance Building Certificates (EPC) dataset\nand the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government's\nWeekly EPCs for domestic properties dataset\nare available.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nData\nSystem Average Price (SAP) of gas\nDataset | Released 23 April 2026\nDaily data showing System Average Price (SAP) of gas, and rolling seven-day average, traded in Great Britain over the On-the-Day Commodity Market (OCM). These are official statistics in development. Source: National Gas Transmission.\nSystem Price of electricity\nDataset | Released 23 April 2026\nDaily data showing the System Price of electricity, and rolling seven-day average, in Great Britain. These are official statistics in development. Source: Elexon\nDaily UK flights\nDataset | Released 23 April 2026\nDaily data showing UK flight numbers and rolling seven-day average, including flights to, from, and within the UK. These are official statistics in development. Source: EUROCONTROL.\nThis section lists a selection of data available in this publication. For the full list of available datasets, please see our\naccompanying dataset page\n.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nGlossary\nReal-time indicator\nA real-time indicator provides insights into economic activity using close-to-real-time big data, administrative data sources, rapid response surveys or experimental estimates, which represent useful economic and social concepts.\nSeasonal adjustment\nSeasonal adjustment is the identification and removal of consistent and systematic variation in time series associated with the time of year. For more information on seasonal variation, and how we implement seasonal adjustment, see Section 2: How we measure real-time indicators of our\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators methodology\n.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nData sources and quality\nOfficial statistics in development\nThese statistics are labelled as\nofficial statistics in development\n. Until September 2023, these were called \"experimental statistics\". Read more about the change in our\nGuide to official statistics in development.\nWe are developing how we collect and produce the data to improve the quality of these statistics. Find out more in our\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators methodology\n.\nOnce the developments are complete, we will review the statistics with the Statistics Head of Profession. We will decide if the statistics are of sufficient quality and value to be published as official statistics, or if further development is needed. Production may be stopped if they are not of sufficient quality or value. Users will be informed of the outcome and any changes.\nWe value your feedback on these statistics. If you would like to get in touch, please email\nrealtime.indicators@ons.gov.uk\n.\nDataset release dates and intended release frequency\nLatest release dates and intended release frequency of our associated datasets are available in this section. Please note that there may be some change to the intended release frequency for a variety of reasons, such as data availability. If you would like further information about any of these datasets, or previous release dates, please email\nrealtime.indicators@ons.gov.uk\n.\nWeekly data release\nRevolut spending on debit cards dataset\n; updated 16 April 2026.\nAutomotive fuel spending dataset\n; updated 23 April 2026.\nUK retail footfall dataset\n; updated 23 April 2026.\nAdvanced notification of potential redundancies dataset\n; updated 23 April 2026.\nSystem Average Price (SAP) of gas dataset\n; updated 23 April 2026.\nSystem Price of electricity dataset\n; updated 23 April 2026.\nEnergy Performance Building Certificates (EPC) dataset\n; updated 23 April 2026.\nWeekly shipping indicators dataset\n; updated 23 April 2026.\nDaily UK flights dataset\n; updated 23 April 2026.\nMonthly data release\nMonthly Direct Debit failure rate and average transaction amount dataset\n; updated 23 April 2026.\nTextkernel new online job adverts dataset\n; updated 23 April 2026.\nValue Added Tax (VAT) flash estimates dataset\n; updated 16 April 2026.\nRenter affordability for new tenancies dataset\n; updated 15 January 2026.\nSMMT vehicle registration and production dataset\n; updated 10 April 2026.\nStrengths and limitations\nThese statistics have been produced to provide timely indicators of the effect of developing world events on the UK economy and society. We use close-to-real-time big data, administrative data sources, rapid response surveys, or official statistics in development.\nThe data presented in this bulletin are reviewed and refreshed on a regular basis. Indicators are swapped in and out of the publication based on their suitability and availability.\nSeasonality\nSeasonal fluctuations are likely to be present in many of these indicators, so caution must be applied when interpreting changes in series that are not seasonally adjusted.\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nRelated links\nEconomic activity and social change real-time indicators, UK, dashboard\nDashboard | Released weekly\nAn overview of the UK economy and society, based on rapid response surveys, novel data sources, and innovative methods\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators methodology\nMethodology | Last revised 6 November 2025\nMethodology for the data collection, aggregation, analysis, and presentation for the real-time indicators bulletin.\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators: seasonal adjustment\nArticle | Released 25 June 2025\nMethodology for the seasonal adjustment of real-time indicators.\nGDP monthly estimate, UK\nBulletin | Released monthly\nGross domestic product (GDP) measures the value of goods and services produced in the UK. It estimates the size of the economy and its growth.\nPublic opinions and social trends, Great Britain\nBulletin | Released monthly\nSocial insights on daily life, including experiences of the cost of living and attitudes to important issues, from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN).\nBusiness insights and impact on the UK economy\nBulletin | Released fortnightly\nThe impact of challenges facing the economy and other events on UK businesses, including financial performance, workforce, trade, and business resilience.\nLabour demand volumes by Standard Occupation Classification (SOC 2020), UK\nDataset | Released quarterly\nThese tables contain the number of online job adverts, split by local authority and occupation (SOC 2020).\nBack to table of contents\n12.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), published 23 April 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nEconomic activity and social change in the UK, real-time indicators: 23 April 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/economicactivityandsocialchangeintheukrealtimeindicators/23april2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/economicactivityandsocialchangeintheukrealtimeindicators/23april2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Data on the UK economy and society. These faster indicators are created using rapid response surveys, novel data sources, and innovative methods.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "2026", "7%", "3%", "2026,", "3", "2.41%", "2025", "2.19%", "0.3%", "2.9%", "12.0%", "4%", "1 percentage point", "4", "5", "2%", "6", "15%", "8%", "6%", "5%", "7", "2", "2025,", "9%", "12%", "2024", "12", "14%", "13%", "29%", "18%", "17%", "5 percentage points", "28", "3 percentage points", "2023", "1.7%", "18.8%", "0.2%", "10%", "32.1%", "20.5%", "10.6%", "3.6%", "3.0%", "8.3%", "1.1%", "5.9%", "7.0%", "5.6%", "0.5%", "9,120", "8", "95%", "1.96", "2 percentage points", "1%", "4 percentage points", "11%", "9", "2025\nMonth", "10", "65%", "2.733", "4.507", "19", "30%", "3.476", "11", "20%", "7.953", "9.517", "8.795", "38%", "26", "3.5", "44%", "59%"], "numeric_evidence": [], "task_hint": "Summarize the analysis result using the main findings, key numeric evidence, trends, and caveats.", "attachments": [], "domain": "데이터/분석 실무", "subdomain": "분석결과 요약", "matched_subdomain_folder": "analysis_result_summary_ons_statistical_bulletins_numeric_data", "record_id": "46bd6971f3c9d581bc56"},
{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/bulletins/publicsectorfinances/march2026", "title": "Public sector finances, UK: March 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nBorrowing – the difference between total public sector spending and income – was £12.6 billion in March 2026; this was £1.4 billion less than in March 2025 and the lowest March borrowing since 2022 (not adjusted for inflation).\nBorrowing in the financial year ending (FYE) March 2026 was initially estimated at £132.0 billion; this was £19.8 billion (13.1%) less than in the FYE March 2025, and £0.7 billion less than the £132.7 billion forecast by the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR).\nBorrowing in the FYE March 2026 was initially estimated at 4.3% of gross domestic product (GDP); this was 0.9 percentage points less than in the FYE March 2025 and the lowest value since the FYE March 2020, when it was 2.6% of GDP.\nThe current budget deficit – borrowing to fund day-to-day public sector activities – was £50.9 billion in the FYE March 2026; this was £25.2 billion (33.1%) less than in the FYE March 2025.\nThe current budget deficit in the FYE March 2026 was initially estimated at 1.7% of GDP; this was 0.9 percentage points lower than in the FYE March 2025 and it was the lowest value since the FYE March 2020, when it was 0.7% of GDP.\nPublic sector net debt excluding public sector banks – a measure of the amount of money owed to the UK private sector and overseas less any liquid assets held – was provisionally estimated at 93.8% of GDP at the end of March 2026; this was 0.6 percentage points more than in March 2025 and remains at levels last seen in the early 1960s.\nPublic sector net financial liabilities excluding public sector banks – which considers a wider range of financial assets and liabilities than net debt – were provisionally estimated at 83.3% of GDP at the end of March 2026; this was 2.3 percentage points more than in March 2025.\nCentral government net cash requirement (excluding UK Asset Resolution Ltd and Network Rail Ltd) – the additional cash needed to be raised from the financial markets to finance activities – was £28.0 billion in March 2026; this brought the total net cash requirement in the FYE March 2026 to £135.9 billion, which was £44.6 billion (24.7%) less than in the FYE March 2025.\n!\nThis release presents the first estimates of UK public sector finances for the financial year ending (FYE) March 2026. These are not final figures, and they will be revised over the coming months as we replace our initial estimates with provisional estimates and then final outturn data.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nFinancial year ending March 2026 indicators at a glance\nEach April we change the focus of this section from the latest month to the first estimate of latest financial year.\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nComparing our estimates with official forecasts\nThe Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) is responsible for the production of official forecasts for the UK government. The latest forecasts were published by OBR in its\nEconomic and fiscal outlook – March 2026 report\non 3 March 2026. This section compares our initial estimates with the corresponding forecasts published by OBR.\nTable 1: Comparing our headline estimates with the corresponding Office for Budget Responsibility forecasts\nLatest public sector finances estimates for the financial year ending (FYE) March 2026 compared with the corresponding Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) forecast, UK\nFiscal Aggregate\nONS estimate\nOBR forecast\nDifference\nNet borrowing\n£ billion\n132.0\n132.7\n-0.7\nNet borrowing\n% GDP\n4.3\n4.3\n0\nCurrent budget deficit\n£ billion\n50.9\n49.2\n1.7\nCurrent budget deficit\n% GDP\n1.7\n1.6\n0.1\nPublic sector net debt\n£ billion [Note 3]\n2910.8\n2922.3\n-11.5\nPublic sector net debt\n% of GDP [Note 3]\n93.8\n94.3\n-0.5\nPublic sector net financial\nliabilities £ billion\n[Note 3] [Note 5]\n2582.2\n2553.5\n28.7\nPublic sector net financial\nliabilities % of GDP\n[Note 3] [Note 5]\n83.3\n82.4\n0.9\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nThis table uses the Economic and fiscal outlook - March 2026.\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nAs at the end of March 2026.\nGDP abbreviates gross domestic product.\nInitial estimates of public sector net financial liabilities are highly provisional because the additional assets and liabilities that fall outside of the net debt measure are reported a quarter in arrears.\nDownload this table\nTable 1: Comparing our headline estimates with the corresponding Office for Budget Responsibility forecasts\n.xls\n.csv\nTable 2: Comparing the components of public sector net borrowing with the corresponding Office for Budget Responsibility forecasts\nLatest public sector finances estimates for financial year ending (FYE) March 2026 compared with the corresponding Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) forecast, UK, £ billion\nFiscal Aggregate\nONS estimate\nOBR forecast\nDifference\nValue Added Tax\n211.6\n211.2\n0.4\nIncome Tax\n354.1\n353.2\n0.9\nCorporation Tax\n[Note 3]\n98.7\n98.8\n-0.1\nNational Insurance Contributions\n[Note 4]\n204.5\n204\n0.5\nOther receipts not\npreviously specified\n361.9\n368\n-6.1\nPublic sector receipts\n1,230.80\n1,235.30\n-4.5\nPublic sector spending\n1,362.80\n1,368.00\n-5.2\nPublic sector net borrowing\n132\n132.7\n-0.7\nMemo: Public sector\ncurrent budget deficit\n50.9\n49.2\n1.7\nMemo: Public sector\nnet investment\n81.2\n83.6\n-2.4\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nThis table uses the Economic and fiscal outlook – March 2026.\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nExcludes bank surcharge, residential property developers' tax, diverted profits tax, electricity generators levy, energy profits levy to align with published forecast.\nPublished as a component of compulsory social contributions.\nDownload this table\nTable 2: Comparing the components of public sector net borrowing with the corresponding Office for Budget Responsibility forecasts\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nBorrowing in March 2026\nInitial estimates show that the public sector borrowed £12.6 billion in March 2026, this was £1.4 billion less than in March 2025.\nFigure 1: This month’s borrowing was the lowest March since 2022\nPublic sector net borrowing excluding public sector banks, £ billion, UK, March 2021 to March 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nDataset identifier code: -J5II.\nFigures exclude those banks classified to the public sector between October 2007 and May 2024.\nPositive numbers indicate a deficit, while negative numbers indicate a surplus.\nEach January we usually see a surplus because of the additional self-assessed income tax receipts.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: This month’s borrowing was the lowest March since 2022\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nTable 3: Public sector net borrowing monthly summary\nPublic sector net borrowing by subsector March 2026 compared with March 2025, £ billion, UK\nSubsector\nMarch 2026\n(£ billion)\nMarch 2025\n(£ billion)\nDifference\n(£ billion)\nDifference\n(%)\nCentral government net borrowing\n12.4\n13.8\n-1.3\n-9.8\nLocal government net borrowing\n0.4\n-0.4\n0.8\n-\nTotal public corporations\nnet borrowing\n-0.3\n0.6\n-0.9\n-142.3\nOf which: non-financial\npublic corporations\n-0.9\n-0.8\n-0.1\n-15.1\nOf which: funded\npublic sector pensions\n-0.2\n-0.1\n-0.1\n-37.5\nOf which: Bank of England\n0.8\n1.5\n-0.7\n-45.3\nPublic sector net borrowing\n12.6\n14.0\n-1.4\n-9.8\nMemo item: Public sector\ncurrent budget deficit\n-5.8\n-2.8\n-3.0\n-107.7\nMemo item: Central government\nnet cast requirement [Note 2]\n28.0\n21.0\n7.0\n33.1\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nExcludes Network Rail Limited and UK Asset Resolution Limited.\nA breakdown of net borrowing by subsector and a summary of central government receipts and expenditure data are presented in Tables 1 to 3 in our Public sector finances summary tables: Appendix M dataset.