id stringlengths 36 36 | text stringlengths 28 1k | metadata stringlengths 407 430 | embedding stringlengths 9.41k 9.57k |
|---|---|---|---|
364791f2-7884-43c3-bc5c-c3a96d35bc8a | Senegalia senegal
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Tracheophytes
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Clade:Rosids
Order:Fabales
Family:Fabaceae
Subfamily:Caesalpinioideae
Clade:Mimosoid clade
Genus:Senegalia
Species:S. senegal
Binomial name
Senegalia senegal
(L.) Britton
Synonyms
[1]
Acacia circummarginata ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 34, "from": 1}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Senegalia senegal - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212457+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212457+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versio... | [0.025345365,0.026616402,-0.18438682,-0.053475663,0.015720123,-0.03104058,-0.041953992,0.0049550603,-0.050064206,-0.003645968,0.0074111875,0.0043741358,0.107555024,-0.018410478,0.060734212,-0.053344097,-0.036083817,-0.041611373,0.06358526,0.08994942,-0.08736296,0.0344138,0.009284714,0.015028827,0.06826038,0.004926597,0... |
9d0aab0b-b897-45c4-86be-1c1e6542171f | India. It grows to a height of 5–12 metres (16-40'), with a trunk up to
30 cm (1') in diameter.
[4]
Sudan is the source of the world's highest
quality gum arabic, known locally as hashab gum in contrast to the
related, but inferior, gum arabic from
Red acacia
or talah gum.
[5]
The tree is of great economic im... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 63, "from": 31}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Senegalia senegal - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212457+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212457+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.055582497,0.06626355,-0.18025798,-0.012852704,-0.0063469484,-0.05489237,-0.04896637,0.009008431,0.0056384564,-0.020213425,0.019275237,-0.028556008,0.07518541,-0.02382578,0.05660844,-0.013108126,-0.04573804,-0.054194473,0.025106618,0.06570372,-0.073788516,0.006421321,0.013974982,-0.03228157,0.052921057,-0.026955958,-... |
c5858660-823c-41a6-b22c-f8f9fff820ce | .
[8]
Leaves and pods of S. senegal
are browsed by domestic and wild ruminants.
[9]
Like other legume species, S. senegal fixes nitrogen within Rhizobia
or nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in
root nodules
.
[5]
This nitrogen
fixation enriches the poor soils where it is grown, allowing for the
rotation of other c... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 83, "from": 57}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Senegalia senegal - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212457+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212457+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.01845139,0.029332642,-0.18074654,-0.020972056,0.056287847,-0.0776057,-0.07903201,0.024317507,-0.0060291546,-0.038687874,0.03149111,-0.009004954,0.11326403,-0.020044083,0.023711894,-0.02069095,-0.043610875,0.0026756516,0.07447478,0.06698443,-0.04643569,0.01770082,0.020207118,-0.017583143,0.05848797,-0.0070574987,-0.0... |
2bb4e568-9a4d-43df-b1b9-372ade8787be | Brenan
Acacia kinionge sensu Brenan
Acacia oxyosprion Chiov.
Acacia rupestris Boiss.
Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.
Acacia senegal subsp.
modesta (Wall.) Roberty
Acacia senegal subsp.
senegalensis Roberty
Acacia somalensis sensu Brenan
Acacia sp. 1 F. White
Acacia spinosa Marloth & Engl.
Acacia thomasii sensu Brenan
Acacia... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 122, "from": 85}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Senegalia senegal - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212457+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212457+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "vers... | [0.0070104403,0.0050990167,-0.19201836,-0.063155085,-0.008144139,-0.070871815,-0.058510862,-0.007402692,-0.023125969,0.003308008,0.01433984,-0.021240605,0.07984004,-0.04352501,0.029417504,-0.0026808623,0.0040936368,-0.014579464,0.078553505,0.05448861,-0.06789115,0.012184797,0.01778847,-0.017274363,0.04376283,0.01576374... |
d964e62b-2e9d-4fed-9674-9519e931206a | dimethyltryptamine
.
[11]
Senegalia senegal
A Gum acacia tree
photographed at Taljai Hills,
Pune
Senegalia Senegal (Kummat)
tree in Jodhpur, Thadiya
village
Senegalia senegal
List of Acacia species known to contain psychoactive alkaloids
List of psychoactive plants
Rope
Wood
Chemistry
See also | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 128, "from": 112}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Senegalia senegal - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212457+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212457+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ver... | [0.015121684,0.038680624,-0.2043028,-0.059401266,0.014506467,-0.053568732,-0.07232152,0.02965789,-0.026987826,-0.0022754471,0.025410006,0.0111752385,0.099951304,-0.034263033,-0.03122329,-0.02707357,-0.019278891,-0.03637757,0.014133518,0.04592244,-0.074928045,0.032232046,0.01325384,-0.05556976,0.045198925,0.026698055,0.... |
be0792d8-267b-46b5-b4d4-c1f73bea585b | 1. "Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. — the Plant List" (http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-596).
2. Pervez, Amjad; Ahmad, Syed Muzaffar; Lathiya, Shaher Bano; Khadijah, Erum (2009). "Food Habits of
the Indian Crested Porcupine, Hystrix indica in Sindh, Pakistan". Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 41 (4): 321.
ISSN 0030... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 141, "from": 130}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Senegalia senegal - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212457+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212457+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ver... | [-0.028298497,0.027553288,-0.18861832,-0.037219424,0.0609233,-0.04909027,0.0059388196,-0.011625004,-0.036400985,-0.0062784175,0.0030618145,0.002085235,0.08501841,0.014544531,0.032955866,-0.07315814,-0.020043515,-0.033911224,0.028611926,0.12084492,-0.042905696,0.037503324,-0.028355509,-0.013540065,0.042930853,-0.0125042... |
15d21b8c-83a2-4486-bd2c-c87641cdad4f | Machine
5. Suliman, Mohamed Osman (2011). The Darfur Conflict : Geography or Institutions. New York: Routledge.
ISBN 978-0-415-88598-0.
6. ""Gum arabic in Sudan: production and socio-economic aspects, United Nations Food & Agricultural
Organisation"" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170810061456/http://www.fao.org/docrep... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 153, "from": 140}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Senegalia senegal - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212457+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212457+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ver... | [0.016106913,0.034946848,-0.15536518,-0.017215379,0.020725954,-0.032927368,-0.029369611,-0.034622166,0.0014506052,0.012191724,0.046661507,-0.015549319,0.11363729,-0.0062806644,0.046562668,-0.03041697,-0.028784893,-0.023599774,0.0074841077,0.10517223,-0.045879938,0.03228201,-0.007994375,-0.022351818,0.044587307,-0.04421... |
e1a11aa7-4dec-41c1-a214-87bbba7436e2 | senegal). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO.
https://www.feedipedia.org/node/342
10. Wren, R.C. (1923). Potter's Cylopedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations. London: Potter & Clark. p. 2.
11. Khalil, S.K.W. & Elkheir, Y.M. 1975. “Dimethyltryptamine from the leafs of certain Acacia species of
Norther... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 165, "from": 152}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Senegalia senegal - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212457+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212457+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ver... | [0.035865046,0.025816571,-0.20555054,-0.028879019,-0.004060159,-0.03680159,-0.054783825,0.010353593,-0.017555533,-0.030135099,0.022377161,-0.019809617,0.102321684,-0.02023775,0.02395884,-0.0329714,-0.029307261,-0.03084498,0.023718733,0.0961982,-0.010677232,0.021898527,0.0029960764,-0.01887781,0.09094289,-0.013148272,-0... |
3d1ad5fa-7b75-41a2-b634-5deef5b9018d | Achillea millefolium
Achillea millefolium, commonly known as yarrow (/ˈjæroʊ/) or common yarrow, is a flowering plant in
the family Asteraceae. Growing to 1 metre (3
1
⁄
2
feet) tall, it is characterized by small whitish flowers, a tall
stem of fernlike leaves, and a pungent odor.
Achillea sp.
Achillea sp. in a heart ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 11, "from": 1}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ver... | [0.07477359,0.023799036,-0.20530061,-0.030103765,-0.044614516,-0.0334326,-0.041178677,0.004335959,0.033019423,-0.030726014,0.01841924,0.02477497,0.1302757,0.012094128,-0.07267541,0.018330142,-0.026522122,-0.011164424,0.03964794,0.03797816,-0.042658813,0.03520592,-0.06863945,-0.030779311,0.069746174,0.05861761,-0.034173... |
63559ad0-962d-4c51-8ead-88e3b1fba13f | livestock in New Zealand and Australia. It has some potential
uses, including in traditional medicine.
