|
|
{:7519,:,:[{:7811,:,:6,:19},{:7812,:,:21,:66},{:7813,:,:68,:99},{:7815,:,:105,:175}],:[{:3515,:7811,:7812,:},{:3516,:7811,:7813,:},{:3517,:7811,:7815,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:5954,:,:[{:3753,:,:0,:94}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:6277,:,:[{:4598,:,:0,:177}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:9078,:,:[{:9404,:,:0,:70}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:6756,:a more surprising result is that targeted information strategies generate higher contributions, which initially appears to be in contrast with the predictions from strict inequity aversion or conformity (i.e., \everybody else is doing it\ attitude) models.\,:[{:5907,:,:34,:65},{:5908,:,:75,:95}],:[{:2679,:5907,:5908,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:9306,:,:[{:9632,:,:0,:102}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:6577,:,:[{:5365,:,:0,:120}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:7291,:,:[{:7274,:,:37,:51},{:7275,:,:66,:98}],:[{:3290,:7274,:7275,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:6280,:,:[{:4604,:,:0,:230}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:8863,:,:[{:9189,:,:0,:80}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:7342,:,:[{:7417,:,:45,:69},{:7418,:,:73,:100},{:7419,:,:105,:135}],:[{:3356,:7418,:7417,:},{:3357,:7418,:7419,:}],:[]}
|
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{:6459,:,:[{:5073,:,:23,:53},{:5074,:,:55,:83}],:[{:2276,:5074,:5073,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:5882,:,:[{:3559,:,:85,:150},{:8172,:,:156,:187}],:[{:3687,:8172,:3559,:}],:[]}
|
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{:6840,:,:[{:6131,:,:0,:92}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:9396,:,:[{:9722,:,:0,:292}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:6705,:,:[{:5756,:,:0,:16},{:5757,:,:27,:37},{:5758,:,:42,:64},{:5759,:,:80,:99},{:5760,:,:104,:122}],:[{:2605,:5756,:5757,:},{:2606,:5756,:5758,:},{:2607,:5756,:5759,:},{:2608,:5756,:5760,:}],:[]}
|
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{:9398,:,:[{:9724,:,:0,:251}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:9519,:,:[{:9845,:,:0,:135}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:9040,:,:[{:9366,:,:0,:145}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:6609,:,:[{:5476,:,:0,:178}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:6623,:,:[{:5516,:,:11,:21},{:8562,:,:79,:137}],:[{:3917,:5516,:8562,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:6472,:,:[{:5109,:,:0,:139}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:7348,:,:[{:7435,:,:68,:105},{:7436,:,:24,:62}],:[{:3366,:7435,:7436,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:6903,:,:[{:6288,:,:63,:100},{:6289,:,:106,:148}],:[{:2853,:6288,:6289,:}],:[]}
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|
{:6128,:this powerful effect, known as the \women are wonderful\ effect, leads individuals of all types of backgrounds to evaluate women more positively than men (eagly & mladinic, 1989).\,:[{:4221,:,:36,:66},{:4222,:,:117,:156}],:[{:1885,:4221,:4222,:}],:[]}
|
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{:9513,:,:[{:9839,:,:0,:306}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:6868,:,:[{:6205,:,:0,:129}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:6453,:,:[{:5061,:,:0,:269}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:6241,:,:[{:8389,:,:0,:272}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:6784,:,:[{:5989,:,:18,:49},{:5990,:,:55,:123}],:[{:2719,:5989,:5990,:}],:[]}
|