\nDownload this table\nTable 3: Public sector net borrowing monthly summary\n.xls\n.csv\nOur\nPublic sector finances borrowing by subsector: Appendix R dataset\nprovides further detail on data presented in Table 3 and includes the option to select other time periods.\nCentral government borrowing\nCentral government forms the largest part of the public sector and includes government departments such as:\nHM Revenue and Customs\nthe Department of Health and Social Care\nthe Department for Work and Pensions\nthe Department for Education\nthe Ministry of Defence\nother government agencies\nThe relationship between central government's receipts and expenditure is an important determinant of public sector net borrowing. Of the £12.6 billion that the public sector borrowed in March 2026, central government borrowed £12.4 billion – the borrowing and surpluses of the other subsectors largely offset each other.\nCentral government receipts\nCentral government's receipts were £102.0 billion in March 2026, which was £5.4 billion (5.6%) more than in March 2025. Of this £5.4 billion increase in income:\ncentral government tax receipts increased by £1.7 billion to £74.0 billion; this included increases of £1.4 billion in Income Tax receipts (including PAYE and self-assessed Income Tax), £0.7 billion in Corporation Tax receipts, and £0.3 billion in Value Added Tax (VAT) receipts\ncompulsory social contributions increased by £3.5 billion to £21.6 billion, as\nchanges to the rate of National Insurance contributions\npaid by employers came into effect on 6 April 2025\nA detailed breakdown of central government income is presented in our\nPublic sector current receipts: Appendix D dataset\n.\n!\nIn recent months, tax receipts recorded on an accrued basis are subject to some uncertainty. This is because many taxes, such as VAT, PAYE, and Corporation Tax, contain some forecast cash receipts data. These data are liable to revision when actual cash receipts data are received.\nThe forecasts underlying current HM Revenue and Customs tax estimates reflect the expectations published in the\nEconomic and fiscal outlook – March 2026\nreport from the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR).\nCentral government current expenditure\nCentral government spending data for March 2026 are provisional. There is uncertainty around these estimates until more detailed departmental information becomes available over time.\nCentral government's current expenditure - spending to fund its day-to-day activities - was provisionally estimated as £91.6 billion in March 2026, which was £2.9 billion (3.3%) more than in March 2025. Of this £2.9 billion increase in spending:\ncentral government departmental spending on goods and services increased by £2.9 billion to £41.3 billion, as pay rises and inflation increased running costs\nnet social benefits paid by central government increased by £0.7 billion to £26.9 billion; this was largely caused by inflation-linked increases in many benefits and earnings-linked increases to state pension payments\npayments to support the day-to-day running of local government increased by £0.5 billion to £14.1 billion; these intra-government transfers are both central government spending and a local government receipt, so they have no effect on overall public sector borrowing\ncentral government debt interest payable decreased by £1.3 billion to £3.2 billion, with movements in the Retail Prices Index (RPI) adding volatility to the monthly debt interest costs\nCentral government debt interest costs\nBorrowing is largely financed by the issuance of central government gilts by the\nDebt Management Office\n, on which interest is paid to investors.\nCentral government debt interest payable in March 2026 was £3.2 billion, this was £1.3 billion less than in March 2025.\nThe interest payable on index-linked gilts rises and falls with the RPI, adding volatility to central government debt interest costs. This additional RPI inflation-linked component of interest is described as \"capital uplift\" and affects the value of the gilt principal.\nIn March 2026, the capital uplift reduced the total central government interest payable by £3.3 billion. This largely reflects the 0.5% decrease in the RPI between December 2025 and January 2026.\nCapital uplift is accrued throughout the life of each index-linked gilt but is paid to gilt holders as interest at redemption. Accrued capital uplift is shown as the light blue portion of each stacked bar in Figure 2.\nFigure 2: Recent movements in the Retail Prices Index reduced the overall central government debt interest payable in March 2026 by £3.3 billion\nCentral government debt interest payable, £ billion, UK, March 2024 to March 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nNet of redemption proceeds.\nDataset identifier codes: NMFX, JNYY and JNYX.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Recent movements in the Retail Prices Index reduced the overall central government debt interest payable in March 2026 by £3.3 billion\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nCentral government net investment\nCentral government net investment was £19.2 billion in March 2026, this was £1.0 billion more than in March 2025. This increase was largely because of a £1.1 billion increase in gross capital formation, which tends to peak in March of each year.\nComparing our March 2026 borrowing estimates with official forecasts\nThe Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) is responsible for the production of official forecasts for the UK government. These forecasts are usually produced twice a year, in spring and autumn.\nThe OBR published its\nEconomic and fiscal outlook – March 2026 report\non 3 March 2026. However, this comparison uses the\nEconomic and fiscal outlook – November 2025\nreport because there are no monthly profiles published for the current financial year to accompany the March 2026 forecasts.\nIn March 2026, borrowing was £2.1 billion higher than forecast, largely because local government borrowing was higher than anticipated.\nTable 4: Comparing our estimates with the corresponding Office for Budget Responsibility forecasts\nLatest public sector finances estimates compared with the corresponding Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) forecast, UK, £ billion\nMarch 2026\nONS estimate\nOBR forecast\nDifference\n[Note 3]\nCentral government\ntotal current receipts\n102.0\n104.5\n-2.5\nCentral government\ntotal expenditure\n114.4\n115.9\n-1.5\nCentral government\nnet borrowing\n12.4\n11.5\n1.0\nLocal government\nnet borrowing\n0.4\n-1.8\n2.2\nTotal public corporations\nnet borrowing\n[Note 4]\n-0.3\n0.8\n-1.0\nPublic sector net borrowing\n12.6\n10.5\n2.1\nMemo item: Public sector\ncurrent budget deficit\n-5.8\n-6.6\n0.8\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nThis table uses the Economic and fiscal outlook – November 2025 and the corresponding monthly profiles published in February 2026.\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nYear-to-date comparisons offer a more reliable view of overall trends, while monthly figures can be more prone to short-term forecast volatility.\nIncludes non-financial public corporations, funded public sector pensions and the Bank of England.\nDownload this table\nTable 4: Comparing our estimates with the corresponding Office for Budget Responsibility forecasts\n.xls\n.csv\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nBorrowing in the financial year ending March 2026\nBorrowing in the financial year ending (FYE) March 2026 was initially estimated at £132.0 billion. This was £19.8 billion (13.1%) less than in the FYE March 2025, and £0.7 billion less than the £132.7 billion forecast by the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR), published in March 2026.\nFigure 3: Borrowing in the financial year ending March 2026 was lower than in the financial year ending 2025 and it was less than the Office for Budget Responsibility forecast\nCumulative public sector net borrowing excluding public sector banks, £ billion, UK, financial year ending (FYE) March 2025 and FYE March 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics and the Office for Budget Responsibility\nNotes:\nDataset identifier code: -J5II.\nThis table uses the Economic and fiscal outlook –\nNovember 2025 and the corresponding monthly profiles published in March 2026\nand the\nEconomic and fiscal outlook – March 2026\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: Borrowing in the financial year ending March 2026 was lower than in the financial year ending 2025 and it was less than the Office for Budget Responsibility forecast\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nTable 5: Public sector net borrowing financial year summary\nPublic sector net borrowing by subsector, the financial year (FY) to March 2026 compared with the FY to March 2025, UK\nSubsector\nFinancial year\nto March 2026\n(£ billion)\nFinancial year\nto March 2025\n(£ billion)\nDifference\n(£ billion)\nDifference\n(%)\nCentral government\nnet borrowing\n124.8\n154.1\n-29.3\n-19.0\nLocal government\nnet borrowing\n16.3\n16.3\n0.0\n0.1\nTotal public corporations\nnet borrowing\n-9.1\n-18.6\n9.5\n50.9\nOf which:\nnon-financial\npublic corporations\n-2.8\n-2.4\n-0.5\n-19.4\nOf which:\nfunded public\nsector pensions\n-2.4\n-1.7\n-0.7\n-39.4\nOf which:\nBank of England\n-3.9\n-14.5\n10.6\n73.1\nPublic sector net borrowing\n132.0\n151.9\n-19.8\n-13.1\nMemo item: Public sector\ncurrent budget deficit\n50.9\n76.1\n-25.2\n-33.1\nMemo item: Central government\nnet cast requirement\n[Note 2]\n135.9\n180.5\n-44.6\n-24.7\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nExcludes Network Rail Limited and UK Asset Resolution Limited.\nA breakdown of net borrowing by subsector and a summary of central government receipts and expenditure data are presented in Tables 1 to 3 in our Public sector finances summary tables: Appendix M dataset.\nDownload this table\nTable 5: Public sector net borrowing financial year summary\n.xls\n.csv\nOur\nPublic sector finances borrowing by subsector: Appendix R dataset\nprovides further detail on data presented in Table 5 and includes the option to select other time periods.\nCentral government net borrowing\nCentral government forms the largest part of the public sector, and the relationship between its receipts and expenditure is an important determinant of public sector net borrowing. Of the £132.0 billion borrowed by the public sector in the FYE March 2026, central government borrowed £124.8 billion.\nCentral government receipts\nCentral government's receipts were £1,121.5 billion in the FYE March 2026, which was £87.2 billion (8.4%) more than in the same 12-month period a year ago. Of this £87.2 billion increase in income:\ncentral government tax receipts increased by £54.7 billion to £845.4 billion; this included increases of £34.6 billion in Income Tax, £8.8 billion in Value Added Tax (VAT), and £5.4 billion in Corporation Tax receipts\ncompulsory social contributions increased by £33.0 billion to £206.8 billion, as\nchanges to the rate of National Insurance contributions\npaid by employers came into effect on 6 April 2025\nA detailed breakdown of central government income is presented in our\nPublic sector current receipts: Appendix D dataset\n.\nCentral government current expenditure\nCentral government's current expenditure - spending to fund its day-to-day activities - was provisionally estimated at £1,095.5 billion in the FYE March 2026, which was £65.6 billion (6.4%) more than in the same 12-month period a year ago. Of this £65.6 billion increase in spending:\ncentral government departmental spending on goods and services increased by £27.9 billion to £461.6 billion, as pay rises and inflation increased running costs\nnet social benefits paid by central government increased by £20.7 billion to £327.3 billion, largely caused by inflation-linked increases in many benefits (including Universal Credit), and earnings-linked increases to state pension payments\ninterest payable on central government debt increased by £12.2 billion to £97.6 billion, largely because the interest payable on index-linked gilts rises and falls with the Retail Prices Index\npayments to support the day-to-day running of local government increased by £3.1 billion to £148.2 billion; these intra-government transfers have no impact on overall public sector borrowing\nCentral government net investment\nCentral government net investment was £107.3 billion in the financial year (FY) to March 2026, which was £10.0 billion less than in the FY to March 2025.\nOver this period, central government made payments totalling £16.7 billion to the Bank of England (BoE) Asset Purchase Facility Fund, which was £19.7 billion less in the FY to March 2025. These payments are recorded as both central government net investment expenditure and BoE receipts, so have no effect on overall public sector borrowing. This reduction in spending is partially offset by increases in other capital transfers paid by central government of £5.1 billion and an increase in gross capital formation of £6.2 billion, along with other smaller changes.\nLocal government borrowing\nInitial estimates show that local government net borrowing was £16.3 billion in the FYE March 2026, this was equal to that in the FYE March 2025.\nLocal government data for the FYE March 2026 are provisional estimates for the UK. They are largely based on budget data for England, Scotland, and Wales, with estimates included for Northern Ireland. Further information on the quality of our local government data is discussed in\nSection 12: Data sources and quality\n.\nPublic corporations' borrowing\nInitial estimates show that overall, public corporations had a surplus of £2.8 billion in the FYE March 2026; this was a £0.5 billion larger surplus than in the FYE March 2025.\nBorrowing figures for public corporations in the current financial year are highly provisional and are primarily based on the OBR's\nEconomic and fiscal outlook – November 2025 report\n.\nEstimates for the FYE March 2025 use the\nEconomic and fiscal outlook – October 2024 report\n, supplemented by in-year data for train operating companies, the Housing Revenue Account, and surveyed public corporations.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nExpressing borrowing as a percentage of GDP\nInitial estimates show the public sector borrowed £132.0 billion in the financial year ending (FYE) March 2026. This is the sixth-highest amount borrowed in any financial year since records began in the FYE March 1947. However, these estimates have not been adjusted for inflation.\nExpressing borrowing as a ratio of gross domestic product (GDP) – the value of everything produced in the UK economy in a 12-month period – gives an estimate of its affordability and is recommended for comparison of the UK's fiscal position over time.\nIn the FYE March 2026, borrowing was provisionally estimated at 4.3% of GDP. This was 0.9 percentage points less than in the FYE March 2025 and is the thirty-sixth highest (or ninety-first lowest) borrowing ratio in any financial year since records began in the FYE March 1901.\nThis initial estimate was equal to that forecast by the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) in March 2026.\nFigure 4: Financial year borrowing has been stable at between 4% and 5% of GDP since the end of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic period\nPublic sector net borrowing as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), UK, financial year ending (FYE) March 1901 to FYE March 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics and Office for Budget Responsibility\nNotes:\nDataset identifier code: -J5IJ.\nFigures exclude those banks classified to the public sector between October 2007 and May 2024.\nThis chart uses historical data published in the\nPublic finances databank 2025 to 2026\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: Financial year borrowing has been stable at between 4% and 5% of GDP since the end of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic period\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\n!\nEstimates of borrowing (along with current budget deficit and net investment) expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) for the financial year ending (FYE) March 2026 should be treated as highly provisional; they are likely to be revised in future publications. We are yet to publish an estimate of GDP for Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2026. In line with previous years, we have used an estimate based on the latest Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) forecast to complete our presentations.