Petiolate leaves on lower stems
Illustration from Köhler's Medicinal Plants
(1887–1898)
Achillea millefolium is an erect, herbaceous, perennial plant that
produces one to several stems 0.2–1 metre (8–40 inches) in... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 47, "from": 13}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.043896936,0.042324033,-0.19384608,-0.009730151,-0.0066701225,-0.059085112,-0.03378221,-0.020788386,0.013253973,-0.049430907,0.022534547,0.018987058,0.10433078,-0.051921863,-0.009644561,-0.020766081,-0.008456391,-0.03592212,0.03208502,0.05576956,-0.03822758,0.072303966,-0.008737197,-0.07254502,0.041921753,0.06467159,... |
6df76145-edb1-482b-83f7-e0360cc359ad | The inflorescence has 4 to 9 phyllaries and contains ray and disk
flowers which are white to pink, blooming from March to
October.
[5]
There are generally 3 to 8 ray flowers, which are 3
millimetres (
1
⁄
8
in) long
[5]
and ovate to round. The tiny disk
flowers range from 10 to 40.
[5]
The inflorescence is produced... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 81, "from": 49}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.022363894,0.03700047,-0.1690378,-0.004817594,-0.057081565,-0.047967773,-0.031671833,-0.004264842,0.0054731853,-0.006006849,0.018889416,0.018520717,0.13770635,0.008575603,-0.048787095,-0.00081878086,-0.038173962,-0.017191058,0.04538854,0.0015436792,-0.02126221,-0.007549145,-0.056167733,-0.030043691,0.058349982,0.0672... |
942ad680-89d3-4580-90f3-b4607e853273 | extract and their chromatographic quantification" (https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030881
460500172X). Food Chemistry. 96 (2): 220–227. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.02.024 (https://doi.org/1
0.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2005.02.024). | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 136, "from": 134}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Tanacetum parthenium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020215748+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020215748+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.037283577,0.022254042,-0.18232507,-0.02580332,0.049417343,-0.053358488,-0.037269894,0.043880355,-0.010105755,-0.016130248,-0.0012095601,0.03495134,0.018874895,-0.00061320164,0.006296263,-0.09659633,-0.03327242,-0.07135448,-0.005545412,0.043650348,-0.03910791,0.026087906,-0.02064835,-0.0279949,0.091528,-0.017066924,-... |
c45a2eec-7d9d-4098-b676-773a18a65229 | was discovered in yarrow and wormwood and named in 1863 by Septimus Piesse.
Yarrow contains isovaleric acid, salicylic acid, asparagine, sterols, and flavonoids.
[9]
It also contains phenolic
acids such as gallic acid, 3, 4-dihydroxy benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic
acid, p-coumari... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 98, "from": 79}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.045281015,0.03609017,-0.19073214,0.0048193005,-0.02534457,-0.070700504,-0.06704403,-0.0076110405,0.026970038,-0.03511651,0.022079492,0.02567864,0.122466125,0.001427964,-0.04265376,-0.023036173,-0.023287298,-0.017366167,0.06754885,-0.035548836,-0.07081711,0.024880223,-0.041012503,-0.025504222,0.068616375,0.06482752,-... |
4674fffb-0cab-4c5a-9886-972154f75326 | Achillea millefolium var. alpicola – Western United States, Alaska
[11]
Achillea millefolium var. californica – California, Pacific Northwest
[12][13][14]
Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis – North America
[15]
Achillea millefolium var. pacifica – west coast of North America, Alaska
[16]
Binomial name
Achillea mill... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 108, "from": 95}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "v... | [0.046916176,0.01853504,-0.18560722,0.00034824514,-0.01771516,-0.046535272,-0.04020128,-0.06761776,0.04396915,-0.026692905,0.035946876,0.07106881,0.09325629,-0.01984353,-0.026000433,-0.059043676,-0.019400707,-0.037990976,0.0029703313,-0.004984596,-0.035029467,0.033788536,-0.096575856,-0.051585346,0.04740602,0.0779303,-... |
794cfa28-0f81-4a6a-9984-800f9edd6ba0 | Achillea millefolium var. puberula – endemic to California
[17]
Etymology
The genus name Achillea is derived from mythical Greek character Achilles, who by legend, carried it with
his army to treat battle wounds.
[18]
The specific epithet millefolium comes from the featherlike leaves which
are minutely divided.
[18]
Y... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 131, "from": 110}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.083798155,0.016505765,-0.19355062,0.0024868462,-0.023919223,-0.0072920034,-0.048413415,0.01891442,0.0218321,-0.020855194,0.014799474,-0.014298666,0.103908375,0.0026469717,-0.0661914,-0.039095666,-0.027784588,-0.023477081,0.041188356,0.026797477,-0.0799722,0.015841603,-0.046461925,-0.0189076,0.06142301,0.08860981,-0.... |
ca36487f-52bd-497c-a0d5-d02b25646b7d | found.
[19]
It is found in every habitat throughout California except the Colorado and Mojave Deserts.
[20][21]
Common yarrow produces an average yield of 110,000 plants per hectare (43,000/acre), with a total dry
weight of 11,800 kg/ha (10,500 pounds per acre).
[22]
It has been introduced as a feed for livestock in N... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 143, "from": 128}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.04139448,0.035326112,-0.2105264,-0.027325006,0.027566364,-0.023118457,-0.026607327,0.039781388,-0.0003172429,-0.02657556,0.047032233,0.01944645,0.10976869,0.0016048433,-0.04908324,0.0070273336,-0.032051474,-0.050808106,0.05430807,0.039643615,-0.04249106,0.014242481,0.01038688,0.021185074,0.06737005,0.05501799,-0.026... |
2aee2d9f-def7-40e0-a676-b29b14cd056e | Birds
Several cavity-nesting birds, including the common starling, use yarrow to line their nests. Experiments
conducted on the tree swallow, which does not use yarrow, suggest that adding yarrow to nests inhibits the
growth of parasites.
[24]
Insects
Achillea millefolium is a food source for many species of insects, a... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 159, "from": 145}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.02439114,0.04940686,-0.18455814,-0.046513688,-0.011680517,-0.015620609,-0.10271786,-0.012363712,0.031019699,-0.023460891,-0.0007285996,0.007093742,0.11855528,0.046204533,-0.08891301,-0.012225671,0.009577907,-0.029083494,0.052636657,0.023981916,-0.011980498,0.0065671178,-0.01538418,0.0041372473,0.06637151,0.07175824,... |
365cdac7-7182-42ae-ab4e-03773f94d042 | (tanacetum root moth), Eupithecia millefoliata (yarrow pug), E. nanata (narrow-winged pug), Gillmeria
pallidactyla, Idaea pallidata, Isidiella nickerlii, Loxostege manualis, Phycitodes maritima, P. saxicola, Pyncostola
bohemiella, Sophronia sicariellus and Thetidia smaragdaria (Essex emerald) feed on Achillea millefoli... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 170, "from": 159}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.03457028,0.038565263,-0.20171426,0.010549513,0.01163355,-0.023871414,-0.10211366,-0.0040118606,0.030545698,0.012923095,0.017150281,0.033490248,0.08386487,0.012599036,-0.074737154,-0.06363585,-0.027271705,-0.03861758,0.024079453,0.02418835,-0.024891574,0.04249692,0.0047362885,-0.04418332,0.03432181,0.05369224,-0.0109... |
6c969aa3-d608-4944-b931-7e29a471631e | and Thiodia citrana (lemon bell). The Noctuid Agrotis stigmosa has also been reared on A. millefolium.
[26]
Beetles
Cassida denticollis, Galeruca tanaceti, Hypocassida subferruginea and Phytoecia virgula are cosmopolitan
species of beetles that feed on A. millefolium.
Chrysanthia viridissima is a European species whose... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 180, "from": 168}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.05872171,0.017058948,-0.19730042,0.012092104,0.021675823,-0.009947549,-0.0948836,-0.052450605,0.021685041,0.01935465,0.016440311,0.02271543,0.08513283,-0.03520062,-0.06292269,-0.05913757,-0.007971062,-0.06407456,0.010360753,0.048445497,-0.02209805,0.04389881,-0.014191757,-0.024935555,0.056630693,0.08232704,-0.025654... |
d42e6dda-0f73-4d65-b3d6-62088ae7a3c9 | Galls
Aceria kiefferi (Nalepa, 1891) is a mite that deforms flowers and leaves. external link to gallformers (https://gall
formers.org/host/20)
A. millefolium 'Paprika' cultivar
A. millefolium cultivar
Achillea millefolium is cultivated as an ornamental plant by many plant nurseries. It is planted in gardens
and na... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 201, "from": 182}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.050166562,0.06666866,-0.20292445,-0.007515229,-0.03125734,-0.0013384083,-0.037258938,0.010520511,0.020652307,-0.045624617,0.016172808,-0.004132025,0.12769939,0.0049015856,-0.02418827,-0.027876562,0.018843038,-0.03652942,0.0635295,0.025376664,-0.036006566,0.06523493,-0.068424724,-0.04142619,0.062181797,0.09351667,-0.... |
2751075b-28fa-4aef-a358-3f0a6d7144bb | ⁄
4
in). Seeds also require a germination temperature of 18–24 °C (64–75 °F). It has a
relatively short life in some situations, but may be prolonged by division in the spring every other year, and
planting 30 to 46 cm (12–18 in) apart. It can become invasive.