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{:7469,:,:[{:7698,:,:0,:24},{:7699,:,:25,:51},{:7700,:,:63,:74},{:7701,:,:86,:158},{:7702,:,:86,:158}],:[{:3471,:7698,:7701,:},{:3472,:7702,:7700,:},{:3473,:7702,:7699,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:9390,:,:[{:9716,:,:0,:288}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:9484,:Including you, X group members chose to send the message Y\,:[{:9810,:,:0,:273}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:7464,:,:[{:7686,:,:0,:307}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:6683,:,:[{:5693,:,:109,:155},{:5694,:,:159,:229},{:5695,:,:16,:93}],:[{:2573,:5693,:5695,:},{:2574,:5694,:5695,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:6693,:,:[{:5719,:,:0,:24},{:5720,:,:29,:33},{:5721,:,:136,:196},{:5722,:,:97,:124},{:5723,:,:97,:124}],:[{:2585,:5721,:5722,:},{:2586,:5723,:5720,:},{:2587,:5719,:5720,:}],:[]}
|
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{:7105,:,:[{:6827,:,:12,:71},{:6829,:,:82,:146}],:[{:3094,:6829,:6827,:}],:[]}
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{:8952,:,:[{:9278,:,:0,:474}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:8776,:,:[{:9102,:,:0,:96}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:8732,:,:[{:9058,:,:0,:108}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:6468,:,:[{:8498,:,:4,:38},{:8499,:,:65,:84},{:8500,:,:86,:93},{:8501,:,:97,:128},{:8502,:,:164,:233}],:[{:3872,:8499,:8498,:},{:3873,:8500,:8498,:},{:3874,:8501,:8498,:},{:3875,:8502,:8498,:}],:[]}
|
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{:9071,:,:[{:9397,:,:0,:84}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:6399,:,:[{:4927,:,:14,:42},{:4928,:,:57,:119}],:[{:2208,:4928,:4927,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:6446,:,:[{:5032,:,:26,:78},{:5033,:,:80,:131},{:5034,:,:137,:214},{:8490,:,:219,:299}],:[{:3864,:5032,:8490,:},{:3865,:5033,:8490,:},{:3866,:5034,:8490,:}],:[]}
|
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{:7489,:,:[{:7743,:,:83,:110},{:7744,:,:111,:194}],:[{:3488,:7743,:7744,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:6147,:,:[{:4269,:,:0,:71}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:8958,:,:[{:9284,:,:0,:177}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:8694,:,:[{:9020,:,:0,:51}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:6237,:,:[{:4502,:,:46,:63},{:4503,:,:90,:154},{:4504,:,:168,:225},{:4505,:,:233,:297}],:[{:2012,:4502,:4503,:},{:2013,:4502,:4504,:},{:2014,:4502,:4505,:}],:[]}
|
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{:7130,:,:[{:8737,:,:9,:31},{:8738,:,:46,:118}],:[{:4017,:8738,:8737,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:9236,:,:[{:9562,:,:0,:112}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:5855,:,:[{:3496,:,:0,:93}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:7036,:,:[{:6651,:,:9,:54},{:6652,:,:64,:202}],:[{:3005,:6651,:6652,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:6070,:,:[{:4056,:,:105,:130},{:4057,:,:18,:95}],:[{:1808,:4056,:4057,:}],:[]}
|
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{:9636,:,:[{:9962,:,:0,:113}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:7229,:,:[{:7123,:,:0,:175}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:8970,:,:[{:9296,:,:0,:139}],:[],:[]}
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|
{:7612,:this means that when scientists find their results \boring\ (though methodological ly sound) or negative, they also find them hard to publish and ultimately hard to build a career on.\,:[{:8026,:,:22,:107},{:8027,:,:119,:185}],:[{:3605,:8026,:8027,:}],:[]}
|
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{:8841,:,:[{:9167,:,:0,:66}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:9383,:,:[{:9709,:,:0,:208}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:7212,:,:[{:8784,:,:73,:79},{:8785,:,:0,:53}],:[{:4041,:8784,:8785,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:9665,:,:[{:9991,:,:0,:128}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:7039,:,:[{:6659,:,:0,:19},{:6661,:,:37,:49}],:[{:3009,:6661,:6659,:}],:[]}
|