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nThe public sector balance sheet\nThe public sector balance sheet describes its financial position at a point in time. It shows its liabilities and assets. There are several measures of the public sector balance sheet that we discuss in our\nWhat the UK government owns and what it owes blog\n.\nTable 6: The public sector balance sheet\nBalance sheet measures as at the end of March 2026, £ billion, UK\nClassification\nof assets\nand liabilities\n[Note 1] [Note 2]\n[Note 10]\nCentral\ngovernment\ngilts\nGeneral\ngovernment\ngross debt\nPSND\nexcluding\nboth BoE\nand public\nsector banks\n(PSND\nex BoE)\nPSND\nexcluding\npublic sector\nbanks\n(PSND ex)\nPSNFL\nexcluding\npublic\nsector\nbanks\nPublic\nsector net\nworth\nexcluding\npublic sector\nbanks\nTotal [Note 3]\n2,641.7\n3,101.6\n2,785.9\n2,910.8\n2,582.2\n-695.7\nAssets:\nNon-financial\n[Note 4]\n1,886.5\nAssets:\nIlliquid financial\n[Note 5]\n1,062.2\n1,062.2\nAssets:\nLiquid financial\n[Note 5]\n285.0\n511.1\n511.1\n511.1\nLiabilities:\nCurrency and\ndeposits\n277.1\n282.1\n1,075.4\n1,075.4\n1,075.4\nLiabilities:\nGilts\n[Note 6]\n2,641.7\n2,641.2\n2,601.8\n2,140.8\n2,140.8\n2,140.8\nLiabilities:\nOther debt\nsecurities\nand loans\n183.3\n187.0\n205.7\n205.7\n205.7\nLiabilities:\nOther\nfinancial\nliabilities\n[Note 7]\n733.6\n733.6\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics and Debt Management Office\nNotes\nAll aggregates are presented on a 2010 European system of national and regional accounts (ESA 2010) basis unless indicated.\nConsolidation between subsectors mean that the size of assets and liabilities (such as gilts) affecting the measure can change as the coverage increases.\nTotal equals liabilities less assets except public sector net worth, where total equals assets less liabilities.\nNon-financial account data based on the UK national balance sheet.\n\"Liquid financial assets\" mainly consists of foreign exchange reserves and cash deposits. \"illiquid financial assets\" includes assets such as loans, financial derivatives, and other accounts receivable.\nGilt liabilities have been adjusted to remove those held by Pool Re which is classified as a central government body.\n\"Other financial liabilities\" includes monetary gold and special drawing rights, standardised guarantees, financial derivatives, funded pension liabilities and other accounts payable.\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nWe publish an additional presentation of the UK public sector balance sheet following International Monetary Fund's Government Finance Statistics framework in the public sector finances: Appendix E.\nPSND – Public sector net debt and PSNFL – public sector net financial liabilities.\nDownload this table\nTable 6: The public sector balance sheet\n.xls\n.csv\nAs a part of the quantitative easing activities of the Bank of England (BoE), it purchased central government gilts from the market through the Asset Purchase Facility (APF) fund. These gilt holdings consolidate within the public sector balance sheet, leaving only the difference between their purchase price and their redemption value.\nSubsequent movements in the market value of these consolidated gilt holdings have no effect on the public sector balance sheet.\nThe reserves created by the BoE, and subsequently loaned to the APF to purchase these gilts, remain on the public sector balance sheet as a liability in currency and deposits until the loan is repaid.\nOur\nPublic sector balance sheet tables: Appendix N dataset\npresents a detailed reconciliation between the balance sheet measures summarised in Table 6.\nPublic sector net debt\nPublic sector net debt is a widely quoted balance sheet measure. Expressing net debt as a ratio of gross domestic product (GDP) gives an estimate of its affordability and provides a more consistent measure for comparison of the UK's fiscal position over time.\nThe net debt-to-GDP ratio at the end of March 2026 was provisionally estimated at 93.8%; this was 0.6 percentage points more than in March 2025 and 0.5 percentage points less than the 94.3 % forecast by the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) in March 2026.\nOur\nHow the ONS estimates UK debt to GDP figures blog\nexplains why our estimates of the debt to GDP ratio are susceptible to revision.\nFigure 5: Net debt as a percentage of GDP remains at levels last seen in the early 1960s\nPublic sector net debt as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), UK, financial year ending (FYE) March 1901 to March 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from the Office for National Statistics and Office for Budget Responsibility\nNotes:\nDataset identifier code: HF6X.\nFigures exclude those banks classified to the public sector between October 2007 and May 2024.\nThis chart uses historical data published in the\nPublic finances databank 2025 to 2026\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: Net debt as a percentage of GDP remains at levels last seen in the early 1960s\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nPublic sector net financial liabilities\nPublic sector net financial liabilities (PSNFL) has a broader scope than debt (PSND). It adds further financial assets and financial liabilities to those recorded in PSND.\nPSNFL was 83.3% of GDP at the end of March 2026, which was 2.3 percentage points more than at the end of March 2025 and 0.9 percentage points more than the 82.4 % forecast by the OBR in March 2026.\nThese extra financial assets are currently valued at more than the extra financial liabilities. This means that at 83.3% of GDP, PSNFL was 10.5 percentage points of GDP less than PSND at the end of March 2026.\nWe explain the financial assets and liabilities captured in PSNFL in our\nPublic sector net financial liabilities (PSNFL) methodology\n.\nAdditionally, we published\na blog explaining the PSNFL measure\n, because it has been selected by the UK government as the reference for a balance sheet fiscal rule.\nFigure 6: The upward trend in public sector net financial liabilities is largely because of increases in net debt\nPublic sector net financial liabilities, £ billion, UK, month end March 2005 to March 2026\nSource: Public sector finances from Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nDataset identifier codes: KSE6, JMET, JMEU and CPNF.\nFigures exclude those banks classified to the public sector between October 2007 and May 2024.\nPSND ex – public sector net debt excluding public sector banks.\nPSNFL ex – public sector net financial liabilities excluding public sector banks.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: The upward trend in public sector net financial liabilities is largely because of increases in net debt\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe additional financial assets and liabilities included in PSNFL that fall outside of the PSND boundary are not updated monthly. Instead, they are updated quarterly, or when data become available. These data were last updated on 20 March 2026 and will next be updated on 19 June 2026.\nA more detailed presentation of the public sector balance sheet is available in our\nPublic sector net worth: Appendix O dataset\n, released on 20 March 2026.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nUK fiscal targets\nThe\nUK government has legislated for fiscal targets\nto constrain its management of the public finances. The Autumn Budget 2024 announced that from January 2025, these fiscal targets focus on the public sector current budget deficit and public sector net financial liabilities.\nThe targets are that by the end of the financial year ending (FYE) 2030, the current budget should be brought into surplus, and that public sector financial liabilities should be falling relative to the size of the economy (or gross domestic product – GDP) compared with the previous year.\nOur latest figures show that:\nthe public sector current budget deficit was initially estimated as £50.9 billion in the FYE March 2026; this was £25.2 billion less than in the FYE March 2025\npublic sector net financial liabilities were initially estimated at 83.3% of GDP at the end of March 2026; this was 2.3 percentage points more than at the end of March 2025\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nRevisions\nThe data for the latest months of every release contain a degree of forecasts. These are then replaced by improved estimates, as further data are made available, and finally by outturn data.\n!\nOur initial estimates of borrowing for the most recent months are prone to revisions in later months. This is because some tax receipts contain a degree of Office for Budget Responsibility-based forecast data. Both central government and local government spending profiles are provisional.\nTable 7: Revisions to public sector net borrowing by subsector\nPublic sector net borrowing by subsector compared with the previous publication, UK\nSubsector\nFinancial year to\nFebruary 2026\n(£ billion)\nChange since\nMarch 2026\npublication\n(£ billion)\n[Note 3]\nFinancial year\nending\nMarch 2025\n(£ billion)\nChange since\nMarch 2026\npublication\n(£ billion)\n[Note 3]\nCentral government net borrowing\n112.4\n-5.9\n154.1\n0.1\nLocal government net borrowing\n15.9\n-0.2\n16.3\n0.0\nTotal public corporations\nnet borrowing\n-8.9\n-0.4\n-18.6\n0.0\nOf which: non-financial\npublic corporations\n-1.9\n-0.4\n-2.4\n0.0\nOf which: funded public\nsector pensions\n-2.2\n0.0\n-1.7\n0.0\nOf which:\nBank of England\n-4.7\n0.0\n-14.5\n0.0\nPublic sector net borrowing\n119.4\n-6.4\n151.9\n0.1\nMemo item: Public sector\ncurrent budget deficit\n56.7\n-5.5\n76.1\n0.1\nSource: Public sector finances from Office for National Statistics\nNotes\nFigures may not sum because of rounding.\nFigures exclude those banks classified to the public sector between October 2007 and May 2024.\nA positive figure indicates that we have increased our previously published estimate; conversely, a negative figure indicates that we have reduced our previous estimate.\nPublic sector finances summary tables: Appendix M dataset compares our latest public sector finances data with those in our Public sector finances, UK: February 2026 bulletin), published on 20 March 2026 in more detail.\nDownload this table\nTable 7: Revisions to public sector net borrowing by subsector\n.xls\n.csv\nOur\nPublic sector finance revisions analysis: Appendix P dataset\nrecords monthly borrowing data, as at first and at subsequent publications, graphically illustrating any potential bias to our early estimates.\nRevisions to public sector net borrowing in the financial year to February 2026\nSince publishing our\nPublic sector finances, UK: February 2026 bulletin\n, we have reduced our estimate of public sector net borrowing (PSNB ex) in the first 11 months of the financial year by £6.4 billion to £119.4 billion. This change is because of regular updates to our central government data.\nWe have increased our previous estimate of tax receipts by £2.0 billion, in part because of cash receipts replacing previous forecasts, and in part because HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) updated its forecasts to include those published by the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) in March 2026. Further, we have increased our previous estimate of National Insurance contributions by £0.7 billion to include the latest cash receipts data.\nWe have reduced our previous estimate of spending by £3.2 billion. This was largely because of a £2.2 billion reduction in our previous estimate of departmental spending on goods and services and a £1.0 billion reduction in our previous estimate of gross capital formation.\nRevisions to public sector net debt at the end of February 2026\nWe have increased our estimate of public sector net debt at the end of February 2026 by £2.4 billion to £2,881.9 billion. Of this increase, £2.1 billion is because of updates to our estimate of the Bank of England's (BoE) contribution to debt. Some of these data are published one month in arrears, so large revisions are not uncommon.\nThe remaining £0.3 billion increase to our previous estimate of public sector net debt is because of updates to our central government data.\nRevisions to GDP\nThis month, we have updated our previous estimates of nominal gross domestic product (GDP) with those published in our\nGDP quarterly national accounts, UK: October to December 2025 bulletin\n, published on 31 March 2026. This update had a negligible effect on our headline statistics.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nData on public sector finances\nPublic sector finances tables 1 to 10: Appendix A\nDataset | Released 23 April 2026\nThe data underlying the public sector finances statistical bulletin are presented in the tables PSA 1 to 10.\nPublic sector current receipts: Appendix D\nDataset | Released 23 April 2026\nA breakdown of UK public sector income by latest month, financial year-to-date and full financial year, with comparisons with the same period in the previous financial year.\nPublic sector finances summary tables: Appendix M\nDataset | Released 23 April 2026\nThe latest public sector net borrowing by subsector and a summary of central government receipts and expenditure data.\nPublic sector balance sheet tables: Appendix N\nDataset | Released 23 April 2026\nA reconciliation of the latest public sector balance sheet measures.\nPublic sector finances borrowing by subsector: Appendix R\nDataset | Released 23 April 2026\nPublic sector finances analytical tables (PSAT) showing transactions related to borrowing by subsector. Total Managed Expenditure (TME) is also provided.\nInternational Monetary Fund's Government Finance Statistics framework in the public sector finances: Appendix E\nDataset | Released 20 March 2026\nPresents the balance sheet, statement of operations, and statement of other economic flows for the public sector, compliant with the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014: GFSM 2014 presentation. Updated quarterly, depending on the availability of data.\nPublic sector net worth: Appendix O\nDataset | Released 20 March 2026\nPresents the balance sheet for the public sector, consistent with the 2010 European system of national and regional accounts (ESA 2010), and Eurostat's Manual on Government Deficit and Debt (MGDD). Updated quarterly, depending on the availability of data.\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nGlossary\nPublic sector\nThe UK public sector comprises of six subsectors: central government, local government, public nonfinancial corporations, public sector-funded pensions, the Bank of England, and public financial corporations.\nFigures in this release exclude public sector banks, following the reclassification of NatWest Group to the private sector in June 2024.\nPublic sector net borrowing\nPublic sector net borrowing (often referred to as the deficit) is the difference between total expenditure and receipts. Positive numbers indicate a deficit, while negative numbers indicate a surplus.\nPublic sector current budget deficit\nPublic sector current budget deficit is the difference between current expenditure and receipts, after accounting for depreciation. It measures the borrowing needed to fund day-to-day activities and is the reference statistic for a UK government fiscal rule. Positive numbers indicate a deficit, while negative numbers indicate a surplus.\nBoth current budget deficit and borrowing are recorded on an accrual basis, that is income when earned and spending when incurred, rather than when cash is paid.\nCentral government net cash requirement\nThe central government net cash requirement is the cash the government must raise from financial markets to finance its activities. It reflects the timing of payments and receipts rather than when liabilities arise.\nPublic sector net debt\nPublic sector net debt (often referred to as the national debt) measures the public sector's liabilities to the private sector and overseas, net of its liquid financial assets.\nPublic sector net financial liabilities\nPublic sector net financial liabilities (often referred to as PSNFL or net financial debt) is a broader balance sheet measure than net debt, capturing all financial assets and liabilities recognised in the national accounts.