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e8cfc614-2fd3-4dbe-9c95-b275611dabd9 | Air pollution
Air pollution is the presence of substances in the air that are harmful to humans, other living beings or the
environment. Pollutants can be gases, like ozone or nitrogen oxides, or small particles like soot and dust.
Both outdoor and indoor air can be polluted.
Outdoor air pollution comes from burning fo... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 10, "from": 1}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'... | [0.044033084,0.036010575,-0.17595474,-0.010503714,0.059497606,0.09782289,-0.008776407,0.011461387,0.018396193,-0.045287058,0.04003443,0.061630625,0.074073754,0.03928097,0.0061029335,-0.040203355,-0.03937723,-0.021173889,0.013532417,0.051382594,-0.08089396,-0.0687604,0.03252244,-0.05915905,0.028984569,0.048150476,0.0004... |
a9066457-2918-46ca-8c94-32b27b3111f8 | Air pollution kills 7 or 8 million people each year. It is a significant risk factor for a number of diseases,
including stroke, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and lung cancer.
Particulate matter is the most deadly, both for indoor and outdoor air pollution. Ozone affects crops, an... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 19, "from": 10}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00... | [0.046393253,0.026790593,-0.17480019,0.030652879,0.06580541,0.088622004,-0.029088752,0.022733223,0.052673645,-0.023647135,0.03895037,0.010385022,0.08124022,0.022875074,0.034197453,-0.0075428053,-0.058170453,-0.030648213,-0.0064192205,0.024092011,-0.039336912,-0.07146693,0.0027719445,-0.064094335,0.027106473,0.078004524... |
9c73f535-7539-4bc6-9763-e6fcab30e98c | 1963 US Clean Air Act. International efforts have had mixed results: the Montreal Protocol almost eliminated
harmful ozone-depleting chemicals, while international action on climate change has been less successful.
Sources
Human sources
Industry and construction
Demolition of the cooling towers of a power
station, At... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 27, "from": 19}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00... | [0.038535457,0.015624546,-0.17599481,0.014580211,0.06653054,0.07149572,-0.012055533,0.0470298,0.026455611,-0.033635497,0.024344174,-0.031857923,0.054689027,-0.014801907,0.054516084,-0.022615772,-0.021039283,-0.061471384,0.004121404,0.08493977,0.0012222795,-0.085370764,-0.005300837,-0.060027074,0.03324159,0.06109487,-0.... |
cb141194-2931-434d-9bbf-b80b4268a95f | Before flue-gas desulfurization was
installed, the emissions from this power
plant in New Mexico contained excessive
amounts of sulfur dioxide.
Burning fuel to generate electricity causes air pollution; lignite and coal produce the most air pollution,
followed by oil, and then by fossil gas and biomass.
[1][2]
Methane... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 52, "from": 30}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00... | [0.03983701,0.02376338,-0.18829948,-0.007636416,0.031468045,0.01036787,-0.037828665,0.08211876,0.0029041416,-0.045856316,0.029430375,0.024615187,0.097162284,0.0066146394,0.055040915,-0.037265528,-0.013534802,-0.025261639,0.004698626,0.0045955484,-0.04396547,-0.095616,0.01844668,-0.09312699,0.051258296,0.05210685,-0.019... |
64d91168-41a2-4a7e-9acc-4c4235dce998 | and demolition are relatively coarse.
[8][9]
Construction also has an indirect impact on air quality, as cement
production is one of the main sources of particle pollution.
[5]
Though banned in many countries, asbestos
persists in older buildings, where it poses a risk of lung disease when disturbed.
[10]
Building m... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 72, "from": 50}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00... | [0.061573606,0.041744888,-0.16761033,-0.005025333,0.048099957,0.05423525,0.009136032,0.07178337,0.026674481,-0.02565345,0.049770895,-0.006521038,0.07858574,0.01731079,0.033672657,-0.013096262,-0.044943366,-0.023702724,0.053114545,0.04423987,-0.024757447,-0.052805733,0.012678461,-0.09840795,0.014951296,0.06383869,-0.020... |
c042d087-359d-4e97-959a-4d1eb8197a2a | half from non-exhaust emissions (tire and brake wear and erosion or disturbance of the road surface);
electric vehicles produce no tailpipe emissions, but still produce the other emissions.
[15]
Diesel trains, ships,
and planes also cause air pollution.
[16]
Agriculture and waste
Controlled burning of a field outsid... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 80, "from": 70}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00... | [0.024969868,0.031367708,-0.19855876,0.017436408,0.0939421,0.075779125,0.0122852065,0.03808115,0.020645883,-0.056241535,0.041287158,0.0074809454,0.10411873,0.057676904,0.004728065,-0.008704508,-0.02324706,-0.04423072,0.029755792,0.03340609,-0.005467415,-0.053279065,-0.0012352901,-0.042454857,0.044288445,0.056649815,-0.... |
efed2f2d-c8a8-479d-955f-dad88737cf30 | E-waste processing in Agbogbloshie,
Ghana, using open-burning of electronics
to access valuable metals like copper.
Agricultural emissions, both from crops and from animal agriculture, contribute substantially to air
pollution.
[17][18]
For instance, methane is emitted by the digestion of food by cattle, causing groun... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 103, "from": 83}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'0... | [0.03277245,0.033913985,-0.19344097,-0.026340462,0.0852121,0.03750784,-0.011557352,0.053909805,0.01643406,-0.04531331,0.0028455323,0.02056899,0.09951606,0.035059407,0.017894395,-0.009308534,-0.046284962,-0.021757178,0.0035001289,0.10032453,-0.043384403,-0.07418842,0.024087885,-0.06043766,0.011414423,0.03650135,-0.00836... |
2086466e-ca17-4a48-b1d7-830fc9ca024e | [22]
Organic
waste in landfills itself also produces methane as it decomposes.
[23]
Globally, a quarter of solid waste is not
collected and another quarter is not disposed of properly.
[24]
Household sources
Smoking fish over an open fire in Ghana,
2018.
As of 2023, more than 2.3 billion people in developing countr... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 125, "from": 99}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'0... | [0.0100408895,0.034563355,-0.18425238,-0.031064816,0.069184765,0.029288564,-0.009306674,0.034589145,0.015883181,-0.061131857,-0.00826853,-0.005909053,0.09449731,0.05215489,0.010024233,-0.025573526,-0.043714896,-0.025587322,-0.01950797,0.090673655,-0.06869678,-0.06075002,0.020138364,-0.055734687,0.013694742,0.067756295,... |
63568e0f-57d4-4ed7-9b2d-536c2177bb2d | children.
[26]
Gas stoves for cooking contribute to indoor air pollution by emitting NO
2
, benzene, and carbon
monoxide.
[27]
Toasters can produce particulate pollution.
[28]
Similarly, heating systems such as furnaces and
other types of fuel-burning heating devices release pollutants into the air.