[30]
Cultivars
The species use in traditional gardens has ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 218, "from": 198}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.03949566,0.056170017,-0.2157549,-0.00093128515,-0.066467464,0.0122906985,0.018887378,0.029107248,0.03260127,-0.025860038,0.011698127,0.004380029,0.038783595,-0.007871837,-0.029718645,-0.015461005,-0.012261268,-0.065015726,0.05106937,0.038987413,-0.023479214,0.0021384316,-0.03381269,-0.051790982,0.02581692,0.09131192... |
639ed035-a425-4d58-9dbc-5f1ce61f12ea | 'Strawberry Seduction' (red), 'Island Pink' (pink),
[39]
'Calistoga' (white),
[40]
and 'Sonoma Coast' (white).
[41]
The
following are recipients of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
'Credo'
[42]
'Lachsschönheit' (Galaxy Series)
[43]
'Martina'
[44]
'Lansdorferglut'
[45]
The many hybrids of this... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 255, "from": 220}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.025757277,0.06234785,-0.18576139,-0.052756596,0.028486071,-0.03262747,-0.040450748,0.009453461,0.02206692,-0.030569527,-0.018679436,0.05735587,0.11442503,0.019241,-0.037235428,-0.007462713,0.015795436,-0.021634443,0.007101597,0.039467,-0.03526259,-0.00449574,-0.04524415,-0.04917542,0.07420948,0.023701433,-0.05119964... |
0a143730-5935-4d1f-8eea-897030195dd1 | Traditional medicine
A. millefolium was used in traditional medicine, in part due to its astringent properties and the mild laxative
effect of its leaves.
[51][52]
It was used in ancient times to heal wounds and stop bleeding, and in the 16th
century, the crushed leaves were used to stop nosebleeds.
[53]
North America... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 279, "from": 257}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.0707576,0.031079927,-0.18301086,-0.02108682,-0.009009065,-0.061512414,-0.05859549,0.0021723714,0.07844765,-0.03422318,0.02481107,-0.027592057,0.13382514,-0.016760217,-0.038031466,0.000358153,-0.030193347,0.011346868,-0.00640992,0.0373569,-0.09380791,0.027270015,-0.043138467,-0.045754146,0.022939453,0.036978535,-0.02... |
309e99d0-75ed-4e7e-a190-7d8b566d4783 | intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27315876
2). Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fplb.12328).
PMID 25754608 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754608).
7. "Achillea millefolium" (https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 463, "from": 458}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.0540044,0.037530754,-0.21558508,-0.028993351,-0.00089630496,0.021454066,-0.003948531,0.002028913,-0.0034513953,-0.0026372275,0.032335177,0.029686136,0.09413969,0.017401038,-0.0645356,-0.03613999,-0.043363646,-0.012093028,0.028876979,0.058021598,-0.08001846,0.0716055,-0.0779381,-0.068690605,0.038996518,0.06801051,-0.... |
c01f69f6-8bc9-4844-bf2e-3a1e61c3a005 | [54]
Some
Ojibwe people used a decoction of yarrow leaves on hot stones and inhaled it to treat headaches,
[56]
or
applied decoctions of the root onto skin for its stimulating effect.
[57]
Food
The entire plant is reportedly edible and nutritious, but it is advised not to consume much.
[58]
The foliage is
pungent; b... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 303, "from": 275}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.042760678,0.027818376,-0.17873922,-0.02184822,-0.011281431,-0.020982014,-0.047687896,0.04177061,0.05193333,-0.00077285885,0.034802236,0.019212956,0.13441737,0.01961607,-0.05289271,0.004106175,-0.038343478,-0.0013891043,0.03230866,0.015875887,-0.075905815,-0.024499513,-0.021849569,-0.007255274,0.03686795,-0.000485512... |
7874313c-404e-4e86-8d65-e1a86abbd9dc | [61]
It is noted by the Swedish biologist Linnaeus that the Dalecarnians infused the herb in beer.
[62]
The flowers and leaves are still used in making some liquors and bitters.
[7]
Other uses
Yarrow is used as a companion plant, attracting some beneficial insects
[63]
and repelling some pests.
A. millefolium can be ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 317, "from": 298}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.040022843,0.03475642,-0.18784645,-0.0002459011,0.01348021,-0.025483113,-0.05076327,0.011199023,0.040084306,-0.02065126,0.027394028,-0.02249488,0.12333406,0.0063023856,-0.048431862,0.011272671,-0.020286808,-0.031323023,0.05116326,0.027287649,-0.060019333,0.02485111,0.0034219252,-0.0629057,0.031205432,0.06900653,-0.04... |
2ec8eef3-dd31-4de9-9bb9-fd8f4084fea6 | China
A bunch of 50 yarrow
A. millefolium subsp. millefolium
var. millefolium stalks, used for
I Ching divination
Yarrow and tortoiseshell are considered to be lucky in Chinese tradition.
[65]
Dried yarrow stalks are used in I Ching divination.
[66]
Western world
In antiquity, the plant was known as herba militaris f... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 345, "from": 319}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.038925454,0.026595503,-0.21110387,-0.039387938,0.014860001,-0.036144853,-0.03075875,0.018592644,0.047991876,-0.011047078,0.040378693,0.0027301586,0.11882887,0.0019432518,-0.042856533,-0.00025838104,-0.012726351,0.0007791863,0.020301273,0.033684283,-0.067094974,-0.01382779,-0.050908748,-0.0009475561,0.05640946,0.0167... |
d2f3d211-ae97-4c06-8744-c1e31b44cdc1 | milfoil, staunchweed, and, from its use in the United States Civil War, soldier's woundwort.
[18]
Its use in
either starting or stopping nosebleeds led to the common name nosebleed.
[51][69]
The English name yarrow comes from its Saxon (Old English) name gearwe, which is related to both the
Dutch word gerw (alternatel... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 364, "from": 341}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.042666007,-0.003545952,-0.18261176,-0.022764284,0.016467597,-0.021662977,-0.042089876,0.045259614,0.1040635,-0.0057480913,0.0013190804,-0.021081246,0.12968539,0.029810525,-0.03357025,-0.010371498,-0.017457087,-0.006661578,0.02454502,0.010750872,-0.0719854,-0.026971271,0.0006305289,0.018597286,0.059975993,-0.02485970... |
0f77b8c5-7a0d-418b-bab3-8880f2df7286 | distemper (disorders of the four humours) and impart the faculty of prediction.
[69]
For its association with
the Abrahamic devil it was called bad man's plaything, devil's nettle, and devil's plaything.
[51]
Yarrow was
thought to bring luck due to being, according to one woman cited by James Britten (c. 1878), "the ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 373, "from": 362}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.030728545,0.034455776,-0.20264018,-0.055528566,0.019981436,0.032989405,-0.020107869,0.016474314,0.014914205,-0.03523906,-0.014062776,-0.012553055,0.10532876,0.036107376,0.011578947,-0.039846938,0.0104063125,-0.02151437,0.026862662,0.03444056,-0.04715212,-0.023391554,-0.019418694,-0.02906566,0.008603058,0.0081812665,... |
9a556a55-6f9f-4e8f-b475-d4b8d2292be7 | New York Botanical Garden. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
12. "Taraxacum officinale in Flora of North America @" (http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&tax
on_id=220013281). Efloras.org. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
Education
Other
In culture
See also
References | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 580, "from": 573}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Taraxacum officinale - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020215800+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020215800+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.04379716,0.034251913,-0.20677234,-0.03140105,0.023344683,0.012825987,-0.009203304,-0.015676154,0.01342949,-0.029832754,-0.011988909,0.03732595,0.08740209,0.0017631162,0.014925984,-0.023223123,-0.039062727,-0.013477556,0.0018885054,0.08402919,-0.001426907,0.015221498,-0.041518793,-0.0345631,0.074026845,0.01411359,0.0... |
aa0b7608-0ac4-4c5b-ae18-7af5cd9e9b22 | Jesus uses the plant to heal his adoptive father. For this reason, in France, it was called herbe de St. Joseph,
and it has also been called carpenter's weed in this regard.