\nPSNFL is the reference statistic for a UK government fiscal rule.\nPublic sector net worth\nAdding non‑financial assets to PSNFL results in public sector net worth, the widest measure of the public sector balance sheet.\nBack to table of contents\n12.\nData sources and quality\nAbout the statistics\nEconomic statistics classifications and developments in public sector finances: March 2026\nArticle | Released 23 April 2026\nIncludes the latest economic statistics classification updates and information on future developments to the public sector finance statistics.\nPensions in the public sector finances: a methodological guide\nMethodology | Released 4 December 2024\nExplains the methods and data sources we use to record pensions in fiscal statistics.\nMonthly statistics on the public sector finances: a methodological guide\nMethodology | Released 4 October 2023\nProvides comprehensive contextual and methodological information on the monthly Public sector finances statistical bulletin.\nPublic sector finances quality and methodology information (QMI)\nMethodology | Released 4 October 2023\nQuality and Methodology Information for the UK public sector finances and government deficit and debt under the Maastricht Treaty, detailing the strengths and limitations of the data, methods used, and data uses and users.\nStudent loans in the public sector finances: a methodological guide\nMethodology | Released 22 February 2020\nExplains the methods we will use to partition student loans into government expenditure and a financial transaction.\nAbout our data sources\nCalculation of interest payable on government gilts\nMethodology | Released 18 July 2022\nExplains the recording of interest payable to holders of UK government gilts in the UK public sector finances.\nThe use of gross domestic product (GDP) in public sector fiscal ratio statistics\nMethodology | Released 21 September 2016\nExplains the methodology used for the presentation of GDP ratios in the UK PSF publication.\nStatistical designation\nThe Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) independently reviewed the public sector net borrowing, cash requirement, and debt statistics in June 2017, concluding that they comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality, and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nThe public sector net financial liabilities and public sector net financial worth statistics are both official statistics. These measures were introduced after June 2017, so have not yet been reviewed by the OSR.\nThe public sector net worth statistics are labelled as \"official statistics in development\". They are based on information from public sector finance and data from our non-financial accounts.\nHM Revenue and Customs data quality review\nOn 8 October 2025,\nHM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) reported an under-estimation in its VAT cash receipts data for the period April to August 2025\n. HMRC implemented immediate improvements to quality assurance processes, including comparisons with independent data sources, working with HM Treasury and the Office for National Statistics (ONS). HMRC is carrying out a robust review across all receipts to consider the underlying issue and to identify actions to minimise the risk of similar incidents in future.\nWe are working with HM Treasury to support this process. The Office for Statistics Regulation will provide an independent perspective on HMRC's review to ensure compliance with the Code of Practice for Statistics.\nWe reported on progress with work to improve the quality of public sector finance statistics as part of the second quarterly update on the Economic Statistics Plan in our\nONS strategic improvement update: April 2026\n.\nLocal government data quality\nLocal government data for the financial year ending (FYE) March 2026 are provisional estimates for the UK. They are largely based on budget data for England, Scotland and Wales, and with estimates included for Northern Ireland.\nFor the FYE March 2025, estimates of the current expenditure of local authorities in England are based on published second release data, while capital expenditure and receipts are based on published final outturn data.\nEstimates for the devolved administrations for the FYE March 2025 are based on published outturn data for Wales and Scotland, and final returned data for Northern Ireland.\nIn recent years, planned local government current and capital expenditure in local authority budgets have differed from the final outturn expenditure reported in the audited accounts; current expenditure has been systematically lower than what was reported at final outturn. Therefore, we may include adjustments to increase or decrease the amounts reported at the budget stage\nFor the FYE March 2026, these adjustments include:\na £2.0 billion upward adjustment to England's current expenditure\na £0.5 billion upward adjustment to England's capital expenditure\na £2.4 billion upward adjustment to Scotland's current expenditure\nTo reflect the most recently available data for housing benefits, we have applied a further £3.0 billion downward adjustment to current expenditure in the FYE March 2026.\nBack to table of contents\n13.\nRelated links\nEconomic statistics classifications and developments in public sector finances: March 2026\nArticle | Released 23 April 2026\nIncludes the latest economic statistics classification updates and information on future developments to the public sector finance statistics.\nHMRC tax receipts and National Insurance contributions for the UK\nBulletin | Updated 23 April 2026\nSummary of HM Revenue and Customs' (HMRC) tax receipts, National Insurance contributions (NICs), and expenditure for the UK.\nEconomic and fiscal outlook – March 2026\nArticle | Released 3 March 2026\nThe latest set of economic forecasts published by the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR).\nLooking ahead – developments in public sector finance statistics: 2025\nArticle | Released 27 June 2025\nWhat we see as areas for future development in public sector finance statistics.\nPublic sector net financial liabilities (PSNFL)\nMethodology | Last revised 30 October 2024\nAn explanation of the financial assets and liabilities captured in public sector net financial liabilities (PSNFL), how PSNFL compares with public sector net debt (PSND), and how it has changed over time.\nCountry and regional public sector finances, UK: financial year ending March 2023\nArticle | Released 7 June 2024\nPublic sector revenue, expenditure, and net fiscal balance on a country and regional basis. Next release: 26 May 2026\nEffects of the economy on public sector net debt, UK: April 2024\nArticle | Released 10 May 2024\nExamines the economic reasons behind the large increase in public sector net debt as a percentage of gross domestic product over the last two decades.\nThe calculation of interest payable on government gilts\nMethodology | Last revised 18 July 2022\nExplains the recording of interest payable to holders of UK government gilts in the UK public sector finances.\nBack to table of contents\n14.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 23 April 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nPublic sector finances, UK: March 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/bulletins/publicsectorfinances/march2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/bulletins/publicsectorfinances/march2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "How the relationship between UK public sector monthly income and expenditure leads to changes in deficit and debt.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "12.6 billion", "2026", "1.4 billion", "2025", "2022", "132.0 billion", "19.8 billion", "13.1%", "2025,", "0.7 billion", "132.7 billion", "4.3%", "0.9 percentage points", "2020,", "2.6%", "50.9 billion", "25.2 billion", "33.1%", "1.7%", "0.7%", "93.8%", "0.6 percentage points", "1960", "83.3%", "2.3 percentage points", "28.0 billion", "135.9 billion", "44.6 billion", "24.7%", "2", "3", "132.0", "132.7", "-0.7", "4.3", "0", "50.9", "49.2", "1.7", "1.6", "0.1", "2910.8", "2922.3", "-11.5", "93.8", "94.3", "-0.5", "5", "2582.2", "2553.5", "28.7", "83.3", "82.4", "0.9", "211.6", "211.2", "0.4", "354.1", "353.2", "98.7", "98.8", "-0.1", "4", "204.5", "204", "0.5", "361.9", "368", "-6.1", "1,230.80", "1,235.30", "-4.5", "1,362.80", "1,368.00", "-5.2", "132", "81.2", "83.6", "-2.4"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Government debt and deficit", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/datasets/governmentdeficitanddebtreturn/current/rftm17tables.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Changes to public sector finance statistics: Appendix L", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/datasets/changestopublicsectorfinancestatisticsappendixl/current/changestopublicsectorfinancestatisticsappendixl.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. For more information please see the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) or contact omnibus@ons.gov.uk."], ["5", "In response to user requests, data may be analysed early using a smaller sample. These early insights are clearly marked as ‘early analysis’ in the summary request information. When the full monthly dataset is available, updated analysis is published using a larger sample. These are labelled as ‘updated monthly analysis’, and they supersede any earlier versions. The larger sample size improves the reliability and confidence of the estimates. We may publish both early and updated analyses to ensure transparency and to show how insights evolve as more data becomes available."]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 2}], "sheet_count_total": 6, "sampling_note": "Stored up to 4 sheets and 120 rows per sheet."}, {"title": "Detailed tax and social contributions: ESA questionnaire", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicspending/datasets/esaquestionnairedetailedtaxandsocialcontributions/current/esantl0999.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. Questions were asked to all responding adults unless specified otherwise. From 17 April 2020 onwards the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey has been running online and via the telephone.\nThe sample sizes in this workbook are for data collected between 20 March 2020 and 31 May 2026."], ["OPN data"], ["The microdata are available through the UK Data Service."], ["ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2019-2025"], ["Further information"], ["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey Quality and Methodology Information"]], "sample_row_count": 16, "sample_column_count": 1}, {"sheet_name": "Contents", "sample_rows": [["Table of contents", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Worksheet", "Worksheet_title", "Link to table"], ["Cover", "Cover sheet", "Link to Cover"], ["Contents", "Contents", "Link to Contents"], ["Previous_data_and_publications", "Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "Link to Previous_data_and_publications"], ["Notes", "Notes", "Link to Notes"], ["Table_1", "Opinions and Lifestyle (OPN) Survey sample sizes and response rates, by data collection period and publication date", "Link to Table 1"], ["Table_2", "User requested data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey", "Link to Table 2"]], "sample_row_count": 9, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Previous_data_and_publications", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: previous data tables and publications", "", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", "", ""], ["Tables from previous publications are available to download using the links below.", "", ""], ["Return to table of contents", "", ""], ["Periods", "Associated publication", "Published tables"], ["All periods from 29 April 2022 to 31 May 2026", "Public opinions and social trends, Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "See each statistical bulletin"], ["All periods from 9 April 2020 to 1 April 2022", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: Statistical bulletins", "Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain"]], "sample_row_count": 7, "sample_column_count": 3}, {"sheet_name": "Notes", "sample_rows": [["Notes", ""], ["This worksheet contains one table.", ""], ["Return to table of contents", ""], ["Note number", "Note text"], ["1", "For each data collection period, the “issued sample” is the number of adults invited to participate. The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/privaterentandhousepricesuk/april2026", "title": "Private rent and house prices, UK: April 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nAverage UK monthly private rents increased by 3.4%, to £1,377, in the 12 months to March 2026 (provisional estimate); this annual growth rate is down from 3.6% the 12 months to February 2026.\nAverage rents increased to £1,434 (3.4%) in England, £830 (4.8%) in Wales, and £1,022 (2.1%) in Scotland, in the 12 months to March 2026.\nIn Northern Ireland, average rents increased to £880 (5.0%), in the 12 months to January 2026.\nIn England, private rents annual inflation was highest in the North East (6.5%), and lowest in London (1.7%), in the 12 months to March 2026.\nAverage UK house prices increased by 1.2%, to £268,000, in the 12 months to February 2026 (provisional estimate); this annual growth rate is up from 1.0%, in the 12 months to January 2026.\nAverage house prices increased to £290,000 (0.8%) in England, £210,000 (2.5%) in Wales, and £187,000 (2.3%) in Scotland, in the 12 months to February 2026.\n!\nPrice Index of Private Rents (PIPR) data are\nofficial statistics in development\n. Because of data collection differences, we advise caution when comparing Scotland and Northern Ireland estimates with other UK countries. Read more in\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nUK private rent and house prices\nFigure 1: UK house prices inflation increased slightly while rents inflation has slowed since last month\nPrivate rents and house price annual inflation, UK, January 2016 to March 2026\nSource: Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) and UK House Price Index (HPI) from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nNorthern Ireland private rents data are currently available up to January 2026. To produce UK rents statistics up to March 2026, Northern Ireland's index for the latest two months has been estimated using the monthly average of Northern Ireland's latest two-month inflation rate.\nPIPR estimates for the UK series for February 2026 and March 2026 will be revised in line with PIPR's two-month revision policy. More information is available in\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: UK house prices inflation increased slightly while rents inflation has slowed since last month\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nAverage UK monthly private rents increased by 3.4%, in the 12 months to March 2026 (provisional estimate). This was down from 3.6% in the 12 months to February 2026 and is the lowest annual inflation rate since March 2022.\nAverage UK house prices increased by 1.2% (provisional estimate) to £268,000, in the 12 months to February 2026. This annual growth was up from 1.0% in the 12 months to January 2026.\nHM Land Registry (HMLR) publishes the full\nUK House Price Index report\nand monthly data.\nOur\nlocal housing statistics tool\nsummarises the latest private rents and house price statistics for local areas across the UK.\nRevisions\nUK monthly rents estimates for the latest two months, and UK HPI estimates for the latest 12 months, are provisional and subject to revision (see\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n). All statistics are non-seasonally adjusted estimates, unless stated otherwise.\nUK HPI first estimates (provisional) are based on sales volumes reflecting around 49% of all sales in Great Britain in February 2026. Transaction volumes for older periods and new builds remain lower than they have been historically.\n!\nUsers should be aware that UK HPI revisions may be larger than those seen historically and should note the uncertainty around new build prices. However, recent methodology improvements reduce this uncertainty.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nHouse prices across the UK and by English region\nThe average house price for England was £290,000 in February 2026, up 0.8% (£2,000) from a year earlier. This annual rise was higher than in the 12 months to January 2026 (0.7%).