[29]
In some dev... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 136, "from": 117}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [-0.016432483,0.061415467,-0.18126792,-0.006383935,0.009299957,0.03931078,-0.022658052,0.041770924,0.017277116,-0.04544527,-0.023138601,0.036281914,0.06867128,0.076235555,0.017860329,-0.048716288,-0.07007726,-0.0065803085,-0.007110566,0.040417165,-0.047947373,-0.05475417,0.01338426,-0.096083075,0.014489839,0.07326108,-... |
230f548f-ac2b-48bf-ae53-754ced409cae | Other sources of indoor air pollution are building materials, biological material and tobacco smoke.
Biological material, such as dander, house dust mite, mold and pollen, can come from humans, animals or
plants. Some of this material can trigger allergies, such as allergic rhinitis.
[11]
Fumes from pesticides, paints... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 154, "from": 138}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.04259636,0.045278154,-0.1866755,0.0047656097,0.028760193,0.06082953,-0.03758506,0.027952038,0.029859511,-0.072005145,0.0362945,0.04729214,0.08368197,0.05964335,-0.0010717562,-0.031348366,-0.016712623,-0.0028191202,0.026709147,0.02235117,-0.06637588,-0.09738512,0.044199076,-0.088899426,0.0020842585,0.059796114,-0.022... |
a5af56a5-06e3-4cb7-a3a7-527a1c752ac9 | The theory motivated an enormous emphasis on public sanitation in major cities to remove smelly pollution,
especially human and animal excrement, from streets and back alleys. The theory collapsed when
physicians accepted the new germ theory of disease in the late 19th century. Germs coughed up by an | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 927, "from": 925}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.048745703,0.06445766,-0.17944874,-0.056967393,0.05332595,0.105921544,-0.024573943,0.058915418,0.02965688,-0.01956682,0.006824311,0.0050970763,0.14816464,0.048891626,-0.030903157,-0.03761163,-0.018518351,0.007656982,-0.027863722,0.021874648,-0.0839986,-0.024323434,0.054850053,-0.07199144,0.025018977,-0.0012714424,-0.... |
d6fea0e1-a1cf-4c88-a4b2-7e5691ee78c7 | America.
[33]
Radon is a radioactive gas that can build up in buildings from the soil. It can cause lung cancer, especially
in smokers. Levels are generally low, but can be elevated in buildings with "leaky" foundations or areas with
soils rich in uranium.
[34]
Volcanic eruptions can be a large source of sulfur dioxid... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 172, "from": 152}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.03780321,0.028490746,-0.1915189,-0.0023082637,0.027978487,0.063334115,-0.022132132,0.033157215,0.036999594,-0.044359293,0.024597023,0.049833708,0.07633402,0.022813858,-0.004542325,-0.025428861,0.0029790963,-0.048712797,0.033481363,0.061583273,-0.07630439,-0.07951493,0.027844187,-0.05417844,0.03882484,0.08685787,-0.0... |
a7c6cab8-96b5-4790-abe2-061ce0ee2c1b | Major pollutants
Major pollutants, their sources and effects: (1)
greenhouse gases, (2) particulate pollution, (3) ozone-
depleting gases, (4) acid rain, (5) ground-level ozone, (6)
nitrogen oxides
Air pollutants can be tiny solid or liquid particles dispersed in the air (called aerosols), or gases.
[40]
Pollutants a... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 191, "from": 174}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.02919922,-0.00037485515,-0.18027589,-0.025011761,0.041343976,0.048797693,-0.03244882,-0.0013756535,0.03482849,-0.07806796,0.0012945895,0.06956091,0.077084094,0.018795628,0.013287302,-0.03469789,-0.02795352,-0.040850993,0.030056175,0.0467367,-0.07191763,-0.0904634,0.027192052,-0.06941888,0.035937853,0.084504865,-0.00... |
c35df22a-4e98-4042-b739-babd97723bb8 | both primary and secondary — both are emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.
[41]
Ammonia
Ammonia (NH
3
) is emitted mainly by overuse of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers on farmland, and from manure
and urine from livestock.
[42]
At typical concentrations in the air, it is not harmful to health dire... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 215, "from": 187}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.054556016,0.00010050687,-0.17142667,0.0047565717,0.037293404,0.06381027,-0.05065022,0.0032429008,0.02444337,-0.048732154,0.024836317,0.052102894,0.08946592,0.05250937,0.031519875,-0.010110439,-0.013302212,-0.021022022,0.0452698,0.057101823,-0.08591871,-0.04954724,0.03520635,-0.06549947,0.043798573,0.08449543,0.00050... |
4a6c77c1-a383-4313-8a97-4dc7e9800362 | [45][46]
Although the World
Health Organization recognizes CO
2
as a climate pollutant, it does not include the gas in its Air Quality
Guidelines or set recommended targets for it.
[47]
This question of terminology has practical consequences,
for example, in determining whether the U.S. Clean Air Act (which is desig... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 224, "from": 209}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.0135481665,0.006256315,-0.1554041,-0.023107445,0.026916564,0.0725219,-0.015831733,0.007261397,-0.002594427,-0.06310957,0.026189668,0.040844925,0.07067878,0.012142377,0.077110924,-0.049985256,-0.00922056,-0.007704102,0.01691025,0.03278507,-0.05678894,-0.03648452,-0.009236153,-0.08939334,0.043521695,0.028510898,0.0114... |
6f247858-9f1f-491e-aabe-6a0d7053ede8 | Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and toxic gas.
[49]
It is a product of combustion of fuel such
as natural gas, coal, or wood. In the past, emissions from vehicles were the main source of CO, but modern
vehicles do not emit much of it. Now, wildfires and bonfires are the main source of ou... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 256, "from": 226}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.0052647986,0.013258123,-0.19228023,0.004210413,0.018012354,0.03624009,-0.0016418432,0.047284987,0.0396472,-0.031499933,-0.037388682,0.046426658,0.06583348,0.044058926,0.011618379,-0.04731635,-0.025118578,-0.055065133,0.029503345,0.011844708,-0.11489526,-0.0640501,0.042595673,-0.08124188,0.05763288,0.069725946,0.0051... |
da81dd04-c996-45b6-a287-6ceb5a479967 | [53]
Due to the influence of temperature and
sunlight on this reaction, high ozone levels are most common on hot summer afternoons.
[54]
It is the main
gas in photochemical smog.
[55]
O
3
can be harmful to human health, but also to some materials, forests, plants, and crops.
[56]
Smog is a
particular problem in big... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 278, "from": 253}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.019931056,0.03858211,-0.19640993,0.019173115,0.016427226,0.0854018,0.031937126,0.023833834,0.052520856,-0.015343919,0.0073481123,0.02419357,0.10785001,0.020378958,-0.008004999,-0.011806481,-0.014210455,-0.041402265,0.037451763,0.032426246,-0.09546771,-0.07126737,0.0027743303,-0.059106003,0.0053610294,0.08889028,-0.0... |
38d395f8-d12e-4129-82b4-ac5484e0982e | Nitrogen oxides (NO
x
), particularly nitrous oxide (NO), are mostly created by the burning of fossil fuels, and
in lesser amounts by lightning. Nitrogen dioxide (NO
2
) is formed from NO in a reaction with other
atmospheric gases.