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{:6866,:,:[{:6201,:,:0,:180}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:5878,:,:[{:3546,:,:17,:113},{:3547,:,:141,:164},{:3548,:,:166,:197}],:[{:1556,:3546,:3547,:},{:1557,:3546,:3548,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:6682,:,:[{:5691,:,:72,:99},{:5692,:,:4,:58}],:[{:2572,:5691,:5692,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:6165,:,:[{:4314,:,:73,:93},{:4315,:,:38,:69},{:4316,:,:135,:182}],:[{:1924,:4314,:4315,:},{:1925,:4316,:4315,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:6465,:,:[{:5090,:,:75,:81},{:8497,:,:82,:123}],:[{:3871,:5090,:8497,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:8823,:,:[{:9149,:,:0,:175}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:6134,:,:[{:4237,:,:0,:49},{:4238,:,:88,:159}],:[{:1894,:4238,:4237,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:7589,:although personally she feels more comfortable identifying as indian, she felt the need to note south asian as well, because historically, politically, and socially, \south asian\ has been the large category used to group individuals from this part of the world.\,:[{:7973,:,:126,:264},{:7974,:,:21,:116}],:[{:3581,:7973,:7974,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:9576,:,:[{:9902,:,:0,:189}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:7134,:,:[{:6903,:,:24,:71},{:6904,:,:98,:124}],:[{:3130,:6903,:6904,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:6515,:,:[{:5218,:,:83,:121},{:5219,:,:22,:45}],:[{:2345,:5218,:5219,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:5726,:a posthumanist ethics therefore shifts the focus away from the power of researchers over research participants toward the \world-making\ powers of practices of inquiry: their ability to constitute the very nature of their objects subjects of study.\,:[{:8234,:,:3,:22},{:8235,:,:32,:170}],:[{:3732,:8234,:8235,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:7397,:,:[{:7543,:,:25,:53},{:7544,:,:71,:83},{:7545,:,:88,:109}],:[{:3408,:7544,:7543,:},{:3409,:7545,:7543,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:6731,:,:[{:5830,:,:13,:52},{:5831,:,:63,:74}],:[{:2640,:5830,:5831,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:7642,:,:[{:8105,:,:58,:80},{:8106,:,:0,:52}],:[{:3641,:8105,:8106,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:9166,:is a remarkably omnipresent feature of intergroup relations\,:[{:9492,:,:0,:225}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:9031,:,:[{:9357,:,:0,:119}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:5949,:,:[{:8274,:,:0,:52},{:8275,:,:125,:154}],:[{:3753,:8274,:8275,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:6529,:,:[{:5254,:,:0,:201}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:6835,:,:[{:6119,:,:31,:70},{:6121,:,:78,:94}],:[{:2782,:6121,:6119,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:8975,:,:[{:9301,:,:0,:138}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:7514,:,:[{:8920,:,:58,:66},{:8921,:,:94,:115}],:[{:4111,:8920,:8921,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:5912,:,:[{:3630,:,:0,:174}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:8921,:,:[{:9247,:,:0,:64}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:7226,:,:[{:7114,:,:0,:149}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:9269,:,:[{:9595,:,:0,:234}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:6363,:,:[{:4832,:,:154,:174},{:4833,:,:186,:210},{:4834,:,:211,:233},{:4835,:,:254,:322}],:[{:2163,:4832,:4833,:},{:2164,:4834,:4835,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:7162,:,:[{:6967,:,:4,:55},{:6968,:,:104,:120}],:[{:3155,:6967,:6968,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:9244,:,:[{:9570,:,:0,:50}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:7341,:,:[{:7416,:,:0,:205}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:6915,:researchers will need to make decisions in the field, taking account of the context, because research ethics committees lack the necessary understanding of contextual detail (boden et al., 2009; hammersley, 2007).