\nThe average house price for Wales was £210,000 in February 2026, up 2.5% (£5,000) from a year earlier. This annual rise was higher than in the 12 months to January 2026 (1.8%).\nThe average house price for Scotland was £187,000 in February 2026, up 2.3% (£4,000) from a year earlier. This annual rise was higher than in the 12 months to January 2026 (1.4%).\nThe average house price for Northern Ireland was £196,000 in Quarter 4 (October to December) 2025, up 7.5% (£12,000) from Quarter 4 2024.\nFigure 2: Annual house price inflation is highest in Yorkshire and the Humber\nAnnual house price inflation, English regions, February 2026\nSource: UK House Price Index from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nEstimates are not seasonally adjusted.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Annual house price inflation is highest in Yorkshire and the Humber\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nYorkshire and the Humber was the English region with the highest house price inflation, at 3.9%, in the 12 months to February 2026. This was up from 2.9% in the 12 months to January 2026.\nAnnual house price inflation was lowest in London. Prices fell by 3.3% in the 12 months to February 2026, compared with a fall of 1.9% in the 12 months to January 2026. This is the seventh consecutive month where London has seen an annual fall in house prices and the lowest annual change since January 2024 (fall of 3.5%).\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nPrivate rents across the UK\nThe average monthly private rent in the UK was £1,377 per month in March 2026. This is £45 (3.4%) higher than 12 months ago.\nFigure 3: The average rent in the UK was £1,377 in March 2026\nAverage private rent, UK overview and across the UK, January 2015 to March 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nNorthern Ireland private rents data are currently available up to January 2026. To produce UK rents statistics up to March 2026, Northern Ireland's index for the latest two months has been estimated using the monthly average of Northern Ireland's latest two-month inflation rate.\nUK PIPR estimates for February 2026, and March 2026 will be revised in line with PIPR's two-month revision policy. More information is available in\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n.\nNorthern Ireland rents data are for advertised new lets.\nBecause of data collection limitations, Scotland rents data (used in the PIPR) are mainly for advertised new lets. Users should bear this in mind when comparing across UK.\nEngland\nAverage monthly rent for England was £1,434 in March 2026, up 3.4% (£48) from a year earlier. This annual rise was lower than in the 12 months to February 2026 (3.6%) and is the lowest annual inflation rate in four years.\nWales\nAverage monthly rent for Wales was £830 in March 2026, up 4.8% (£38) from a year earlier. This annual rise was lower than in the 12 months to February 2026 (5.5%) and down from the recent peak of 8.9% in March 2025.\nScotland\nAverage monthly rent for Scotland was £1,022 in March 2026, up 2.1% (£21) from a year earlier. This annual rise was lower than in the 12 months to February 2026 (2.4%) and represents the lowest annual rise for more than four years. Scotland's annual inflation rate has been slowing since the record-high annual rise of 11.7% in August 2023.\nBecause of data collection limitations, Scotland rents data, which are used in the Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) stock measure, are mainly for advertised new lets. From September 2022 to March 2025, measures relating to in-tenancy rent increases were implemented in Scotland (see\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n). We advise users to bear this in mind when interpreting estimates for Scotland and comparing with other UK countries.\nNorthern Ireland\nAverage monthly rent in Northern Ireland was £880 in January 2026, up 5.0% (£42) from a year earlier. This annual rise was lower than in the 12 months to December 2025 (5.2%). Northern Ireland's annual inflation rate has been slowing since the record-high annual rise of 9.9% in April 2024.\nNorthern Ireland's rents data are for advertised new lets. We advise users to bear this in mind when comparing across the UK (see\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n).\nFigure 4: Rent annual inflation slowed across the UK\nPrivate rents annual inflation, across the UK, January 2016 to March 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nNorthern Ireland rents data are currently available up to January 2026 and are for advertised new lets.\nBecause of data collection limitations, Scotland rents data (underlying the PIPR's stock measure) are mainly for advertised new lets (see\nSection 10: Data sources and quality\n). Users should bear this in mind when comparing across the UK.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nPrivate rents by English region\nFigure 5: The North East was the English region with the highest annual rent inflation\nPrivate rents annual inflation, English regions, March 2026\nSource: Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: The North East was the English region with the highest annual rent inflation\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe North East continued to have the highest rent annual inflation rate of all English regions, at 6.5%, in the 12 months to March 2026. This annual rise was lower than in the 12 months to February 2026 (7.6%).\nRent annual inflation remained lowest in London, at 1.7%, in the 12 months to March 2026, unchanged from the 12 months to February 2026.\nAverage rent was highest in London (£2,280) and lowest in the North East (£772) in March 2026.\nFigure 6: Privately renting a property is most expensive in London\nAverage private rent, English regions, January 2015 to March 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nPrivate rents for local areas\nAverage monthly private rents vary across local authorities in England and Wales, and Broad Rental Market Areas in Scotland and Northern Ireland.\nIn March 2026, average monthly rent was highest in Kensington and Chelsea, London (£3,599), and lowest in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland (£554). Excluding London, the local area with the highest average monthly rent was Oxford, South East (£1,952).\nFigure 7: Average rent was more than six times higher in the most expensive local area than in the least expensive\nAverage private rent and annual inflation, local authorities in England and Wales and Broad Rental Market Areas in Scotland and Northern Ireland, January 2015 to March 2026\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nValues of [x] in this tool represent data which are not available.\nNorthern Ireland rents data are currently available up to January 2026.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nPrivate rents by property size\nThe average UK monthly private rent in March 2026 was highest for detached properties (£1,569) and lowest for flats and maisonettes (£1,345). Average UK private rent was highest for properties with four or more bedrooms (£2,049) and lowest for properties with one bedroom (£1,117).\nFigure 8: The average private rent increases with property size\nAverage private rent, local authorities in England and Wales (March 2026) and Broad Rental Market Areas in Scotland (March 2026) and Northern Ireland (January 2026)\nEmbed code\nEmbed this interactive\nCopy\nNotes:\nNorthern Ireland rents data are currently available up to January 2026.\n8.\nData on private rent and house prices\nPrice Index of Private Rents, UK: monthly price statistics\nDataset | Released 25 March 2026\nPrivate rent price statistics, including indices, annual percentage change, and price levels.\nPrivate Index of Private Rents, UK: historical series\nDataset | Released 26 March 2025\nPrice Index of Private Rents (PIPR) data chain-linked to Index of Private Housing Rental Prices. This is a historical series from January 2005 to February 2025.\nUK House Price Index: monthly price statistics\nDataset | Released 25 March 2026\nSummary of UK House Price Index (HPI) price statistics covering England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.\nFull UK HPI data\nare available on GOV.UK.\nHouse price data: quarterly tables\nDataset | Released 18 February 2026\nQuarterly house price data based on a sub-sample of the Regulated Mortgage Survey.\nHouse price data: annual tables\nDataset | Released 16 July 2025\nAnnual house price data based on a sub-sample of the Regulated Mortgage Survey.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nGlossary\nAdministrative data\nData that are already collected for other purposes through day-to-day activities. Examples include health records or social security payments.\nAnnual percentage change\nThe rate at which prices rise and fall over a 12-month period. Interchangeable with \"annual inflation\" (or \"annual growth\", if positive).\nNon-seasonally adjusted\nA non-seasonally adjusted series is one that includes seasonal effects.\nPrice inflation\nInflation is the rate at which prices rise and fall over time.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nData sources and quality\nThe Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) is released as official statistics in development and is subject to revisions if methodology improvements are identified. Read more in our\nGuide to official statistics in development\n.\nUK House Price Index\nHM Land Registry (HMLR) publishes the full\nUK House Price Index (HPI) report\nand monthly data. Additionally, the Registers of Scotland publishes\nUK HPI reports\n, and Land and Property Services Northern Ireland publishes\nNorthern Ireland HPI reports\n.\nUK HPI's revision policy is in Section 4.4 of HMLR's\nAbout the UK House Price Index guidance\n. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) introduced an improvement to HPI's imputation method for Great Britain on 20 August 2025, which reduces initial overestimation of new build estimates in provisional estimates. More detail about this methods improvement is available in our\nHow we are developing our house price statistics blog post\nand in Section 4.9 of HMLR's\nAbout the UK House Price Index guidance\n.\nIn addition to this, from 17 December 2025, the work to move the UK HPI production system to a new platform has meant we can introduce a minor improvement in the way we link the datasets used in the production of the UK HPI. This means that on average, the new method has more robust information about property attributes, such as floor area and number of rooms being used in the modelling process. This improvement has led to some small revisions to HPI levels that date back to January 2025.\nFrom 22 April 2026, we have introduced these same linkage improvements to our annual processing; in addition, we have made a minor improvement to the calculation of the weights used for properties with missing characteristics in the regression model.\nUK HPI sales volume estimates for older periods and new builds remain lower than historical averages but continue to improve. Users should be aware that revisions may be larger than they have been historically, and should note the\nuncertainty\nin new build estimates. This is because of low availability of new build data for the most recent months.\nThe methods improvement enacted on 20 August 2025 reduces uncertainty in new build estimates, and HMLR continues ongoing activity to reduce the average time to register new build sales. We will continue to monitor the new build series and UK HPI revisions, and to identify potential areas for further improvements in the future.\nPrice Index of Private Rents\nThe reference period for indexing the Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) is January 2023, and statistics are available from January 2015. PIPR coverage was expanded to the whole of the UK and small improvements were made to the Great Britain historical series by incorporating additional data in March 2025.\nOur\nPrice Index of Private Rents, UK: historical series dataset\nlinks the Index of Private Housing Rental Prices (IPHRP) trends before 2015, with PIPR trends from 2015 onwards, down to region level. We advise caution when comparing the trends before 2015 with later estimates because of the methodology change in January 2015.\nOur\nPrivate rental prices development plan, UK: updated October 2025\nsummarises our updated responses and actions taken relating to user requests, and outlines planned further developments relating to PIPR.\nSources for Price Index of Private Rents\nOur\nQuality assurance of administrative data used in the PIPR\ndescribes PIPR data sources.\nData collection for Price Index of Private Rents\nIn England and Wales, achieved rents data are collected for both new and existing tenancies.\nIn Northern Ireland, rents data are for newly advertised lets.\nScotland rents data are mainly for advertised new lets, with only a small proportion based on existing lets data. Therefore, price changes for existing tenancies are mostly estimated for Scotland.\nMeasures relating to in-tenancy rent increases were implemented in Scotland from September 2022 to March 2025. More detail is available in our\nPrice Index of Private Rents, UK dataset\nand in Section 10: Data sources and quality of our\nPrivate rent and house prices, UK: March 2025 bulletin\n. During this period, these measures did not apply to the price of new lets used to estimate the price of existing tenancies.\nScottish Government statisticians believe that the lack of data on existing tenants, to which these measures previously applied, will have led to overestimation in stock prices and indices for Scotland during this period.\nRevision policy for Price Index of Private Rents\nNorthern Ireland rents data are not available for the latest two months. For a given Northern Ireland series (including breakdowns), index values for the latest two months have been estimated by applying the monthly average of the latest available two-month inflation rate for that series to the latest available index value for that series.\nThese imputed index values for the latest two months for Northern Ireland were aggregated with the corresponding data for Great Britain. We used PIPR weights to produce provisional UK estimates for the latest two months for each UK series (including UK-level breakdowns).\nEach subsequent month, updated Northern Ireland data are used to revise estimates for the UK, providing a two-month revision period for the UK series in PIPR.\nStrengths and limitations\nStrengths\nThe PIPR reflects price changes for all privately rented properties, including existing tenancies and newly advertised lets.\nThe PIPR produces prices that are comparable over time and publishes to an increased level of geographic granularity.\nOur\nHow we measure rental price inflation blog post\nexplains the differences between measures of new-let annual inflation and the Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR). The PIPR measures the price change of the entire privately rented stock.\nLimitations\nWhile mitigation efforts are made, price changes at a local level can be influenced by the type and number of properties collected in any given period, which may lead to volatility. Longer-term trends should be considered for lower-level geographic breakdowns, rather than monthly movements.\nEstimates for the City of London and Isles of Scilly are not published because of low collection volumes.\nBecause of differences in data collection and housing policy, caution is advised when comparing estimates for Scotland and Northern Ireland with other areas in England and Wales, and within Scotland. More information is available in our\nPIPR quality and methodology Information (QMI)\n.\nFuture developments\nFollowing our request for a quality-focused assessment of the Private Index of Private Rents (PIPR), the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) published their\nSpotlight on Quality Assessment: PIPR report\nin October 2024.\nWe have been reporting on progress via our quarterly\nPrivate rental prices development plan\n, with the last update published in October 2025. We also published\nour response\nto the PIPR user engagement survey (which ran between June and September 2025). We have not published a further update as we have already completed substantial work to meet the requirements and there has been limited further progress to update.