[72][51]
Various other common names include arrowroot, death flower, eerie, hundred-leaved grass, knyghten,
old man's mustard, sanguinary,
[51]
s... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 391, "from": 375}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.05072916,0.0015122484,-0.17140436,-0.031166434,-0.056168478,-0.04064126,-0.062426005,0.03191796,0.041703176,-0.006165004,-0.009580782,0.0016938017,0.14645827,-0.0030860773,-0.030334834,0.02590004,-6.999092e-06,0.0049836435,0.04702624,0.01567698,-0.0681029,-0.021495668,-0.027139224,0.0030372266,0.048333228,-0.0036246... |
4a4af154-3fbe-4701-8b18-e9b1662856b0 | in the name of Jesus Christ, I pluck it from the ground;
As Joseph loved sweet Mary, and took her for his dear,
so in a dream this night, I hope, my true love will appear.
and go to sleep with the yarrow under the pillow.
[69]
In a similar tradition in Wicklow, girls would pick yarrow on Hallow Eve and recite:
Thou pre... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 410, "from": 389}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.018060705,-0.014035873,-0.17279793,-0.063957326,-0.05224674,-0.00790615,-0.06430735,0.026413681,0.032696985,0.0099790115,-0.02659185,0.045515355,0.121954285,0.040143717,-0.0387204,0.027718514,-0.0037989079,-0.016314955,-0.018274896,0.022660213,-0.07945534,-0.059049513,-0.06261838,-0.010607945,0.072977684,0.007738158... |
d0ab8a0b-e61f-41cd-8d64-2957cb1fd720 | [69]
In Dublin on May Day or the night before, women would place a stocking full of yarrow under their pillow
and recite:
Good morrow, good yarrow, good morrow to thee,
I hope by the yarrow my lover to see;
And that he may be married to me.
The colour of his hair and the clothes he does wear,
And if he be for me may hi... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 417, "from": 407}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.005434979,-0.021670321,-0.17642203,-0.07335049,-0.040564187,0.009698755,-0.037505303,0.032868244,0.012803682,-0.00498056,-0.022616884,0.049048923,0.092860825,0.055909507,-0.010880726,0.03388842,0.038414318,-0.014460416,-0.007941004,0.039195094,-0.103751145,-0.0454365,-0.07957128,-0.057094455,0.04823609,0.035479974,-... |
8206bc7c-e546-4e80-a1d9-3cc8d52b2f8f | Leaves
Close-up of leaf
Budding flowers
Flowers at California State
Polytechnic University, Pomona
Flower by a pond, United Kingdom
Field of yarrow in Russia
Flowers in Chelan County, Washington
Gallery | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 435, "from": 420}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.012676157,0.022120781,-0.19354418,-0.03498884,-0.017443547,-0.011205535,-0.008009537,0.044609055,0.044107936,-0.021073993,0.007535995,0.03973609,0.10925624,0.008924289,-0.09285861,0.014850849,-0.05722413,-0.007215107,0.014395404,0.048218846,-0.05088614,-0.006573954,-0.049123026,0.034722824,0.066009864,0.05108061,-0.... |
fedca1a8-da45-4068-aee4-19fe5e6b4af0 | Close-up of flowersExtreme close-up of flowersDry flowers with Hemiptera
Achenes
1. Maiz-Tome, L. (2016). "Achillea millefolium" (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202909/78457012).
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T202909A78457012. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-
1.RLTS.T202909A78457012.en (https://doi.org/10... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 448, "from": 437}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.037354518,0.011552193,-0.18836807,-0.013518056,-0.006912427,-0.014435811,0.009508345,-0.02676889,0.0286268,0.0070220395,0.012855304,0.01826751,0.11004733,-0.011208887,-0.045006633,-0.039029967,-0.034174096,-0.06886852,0.008685904,0.040216647,-0.032240666,0.060807392,-0.063384935,-0.045522798,0.010347479,0.065342925,... |
a554edf6-95a8-4b13-99f0-cbcaf5e523f8 | 0023010). In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico
(FNA) (http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1). New York and Oxford: Oxford University
Press. Retrieved 31 January 2013 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard
University Herbar... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 458, "from": 447}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.0019778798,0.034059975,-0.1936325,-0.028398942,0.04714105,0.02508943,-0.014035861,0.01189181,0.0164833,-0.012742091,0.017662413,0.017387768,0.09431548,0.010191263,-0.034534752,-0.038387883,-0.035035446,-0.035189502,-0.020454574,0.050788827,-0.034287054,0.019824421,-0.044538483,-0.044810455,0.0605153,0.05761839,-0.00... |
17cf34d4-7794-4f90-bc2b-f51ab57f7832 | 8. Michler, Barbara; Arnold, Carl-Gerold (1999). "Predicting Presence of Proazulenes in the Achillea
millefolium Group". Folia Geobotanica. 34 (1): 143–161. Bibcode:1999FolGe..34..143M (https://ui.adsab
s.harvard.edu/abs/1999FolGe..34..143M). doi:10.1007/BF02803081 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF028
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[8][14]
Meta-analyses of contemporary evidence support these claims on menopausal complaints
only for products holding a marketing authorization for this indication,
[15]
whereas there is no
high-quality
scientific evidence
to support such uses for other products.
[2][3][16]
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67.... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 634, "from": 621}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.02330957,0.0380661,-0.2096966,-0.037747853,0.03430369,-0.0028917019,-0.016964126,0.016622331,0.052123394,-0.085648246,-0.046240836,-0.0013486976,0.029445028,0.0123250205,0.028759984,-0.089784406,-0.034010656,-0.022456003,-0.0015169852,0.06742777,-0.029007213,0.00598295,-0.010933698,-0.055449717,0.04181114,-0.0054684... |
11583909-bb15-422e-93b9-7cfca832582d | doi:10.1080/17441994.1878.10602548 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17441994.1878.10602548).
JSTOR 1252356 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1252356).
70. "Yarrow". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.).
71. Margaret Baker (October 1971). Discovering the Folklore of Plants (revised ed.). Shire Publications. SBN
852630806.
72. Tali... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 639, "from": 632}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Achillea millefolium - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212512+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.00718277,-0.005492829,-0.20028664,-0.047805298,0.006328241,-0.026862873,-0.024947118,0.029006938,0.008068884,-0.040307585,0.004165156,0.029685847,0.13601932,-0.0033669176,0.005467964,-0.031178478,-0.018048968,-0.028733552,-0.0052814665,0.028875466,-0.03349902,0.0035149092,-0.05378947,-0.045695398,0.07908607,-0.00011... |
76ea09fb-4db3-4ed3-9676-90bdfe6f784c | [show]
Actaea racemosa
Inflorescence
Conservation status
Apparently Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Tracheophytes
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Order:Ranunculales
Family:Ranunculaceae
Genus:Actaea
Species:A. racemosa
Binomial name
Actaea racemosa
L.
Synonyms
[1]
Synonymy
Cimicif... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 42, "from": 1}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version"... | [0.013205431,0.0170527,-0.21297416,-0.020956557,0.017092679,-0.043460798,0.013042752,0.013102274,-0.010755948,-0.0150829675,0.0013817428,0.082921185,0.08101069,0.018213341,-0.007846743,-0.028384134,0.0014986227,-0.05163548,-0.026014343,0.069454804,-0.06541486,0.030825783,0.010422186,0.014664561,0.06655147,0.029876107,-... |
ee7a434f-19c7-4324-878a-8315eaba6ec0 | found in small woodland openings.
The roots and rhizomes are used in traditional medicine by Native
Americans
.
[2]
Its
extracts
are manufactured as
herbal medicines
or
dietary supplements
.
[3]
Most dietary supplements containing black
cohosh are not well-studied or recommended for safe and effective
use in trea... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 59, "from": 30}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version... | [0.04564681,0.022866623,-0.16469118,-0.0090746945,-0.018899664,-0.0421129,-0.027024021,0.0010741861,0.005990329,0.031908236,0.026645292,0.027392386,0.1264778,-0.018631764,-0.0024194762,0.006617591,-0.03114643,-0.019630212,-0.016457396,0.033200745,-0.11341854,0.008155791,-0.006609447,-0.014195931,0.03644323,0.05497048,-... |
6606c61c-de80-4de7-aa77-4ba4178f57d0 | [31]
The glycoside and saponin
constituents are considered toxic.
[31]
Anne Frank tree
A horse-chestnut tree stood outside the window of the "secret annex" in the centre of Amsterdam, which
Anne Frank mentioned in her diary; the tree survived until August 2010, when a heavy wind blew it
over.