[58][59]
NO and NO
2
can form acid rain, can form into a haze, and can cause nutrient
... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 314, "from": 280}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.029220583,0.06351293,-0.16457914,0.0037604494,0.055496447,0.03948768,-0.03225199,-0.020480633,0.006253304,-0.060093183,0.008235578,0.062627,0.08813289,0.041775215,-0.002317043,-0.03153599,0.02542268,-0.037486147,0.02458902,0.06476169,-0.074411064,-0.06543679,0.013480144,-0.08956689,0.049329847,0.046957508,-0.0340861... |
571225d0-d6a5-4c26-aa3f-6d1ede4a111f | [8]
Coarse PM (PM
10
) is 10 micrometer (μm) or smaller in
diameter, fine PM (PM
2.5
) is smaller than 2.5 μm, and ultrafine particles are 0.1 μm or smaller.
[64]
Smaller
particles pose more risk to health, as they can reach the bloodstream.
[62][64]
A definitive link between fine
particulate pollution and higher de... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 333, "from": 306}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.09848173,0.050437164,-0.16414443,-0.010581546,0.059582423,0.05328961,-0.005431586,0.018631417,0.026452066,-0.059863705,0.03493659,0.013041646,0.079724096,0.027443314,0.0003002998,-0.067471296,-0.0235125,-0.041430235,0.0015495872,0.06900293,-0.09284966,-0.070900485,-0.0015530504,-0.06354301,0.034838706,0.070457265,-0... |
2d7c429a-3df7-42b1-b636-1c34b4368690 | 2
, nitrate from NO
2
, and ammonium is formed from
ammonia. Soot on the other hand is directly emitted from combustion, and consists of black carbon and
organic compounds.
[67]
Particulate matter can have a cooling effect locally on the climate, as it reflects
sunlight away from Earth's surface.
[68][69][70][71][72]
... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 359, "from": 327}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.036049966,-0.0025856397,-0.17101493,0.012791285,0.04681884,0.026532909,-0.05406251,0.0009965049,0.024195194,-0.066935785,0.0071234247,0.04660727,0.1147374,0.035415463,0.045329213,-0.015772443,0.016749926,-0.040681712,0.04789287,0.073601075,-0.09479096,-0.076085925,0.054942727,-0.0869307,0.03570775,0.07886927,-0.0370... |
adf230dd-2a87-416c-b0f4-aedc54e3870e | 2
in the air generally also lead to the formation of other sulfur oxides (SO
x
). SO
x
can react with other compounds in the atmosphere to form small particles and contribute to particulate
matter pollution. At high concentrations, gaseous SO
x
can harm plants by damaging leafs and decreasing
growth.
[75]
Further ox... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 373, "from": 354}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.04693649,0.034179408,-0.17882279,0.044452574,0.0252222,0.025556453,-0.05645758,0.017130043,0.032055594,-0.05984429,-0.002667139,0.06413984,0.10128774,0.01890007,0.008857888,-0.0031798147,0.035644483,-0.049096793,0.01937018,0.015704857,-0.063730605,-0.12272809,0.006485646,-0.055153005,0.018259749,0.081424266,-0.05218... |
599cf185-333b-43f4-9d0f-22c4bfff752a | Volatile organic compounds
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a class of carbon-based chemicals that exist as gases at room
temperature, found both indoors and outdoors.
[77]
They can cause photochemical smog and form aerosols
impacting climate. The group includes methane, acetone, and toluene. Some can cause cance... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 390, "from": 375}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.023749383,0.021627072,-0.16817904,0.0065004635,0.040315818,0.027457546,-0.031216605,0.0009306752,0.012149111,-0.045987133,0.03346814,0.06749566,0.06602717,0.011909528,0.004338317,-0.0427912,-0.046212967,-0.00974694,0.0070468783,0.061040357,-0.10879134,-0.07064141,0.016972313,-0.072936594,0.014282134,0.114250824,-0.0... |
0e0e8e9a-949a-48fe-a41f-a7b9020bbd5e | the forms of chromium can cause cancer. Mercury is harmful both as an element and in an organic
compound. In the atmosphere, it comes mostly from cement production, coal burning, and incinerators.
[80]
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental
degradation. They persi... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 405, "from": 390}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.04707768,0.011885526,-0.15219857,-0.014938805,0.05510121,0.021222012,-0.041839745,0.037975516,0.013945834,-0.027195409,0.03535587,0.079120636,0.075239986,0.0005699243,0.012810825,-0.07254341,-0.04250917,-0.029574508,0.0037794863,0.06287175,-0.06702535,-0.038796544,0.0097091645,-0.055827152,0.046316545,0.087415,-0.03... |
b1fc9fd8-9623-46ac-88df-d0c85540be72 | Rachel Carson's 1962 book Silent Spring.
[82]
PFASs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are
other examples of POPs.
[83]
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a group of compounds which harm the ozone layer. They were widely used
in aerosol sprays, refrigerants, and fire suppression. Due to their chemical stability, ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 414, "from": 401}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.036692385,0.008902593,-0.18684952,-0.06424548,0.026090998,0.031495403,-0.04165051,0.03784187,0.017847138,-0.023680804,0.03395019,0.01487568,0.091885455,0.013281046,0.040797677,-0.049884044,-0.020650031,-0.02863426,0.0006871646,0.025302688,-0.063034885,-0.08243951,-0.026937086,-0.07784977,0.022449337,0.057975773,-0.0... |
a2ed9112-de5a-44dd-834c-e56244cacc6f | Exposure
PM
2.5
Levels Across the World's 5 Most
Populated Nations in 2019.
Exposure to air pollution varies widely across the world and across groups.
[86]
Children, for example, are
more exposed because they breathe more rapidly than adults and closer to the ground, where pollution
from vehicle exhaust and dust i... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 446, "from": 416}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.03330742,0.032363,-0.19485193,-0.001243966,0.057968467,0.09210168,0.0451813,-0.017059235,0.02643654,-0.066294804,-0.008241829,0.014964991,0.051824912,0.011206662,0.033070114,-0.022477254,-0.027330952,-0.063229255,-0.010520118,0.009461539,-0.0514302,-0.062190253,-0.011085377,-0.070068814,0.009819339,0.078678876,0.011... |
f55f8541-f067-4d6d-bad5-bfa9084a37cd | [90]
As evidence has grown that even very low levels of air pollutants hurt human
health, the WHO halved its recommended safe limit for particulate matter from 10 μg/m
3
to 5 μg/m
3
in 2021.