\nWe will publish the next Private rental prices development plan on Thursday 7 May 2026, where we will provide an update on the full set of actions we have taken to address the five requirements outlined in the OSR report. We will also provide our evaluation of PIPR's \"in development\" status and how we will work with OSR to discuss the steps needed to initiate a further assessment towards \"accredited official statistics\" status for PIPR.\nContact us at\nhpi@ons.gov.uk\n.\nBack to table of contents\n11.\nRelated links\nHousing prices in your area\nInteractive tool | Updated 22 April 2026\nFind house prices and private rental prices for local authority and Broad Rental Market Areas across the UK.\nUK House Price Index: reports\nWeb page | Updated 22 April 2026\nMonthly house price movements, including average price by property type, sales, and cash mortgage sales, as well as information on first-time buyers, new builds, and former owner occupiers. Data are collected by HM Land Registry, Registers of Scotland and Northern Ireland Land and Property Services and published on GOV.UK.\nPrivate rental prices development plan, UK: updated October 2025\nArticle | Released 30 October 2025\nOverview of our plans for the statistical development of rental prices statistics, including a timeline for development.\nPrice Index of Private Rents QMI\nMethodology | Released 26 March 2025\nQuality and Methodology Information (QMI) for Price Index of Private Rents, detailing the strengths and limitations of the data, methods used, and data uses and users.\nQuality assurance of administrative data used in the Price Index of Private Rents\nMethodology | Released 26 March 2025\nQuality assurance of administrative data (QAAD) used in the Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR).\nConsumer price inflation, UK: March 2026\nBulletin | Released 22 April 2026\nPrice indices, percentage changes, and weights for the different measures of consumer price inflation.\nBack to table of contents\n12.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 22 April 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nPrivate rent and house prices, UK: April 2026\n.\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/privaterentandhousepricesuk/april2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/privaterentandhousepricesuk/april2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "The Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) measures private rent inflation for new and existing tenancies. The UK House Price Index (HPI) measures house price inflation.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "3.4%", "1,377,", "12 months", "2026", "3.6%", "1,434", "830", "4.8%", "1,022", "2.1%", "880", "5.0%", "6.5%", "1.7%", "1.2%", "268,000,", "1.0%", "290,000", "0.8%", "210,000", "2.5%", "187,000", "2.3%", "10", "2", "2016", "2026,", "2022", "49%", "3", "2,000", "0.7%", "5,000", "1.8%", "4,000", "1.4%", "196,000", "4", "2025,", "7.5%", "12,000", "2024", "3.9%", "2.9%", "3.3%", "1.9%", "3.5%", "1,377", "45", "2015", "48", "38", "5.5%", "8.9%", "2025", "21", "2.4%", "11.7%", "2023", "42", "5.2%", "9.9%", "5", "7.6%", "2,280", "772", "6", "3,599", "554", "1,952", "7", "1,569", "1,345", "2,049", "1,117", "8", "25", "26", "2005"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "House price data: annual tables", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/housepriceindexannualtables2039/current/housepricedataannualtables.xls", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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The “achieved sample” is the number adults who actually participated. The “response rate” is the number of adults who participated (the achieved sample), as a proportion (%) of those who were invited to participate (the issued sample)."], ["2", "The sample size consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain."], ["3", "Sample sizes, both issued and achieved, have been rounded to the nearest 10. Response rates are rounded to the nearest whole number."], ["4", "Please note that data collection periods differ in duration:\nFrom March 2020 to April 2020, the data collection period was around 10 days. From May 2020 to July 2021, the data collection period was around four days. From August 2021 to June 2024, the data collection period was data was around 10 days. From June 2024 onwards, data is collected on roughly a monthly basis.\nWe advise consideration of sampling and wider survey design changed over time when interpreting the OPN Survey sample sizes. 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{"raw_link": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/consumerpriceinflation/march2026", "title": "Consumer price inflation, UK: March 2026", "context": "1.\nMain points\nThe Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) rose by 3.4% in the 12 months to March 2026, up from 3.2% in the 12 months to February.\nOn a monthly basis, CPIH rose by 0.6% in March 2026, compared with a rise of 0.3% in March 2025.\nThe Consumer Prices Index (CPI) rose by 3.3% in the 12 months to March 2026, up from 3.0% in the 12 months to February.\nOn a monthly basis, CPI rose by 0.7% in March 2026, compared with a rise of 0.3% in March 2025.\nMotor fuels made the largest upward contribution to the monthly change in both CPIH and CPI annual rates; clothing made the largest, partially offsetting, downward contribution.\nCore CPIH (CPIH excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco) rose by 3.3% in the 12 months to March 2026, down from 3.4% in the 12 months to February; the CPIH goods annual rate rose from 1.6% to 2.1%, while the CPIH services annual rate rose from 4.2% to 4.3%.\nCore CPI (CPI excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco) rose by 3.1% in the 12 months to March 2026, down from 3.2% in the 12 months to February; the CPI goods annual rate rose from 1.6% to 2.1%, while the CPI services annual rate rose from 4.3% to 4.5%.\nBack to table of contents\n2.\nConsumer price inflation rates\nTable 1: CPIH, OOH component and CPI index values, and annual and monthly rates\nUK, March 2025 to March 2026\nCPIH Index\n(UK, 2015 = 100)\nCPIH 12-\nmonth rate (%)\nCPIH 1-\nmonth rate (%)\nCPI Index\n(UK, 2015=100)\nCPI 12-\nmonth rate (%)\nCPI 1-\nmonth rate (%)\nOOH Index\n(UK, 2015=100)\nOOH 12-\nmonth rate (%)\n2025\nMar\n136.1\n3.4\n0.3\n136.5\n2.6\n0.3\n132.9\n7.2\nApr\n137.7\n4.1\n1.2\n138.2\n3.5\n1.2\n133.2\n6.9\nMay\n138.0\n4.0\n0.2\n138.4\n3.4\n0.2\n133.7\n6.7\nJun\n138.4\n4.1\n0.3\n138.9\n3.6\n0.3\n134.2\n6.4\nJul\n138.5\n4.2\n0.0\n139.0\n3.8\n0.1\n134.0\n5.5\nAug\n138.9\n4.1\n0.3\n139.3\n3.8\n0.3\n134.5\n5.3\nSep\n138.9\n4.1\n0.1\n139.3\n3.8\n0.0\n135.1\n5.2\nOct\n139.5\n3.8\n0.4\n139.8\n3.6\n0.4\n135.7\n4.8\nNov\n139.4\n3.5\n-0.1\n139.5\n3.2\n-0.2\n136.5\n4.5\nDec\n139.9\n3.6\n0.4\n140.1\n3.4\n0.4\n136.8\n4.2\n2026\nJan\n139.4\n3.2\n-0.3\n139.5\n3.0\n-0.5\n137.0\n3.9\nFeb\n140.0\n3.2\n0.4\n140.1\n3.0\n0.4\n137.4\n3.8\nMar\n140.8\n3.4\n0.6\n141.0\n3.3\n0.7\n137.7\n3.6\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 1: CPIH, OOH component and CPI index values, and annual and monthly rates\n.xls\n.csv\nFigure 1: CPIH and CPI annual inflation rates rose in March 2026\nCPIH, owner occupiers’ housing (OOH) costs component and CPI annual inflation rates, UK, March 2016 to March 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 1: CPIH and CPI annual inflation rates rose in March 2026\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nThe Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) rose by 3.4% in the 12 months to March 2026, up from 3.2% in the 12 months to February (Figure 1).\nOn a monthly basis, CPIH rose by 0.6% in March 2026, compared with a rise of 0.3% in March 2025.\nThe Consumer Prices Index (CPI) rose by 3.3% in the 12 months to March 2026, up from 3.0% in the 12 months to February.\nOn a monthly basis, CPI rose by 0.7% in March 2026, compared with a rise of 0.3% in March 2025.\nThe main drivers of the annual inflation rate for CPIH and CPI are the same where they are common to both measures. However, the owner occupiers' housing (OOH) costs component accounts for approximately 18% of the CPIH and is the main driver for differences between the CPIH and CPI inflation rates. This makes CPIH our most comprehensive measure of inflation. We cover this in more detail in\nSection 4: Latest movements in CPIH inflation\nand provide a commentary on the CPI in\nSection 5: Latest movements in CPI inflation\n. We also cover both CPIH and CPI in\nSection 3: Notable movements in prices\n, though the figures reflect CPIH.\nBack to table of contents\n3.\nNotable movements in prices\nTable 2: CPIH annual and monthly inflation rates by division\nUK, March 2025, February 2026, and March 2026\nCPIH 12-month rate (%)\nCPIH 1-month rate (%)\nFebruary 2026\nMarch 2026\nMarch 2025\nMarch 2026\nCPIH All items\n3.2\n3.4\n0.3\n0.6\nFood and non-alcoholic beverages\n3.3\n3.7\n0.0\n0.3\nAlcohol and tobacco\n3.6\n3.3\n0.5\n0.2\nClothing and footwear\n0.9\n-0.8\n2.3\n0.6\nHousing and household services\n4.2\n4.3\n0.2\n0.4\nof which owner occupiers' housing costs\n3.8\n3.6\n0.4\n0.2\nFurniture and household goods\n0.1\n-0.4\n0.6\n0.1\nHealth\n3.1\n3.1\n0.4\n0.3\nTransport\n2.4\n4.7\n0.1\n2.4\nCommunication\n4.3\n4.1\n0.4\n0.3\nRecreation and culture\n2.5\n2.8\n0.0\n0.2\nEducation\n5.1\n5.1\n0.0\n0.0\nRestaurants and hotels\n4.0\n4.0\n0.7\n0.7\nMiscellaneous goods and services\n2.6\n2.5\n0.3\n0.2\nAll goods\n1.6\n2.1\n0.3\n0.9\nAll services\n4.2\n4.3\n0.4\n0.4\nCPIH exc food, energy, alcohol and tobacco (core CPIH)\n3.4\n3.3\n0.4\n0.3\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 2: CPIH annual and monthly inflation rates by division\n.xls\n.csv\nFigure 2: Transport (principally motor fuels) made the largest upward contribution to the change in CPIH annual inflation\nContributions to change in the CPIH annual inflation rate, UK, between February and March 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nIndividual contributions may not sum to the total because of rounding.\nMore information on the contents of each division can be found in Table 3 of our\nConsumer price inflation dataset\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 2: Transport (principally motor fuels) made the largest upward contribution to the change in CPIH annual inflation\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 2 shows the contributions from the 12 divisions to the change in the annual Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) inflation rate between February and March 2026. These sum to the change in the annual rate between the latest two months from 3.2% to 3.4%.\nThe increase in the rate into March 2026 reflected upward contributions from four divisions, partially offset by downward contributions from four divisions. The largest upward contribution came from transport, particularly motor fuels. This was partially offset by a large downward contribution from clothing and footwear.\nTransport\nPrices in the transport division rose overall by 4.7% in the 12 months to March 2026, up from 2.4% in the 12 months to February (Figure 3). The latest annual rate was the highest recorded since December 2022. On a monthly basis, prices rose by 2.4% in March 2026, compared with a rise of 0.1% a year ago. This was the largest monthly increase since April 2025.\nThe largest upward effect came from motor fuels. The average price of petrol rose by 8.6 pence per litre between February and March 2026, compared with a fall of 1.6 pence per litre between February and March 2025. The average price stood at 140.2 pence per litre in March 2026, the highest price since August 2024 when it was 142.3 pence per litre. Motor fuel prices are collected across the month and an average is used in constructing the indices.\nDiesel prices rose by 17.6 pence per litre in March 2026, compared with a fall of 1.6 pence per litre in March 2025. The average price stood at 158.7 pence per litre in March 2026, the highest price since November 2023 when it was 159.0 pence per litre.\nThese movements resulted in overall motor fuel prices rising by 4.9% in the 12 months to March 2026, compared with a fall of 4.6% in the 12 months to February. The March figure was the highest recorded since January 2023.\nFigure 3: Motor fuels inflation rate was at its highest since January 2023\nCPIH, transport and motor fuels 12-month inflation rates, UK, March 2016 to March 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 3: Motor fuels inflation rate was at its highest since January 2023\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nWithin transport, there were smaller upward effects from air fares, and vehicle maintenance and repair, that were partially offset by a small downward contribution from rail fares.\nAir fares rose by 10.0% between February and March 2026, compared with a fall of 0.3% a year ago. The rise into March 2026 was the largest increase between February and March since 2016, when it was 22.9%. The upward effect came almost entirely from long haul routes, where the return flights were on the Tuesday immediately after the Easter weekend. All prices were collected before the outbreak of war in the Middle East on 28 February 2026.\nPrices for vehicle maintenance and repair rose this year by more than a year ago, with the main upward contribution coming from roadside recovery services.\nRail fares were little changed overall this year because of the price freeze on some fares, compared with a rise of 2.9% a year ago. There were small downward effects mainly from peak, off-peak and advance fares.\nHousing and household services\nThe 12-month rate for housing and household services was 4.3% in March 2026, up slightly from 4.2% in February. Prices rose by 0.4% in the month to March 2026, compared with 0.2% a year ago.\nThe increase in the rate resulted from large price rises for domestic heating oil. Prices increased by 90.5% in March this year, compared with a fall of 7.5% a year ago. This resulted in a 12-month rate of 95.3%, the highest since September 2022. This upward effect was partially offset by a small downward contribution from owner occupiers’ housing costs, which rose in March 2026 by less than a year ago.\nFood and non-alcoholic beverages\nFood and non-alcoholic beverage prices rose by 3.7% in the 12 months to March 2026, up from 3.3% in the 12 months to February. On a monthly basis, food and non-alcoholic beverage prices rose by 0.3% in March 2026, but were little changed a year ago.\nThere were small upward effects behind the change in the annual rate from 4 of the 11 detailed classes, namely chocolate and confectionery, meat, fish, and soft drinks. These were partially offset by small downward contributions from bread and cereals, and dairy products.\nClothing and footwear\nClothing and footwear prices fell by 0.8% in the 12 months to March 2026, compared with a rise of 0.9% in the 12 months to February (Figure 4). The March annual rate was the lowest recorded since March 2021, when prices were affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.\nFigure 4: Clothing and footwear inflation rate was at its lowest since March 2021\nCPIH, and clothing and footwear 12-month inflation rates, UK, March 2016 to March 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 4: Clothing and footwear inflation rate was at its lowest since March 2021\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nOn a monthly basis, prices rose by 0.6% in March 2026, compared with a larger rise of 2.3% a year ago. Prices usually rise in March as the spring product ranges continue to enter the shops following the new year sales period, but the rise into March 2025 was relatively large following a price fall in February. The price movements reflect changes in the proportion of discounted prices in the datasets. The proportion fell between February and March this year, but by less than the fall seen over the same period a year ago.\nThe slowing in the 12-month rate was the result of downward effects from many of the more detailed categories, particularly women's and children's clothing.\nBack to table of contents\n4.