[32][33]
Eleven young sp... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 188, "from": 179}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false},... | [0.06510675,0.013695075,-0.19048472,-0.055964656,0.014585335,-0.007500576,-0.045569174,0.0029948496,-0.008997293,-0.03167016,-0.023056973,0.0066485046,0.09411356,-0.0063382327,0.007947627,-0.018635854,0.031904623,-0.039055225,0.04347937,0.003045158,-0.05986373,-0.02146153,0.026566388,-0.030392691,0.06022487,0.07987544,... |
4c29d313-f8a8-44c2-81e9-58861f7106f1 | inflorescence and seeds, placed the species into the genus Actaea.
This designation was later revised by Thomas Nuttall reclassifying the
species to the genus Cimicifuga. Nuttall's classification was based
solely on the dry follicles produced by black cohosh, which are typical
of species in Cimicifuga.
[6]
However... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 78, "from": 58}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version... | [0.07153287,0.011438394,-0.14427407,-0.01697731,-0.019119298,-0.022131892,0.0035158636,0.025120867,-0.05138974,0.007922905,0.0064025605,0.031922128,0.13513234,0.025797365,-0.0044604507,-0.045696475,-0.007903336,-0.019473936,0.0069823586,0.028467331,-0.06989848,0.03133301,0.019193534,-0.0044510425,0.050727274,0.01496399... |
27ba2bc7-9080-4657-9e78-004477c4d848 | [2]
Black cohosh is a smooth (glabrous) herbaceous perennial plant that
produces large, compound leaves from an underground rhizome,
reaching a height of 25–60 cm (9.8–23.6 in).
[7][8]
The basal
leaves
are up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long and broad, forming repeated sets of three
leaflets (tripinnately compound) havi... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 85, "from": 74}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version... | [0.058578424,0.029864887,-0.15798299,-0.019042293,-0.004484633,-0.025715735,-0.0096394485,0.04347472,-0.028749902,0.0012745371,0.022562994,0.014319409,0.09624431,0.012297945,0.03242632,-0.032502275,-0.01721994,-0.05224753,0.026400931,0.040997796,-0.065001234,0.025324961,0.004190241,-0.026488481,0.056873664,0.052702297,... |
2f770cfe-98da-47a0-99fa-f258905ead8b | Actaea gyrostachya Wender
Actaea monogyna Walter
Actaea orthostachya Wender
Botrophis actaeoides Raf ex
Fisch & CA Mey
Botrophis pumila Raf
Botrophis serpentaria Raf
The flowers are produced in late spring and early summer on a tall
stem, 75–250 cm (30–98 in) tall, forming racemes up to 50 cm
(20 in) long. T... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 111, "from": 87}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versio... | [0.03600157,0.031350497,-0.21098943,-0.029992418,-0.030659063,-0.01843704,0.0045184856,-0.033453427,0.007735043,0.0012383916,0.0020351917,0.053906422,0.08484596,-0.018999904,-0.07962399,-0.029216336,-0.014344077,-0.04148934,0.0053682793,0.035903275,-0.049384415,-0.0023775587,0.010791209,-0.020493886,0.04483488,0.079436... |
ed640330-6a29-4235-ba8c-e945a85bda12 | common name "Bugbane". The drying seed heads stay handsome in the garden for many weeks. Its deeply
cut, superficially maple-like leaves, burgundy colored in the variety "atropurpurea",
[9]
add interest to
gardens, wherever summer heat and drought do not make it die back, which make it a popular garden
perennial... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 141, "from": 111}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.05319779,0.012924224,-0.16521342,-0.01925036,-0.00064906094,-0.046527576,-0.012175466,0.03406342,0.021303419,0.005075991,0.005471971,0.056432046,0.13974805,6.137261e-05,-0.021783069,-0.04278839,-0.012055117,-0.01925535,0.01506891,0.035558954,-0.07196278,-0.03275576,0.023290096,-0.017105253,0.020005953,0.027250178,-0... |
740a9947-362c-4056-9d9f-5d22a9cf1cb7 | [13]
Extracts from the underground parts of the plant — the rhizome (Cimicifugae racemosae rhizoma) and the
root (Cimicifugae racemosae radix) — are used in
herbal medicine
.
[2]
The rhizomes and roots contain various
saponins (triterpene saponins and triterpene glycosides, such as actein) as well as cimifugic acids ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 158, "from": 136}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.054978892,0.053412046,-0.16682096,0.019001018,0.034189057,-0.028412983,-0.023083149,0.0055451337,0.007610511,0.007592286,0.00085861067,0.040874813,0.13862519,-0.0009955585,0.006180996,0.0075308885,-0.011135275,-0.008474199,-0.019720424,0.04130202,-0.11957737,-0.0034340648,-0.005240781,-0.023488963,0.030409044,0.0479... |
2b61da45-a43c-481f-a163-d58e89c4ebfd | There is a lack of long term safety information for black cohosh.
[17]
The Herbal Medicinal Product Committee (HMPC) at the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has
summarized the adverse drug reactions of herbal medicines made from cimicifuga with mentioning allergic
skin reactions (urticaria, itching, exanthema), facia... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 197, "from": 175}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.06402675,0.053441923,-0.15424529,-0.0141518125,0.049130816,-0.0038685813,-0.030376544,0.046022207,-0.0061771795,-0.0107519785,0.016845288,0.06514692,0.12785868,0.005549689,0.03355369,-0.01997549,-0.0033798332,-0.032843977,-0.02698364,0.03481705,-0.05379929,0.010674102,-0.014908712,0.020161137,0.010705182,0.0317457,0... |
5df6d39f-415e-4e7c-84e2-4be9c47705e9 | [8][20]
and a critical matter of
quality control in herbal medicinal products holding a marketing authorization. Very high doses of black
cohosh may cause
nausea
, dizziness, visual effects, a lower heart rate, and increased perspiration.
[12]
Worldwide, some 83 cases of liver damage, including hepatitis, liver failu... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 217, "from": 193}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.056531202,0.03820467,-0.14463784,-0.02054215,0.027079012,-0.045480248,-0.043317225,0.05748686,0.036519792,-0.006657263,0.033351783,0.04392795,0.11362088,-0.00017092553,0.034375113,-0.019389456,-0.022857876,-0.019056985,-0.04677282,0.052373163,-0.086016126,-0.01234702,-0.020116847,-0.026663648,0.030878369,0.04143952,... |
0de084dc-8e19-4d44-968f-93281d6a8fcf | should not be used without medical supervision.
[22]
Other studies concluded that liver damage from use of
black cohosh is unlikely.
[23][24][25]
But millions of women have taken black cohosh without reporting
adverse health effects
,
[2]
and a
meta-
analysis of clinical trials found no evidence that black coh... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 245, "from": 213}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.04271938,0.028921647,-0.12195558,-0.016910184,0.010746079,-0.05535357,-0.029316157,0.05157386,-0.014913481,-0.016996404,0.012585238,0.036728453,0.104060784,-0.003184062,0.008585048,-0.023533931,-0.00368018,-0.020459626,-0.050752334,0.047570217,-0.11278692,0.0006299214,0.02874932,-0.0044679972,0.049236584,0.012105476... |
5ce403b6-f3e8-4c48-8f6c-fc2eb0b80996 | Leaves
Budding plants in
cultivation
Close-up of the flower
Mature plant
Caffeic acid
Ferulic acid
List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments
Phenylpropanoids
Triterpenoids
1. "International Plant Names Index" (https://www.ipni.org/n/316204-2). www.ipni.org.
2. "Black cohosh" (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/heal... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 268, "from": 247}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.023961902,0.023434658,-0.17364731,0.005322854,0.052263487,-0.049329747,0.009600392,0.015696865,-0.021041792,-0.0077567995,0.018256532,0.062575564,0.11236927,-0.0079031205,-0.02611954,-0.0027583886,-0.024460109,-0.042568192,-0.04377341,0.025895098,-0.021148806,-0.002856269,-0.015899839,-0.0079492815,0.02736098,0.0375... |
e637b85f-000d-4ee8-a685-e17c26b1bd7f | 4. Herbal Medicinal Product Committee (HMPC) at the European Medicines Agency (EMA) (27 March
2018). "Assessment report on Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt., rhizoma" (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/d
ocuments/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-cimicifuga-racemosa-l-nutt-rhizome-revision-1_en.pdf)
(PDF).