Under the new guideline, nearly the entire global population—97%—is classified as exposed to unsafe
levels of fine particles (... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 465, "from": 440}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.07901565,0.061938375,-0.18189374,0.0038993005,0.045648284,0.09726169,0.03419673,0.028642904,0.024970286,-0.048055887,0.024485039,0.017915022,0.06709026,0.00048484062,0.039780006,-0.008189161,-0.018601917,-0.029928947,-0.025220523,0.017937593,-0.045010265,-0.05584692,-0.024286313,-0.09635053,0.012626881,0.07805571,-0... |
0efb0536-b51c-4dc9-bb65-f2e1ce081bf7 | Top 5 most polluted cities in 2024
[101]
CityPM
2.5
concentration
Byrnihat, India128
Delhi, India108
Karaganda, Kazakhstan105
Mullanpur, India102
Lahore, Pakistan102
By socioeconomic group
While air pollution affects a variety of populations, some groups are more exposed. In many regions, there
are disparities in expo... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 490, "from": 467}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [-0.001043781,0.029764518,-0.19231753,0.008415623,0.060386755,0.06290868,0.014666845,0.04462755,0.018484373,0.003289445,-0.01338732,0.0039851856,0.058902077,-0.010909035,-0.009196163,-0.04189915,-0.07473275,-0.0020251316,0.0054031797,0.038772807,-0.06450766,-0.028189914,0.009256579,-0.057214826,0.01633839,0.112011574,0... |
d70d6403-ece6-4392-925b-59f13d958c3d | plants.
[97]
Additionally, lower-income communities more often perform polluting activities, such as using
solid biofuels for cooking.
[98][99]
In the United States, Blacks and Latinos generally face more pollution than
Whites and Asians.
[100]
By geographic area
Exposure to outdoor air pollution is worst in lower-mi... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 511, "from": 486}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.033108473,0.028699664,-0.19186598,0.025426498,0.07290948,0.085263014,0.0023374802,0.040583394,0.009480469,-0.015738137,0.04562441,-0.025678381,0.10735933,0.011125612,-0.00085085304,-0.0038748062,-0.07141819,-0.0121435085,0.027610172,0.03992613,-0.057278544,-0.027825786,0.01382628,-0.036457364,0.0023942206,0.06181778... |
632b4e53-0f7b-4908-8a56-23a0100d0e0c | growing tropical cities.
[103]
Indoor air pollution on the other hand is most common in rural areas, which may
lack access to clean cooking fuels.
[102]
A map published in 2025 by Climate TRACE indicates that PM
2.5
(fine particles) and other toxins are
released near the homes of about 1.6 billion people, about 900 m... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 517, "from": 507}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.014755366,0.026761604,-0.20448169,0.010792968,0.04771127,0.068741515,-0.008274426,0.019257506,0.026305092,-0.044178724,0.037734322,-0.002812889,0.115736306,0.006969405,-0.00211252,-0.03191536,-0.06504902,-0.036524758,0.027912488,0.024721613,-0.048937142,-0.013780544,0.019648423,-0.03931225,0.0125076575,0.064229414,-... |
7674d0b2-75d7-4333-879d-8b998b00effb | Health effects
The share of total deaths from indoor air pollution, 2017.
Air pollution is an important risk factor for various diseases, such as COPD (a common lung disease),
stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and pneumonia. Indoor air pollution is also associated with cataract.
[90]
According to the WHO, 99% of th... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 549, "from": 519}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.046322584,0.036149345,-0.17058976,-0.0014194059,0.046689037,0.0917892,0.007964876,0.02265732,0.066129334,-0.06389519,0.017992636,0.052777056,0.09074949,0.0089780735,0.019342856,-0.027504591,-0.039933406,-0.015854416,-0.04133446,0.024994336,-0.06727615,-0.08544351,0.00084225467,-0.066479914,0.018550795,0.121020734,0.... |
587594dd-0a6c-48c3-a260-35ec4dbb0877 | [110][111]
Air pollution causes disease by driving
inflammation and oxidative stress, suppressing the immune system, and by damaging DNA.
[90]
People living in poverty, babies, and older people are disproportionately affected by air pollution; pregnancy
is also more risky when exposed to air pollution.
[112]
Communit... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 563, "from": 546}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.036573336,0.039033644,-0.1741136,-0.003716394,0.07844045,0.11089799,-0.016382618,0.037980314,0.06269139,-0.048616834,0.03061346,0.019665778,0.090977065,0.022432575,0.037476063,-0.008144111,-0.0637294,-0.016472813,-0.008538883,0.040676538,-0.077783495,-0.06406898,0.0115973875,-0.04011208,0.049147896,0.080430105,-0.04... |
b9a9c4e0-dc5d-41f5-9640-39c86aaa1d1b | Directly spraying the seat of the fire in enclosed areas can have unfortunate consequences: the force of
water pushes air in front of it, which supplies the fire with extra oxygen before the water. The most important | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 459, "from": 458}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Firefighting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215085544+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215085544+00'0... | [0.019198209,0.049339965,-0.18844283,-0.0004816809,0.045284443,0.056853227,-0.017779091,0.05930154,0.026885299,-0.07148852,0.008803598,0.027905889,0.06841862,0.062342923,0.008048453,-0.04123319,0.030965459,-0.047454927,-0.003929104,0.019471625,-0.09158565,-0.0094734775,-0.008622113,-0.03110981,0.022870656,0.033982247,0... |
c4c98f69-d310-4f6e-9e90-cc44303c18ea | Deaths in 2021 from air pollution per 100,000 inhabitants
(IHME).
Estimates of deaths due to air pollution vary.
[114]
The 2024 Global Burden of Disease Study estimates that
air pollution contributed to 8.1 million deaths in 2021, which is more than 1 in 8 deaths. Outdoor particulate
pollution (PM
2.5
) was the larges... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 586, "from": 566}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.017987277,0.027669897,-0.1739475,0.0033208455,0.057181545,0.08261856,0.021010231,0.018732307,0.046357106,-0.04329451,-0.006131307,0.021000264,0.0867974,-0.0062499037,0.02847797,-0.027961496,-0.06382406,-0.028058982,-0.02982823,0.025023073,-0.07914789,-0.07011266,-0.023985008,-0.05483586,0.050284382,0.07081393,-0.032... |
aad6e719-1257-4801-803c-bb1fd5173724 | [116]
A study published in 2019 estimated that, for 2015, the number was around 8.8 million, with 5.5 million of
these premature deaths due to air pollution from human sources.
[117][118]
The global mean loss of life
expectancy from air pollution in 2015 was 2.9 years, substantially more than, for example, 0.3 years f... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 599, "from": 583}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.03250243,0.01947953,-0.16335449,-0.015174607,0.037261285,0.115228996,-0.0021114226,0.01911493,0.04897741,-0.04736557,0.0067396,-0.009650119,0.11319572,-0.01800831,0.05087112,-0.04868837,-0.05542201,-0.02863052,-0.023342067,0.054755606,-0.054547887,-0.0764084,-0.02160121,-0.033862576,0.036040004,0.05991678,-0.0237424... |
00355e7a-570d-440c-9f83-4c402157a41d | such as Australia, Canada, and the US, this number is under 3%.