\nLatest movements in CPIH inflation\nFigure 5: Core CPIH annual inflation was last lower in October 2021\nCPIH goods, services and core annual inflation rates, UK, March 2016 to March 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 5: Core CPIH annual inflation was last lower in October 2021\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 5 shows the 12-month inflation rates for the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) series for all goods and all services, together with CPIH excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco (often referred to as core CPIH). The CPIH inflation rate is added for comparison.\nThe core CPIH annual inflation rate was 3.3% in March 2026, down slightly from 3.4% in February and equal to the 3.3% seen in January. The rate was last lower in October 2021.\nThe CPIH all-goods index rose by 2.1% in the 12 months to March 2026, up from 1.6% in the 12 months to February. The largest upward contribution to the change in the annual rate came from energy. The largest, partially offsetting, downward effect came from non-energy industrial goods, particularly clothing and footwear goods.\nThe CPIH all-services index rose by 4.3% in the 12 months to March 2026, up slightly from 4.2% in the 12 months to February. The largest upward contribution to the change in the annual rate came from travel and transport services, particularly air fares. The largest, partially offsetting, downward effect came from housing services, particularly owner occupiers' housing costs.\nFigure 6: Housing and household services made the largest contribution to the CPIH annual inflation rate for the 21st consecutive month\nContributions to the CPIH annual inflation rate, UK, March 2024 to March 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nIndividual contributions may not sum to the total because of rounding.\nMore information on the contents of each division can be found in Table 3 of our\nConsumer price inflation dataset\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 6: Housing and household services made the largest contribution to the CPIH annual inflation rate for the 21st consecutive month\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 6 shows the extent to which the distinct categories of goods and services have contributed to the overall annual CPIH inflation rate over the last two years. The contribution of each category to the annual rate depends on the price movement in that category and its weight, which is updated annually.\nThe largest positive contribution to the CPIH annual inflation rate came from housing and household services. The division has made the largest contribution for the last 21 months, starting from July 2024. However, its contribution had eased for 10 consecutive months from April 2025, until a rise between February and March 2026.\nThe contributions to the rate from clothing and footwear, and furniture and household goods changed from small positives to small negatives between February and March 2026. This meant 10 divisions made positive contributions to the rate in March 2026 and 2 made negative contributions.\nFigure 7: Annual contribution from owner occupiers’ housing costs smallest since October 2022\nContributions of housing components to the CPIH annual inflation rate, UK, March 2016 to March 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nIndividual contributions may not sum to the total because of rounding.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 7: Annual contribution from owner occupiers’ housing costs smallest since October 2022\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 7 shows the contributions from owner occupiers’ housing (OOH) costs and Council Tax to the annual CPIH inflation rate in the context of wider housing-related costs. The Consumer Prices Index (CPI) differs from the CPIH because it does not include these two components.\nThe annual contribution from OOH costs continued to slow and was 0.63 percentage points in March 2026. This contribution was the smallest since October 2022, when it was 0.62 percentage points. The contribution has decreased for 14 consecutive months from a recent high of 1.31 percentage points in January 2025.\nThe annual contribution from electricity, gas and other fuels rose from 0.05 percentage points in February 2026 to 0.13 percentage points in March because of a sharp increase in the price of domestic heating oil.\nBack to table of contents\n5.\nLatest movements in CPI inflation\nWhile the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers’ housing costs (CPIH) is our most comprehensive measure of consumer price inflation, the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) is based on a harmonised methodology developed by Eurostat. This enables international comparisons to be drawn. It is also used to set the operational inflation target for UK monetary policy, and to uprate working-age benefits and tax credits. More information on the use cases for our consumer price inflation statistics can be found in our\nMeasuring changing prices and costs for consumers and households: December 2023 article\n.\nFigure 8 shows annual CPI inflation for the UK compared with the EU average and selected G7 countries. While the UK CPI is produced on a comparable basis with EU countries, the US Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) differs in some respects. More information is available in Note 1 to Figure 8.\nThe UK's CPI inflation rate of 3.3% was higher than that of the EU (2.8%), Germany (2.8%) and France (2.0%) in March 2026. The last time the UK rate was lower than the rate for the EU overall was December 2024.\nFigure 8: UK inflation rate was last lower than the EU rate in December 2024\nCPI compared with selected G7 and EU annual inflation rates, March 2016 to March 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics, Eurostat, and the US Bureau of Labor Statistics\nNotes:\nThere are some differences in the definition of the US Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices that may limit comparison. More information is available on the\nUS Bureau of Labor Statistics R-HICP homepage\n. The latest available figure is for December 2024.\nThe Euro area inflation estimates for March 2026 can be found in the\nEurostat Data Browser\n.\nThe international data in this figure are sometimes revised.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 8: UK inflation rate was last lower than the EU rate in December 2024\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nTable 3: CPI annual and monthly inflation rates by division\nUK, March 2025, February 2026, and March 2026\nCPI 12-month rate (%)\nCPI 1-month rate (%)\nFebruary 2026\nMarch 2026\nMarch 2025\nMarch 2026\nCPI All items\n3.0\n3.3\n0.3\n0.7\nFood and non-alcoholic beverages\n3.3\n3.7\n0.0\n0.3\nAlcohol and tobacco\n3.6\n3.3\n0.5\n0.2\nClothing and footwear\n0.9\n-0.8\n2.3\n0.6\nHousing and household services\n4.6\n5.3\n0.1\n0.7\nFurniture and household goods\n0.1\n-0.4\n0.6\n0.1\nHealth\n3.1\n3.1\n0.4\n0.3\nTransport\n2.4\n4.7\n0.1\n2.4\nCommunication\n4.3\n4.1\n0.4\n0.3\nRecreation and culture\n2.5\n2.8\n0.0\n0.2\nEducation\n5.1\n5.1\n0.0\n0.0\nRestaurants and hotels\n4.0\n4.0\n0.7\n0.7\nMiscellaneous goods and services\n2.6\n2.5\n0.3\n0.2\nAll goods\n1.6\n2.1\n0.3\n0.9\nAll services\n4.3\n4.5\n0.4\n0.5\nCPI exc food, energy, alcohol and tobacco (core CPI)\n3.2\n3.1\n0.5\n0.4\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this table\nTable 3: CPI annual and monthly inflation rates by division\n.xls\n.csv\nFigure 9: Core CPI annual inflation was last lower in September 2021\nCPI goods, services and core annual inflation rates, UK, March 2016 to March 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nDownload this chart\nFigure 9: Core CPI annual inflation was last lower in September 2021\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 9 shows the 12-month inflation rates for the CPI all-goods and all-services series, together with CPI excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco (often referred to as core CPI). The headline CPI inflation rate is added for comparison.\nThe core CPI annual inflation rate was 3.1% in March 2026, down slightly from 3.2% in February and equal to the 3.1% seen in January. The rate was last lower in September 2021.\nThe CPI all-goods index rose by 2.1% in the 12 months to March 2026, up from 1.6% in the 12 months to February.\nThe CPI all-services index rose by 4.5% in the 12 months to March 2026, up from 4.3% in the 12 months to February.\nAs with the all-items annual inflation rates, the drivers of CPIH and CPI goods and services inflation are the same (except for owner occupiers' housing (OOH) costs and Council Tax, which are excluded from CPI). The drivers are discussed in more detail in\nSection 4: Latest movements in CPIH inflation\n.\nFigure 10: Transport (principally motor fuels) made the largest upward contribution to the change in CPI annual inflation\nContributions to change in the CPI annual inflation rate, UK, between February and March 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nIndividual contributions may not sum to the total because of rounding.\nMore information on the contents of each division can be found in Table 4 of our\nConsumer price inflation dataset\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 10: Transport (principally motor fuels) made the largest upward contribution to the change in CPI annual inflation\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 10 shows how each of the main groups of goods and services contributed to the change in the CPI annual inflation rate between February and March 2026.\nThe increase in the rate into March 2026 reflected upward contributions from four divisions, partially offset by downward contributions from four divisions. The largest upward contribution came from transport, particularly motor fuels. This was partially offset by a large downward contribution from clothing and footwear.\nThough the sizes of the contributions differ from CPIH, the main drivers to the change are the same where they are common to both measures.\nFigure 11: Housing and household services made the largest contribution to the CPI annual inflation rate for the 12th consecutive month\nContributions to the CPI annual inflation rate, UK, March 2024 to March 2026\nSource: Consumer price inflation from the Office for National Statistics\nNotes:\nIndividual contributions may not sum to the total because of rounding.\nMore information on the contents of each division can be found in Table 4 of our\nConsumer price inflation dataset\n.\nDownload this chart\nFigure 11: Housing and household services made the largest contribution to the CPI annual inflation rate for the 12th consecutive month\nImage\n.csv\n.xls\nFigure 11 shows the extent to which the distinct categories of goods and services have contributed to the overall annual CPI inflation rate over the last two years.\nThe CPIH includes extra housing components not included in the CPI. This can sometimes result in the largest contributions to the annual CPI and CPIH inflation rates coming from different divisions. However, the housing and household services division made the largest contribution to both measures in March 2026, with a 0.67 percentage point contribution to the CPI rate and a 1.31 percentage point contribution to the CPIH rate. OOH costs made an upward contribution to the housing and household services 12-month rate in the CPIH but are excluded from the CPI.\nBack to table of contents\n6.\nData on consumer price inflation\nConsumer price inflation tables\nDataset | Released 22 April 2026\nMeasures of monthly UK inflation data including the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH), Consumer Prices Index (CPI) and Retail Prices Index (RPI). These tables complement the consumer price inflation time series dataset.\nConsumer price inflation time series\nDataset MM23 | Released 22 April 2026\nComprehensive database of time series covering measures of inflation data for the UK including CPIH, CPI and RPI.\nConsumer price inflation detailed briefing note\nDataset | Released 22 April 2026\nThe consumer price inflation detailed briefing note contains details of the items contributing to the changes in the CPIH, details of any notable movements, a summary of the reconciliation of CPIH and RPI, and the outlook, which looks ahead to next month's release.\nConsumer price inflation consumption segment indices and price quotes\nDataset | Released 22 April 2026\nPrice quote data (for locally collected data only) and consumption segment indices (that underpin consumer price inflation statistics), giving users access to the detailed data that are used in the construction of the UK's inflation figures. From publication in March 2026, this dataset no longer includes price quote data for food and non-alcoholic beverages, and alcohol and tobacco. More information is included in\nSection 8: Data sources and quality\n.\nContributions to the 12-month rate of CPI(H) by import intensity\nDataset | Released 22 April 2026\nA time series of the contributions to the CPIH and CPI annual rates broken down by the import intensity of household purchases.\nConsumer price inflation, historical data, UK, 1950 to 1988\nDataset | Released 18 May 2022\nData tables of historical estimates modelled for the CPIH and CPI over the period 1950 to 1988. Data in these tables are not accredited official statistics and are provided for indicative purposes only.\nBack to table of contents\n7.\nGlossary\nAnnual inflation rate\nThe most common approach to measuring inflation is the 12-month or annual inflation rate, which compares prices for the latest month with the same month a year ago. In any given month, the annual rate is determined by the balance between upward and downward price movements across the range of goods and services included in the index.\nConsumer price inflation\nConsumer price inflation is the rate at which the prices of goods and services bought by households rise or fall. It is estimated by using price indices. For an overview of the range of indices available and their uses, please see our\nConsumer price indices, a brief guide: 2026\nand our\nMeasuring changing prices and costs for consumers and households: December 2023 article\n.\nCPIH\nThe Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) is the most comprehensive measure of inflation. It extends the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) to include a measure of the costs associated with owning, maintaining and living in one's own home, known as owner occupiers' housing (OOH) costs, along with Council Tax. Both are substantial expenses for many households and are not included in the CPI.\nCPI\nThe CPI is a measure of consumer price inflation produced to international standards, and is based on European regulations for the\nHarmonised Index of Consumer Prices\n. The CPI is the inflation measure used in the government's target for inflation.\nThe CPI is produced at the same level of detail as the CPIH in our accompanying\nConsumer price inflation dataset\nand in our accompanying\nConsumer price inflation time series\n.\nOwner occupiers' housing costs\nOOH costs are the costs of housing services associated with owning, maintaining and living in one's own home.\nRPI\nThe Retail Prices Index (RPI) and its subcomponents do not meet the required standard for designation as\naccredited official statistics\n. In recognition that the index continues to be widely used in contracts, we continue to publish the RPI, its subcomponents, and RPI excluding mortgage interest payments (RPIX). To view the all-items RPI, please see the\ndata time series section of the Inflation and price indices area of our website\n. The annual RPI inflation rate was 4.1% in March 2026.\nThe UK Statistics Authority (The Authority) and HM Treasury launched a consultation in 2020 on The Authority's proposal to address the shortcomings of the RPI. From 2030 (at the earliest), as outlined in\nThe Authority's response to the joint consultation on reforming the methodology of the Retail Prices Index\n, the CPIH methods and data sources will be introduced into the RPI. Additionally, the supplementary and lower-level indices of the RPI will be discontinued.\nBack to table of contents\n8.\nData sources and quality\nTreatment of energy prices in consumer price inflation statistics\nIn the 2025 Autumn Budget, the\ngovernment announced\nit would take an average of £150 off the cost of energy bills from April 2026 by making policy changes that would result in lowering the per-unit price. For customers on standard variable tariffs, the effect of this coincided with the start of the April to July Ofgem energy price cap on 1 April. For customers on fixed tariffs, the savings were to be passed on in full to all customers already on fixed tariffs on 1 April.