5. Mohapatra S, ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 277, "from": 267}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.029551648,0.021427317,-0.19841988,-0.0013621282,0.055803034,-0.047356125,0.045369074,-0.019133031,-0.042710666,-0.0021162352,-0.0023450502,0.0076485462,0.08809234,-0.013847273,-0.002758599,-0.046616755,-0.027171709,-0.041856304,-0.04659551,0.05518564,-0.04620301,0.0048551937,-0.025707304,-0.008059229,0.039568234,0.0... |
b8c6c507-c294-4271-be84-ed79121aad70 | d.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35337076).
6. Compton JA, Culham A, Jury SL (1998). "Reclassification of Actaea to include Cimicifuga and Souliea
(Ranunculaceae): Phylogeny inferred from morphology, nrDNA ITS, and epDNA trnL-F sequence
variation" (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1223580). Taxon. 47 (3): 593–634. Bibcode:1998Taxon..47..59... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 286, "from": 276}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.023083193,0.0040594195,-0.15954195,-0.00013769006,0.04098353,-0.029844198,-0.0076802555,-0.005717621,0.015952319,0.03688429,0.016253266,0.016658342,0.12224293,-0.013797926,0.003416974,-0.06393568,-0.007115874,-0.050307967,0.012761211,0.026624465,-0.047342412,-0.0048276386,-0.047252804,-0.029361414,0.04249765,0.00838... |
9b8ee906-a6ed-49f5-b170-0d4ad04add88 | Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station: 99. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
9. Most "atropurpurea" selections on the market, however, are selections of Actaea simplex.
10. "Actaea racemosa" (https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/156095/Actaea-racemosa/Details). Royal Horticultural
Society. Retrieved 5 Ma... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 291, "from": 285}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.009630248,0.030340979,-0.19430813,-0.007997124,0.014368814,-0.017180989,0.009739444,-0.020431763,0.038016897,0.01628711,0.0086728325,0.05979645,0.061468262,-0.01639322,-0.019037945,-0.028411433,0.013949066,-0.08670416,0.013384315,0.04118828,-0.039214596,-0.030624172,-0.03208342,-0.02615344,0.069625415,0.058429047,0.... |
b9cfadb7-4c5a-4a67-87c7-61928a9917a6 | 11. Virginia Native Plant Society wildflower of the year 2017 (https://vnps.org/wildflower-of-the-year-2017-acta
ea-racemosa-black-cohosh/)
12. "Black cohosh" (https://www.drugs.com/npc/black-cohosh.html). Drugs.com. 7 June 2018. Retrieved
14 February 2019.
13. Niering WA, Olmstead NC (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 304, "from": 293}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.023174832,0.027365042,-0.19179453,-0.0021073383,0.045223795,-0.029275615,0.025427604,0.018693406,0.010994186,0.008165091,0.010215083,0.015839374,0.143219,0.003161111,0.006645437,-0.07472507,-0.041676387,-0.04976531,-0.016558543,0.056392543,-0.03527339,-0.0043620565,-0.018303465,-0.04069767,0.037391387,0.021379102,-0... |
4bbcd73a-9f82-46f2-be97-e35bc5c0ff80 | es/PMC1780040). PMID 16884867 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16884867).
15. Castelo-Branco C, Gambacciani M, Cano A, et al. (4 March 2021). "Review & meta-analysis:
isopropanolic black cohosh extract iCR for menopausal symptoms – an update on the evidence" (https://d
oi.org/10.1080%2F13697137.2020.1820477). Climacter... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 313, "from": 303}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.044666108,0.0403974,-0.14739172,-0.011201889,0.026459416,-0.0266668,-0.038859818,0.018838586,0.022910068,0.002666202,0.012599201,0.04520584,0.14443476,0.00091689295,0.01708416,-0.02875894,-0.028344814,-0.04775037,-0.026998017,0.05595571,-0.09787246,-0.0078121326,-0.028700044,-0.006112993,0.038661607,0.06187018,-0.02... |
3b509480-d4c9-4078-882c-9274ce983ccf | ttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6599854). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
9 (9) CD007244. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007244.pub2 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD00724
4.pub2). PMC 6599854 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6599854). PMID 22972105 (http
s://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 322, "from": 312}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.049979664,0.04165029,-0.15539193,-0.03999565,0.04928964,-0.027050272,0.0010565063,0.025939466,-0.029117072,0.008363511,0.022078022,0.038420465,0.11617799,-0.012074578,-0.021163406,-0.034808677,-0.025954094,-0.030886745,-0.069162175,0.025947027,-0.04668851,-0.010750835,-0.000855163,-0.020244557,0.030197054,0.01019338... |
629d6cfc-55b4-44f8-b5ab-0f585ff79c4d | Parasitol. 146 (1–2): 123–34. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.01.009 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vetpar.2007.
01.009). PMID 17336459 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17336459).
48. Athanasiadou, S.; Gray, D; Younie, D; Tzamaloukas, O; Jackson, F; Kyriazakis, I (February 2007). "The use
of chicory for parasite control in org... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 571, "from": 565}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Chicory - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020213040+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020213040+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.039298765,0.047037076,-0.19455247,-0.0483684,0.050105378,-0.05705886,-0.06907867,-0.003973322,-0.010999021,0.020979758,0.022052946,-0.017440448,0.079442725,0.023800956,-0.024701294,-0.017109679,-0.031151634,-0.049080536,0.006029881,0.032419946,-0.027140724,0.064151846,0.012707007,-0.052152835,0.100214675,0.003640110... |
8068ff6b-c007-4ede-ab16-5a47965c917d | Wochenschrift (in German), vol. 167, no. 7–8, pp. 147–159, doi:10.1007/s10354-016-0537-z (https://doi.o
rg/10.1007%2Fs10354-016-0537-z), ISSN 0043-5341 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-5341),
PMC 5409920 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5409920), PMID 28155126 (https://pubme
d.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/281551... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 331, "from": 321}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.0471809,0.012928166,-0.16850188,-0.030095322,0.051353775,-0.041535825,0.006292124,0.03771491,-0.008064718,-0.026187722,0.020939777,0.040441103,0.10271534,-0.02118492,-0.012419571,-0.06831248,-0.03607433,-0.024692466,-0.08675667,0.037828993,-0.08996725,0.021160698,-0.004824177,-8.835958e-05,0.066137865,0.012440617,-0... |
93d3f333-d644-42d0-87ff-4ecc6cce5111 | ogy.com/PDF/vol10n3/HP113-02.pdf) (PDF). Annals of Hepatology. 10 (3): 249–59. doi:10.1016/S1665-
2681(19)31536-4 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1665-2681%2819%2931536-4). PMID 21677326 (https://p
ubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21677326).
21. Grace Guzman, Eric R. Kallwitz, Christina Wojewoda, Rohini Chennuri, Jamie Berkes, Thoma... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 340, "from": 331}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [-0.020786937,0.042314216,-0.16127221,-0.052336767,0.055834316,-0.059047632,-0.0074950545,-0.008580116,-0.018172355,0.018916223,0.01564586,0.015730102,0.122992225,-0.0011784739,0.010889619,-0.030712837,0.004650228,-0.06695305,-0.038044177,0.037033975,-0.058993313,0.030160459,-0.021088677,-0.014608479,0.030624462,-0.019... |
f9bc7188-791e-4dec-8aa6-813ee29e90ea | 22. "Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa): New labelling requirements and consumer information for
medicines containing Black cohosh" (https://www.tga.gov.au/alert/black-cohosh-cimicifuga-racemosa).
Therapeutic Goods Administration, Department of Health, Australian Government. 29 May 2007.
Retrieved 14 February 2019.
23.... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 347, "from": 339}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.010515086,0.034460522,-0.15869837,-0.06390991,0.06535587,-0.03735832,-0.014841522,0.02913835,-0.026799086,-0.00016051091,0.032418307,0.056464165,0.12526086,0.0032123257,0.007861865,-0.040922806,0.0038466312,-0.045661844,-0.058833644,0.065263055,-0.07245198,0.012683584,-0.041784216,-0.020871969,0.07064124,0.020475145... |
ae690317-f01e-4d3e-8218-fc148f704be4 | 24. Rolf Teschke (2010), "Black cohosh and suspected hepatotoxicity: inconsistencies, confounding variables,
and prospective use of a diagnostic causality algorithm. A critical review" (https://journals.lww.com/000421
92-201017020-00035), Menopause (in German), vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 426–440,
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3ab0643c-f101-4b36-9c73-f99e17a6b659 | Menopause (in German), vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 366–375, doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3181fcb2a6 (https://doi.or
g/10.1097%2Fgme.0b013e3181fcb2a6), ISSN 1072-3714 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1072-3714),
PMID 21228727 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21228727), S2CID 6221776 (https://api.semanticschola
r.org/CorpusID:6221776)... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 369, "from": 358}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.025440495,0.039159782,-0.14956641,-0.025580788,0.08479118,-0.0048384243,-0.023124496,0.028960364,-0.026712343,-0.009085929,0.010625646,0.032118995,0.1211282,0.008373117,0.023177354,-0.04422794,-0.019315716,-0.016926164,-0.031288076,0.042143036,-0.08884267,0.027154224,0.010190593,-0.031256624,0.054132536,0.027947577,... |
34ffde2b-3d1a-4dc2-a9a1-fb1333abd470 | 2Fj.tem.2005.05.002). PMID 15927480 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15927480). S2CID 156791 (http
s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156791).