[121]
In absolute number, India and China have the higher number of deaths from air pollution. In India, it
contributed to 2.1 million deaths in 2021, whereas China saw 2.4 million deaths.
[122]
Annual premature
European deaths from air pollution are esti... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 611, "from": 597}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.01604222,0.012458596,-0.18595414,0.011512223,0.073774286,0.07119435,-0.0032975108,0.0071861786,0.018539479,-0.047573894,-0.006206439,0.011512222,0.09197262,0.0017075354,0.035766494,-0.044748023,-0.033788845,-0.03309864,-0.0008261353,0.06058184,-0.07010339,-0.06118796,-0.0030004194,-0.077499285,0.037693482,0.04213682... |
65355ebc-077c-461e-bc17-24a9683188f3 | Deaths caused by accidents and air pollution from
fossil fuel use in power plants exceed those
caused by production of renewable energy.
[2]
The burning of fossil fuels is the largest source of air pollution deaths.
[125]
There are estimated 4.5 million
annual premature deaths worldwide due to pollutants released by h... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 637, "from": 613}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.052156936,0.047499217,-0.18911684,0.016270094,0.059367932,0.06469388,-0.012386873,0.034421798,-0.0014080213,-0.05154361,0.047754817,0.02166235,0.091835134,0.021464843,0.049153406,-0.04017543,-0.02845822,-0.013841302,-0.035582036,0.046831787,-0.062338002,-0.06753166,-0.005092484,-0.060258448,0.028524326,0.045033198,-... |
6e963962-ebd7-40bd-a7ad-465a37c3e508 | high blood pressure, and coronary heart disease.
[130]
According to the Global Burden of Disease Study, air
pollution is responsible for 27% of deaths from strokes worldwide and 28% of coronary heart disease.
[131]
The risks are highest in regions with higher air pollution (e.g. Asia), for elderly and for people who a... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 654, "from": 635}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.06717081,0.057512447,-0.1856259,0.015963612,0.057120938,0.09390255,0.0071185865,0.02010256,0.038086616,-0.047959413,0.0418349,0.044314086,0.07597057,-0.02378961,0.042461343,-0.025648132,-0.065474205,-0.031208286,-0.038258016,0.036560714,-0.09970159,-0.062227536,0.007164549,-0.041880924,0.03912423,0.06680579,-0.01982... |
a1353064-3017-4985-a2a8-18595b539aae | [134]
Lung disease
Air pollution is associated with increased development, hospitalization, mortality, and COPD (chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease).
[135]
COPD is a common disease which causes restricted airflow and
breathing difficulties, and is the fourth-largest cause of death globally.
[136]
Nearly half of gl... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 680, "from": 652}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.056163073,0.041378673,-0.16606684,-0.01179085,0.031638015,0.11464428,0.0067346618,0.030593412,0.046533547,-0.06973264,0.019989708,0.009464691,0.09908685,0.015200605,0.0011551066,-0.01207468,-0.067689694,-0.040317357,-0.036907323,0.023232872,-0.053960223,-0.057480287,0.03446311,-0.059186272,0.032290872,0.089556985,-0... |
c093bd09-13f2-44b3-b4ae-a682a1b01afb | too.
[139]
Short-term exposure to ozone makes asthma worse in children.
[140]
There is limited evidence on
(almost) fatal asthma attacks in children: ground-level ozone and PM
2.5
seem to increase its risk.
[141]
Cancer
Dark factory-emitted clouds
obscuring the Clark Avenue
Bridge in Cleveland, Ohio in July
1973.
... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 719, "from": 682}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.055846494,0.019454774,-0.16786149,-0.0008252221,0.05007952,0.09108036,0.015095963,0.039544065,0.02323431,-0.05409061,-0.0030943714,0.04856694,0.10310958,0.029769627,-0.008462351,-0.0197165,-0.04123732,-0.01622799,-0.026225826,0.012960968,-0.06492405,-0.09151683,0.023265762,-0.06540481,0.021258933,0.092456736,-0.0364... |
eb1db92d-d57c-426c-a958-f26f6ed10a81 | For example, there may be a relationship between kidney cancer and PM
2.5
and NO
2
levels.
[145]
Household air pollution – from cooking with solid fuels, but also from radon in building material –
has been associated with cervical, oral, and esophageal cancer.
[144]
Pregnancy and children
Stillbirths, miscarriages, a... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 735, "from": 713}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.06200445,0.031266972,-0.15046227,-0.0055207,0.021464292,0.08414558,-0.03436068,-0.0007015495,-0.0041228863,-0.05624596,-0.0038032536,0.046770714,0.114472464,0.040231556,-0.004112381,-0.020036835,-0.03125034,-0.025210002,-0.0071746525,0.0894223,-0.092095606,-0.04538566,0.015245886,-0.022688603,0.036753178,0.087404266... |
2bfcb2f9-1c49-422d-9b5b-a67bb8e57de2 | million newborn deaths, a quarter of overall deaths.
[87]
The source of PM
2.5
differs greatly by region. In
South and East Asia, pregnant women are frequently exposed to indoor air pollution because of wood and
other biomass fuels being used for cooking, which are responsible for more than 80% of regional pollution. | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 737, "from": 731}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.067538664,0.041897986,-0.18428946,0.008280697,0.017457008,0.05454413,-0.031093046,-0.012176012,0.0028155092,-0.05156263,-0.01936883,-0.0028333021,0.1170553,0.040706422,0.0030456868,-0.04550375,-0.0069544264,-0.008954565,0.00072145124,0.08122599,-0.0959878,-0.029850308,0.0028351212,-0.03941512,0.036604527,0.08348203,... |
f520171b-5f8c-4618-9280-457ee5b7fbd5 | In the Middle East, North Africa, and West sub-Saharan Africa, fine PM comes from natural sources, such
as dust storms.
[146]
For data including older children, polluted air resulted in the death of over 700,000 children in 2021
(709,000 under 5 years of age and 16,600 aged 5–14 years).