\nAs this policy influences the unit prices that domestic consumers are charged, these reduced prices will be used in compiling the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH), Consumer Prices Index (CPI) and Retail Prices Index (RPI). For the gas and electricity variable tariff items, these will be picked up through the usual index compilation process. For the two fixed tariff items, which use a 12-month rolling average, the unit rates for existing customers starting their contracts during May 2025 to March 2026 will be adjusted downwards for the compilation of the April 2026 indices onwards.\nIntroducing scanner data into consumer price inflation statistics\nWe introduced scanner data for approximately 50% of the grocery market with the February 2026 index, published on 25 March 2026. Instead of collecting 25,000 prices per month directly from shops by price collectors, we are now using approximately 300 million price points derived from sales of over a billion units of products per month, collected directly from supermarket scanners at the checkouts or online. For the remaining 50% of the groceries market, we continue to manually collect prices in-store and online.\nFor comparison, we produced the all-items headline rates for February 2026 without using scanner data. Based on locally collected grocery data, the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) rose by 3.3% in the year to February 2026, and the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) rose by 3.1%. These were slightly above the official rates of 3.2% and 3.0%, respectively.\nYou can find more about this change and how it affects our headline measures of inflation in our\nImpact analysis on transformation of UK consumer price statistics: January 2026 article\n.\nWe also published our\nOverview of how we use scanner data in consumer price inflation statistics: January 2026 article\nand our\nHow multilateral index methods help us understand grocery scanner data article\n, which support user understanding of how we use the data.\nThis change was incorporated into the CPI and CPIH February 2026 datasets, and will be introduced in the Household Costs Indices (HCIs), to be published on 28 May 2026. Following the\nBank of England response to the proposed changes to the Retail Prices Index (RPI) in 2026 (143.6 kB PDF)\n, required under the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007, the change was also included in the RPI.\nThis followed some changes introduced with the February 2025 index in March 2025, as a necessary step towards incorporating scanner data into the consumer price indices. At that point, the process for aggregating the detailed information changed. Goods and services were allocated into \"consumption segments\" for different categories of expenditure.\nIn some cases, we defined these consumption segments to correspond to one \"item\" for which we track prices over time. However, in cases where more comprehensive source data were going to become available, a consumption segment was set up to include much more than just one item. There is more information on the use of consumption segments in our\nIntroducing alternative data into consumer price statistics: aggregation and weights article\n. For simplicity, we continue to refer to \"items\" in our statistical bulletin and detailed briefing note.\nChanges to published microdata\nDespite the benefits of introducing scanner data into the consumer price indices, we can no longer publish the price quote data for food and non-alcoholic beverages, alcohol and tobacco (Divisions 1 and 2 of the CPIH and CPI), or the equivalent categories of RPI in our\nConsumer price inflation consumption segment indices and price quotes dataset\n. This is because of our data-sharing agreements with retailers.\nInstead, we have developed new aggregate output statistics to meet the needs of users. We are publishing regional consumption segment indices and weights, and counts of indicator marker codes (for example, sales and recoveries) that are manually collected as part of the traditional data collection. We first published these from March 2026, with the release of the February 2026 indices. Further outputs will be introduced in summer 2026. More information on the new outputs is available in our\nChanges to the provision of microdata outputs for consumer price inflation statistics: January 2026 article\n.\nHouseholds and the cost of living\nTo assist individuals in understanding how the rise in inflation affects their expenditure, we have produced a\npersonal inflation calculator\n. The calculator allows users to enter the amount they spend across either a reduced or a wide range of categories, to produce an estimate of their personal inflation based on those spending patterns.\nOur\nShopping prices comparison tool\nshows how the average prices of items have changed over time. Please note that the newly introduced consumption segments for food, drink and tobacco will not have data before 2025 in the tool. However, the historical average prices for food, drink and tobacco items, that were in the tool before the update in 2025, can be found in our\nShopping prices comparison tool data download before the 2025 update\n.\nPlease also note that Table 55 in our historical\nConsumer price inflation dataset\n, which provided time series of prices for petrol and diesel, has not been published since 19 February 2025, and the two series have been discontinued. Historical average prices are still available from the time series explorer function on our website, using the four-character identifiers CZMK for petrol and CZML for diesel.\nOn 26 February 2026, we published our quarterly\nHousehold Costs Indices (HCIs) for UK household groups bulletin\n. The HCIs reflect how different types of households experience changing prices, and differ from CPIH and CPI. The CPIH and CPI are based on recognised economic principles and provide an aggregate measure of inflation for household spending in the UK.\nThe HCIs are\nofficial statistics in development\nand this release included new estimates for October to December 2025. It was not possible for this latest release to update the weights for 2025 in line with the standard methodology for consumer prices. This is because of delays in processing the underlying survey data and the need for further, ongoing quality assurance. Instead, the most recent estimates have been compiled using the weights for February to December 2024. We will update the weights as soon as the data are available to use.\nPassenger transport by air\nA monthly index for passenger transport by air is included in the monthly consumer price inflation dataset. From March 2025, we also began publishing a set of subindices and weights on an annual basis.\nDomestic, European and long-haul airfares consumer prices sub-indices and weights\nwas updated on 25 March 2026 with data for March 2025 to February 2026, and a longer historical time series back to 2007. From March 2026, we have also started to release\nquarterly and annual average air fares\n, again on an annual basis. The analyses are released in\nthe user requested data section of our website\n.\nClassification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP)\nThe Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP) is the classification that underpins some of the main statistics that we produce. To reflect changes in household expenditure patterns since its inception in the late 1990s, the\nclassification was updated in 2018 (PDF, 1,286KB)\n.\nThe UK currently uses the\nversion of COICOP introduced in 1999, which was updated in 2017\nto add additional detail at the sub-class level. However, we plan to have implemented the updated COICOP 2018 by 2029, as referenced in\nSection B4 of our Economic statistics plan\nand\nSection 5 of our Economic statistics progress report\n. We will also consider re-referencing the CPI as part of the move to the new classification and will provide users with full details of our plans, once finalised.\nFor further information, please email\ncpi@ons.gov.uk\n.\nWeights for 2026 consumer price inflation statistics\nIn line with usual practice at the start of each year, the expenditure weights used in compiling the CPIH and CPI were calculated using updated spending information. The first update of weights was implemented with the January indices. The second update was introduced, along with the usual basket update, with the February indices released in March. We published our\nConsumer price inflation, updating weights: 2026 article\nand our\nConsumer price inflation basket of goods and services: 2026 article\non 16 March 2026.\nThe 2026 weights for CPIH and CPI were calculated using national accounts household final consumption expenditure (HHFCE) data for 2024. They reflect our most comprehensive and complete estimate of the latest household spending at the time of the weights update. This is in line with our standard methodology. More information is available in our\nConsumer price inflation, updating weights article series\n.\nThe weights for the RPI were also updated and introduced with the February 2026 index.\nConsumer price inflation historical estimates, UK, 1950 to 1988\nOn 18 May 2022, we published our\nConsumer price inflation, historical estimates, UK, 1950 to 1988 – methodology\nand our\nConsumer price inflation, historical estimates and recent trends, UK: 1950 to 2022 article\n. These include new estimates of CPIH and improved estimates of CPI for 1950 to 1988. These estimates (published in response to user need for a longer series) are indicative and are for analytical purposes only. They are not intended for official use and do not constitute part of the\naccredited official statistics\nseries.\nPreviously, in December 2018, we published our\nConsumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) historical series: 1988 to 2004 article\n. These series are also not classed as accredited official statistics, reflecting the historical uncertainty around the backcasts.\nMethodology information\nThe consumer price indices are based on prices collected manually from outlets around the country, information collected centrally over the internet and by phone, and, from February 2026, data collected from supermarket scanners at the checkouts or online. The traditionally sourced data used in this release were collected on or around 17 March 2026.\nAn overview of consumer price statistics is given in our\nConsumer price indices, a brief guide: 2026\n. The concepts and methodologies underpinning the indices in more detail are covered in our\nConsumer prices indices technical guidance\n.\nInformation on the users and uses of these statistics, and the characteristics of the different measures of inflation related to potential use, is included in our\nUsers and uses of consumer price inflation statistics: July 2018 update methodology\n.\nStrengths and limitations\nIn our\nMeasuring changing prices and costs for consumers and households article\n, we illustrated our approach to the process using three \"use cases\", and described how they relate to the measures published and under development.\nThe three cases refer firstly to the CPIH as our lead measure of inflation, based on economic principles. They also refer to the HCIs as a set of measures that reflect the change in costs and prices experienced by different households, and the RPI as a legacy measure that is required to meet existing user needs. The issues with the RPI are described in our\nShortcomings of the Retail Prices Index as a measure of inflation article\n.\nAccredited official statistics\nThese\naccredited official statistics\nwere independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in July 2017. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the\nCode of Practice for Statistics\nand should be labelled \"accredited official statistics\".\nRevisions and correction of errors policies for consumer price inflation statistics\nOur\nRevisions and correction of errors policies for consumer price inflation statistics\nare stated separately to highlight the differences between them. Within each policy, there is information on how the policy is applied, in what circumstances users will be notified and how users will be notified. This policy replaces our previous\nRevisions policy for consumer price inflation statistics\n, published in March 2017.\nBack to table of contents\n9.\nRelated links\nProducer price inflation, UK\nBulletin | Released 22 April 2026\nChanges in the prices of goods bought and sold by UK manufacturers, including price indices of materials and fuels purchased (input prices) and factory gate prices (output prices).\nPrivate rent and house prices, UK\nBulletin | Released 22 April 2026\nThe Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) measures private rent inflation for new and existing tenancies. The UK House Price Index (HPI) measures house price inflation.\nShopping prices comparison tool\nInteractive | Released 22 April 2026\nSearch to see how the average prices of hundreds of shopping items are changing.\nConsumer price inflation, updating weights: 2026\nArticle | Released 16 March 2026\nAn overview of the latest annual update of Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) weights.\nHousehold Costs Indices for UK household groups: October to December 2025\nBulletin | Released 26 February 2026\nHousehold Costs Indices, 12-month growth rates, expenditure shares and contributions for UK household groups and all households. These are official statistics in development.\nUK Statistics Authority National Statistician's Advisory Panels on Consumer Price Statistics\nWeb page | Updated when needed\nReports, papers and minutes of the two independent advisory panels on consumer price statistics: a technical panel to advise the National Statistician on technical aspects of the statistics, and a stakeholder panel to provide advice on the uses and applications of price indices.\nBack to table of contents\n10.\nCite this statistical bulletin\nOffice for National Statistics (ONS), released 22 April 2026, ONS website, statistical bulletin,\nConsumer price inflation, UK: March 2026\nBack to table of contents", "source": "Office for National Statistics analysis and statistical bulletins", "source_record_id": "economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/consumerpriceinflation/march2026", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/consumerpriceinflation/march2026", "record_type": "analysis_result_summary_with_numeric_evidence", "source_license": "Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated", "license_note": "ONS terms state that most content is Crown copyright and published under the Open Government Licence. Photographs, illustrations, videos, and other exempt third-party material are not included.", "published_date": "", "description": "Price indices, percentage changes, and weights for the different measures of consumer price inflation.", "numeric_mentions": ["1", "3.4%", "12 months", "2026,", "3.2%", "0.6%", "0.3%", "2025", "3.3%", "3.0%", "0.7%", "1.6%", "2.1%", "4.2%", "4.3%", "3.1%", "4.5%", "2", "2026", "2015", "100", "12", "136.1", "3.4", "0.3", "136.5", "2.6", "132.9", "7.2", "137.7", "4.1", "1.2", "138.2", "3.5", "133.2", "6.9", "138.0", "4.0", "0.2", "138.4", "133.7", "6.7", "138.9", "3.6", "134.2", "6.4", "138.5", "4.2", "0.0", "139.0", "3.8", "0.1", "134.0", "5.5", "139.3", "134.5", "5.3", "135.1", "5.2", "139.5", "0.4", "139.8", "135.7", "4.8", "139.4", "-0.1", "3.2", "-0.2", "4.5", "139.9", "140.1", "136.8", "-0.3", "3.0", "-0.5", "137.0", "3.9", "140.0", "137.4", "140.8"], "numeric_evidence": [{"title": "Consumer price inflation detailed briefing note", "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/consumerpriceinflationdetailedbriefingnote/may2026/briefingtablesmay2026.xlsx", "file_type": "xls", "sheets": [{"sheet_name": "Cover", "sample_rows": [["Opinions and Lifestyle Survey: Sample sizes, response rates and user requested data"], ["Source: Office for National Statistics"], ["Date published: 19 June 2026"], ["Statistical contact"], ["OPN Analysis Team"], ["OPN_Analysis@ons.gov.uk"], ["Media contact"], ["+44 (0)203 973 4761"], ["Media.Relations@ons.gov.uk"], ["Coverage"], ["The sample consists of individuals aged 16 years and over living in Great Britain. 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