\,:[{:6316,:,:18,:53},{:6317,:,:55,:84},{:6318,:,:94,:174}],:[{:2866,:6318,:6317,:},{:2867,:6318,:6316,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:6354,:,:[{:4809,:,:0,:98},{:4810,:,:107,:173}],:[{:2153,:4809,:4810,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:9407,:,:[{:9733,:,:0,:34}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:8820,:,:[{:9146,:,:0,:149}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:7625,:,:[{:8056,:,:0,:117}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:5946,:,:[{:3732,:,:68,:116},{:3733,:,:0,:41}],:[{:1652,:3732,:3733,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:7394,:,:[{:7537,:,:64,:94},{:7538,:,:95,:131}],:[{:3405,:7537,:7538,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:6932,:,:[{:6357,:,:3,:93},{:6358,:,:116,:154}],:[{:2884,:6357,:6358,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:8972,:,:[{:9298,:,:0,:139}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:8720,:,:[{:9046,:,:0,:137}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:6849,:,:[{:6157,:,:0,:182}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:8988,:,:[{:9314,:,:0,:264}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:9191,:,:[{:9517,:,:0,:113}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:7378,:,:[{:7492,:,:48,:94},{:7493,:,:11,:42}],:[{:3387,:7492,:7493,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:9103,:,:[{:9429,:,:0,:212}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:7435,:,:[{:7617,:,:23,:63},{:7618,:,:64,:111},{:7619,:,:116,:212}],:[{:3437,:7617,:7618,:},{:3438,:7617,:7619,:}],:[]}
|
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{:6034,:,:[{:3963,:,:30,:78},{:3964,:,:89,:153}],:[{:1765,:3963,:3964,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:6996,:,:[{:6554,:,:110,:161},{:6555,:,:79,:106}],:[{:2968,:6554,:6555,:}],:[]}
|
|
|
{:9106,:,:[{:9432,:,:0,:104}],:[],:[]}
|
|
|
{:8906,:,:[{:9232,:,:0,:135}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:6158,:,:[{:4301,:,:0,:208}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:6462,:,:[{:5082,:,:3,:28},{:5083,:,:30,:152}],:[{:2282,:5082,:5083,:}],:[]}
|
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{:9200,:,:[{:9526,:,:0,:41}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:7261,:,:[{:7196,:,:18,:40},{:7198,:,:86,:105}],:[{:3256,:7196,:7198,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:7484,:,:[{:7735,:,:240,:267},{:7736,:,:275,:294}],:[{:3486,:7735,:7736,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:9675,:,:[{:10001,:,:0,:164}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:9434,:,:[{:9760,:,:0,:48}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:9224,:,:[{:9550,:,:0,:101}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:5785,:,:[{:3315,:,:165,:207},{:3316,:,:107,:152}],:[{:1444,:3315,:3316,:}],:[]}
|
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{:9304,:,:[{:9630,:,:0,:69}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:9548,:,:[{:9874,:,:0,:130}],:[],:[]}
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{:6133,:research of this kind can reveal the complex consequences of medical technologies that would otherwise be subsumed under the narrative of the medico technical \fix.\\,:[{:8346,:,:1,:22},{:8347,:,:27,:82}],:[{:3790,:8346,:8347,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:7475,:,:[{:7712,:,:0,:210}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:7326,:,:[{:7379,:,:42,:83},{:7380,:,:97,:142},{:7381,:,:170,:187},{:7382,:,:203,:217},{:7383,:,:248,:255}],:[{:3339,:7379,:7380,:},{:3340,:7379,:7381,:},{:3341,:7379,:7382,:},{:3342,:7379,:7383,:}],:[]}
|
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{:6571,:before going on to the main part of the study, the participants were asked to first complete a political affiliation questionnaire \because recent studies suggest that many students have strong political views and these views may influence their decision making processes.\\,:[{:5353,:,:52,:131},{:8544,:,:170,:273}],:[{:3903,:8544,:5353,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:7446,:,:[{:7643,:,:12,:36},{:7644,:,:43,:139}],:[{:3450,:7643,:7644,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:6979,:,:[{:6506,:,:0,:204}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:6270,:,:[{:4578,:,:0,:139}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:9245,:,:[{:9571,:,:0,:99}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:6257,:,:[{:4553,:,:15,:17},{:4554,:,:46,:60}],:[{:2033,:4553,:4554,:}],:[]}