[87]
Children in low- or middle... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 755, "from": 739}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.050826687,0.04423286,-0.17662498,-0.012128259,0.014299051,0.11580935,0.008123081,0.009735966,0.05389335,-0.09229247,-0.01234454,0.018056579,0.08890073,0.040411547,-0.008574464,-0.038398005,-0.04022088,-0.008526073,-0.011207045,0.020333555,-0.060451765,-0.037906524,0.025355026,-0.045839205,0.047865175,0.045922875,-0.... |
0132a51e-f041-4723-bce1-ef3dcb382111 | ides-nox). European Environment Agency. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20250520204117/h
ttps://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eper-chemicals-glossary/nitrogen-oxides-nox) from the
original on 20 May 2025. Retrieved 15 March 2025. | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 1449, "from": 1447}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+0... | [0.003214884,0.010459612,-0.18763995,-0.010658134,0.02637755,-0.02839592,-0.06473368,0.004509139,-0.015681945,-0.10394385,-0.03401221,0.09222884,0.071531504,0.008489694,0.05516329,-0.010842893,-0.0065425504,-0.033912838,-0.01664398,0.040128775,0.01955859,-0.05463506,-0.02656154,-0.05510867,0.09201212,-0.002704601,0.004... |
49a56589-5b15-40df-8e91-80a2be07810f | demonstrate causation are difficult or impossible to conduct in environmental medicine. This would require
a randomized controlled trial. Scientists at BIPS in Bremen were able to demonstrate a causal relationship
for at least some health problems (e.g. diabetes and high blood pressure) using a special study design.
[1... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 774, "from": 755}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.056425977,0.06385694,-0.14778432,-0.024108041,0.044078406,0.08851289,0.019573998,0.04140387,0.04911181,-0.059431408,0.061197612,0.038006205,0.09006123,0.040935986,0.003290578,-0.017904723,-0.050054066,-0.016034635,-0.043222938,0.00753808,-0.083467096,-0.061663013,-6.514133e-05,-0.04020624,0.004978002,0.06187171,-0.0... |
4e18b95e-5dc6-48e5-a9a6-ea6dfa543653 | [157]
In
particular, air pollution from the use of solid fuels was associated with a higher depression risk.
[158]
Depression risk and suicide was more strongly linked to finer particulate matter (PM
2.5
), compared to
coarser particles (PM
10
). The association was strongest for people over the age of 65.
[159]
Probl... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 799, "from": 771}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.042256124,0.02253601,-0.16040006,-0.056835443,0.037187204,0.10267785,0.020355517,0.01564037,0.029876769,-0.050062343,-0.009927887,0.0035731152,0.08238842,0.039036885,0.0026292182,-0.014837341,-0.024401424,-0.02766383,-0.015757836,0.039020646,-0.061709292,-0.06334592,-0.014920618,-0.049868625,0.023434931,0.10171455,-... |
4401dcac-522e-4ddf-b667-3b53ea8e7e13 | Social and environmental impacts
Acid rain
Monument damaged by acid rain.
Effects of acid rain in the Jizera Mountains,
Czech Republic.
Naturally, water in the atmosphere is slightly acidic. Some pollutants can form strong acids, making
rainwater much more acidic. Key acids that cause acid rain are nitric acid (HNO... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 832, "from": 801}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.045140866,0.023190992,-0.17729414,-0.014716171,0.058797378,0.05829077,-0.05739859,0.04554708,0.060464848,-0.025255937,0.032678336,0.057126854,0.09108222,0.012081273,0.022560118,-0.005927391,-0.030418508,0.0037549327,0.045371845,0.03325637,-0.04847066,-0.06851168,-0.035769295,-0.050066814,0.03041503,0.046348598,0.001... |
08c5a2df-14fc-420c-90b8-be185166f214 | Northern Europe. Due to the changed acidity in water bodies and soils, essential nutrients such as
magnesium and calcium became soluble and could be washed away. Other elements, such as aluminium,
which were toxic to vegetation, became available for the roots to absorb. Acid rain also impacts buildings
and statues made... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 841, "from": 832}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.10371932,0.063015476,-0.1638553,-0.030349348,0.05433168,0.07614462,-0.009363989,0.031528864,0.057542574,-0.007036963,0.034865145,0.058450058,0.10452807,0.040449224,-0.031102564,-0.0014405723,0.006932635,-0.0013859861,0.039354965,0.046950106,-0.06192407,-0.03657496,0.0013755534,-0.025861388,0.021511426,0.06847203,-0.... |
de14d152-d4a4-41d9-a21e-08908089e1b4 | Plants in the lower layers then die, and with fewer plants producing oxygen, the oxygen level drops. This
harms organisms that need oxygen to live,
[162]
and can lead to the loss of sensitive species.
[163]
Agricultural effects
Various studies have estimated the impacts of air pollution on agriculture, especially ozon... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 863, "from": 843}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.05561071,0.038808595,-0.1745677,0.035479415,0.036734533,0.086582564,0.015516176,0.032791823,0.045962006,-0.027939515,0.024665073,0.012334496,0.09873413,0.02230344,0.017110646,-5.1002993e-05,-0.03632562,-0.025092952,0.018997429,0.0007619251,-0.01962903,-0.03789017,-0.0072912504,-0.008379271,0.019890908,0.094992965,0.... |
d03d0b10-a529-4bb1-8e8d-cf7c697174bd | [165]
Air pollution further decreases the productivity of laborers via
health impacts.
[164]
The COVID-19 lockdowns created a natural experiment to examine the links between air quality and
agricultural output. In India, the lockdown improved air quality, which enhanced surface greenness and
photosynthetic activity. B... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 878, "from": 859}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.03732383,0.04523621,-0.18978776,0.002671643,0.024242863,0.07434472,0.019997569,0.03565261,0.050581995,-0.04185801,0.033067234,-0.0043041096,0.09156196,-0.005170744,0.054406133,0.0179025,-0.025753161,-0.011967748,-0.012252774,0.012029308,-0.028271051,-0.025648007,-0.00772096,-0.03185806,0.025623534,0.08514441,0.01514... |
eac61245-66c3-46cd-80b8-5484f86ab3d6 | heritage.
[167]
People may be more prone to accidents due to air pollution. Increased NO
2
levels are for
instance linked to construction site accidents.
[168]
In terms of the welfare cost on human health (non-market costs), a World Bank study found that PM
2.5
pollution in 2019 cost the world economy over $8 trillio... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 890, "from": 872}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.043696634,0.052768625,-0.20334284,-0.022790715,0.073929824,0.09434059,0.019011585,0.016703693,0.073376566,-0.02180792,-0.00036209627,-0.037561852,0.099426486,-0.016529504,0.050227113,-0.0021557673,-0.041322887,0.0007465843,-0.017374197,0.07433795,-0.049214862,-0.048542473,-0.02373715,0.00422375,0.018511636,0.0709366... |
3d931d22-e1e1-4ac1-8c6d-2d9302907772 | [170]
The direct market impacts on productivity loss, healthcare use, and crop losses were estimated to rise to
1% of GDP by 2060, according to the OECD. The Caspian region and China would see the largest
impact.