28. Nuntanakorn P, Jiang B, Yang H, et al. (2007). "Analysis of polyphenolic compounds and radical
scavenging activity of four American Actaea species" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 378, "from": 368}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Actaea racemosa - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212523+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.04790461,0.031198703,-0.18563583,-0.007412128,0.051092528,-0.07445899,-0.021973968,0.027401898,-0.02555047,-0.0031839388,0.015422244,0.014092275,0.06698612,-0.03041313,-0.03699344,-0.05959248,-0.027540324,-0.02795921,-0.04493158,0.029591996,-0.10884645,-0.005530585,0.010641428,-0.048458815,0.036440976,0.02670707,-0.... |
1cf65ded-4673-4314-a1e1-c9adbe1540cf | Aesculus hippocastanum
Aesculus hippocastanum, the horse chestnut,
[1][2][3]
is a species of flowering plant in the maple, soapberry
and lychee family Sapindaceae. It is a large, deciduous, synoecious (hermaphroditic-flowered) tree.
[4]
It is
also called horse-chestnut,
[5]
European horsechestnut,
[6]
buckeye,
[7]
... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 26, "from": 1}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "v... | [-0.010528421,0.01952181,-0.1851524,-0.040711798,-0.008394379,-0.025066262,-0.01679678,0.0010742644,-0.0043214113,-0.04813666,0.004711605,0.0074590305,0.08889716,-0.006562384,0.036261078,-0.027155105,-0.025696501,-0.037411187,0.032175228,0.060553357,-0.10833081,0.048192196,-0.021699594,0.0098789865,0.08102581,0.0364211... |
0af83c97-d660-485e-a4ad-3dec8b3200bf | 60 cm (24 in) across, with a 7–20 cm (3–8 in) petiole. The leaf scars left on twigs after the leaves have fallen
have a distinctive horseshoe shape, complete with seven "nails". The flowers are usually white with a yellow
to pink blotch at the base of the petals;
[9]
they are produced in spring in erect panicles 10–30... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 47, "from": 26}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.07899965,0.030240837,-0.15986621,-0.03426049,0.0074762655,-0.0017215543,-0.025639936,0.013170195,0.033124402,-0.042961437,-0.033275418,0.012961816,0.07355727,-0.038389783,-0.019650998,-0.052927326,-0.019114507,-0.061995205,0.068204254,0.06098547,-0.016206127,-0.012390615,-0.062038656,0.004608587,0.047992412,0.075207... |
544b463a-a14b-4f56-bc3c-9c514f8bce87 | Floral diagram of A. hippocastanum.
The light green structure denotes
nectary. Floral formula: ↘ K5 C2:2 A5+2
G(3).
Etymology
The common name horse chestnut originates from the similarity
of the leaves and fruits to sweet chestnuts, Castanea sativa (a
tree in a different family, the Fagaceae),
[9]
together with the
al... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 78, "from": 50}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [-0.0075754356,0.041180406,-0.18740499,-0.04627131,0.013877665,-0.039010562,-0.012841502,-0.018841462,0.0009538565,-0.02968542,0.04796492,-0.0072623263,0.13639106,-0.006156958,-0.0051809293,-0.018330747,-0.0070929746,-0.054642178,0.03303935,0.03532102,-0.10765366,0.055538934,-0.022865053,0.0076412465,0.051696084,0.0425... |
554d5fac-5250-4ab4-8ec5-5d41eefbdaab | Bulgaria, Greece and former Yugoslavia), but also to Turkey and
Turkmenistan.
[15]
A 2017 assessment for the IUCN Red List
restricted the native distribution to the Balkan area: Albania,
Bulgaria, mainland Greece and North Macedonia.
[1]
It has been
introduced and planted around the world. It can be found in
many par... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 107, "from": 74}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [-0.0012257354,0.0076118237,-0.196295,-0.046327703,0.02436784,0.015510613,-0.008427869,-0.0043325825,0.016410263,-0.045341756,0.028555794,-0.011617665,0.055211816,-0.009761707,0.03279844,-0.04242218,-0.0532262,-0.02483672,0.055254705,0.05086154,-0.06749072,0.08796706,0.0016677423,-0.0028713348,0.041284308,0.070937626,-... |
dbad1e87-a79a-4881-b08b-57577b319c48 | western North Macedonia and Albania. It is limited to an area of
9 ha (22 acres) in the Preslav Mountain north of the Balkan
Mountains, in the valleys of the Dervishka and Lazarska rivers.
Bulgaria's relict horse chestnut forests are critically endangered
at the national level and protected as part of the Dervisha Mana... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 125, "from": 109}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false},... | [0.040961567,0.039965086,-0.2045901,0.0016950164,-0.028861292,0.008724366,-0.0059135393,0.008859226,0.03401121,-0.029946087,0.024697088,-0.04008852,0.036581155,-0.049559314,-0.005662757,-0.0026720944,-0.04425143,0.018694855,0.03210496,0.036199663,-0.04587979,0.03958227,0.0314086,0.0034578857,0.053685855,0.07193934,-0.0... |
09cc7c09-eb8c-4a3b-9f87-5745979361d6 | Canada,
[19]
the Faroe Islands,
[20]
Reykjavík, Iceland and Harstad, Norway.
In Britain and Ireland, the seeds are used for the popular children's game conkers. During the First World
War, there was a campaign to ask for everyone (including children) to collect the seeds and donate them to
the government. The conkers... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 135, "from": 120}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false},... | [0.02593927,0.07338256,-0.20849517,-0.050204046,-0.021235887,-0.028836286,-0.028517151,0.024620302,0.021368932,-0.011267109,-0.04291273,0.013812983,0.08041421,0.009346008,0.0076938053,-0.032912213,-0.013199202,0.00073259,-0.010030813,0.06421769,-0.012313314,-0.040520314,0.038793508,-0.009561022,0.03634072,-0.0020082158... |
1112c984-56cc-4120-adc6-b817c744c7bb | months; however, they were collected again in the Second World War for the same reason.
[21]
A selection of fresh conkers
The seeds, especially those that are young and fresh, are slightly poisonous, containing alkaloid saponins
and glucosides. Although not dangerous to touch, they cause sickness when eaten; consumed... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 150, "from": 132}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false},... | [0.051390406,0.033439506,-0.1929062,-0.0398864,0.020013059,-0.013546776,-0.040573154,-0.013234869,0.04032081,-0.046749827,-0.007400846,-0.0015783828,0.08687482,-0.0125159705,-0.038850497,-0.029078843,0.0123009365,-0.037737135,0.023498511,0.041392215,-0.05555076,0.008668237,0.01939322,-0.04805637,0.037237067,0.080061406... |
ca0d4729-6687-48f4-98e4-2b9fcc205743 | In Germany, they are commonly planted in beer gardens, particularly in Bavaria. Prior to the advent of
mechanical refrigeration, brewers would dig cellars for lagering. To further protect the cellars from the
summer heat, they would plant horse chestnut trees, which have spreading, dense canopies but shallow
roots whic... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 168, "from": 152}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false},... | [0.02368757,0.06566008,-0.21019731,-0.0116534205,0.024353506,-0.02766944,-0.03397343,0.057162862,0.005370771,-0.025388947,0.033715636,0.020620989,0.062431682,-0.021806384,-0.04292571,-0.0071550775,-0.057879582,-0.047830384,0.040613096,-0.015995873,-0.059449222,-0.03931614,-0.017663714,-0.030839933,0.050375745,0.0318595... |
cfccea80-8100-44f1-90eb-fe63a6e4b68b | efficacious and safe short-term treatment for chronic venous insufficiency, but definitive randomized
controlled trials had not been conducted to confirm the efficacy.