[171]
Air pollution also has an impact on energy production, as it reduces the amount of sunlight that
rea... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 899, "from": 889}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.027067862,0.024609149,-0.19976458,-0.0034197022,0.035193093,0.04578889,0.017559422,0.025214484,0.06762163,-0.03308835,0.072302625,0.028421206,0.09949923,0.039672866,0.04415779,-0.013181261,-0.035059292,0.017297361,0.002302963,0.05955749,-0.04417951,-0.061145764,-0.023830637,-0.03433139,-0.01143014,0.0772336,0.030253... |
0ec853b2-a701-4e5d-9951-de0cedc84e33 | pollution go back to the Greek and Roman period. Outdoor air pollution became a problem with the rise of
cities, caused by household smoke and by early industrial activities (such as smelting and mining). In
particular, lead levels, found in Arctic ice cores, were about ten times higher in the Roman period than in the
... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 913, "from": 901}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.069650106,0.03477529,-0.20528053,-0.024534678,0.029272066,0.0909487,0.0031306,0.033735856,0.07105065,0.0027686278,0.0071731918,0.04195987,0.12842312,0.012382045,0.019007986,-0.046817847,-0.06009441,0.018547185,0.029525142,0.01903936,-0.027154721,-0.056466836,0.019278243,-0.07234275,0.008776495,0.065077186,-0.0429174... |
4fa5e432-772d-49e9-b0f9-14ceed785f3e | cases of rickets, a childhood disease caused by lack of sunlight and poor diet.
[174]
However, the business and political leadership of the industrial cities were enthusiastic backers of the
industry: heavy black smoke meant prosperity, high profits, and high wages.
[175]
Poster in the Soviet Union praising "The
smok... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 925, "from": 911}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.05585004,0.05210324,-0.22424795,-0.031757735,0.03706896,0.04731057,-0.016837923,0.04901632,0.05344452,-0.031786002,-0.00567224,0.012459053,0.15299556,0.06258344,-0.022209022,-0.034780674,-0.037376765,0.01578836,0.008775209,0.0048116827,-0.06829627,-0.04026144,0.012947009,-0.07072383,0.0018838153,0.04794421,-0.058992... |
44679ff0-de7a-46ce-a12e-da0dcc165827 | infected person or spread by certain types of mosquitoes or hookworms were the real reason people caught
an infectious disease.
[176]
Anti-smoke action and modern protections
In the 1830s, anti-smoke groups emerged in Britain, followed by groups in the United States in the 1880s.
Legislation against pollution was weak ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 946, "from": 929}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.057749994,0.011355869,-0.20384188,-0.04777418,0.05705187,0.06292512,-0.02435874,0.059644748,0.06252768,-0.043415006,0.00061201124,-0.024931652,0.09653007,0.033905447,0.039925337,-0.051423192,-0.027152129,-0.021269523,-0.0050539277,0.006548866,-0.041095886,-0.03909541,0.004823709,-0.098678164,0.057970904,0.057872057,... |
dc1d9794-d3bc-4974-a0f9-ae897cf5da1d | pollution.
[174][178]
Japan followed in 1960, but other heavily polluted regions, such as the Soviet Union and
China, did not implement effective regulation.
[174]
Technological disasters have caused severe problems with air pollution. The world's worst pollution disaster
was the 1984 Bhopal Disaster in India. Leaked ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 954, "from": 942}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.052517723,0.040115837,-0.1793191,-0.033466898,0.041240536,0.09974282,-0.03257164,0.06553088,0.048059084,-0.051519666,0.0044147247,-0.015526828,0.09424296,-0.014610957,0.057910334,-0.037405085,-0.030942576,0.0023655347,-0.033615723,0.028636884,-0.048563436,-0.050546117,-0.0010125834,-0.08621688,0.033712585,0.06930783... |
3aac92b2-4295-42c6-b2e1-b979e3a1582b | rain, and various coalitions were started. In 1975, it was discovered that certain chemicals caused a hole in
the ozone layer; thanks to successful international negotiations, these chemicals were banned worldwide.
There has been far less success in combatting climate change, and greenhouse gas emissions, mostly
from f... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 970, "from": 954}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.03854105,0.0024691396,-0.20887223,-0.021912368,0.0625521,0.06266718,-0.013842139,0.010050517,0.046148095,-0.05437871,0.035471957,-0.0021406205,0.087958515,0.01964034,0.048376374,-0.042006765,-0.028397743,-0.032339927,-0.010760565,0.04211397,-0.028273677,-0.074436,-0.013427197,-0.069056325,0.022009756,0.08906367,0.00... |
9070574b-141b-42ed-aa09-a6f53896bc24 | low-cost techniques to measure air pollution.
[182]
Low-cost monitors can also be used for indoor air quality
monitoring.
[183]
Finally, air quality sensors can be incorporated into drones to measure air pollution higher
up in the air.
[184]
Some websites attempt to map air pollution levels using available data.
[18... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 992, "from": 972}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00'... | [0.031004177,0.03382985,-0.22190146,-0.040871624,0.057057835,0.049701065,0.0047367522,-0.012796246,0.025343705,-0.044878446,0.039066773,0.038745347,0.08574848,0.05239124,-0.0024891319,-0.016703106,-0.029693054,-0.064690925,0.019938048,-0.0078297295,-0.016007757,-0.0899435,-0.029476892,-0.057749674,0.021399764,0.0306876... |
ee3bf747-5e3f-4c9e-ab89-1a7a40349d30 | [187]
Modelling and inventories
Map of simulated particle pollution. Wildfire
smoke is in green, desert dust is in orange,
light blue is sea salt, and white shows
sulfate particle pollution.
When direct data is unavailable or when projecting future air pollutant levels, estimates can be derived
using models or emissi... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 1008, "from": 987}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+00... | [0.016535344,0.025215935,-0.18314545,-0.058561753,0.058232643,0.04451093,-0.009502337,-0.010708676,0.018599566,-0.048810974,0.037305538,0.016241562,0.11138594,0.03365897,0.0048923586,-0.017174482,0.0153191555,-0.064784326,-0.0014564869,0.020054586,-0.007360465,-0.09904883,-0.022001237,-0.077042244,0.04017022,0.06602268... |
88811a70-40d7-4e9b-8764-013a980535e3 | the atmosphere. Regulatory agencies use them to assess whether a new source of air pollution would
exceed acceptable pollution levels, for permitting purposes. They can also be used to predict future
pollution levels under different policy scenarios.
[192]
There are models for local pollution, but also for cross-
boun... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 1021, "from": 1008}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+0... | [0.039586857,0.00040656613,-0.18358178,0.0060246657,0.056313284,0.04866929,0.023787644,0.027748564,0.02990614,-0.008614162,0.04896828,0.0063088206,0.07959475,0.036374446,0.043039747,-0.0071832277,0.01027983,-0.03656955,0.011992941,0.0002106775,-0.02251352,-0.060007133,0.0092898505,-0.054217935,0.010401809,0.09661082,0.... |
c0bc1077-a884-4614-a3e3-919d841ad8de | Industry and waste
Thermal oxidisers are air pollution
abatement options for hazardous air
pollutants (HAPs), volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), and odorous
emissions.
Various pollution control technologies and strategies are available to reduce air pollution. For instance,
industrial plants can install scrubbers, su... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 1047, "from": 1023}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+0... | [0.0072516147,0.034787238,-0.18708213,0.003100283,0.079132155,0.037167985,-0.024066309,0.036676127,0.019857071,-0.03508662,0.044463113,0.0016057098,0.08228094,0.03822916,0.0038714397,-0.006620651,-0.0144912535,-0.04559964,0.011044356,0.019181661,-0.020597761,-0.08350395,0.01971571,-0.06973169,0.03893635,0.05786541,-0.0... |
4d18b794-59dd-4f8c-8535-4278b7416a58 | [22]
In
agriculture, air pollution can be minimized by not overusing fertilizers and by not feeding excess protein to
livestock.
[197]
Transport
Electric rickshaws in Nepal.
Tram in Alicante, Spain. | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 1051, "from": 1042}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+0... | [0.043520365,0.04914115,-0.20137663,0.02832627,0.07001472,0.059048623,-0.014157392,0.013442359,0.00629019,-0.025245026,0.02965346,0.004110622,0.07081103,0.05014168,-0.004768147,0.01297106,-0.016377147,-0.051198777,0.031974204,0.028760564,-0.0023185431,-0.019327354,0.05848063,-0.035576932,0.048294324,0.076588646,-0.0090... |
a8a56f25-c0c6-48bc-9989-0aa9ba6fdd53 | The avoid-shift-improve framework groups efforts to cut pollution from vehicles into reducing travel, shifting
to sustainable transport, and improving vehicle technology.
[199]
Reducing motor vehicle travel can curb
pollution. One strategy is to build compact cities, so that amenities are close by and cars are not
nee... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 1072, "from": 1053}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+0... | [-0.028717406,0.03217781,-0.16452938,-0.008194032,0.1067788,0.045385133,0.029295975,0.042891495,0.013999315,-0.008397638,0.041800745,-0.018820116,0.0835198,0.026563691,0.00906746,0.002723594,-0.042481445,-0.00800211,0.009639971,0.025103588,-0.013959702,0.006694627,-0.014626771,-0.05980795,0.061798073,0.05807682,0.01056... |
25d46ae6-d829-48d6-b1c3-98b628d04d5c | can be improved from increased fuel efficiency, improved quality of fuels, emission standards, and
conversion to electric vehicles.
[203]
For example, buses in New Delhi, India, switched to compressed natural
gas after 2000, to reduce the city's thick pea soup smog.
[148][204]
Cooking, lighting and heating
A kettle ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 1086, "from": 1070}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+0... | [-0.05054296,0.0735802,-0.19249587,0.00896576,0.07020891,0.007410214,-0.015181817,0.06787503,-0.007063763,-0.057963885,0.04774818,0.029157108,0.08709936,0.07895072,0.01778947,-0.020323323,-0.030361323,-0.036283363,0.032357596,0.0671045,-0.024504764,-0.048241906,-0.020087916,-0.06338379,-0.0053847483,0.04936541,-0.02068... |
4eb86db1-9d0f-4a72-b77a-9aee5936f3f9 | not available. These clean cooking devices, including those run on fossil fuels, usually have a smaller
climate impact than traditional biomass stoves.
[205]
Kerosene for lighting can be replaced with efficient LED lights, for instance, solar-powered LED lights.
[206]
Combustion of fossil fuels for space heating can be... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 1093, "from": 1084}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+0... | [-0.016682884,0.07100694,-0.19903979,0.009950543,0.03749166,0.042483006,-0.006270481,0.037138082,-0.009700062,-0.074285604,0.058345754,0.058031943,0.06364439,0.090895966,0.008003316,-0.012159635,-0.014466379,-0.00614963,0.03984575,0.05636713,-0.035301138,-0.054621458,-0.002540631,-0.07013768,0.007679852,0.07675784,0.01... |
0b098ac8-5d09-46d8-a882-4c7af55f6275 | Policy and regulation
Laws and regulations
Air pollution in Shanghai, China, in 2013.
China launched a "war against pollution" in
2014, which drastically lowered particle
pollution levels across the country.
[209]
Although a majority of countries have air pollution laws, 43% of countries lack a legal definition of ai... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 1115, "from": 1095}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+0... | [0.033558656,0.06901985,-0.17868929,0.013308744,0.06945482,0.084640436,-0.012604487,0.022812232,0.045087945,-0.034574766,0.034943804,-0.015599152,0.05776765,-0.014261913,0.034857858,-0.030028332,-0.047546342,-0.036842912,-0.020024458,0.01295246,-0.040964812,-0.05034506,-0.024393523,-0.09876097,0.040242806,0.06203276,0.... |
8ba97eb9-0152-46f1-943a-783d305e18ac | the US Clean Air Act, and the TA Luft in Germany.
[212]
Air pollution laws might also put limits on the
emissions of air pollutants, e.g. from vehicles.
[213]
The World Health Organization's Global Air Quality Guidelines encourage improvements in a similar way to
national standards, but are "recommendations" and "good... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 1133, "from": 1113}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+0... | [0.007448059,0.037217204,-0.17882608,0.009274224,0.0655848,0.10822549,-0.01303747,0.01834388,0.009617646,-0.058400784,0.03824744,0.002128995,0.04994983,0.0038734192,0.0702403,-0.028673062,-0.030353332,-0.066289924,-0.021398047,0.04094942,-0.01755822,-0.03916403,-0.029144472,-0.075732835,0.039221387,0.05738075,0.0335645... |
f38548eb-25f5-44e9-a975-29ceb0a4a62e | [217]
while the 2015 Paris
Agreement set no binding limits, instead encouraging all countries to raise their ambition over time.
[180]
Clean air as a human right
In 2022, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution recognizing the right to a clean, healthy, and
sustainable environment as a human right. The resolution ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 1139, "from": 1129}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+0... | [0.044924162,0.06110957,-0.16502792,-0.00905965,0.04252359,0.10667463,-0.020365424,0.011449384,0.008149539,-0.06025763,0.034117315,-0.0044502956,0.05785361,0.0032808117,0.075213924,-0.011825959,-0.006037803,-0.043869346,-0.043219034,0.024819754,-0.0062261308,-0.022450337,-0.051731832,-0.04827289,0.015549368,0.052469097... |
3f127f6d-3107-4814-8227-7312758edcdd | air quality rules. The revised Ambient Air Quality Directive also makes it possible for individuals in the EU to
seek compensation.
[219]
While China allows litigation on environmental grounds, it is rare as it is seen as
risky.
[220]
In Chile, the right to a healthy environment is part of the constitution, and the S... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 1160, "from": 1141}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Air pollution - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215090735+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215090735+0... | [0.040455695,0.04584181,-0.19222683,0.0046605077,0.03621987,0.08554087,-0.002977317,0.05595081,0.030614479,-0.048180167,0.05567871,0.00854776,0.06720755,0.022138461,0.048260957,-0.030116925,-0.020193815,-0.036218073,-0.025576483,-0.0021299864,-0.03699425,-0.04703401,-0.0274148,-0.05553829,0.028283607,0.05157444,0.02903... |
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