[29]
Safety
There is risk of acute kidney injury, "when patients, who had undergone cardiac surgery were given high
doses of horse chestnut extract i.v.... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 184, "from": 168}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false},... | [0.04597678,0.05558209,-0.16792855,-0.044703566,0.028070234,-0.0049661123,-0.047639523,0.010955405,0.032058187,-0.0026281097,0.012948723,0.020726709,0.0686545,-0.067927845,-0.009121991,-0.0034501757,-0.009572633,-0.041330386,-0.019209929,0.012377852,-0.091340706,0.019395962,-0.0045955144,-0.013995961,0.07136746,0.06070... |
57b26fe5-4d11-4072-8489-3d76303017b7 | States. After a long quarantine in Indianapolis, each tree was shipped off to a new home at a notable
museum or institution in the US, such as 9/11 Memorial Park, Little Rock Central High School, and two
Holocaust Centers. One of them was planted outdoors in March 2013 in front of The Children's Museum of
Indianapolis,... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 210, "from": 190}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false},... | [0.0642405,0.009889714,-0.20815526,-0.031830244,0.04349328,-0.016781328,-0.07302373,0.019413121,0.060304742,-0.014228046,-0.013318611,-0.0021345008,0.068505704,-0.027281359,0.005270819,-0.054120053,-0.030628998,-0.01509388,0.007753887,0.024321921,-0.014766608,0.04229969,0.009184697,-0.022866998,0.03685565,0.08818827,-0... |
3d74155e-5188-4c50-bf6f-e0bf336424ff | Horse chestnut scale, caused by the insect Pulvinaria regalis
Horse-chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella, a leaf mining moth.
[38]
The larvae of this moth species
bore through the leaves of the horse chestnut, causing premature colour changes and leaf loss.
[37]
Phytophthora bleeding canker, a fungal infection
[39... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 222, "from": 207}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false},... | [0.08765983,0.006899057,-0.19739355,-0.040260583,0.06062478,-0.01864244,-0.08286725,0.0040827235,0.0507043,-0.022023294,0.030100757,0.008253466,0.09319813,-0.0054341024,-0.01131454,-0.0489616,-0.029413916,-0.035106268,0.031487323,0.037926864,-0.047917433,0.04943857,-0.0019490782,-0.0113385,0.07341282,0.07830225,-0.0746... |
40424eaa-7d05-442b-ab96-10a3aa3738d9 | ps://www.winchesterhospital.org/health-library/article?id=21758) on 2021-06-05. Retrieved 24 March
2021.
"Horse Chestnut" (https://indexofherbs.com/herb/horse-chestnut/). indexofherbs.com. Retrieved
28 December 2023. | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 224, "from": 221}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false},... | [-0.0037024536,0.00084845995,-0.21256332,-0.023744456,0.036251456,-0.022106549,-0.060919292,-0.0007558482,0.03818918,-0.028239071,0.037987713,-0.0085126115,0.036645327,-0.03765749,0.03704546,-0.011571993,-0.02327818,-0.040643755,0.022564108,-0.002020989,-0.06626371,0.038394347,-0.00970016,-0.053617142,0.09253728,0.0365... |
da56382a-c5a3-48ab-87af-13adf54c3a45 | References
1. Allen, D.J.; Khela, S. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Aesculus hippocastanum" (https://www.
iucnredlist.org/species/202914/122961065). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017
e.T202914A122961065. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
2. NRCS. "Aesculus hippocastanum" (https://plants.sc.egov.usda.go... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 237, "from": 226}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false},... | [-0.0039774617,-0.014519405,-0.18216269,-0.010677241,0.044161852,0.025673546,0.038121697,0.019048223,0.018789547,-0.025051128,0.02625902,0.017687006,0.091104135,-0.0011194571,-0.014462293,-0.034192737,-0.02841488,-0.0452946,0.0051418743,0.043130394,-0.04370671,0.017506462,-0.059160028,0.012379796,0.07097558,0.0332125,-... |
e966152d-14c0-4f8a-9ff7-72aa381218ea | 4. "Aesculus hippocastanum: Reproduction" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150130212408/https://biowe
b.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2013/phillips_reb2/reproduction.htm). bioweb.uwlax.edu. University of
Wisconsin La Crosse. Archived from the original (https://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2013/phillips_reb2/
reproduction.htm) on 2015-01... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 246, "from": 236}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false},... | [0.0057342076,0.013780442,-0.1846008,-0.015756968,0.023781644,-0.026150106,-0.0006311684,-0.00533163,-0.0140254535,-0.03166974,0.004605834,-0.016490426,0.07683442,-0.008489387,0.023581592,-0.030436076,-0.021981029,-0.058188345,-0.00062988506,0.08860685,-0.08260252,0.05071932,-0.030177811,-0.028809162,0.097868994,0.0282... |
a263eb0d-9d71-4773-87ad-5aec76ff066c | piders_versus_conkers_definitive_guide.aspx) on 2013-09-06. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
25. Lees, D.C.; Lopez-Vaamonde, C.; Augustin, S. (2009). "Taxon page for Cameraria ohridella" (http://www.e
ol.org/pages/306084). Deschka & Dimic. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
26. Schäffer, Albert (2012-05-21). "120 Minuten sind nicht genug" (ht... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 296, "from": 289}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false},... | [0.02284682,0.05600056,-0.19195893,-0.039710082,-0.008422578,-0.025832854,-0.00914457,-0.0041428134,-0.039140828,0.041267883,0.0013719222,-0.020030476,0.01807143,0.012716756,0.03249095,-0.09399394,0.008337904,-0.03414288,-0.039998736,0.04350186,0.0014643589,-0.013468842,-0.058894783,-0.0338234,0.10156549,-0.024929289,-... |
8b053693-ba73-40c3-80c9-8b70495c5bd0 | Carolina State University. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
7. "Horse chestnut" (https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/horse-chestnut). nccih.nih.gov. National Center
for Complementary and Integrative Health. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
8. Coles, Jeremy. "Why we love conkers and horse chestnut trees" (https://www.bbc... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 257, "from": 245}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false},... | [0.035542812,0.03209785,-0.19508576,-0.05854114,0.036831625,-0.039847527,-0.042028956,-0.01380696,0.028023241,-0.0070361802,-0.0026333712,-0.002814798,0.055131443,0.008676065,0.037219252,-0.011941374,-0.054411747,-0.034296375,0.023626743,0.045731317,-0.043546274,0.040811785,0.030222947,-0.029773869,0.06282322,0.0451116... |
a6313c45-7aa5-4dc9-a0af-22a641cb5f6e | 0100727173454/http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/628.pdf) (PDF). Arnoldia. 61 (4).
Harvard University. Archived from the original (http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/628.
pdf) (PDF) on 2010-07-27.
13. Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Tree... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 261, "from": 257}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false},... | [0.026886584,-0.012820632,-0.18556468,-0.0155138755,0.028204469,0.020325527,0.022553904,0.05382444,0.03610524,0.03165273,-0.01173647,-0.01800362,0.060191818,-0.007035299,0.041724414,-0.048899133,-0.009067194,-0.061753936,-0.018466437,-0.023660352,0.014505369,0.029289883,-0.05826746,-0.026430197,0.109757274,0.03394624,-... |
ba42ec07-f243-4a35-b591-e1844f4005c9 | 14. Wott, John A. "The Many Faces of Aesculus" (https://www.arboretumfoundation.org/wp-content/uploa
ds/2018/04/wott-faces-of-aesculus.pdf) (PDF). arboretumfoundation.org. Washington Park Arboretum
Bulletin.
15. "Aesculus hippocastanum L." (https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:781594-1)
Plants of ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 273, "from": 263}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false},... | [-0.0048334254,0.008708701,-0.18924852,-0.072783686,0.06122619,-0.008762793,0.011324434,0.0073994016,0.010980687,-0.023211733,0.01350212,-0.0028446522,0.1041487,-0.01127906,0.0512911,-0.030705526,-0.055682052,-0.05016021,0.010667138,0.06383914,-0.05228253,0.06257837,-0.03853288,-0.003846329,0.09469116,0.03517406,-0.035... |
0a71110f-edb0-4215-ac47-aaf51c8b8e32 | 18. "Forests of Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)" (http://e-ecodb.bas.bg/rdb/en/vol3/29G1.htm
l). Red Data Book of Bulgaria. Retrieved 2023-02-10 – via e-ecodb.bas.bg.
19. "Historical Resources Inventory" (http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/HistoricResour
cesInventory.xls). edmonton.ca. City of Edm... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 282, "from": 272}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aesculus hippocastanum - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212535+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false},... | [0.005217559,0.033623505,-0.22200847,-0.06827049,0.047825992,-0.019976191,-0.004805397,0.0116483355,0.018221956,-0.033343,-0.009679134,-0.023598472,0.08187657,-0.015687255,0.0671126,-0.039935812,-0.048440915,-0.041972905,-0.005773574,0.076239,-0.045944415,0.034659855,-0.021655228,-0.033858005,0.09144002,0.016956579,-0.... |
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