|
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{:5814,:,:[{:3391,:,:56,:79},{:3392,:,:22,:46}],:[{:1484,:3391,:3392,:}],:[]}
|
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|
{:8830,:,:[{:9156,:,:0,:37}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:9626,:,:[{:9952,:,:0,:117}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:8866,:intended best reply\intended sacrifice\intended waste\,:[{:9192,:,:0,:253}],:[],:[]}
|
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|
{:6550,:,:[{:5302,:,:185,:245},{:5303,:,:258,:292}],:[{:2384,:5302,:5303,:}],:[]}
|
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{:8674,:,:[{:9000,:,:0,:47}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:7482,:,:[{:7730,:,:0,:123}],:[],:[]}
|
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{:6813,:the benefits may also be different: disabled researchers may develop practical skills, improved self-confidence and strengthened social networks; whereas, the academics may focus more on gaining university career advancement and improving academic knowledge.\,:[{:6058,:,:37,:57},{:6060,:,:88,:112},{:6061,:,:117,:145},{:6062,:,:160,:169},{:6063,:,:174,:225},{:6064,:,:230,:259},{:6065,:,:62,:86}],:[{:2753,:6058,:6060,:},{:2754,:6058,:6061,:},{:2755,:6062,:6063,:},{:2756,:6062,:6064,:},{:2757,:6058,:6065,:}],:[]}
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{:5907,:,:[{:3619,:,:87,:145},{:3620,:,:155,:221}],:[{:1594,:3619,:3620,:}],:[]}
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{:8797,:,:[{:9123,:,:0,:86}],:[],:[]}
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{:6854,:also, low contributors might have punished high ones to show disdain for \goody goodies,\ to increase their relative earnings, or simply to amuse themselves.\,:[{:6170,:,:7,:53},{:6171,:,:111,:128},{:6172,:,:142,:159}],:[{:2799,:6170,:6171,:},{:2800,:6170,:6172,:}],:[]}
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{:6772,:,:[{:5956,:,:74,:83},{:8610,:,:113,:156}],:[{:3951,:5956,:8610,:}],:[]}
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{:6255,:,:[{:8391,:,:31,:48},{:8394,:,:62,:133}],:[{:3815,:8391,:8394,:}],:[]}
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{:6596,:,:[{:5434,:,:17,:44},{:5435,:,:66,:178}],:[{:2452,:5435,:5434,:}],:[]}
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{:9633,:,:[{:9959,:,:0,:79}],:[],:[]}
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{:8857,:,:[{:9183,:,:0,:151}],:[],:[]}
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{:8700,:,:[{:9026,:,:0,:113}],:[],:[]}
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{:5783,:,:[{:3311,:,:107,:145},{:3312,:,:55,:99}],:[{:1442,:3311,:3312,:}],:[]}
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{:7307,:,:[{:7307,:,:76,:112},{:7308,:,:117,:182}],:[{:3304,:7307,:7308,:}],:[]}
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{:6810,:,:[{:6053,:,:0,:100}],:[],:[]}
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{:7507,:,:[{:7788,:,:0,:181}],:[],:[]}
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{:5808,:in line with laymen's conceptions, clas\u00ad sical economic theory, and previous theorizing (lea et al., 1987; seuntjens et al., 2014; wang & murnighan, 2011), greed was associated with higher dispositional tendencies to maximize, to behave self interested ly to experience envy, and to be materialis\u00ad tic.\";;","entities":[{"id":3378,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":304}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6017,"text":"\"hole, r. (2007), \"\"working between languages and cultures: issues of representation, voice, and authority intensified\"\", qualitative inquiry, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":3925,"label":"cause","start_offset":20,"end_offset":58},{"id":3927,"label":"effect","start_offset":86,"end_offset":91},{"id":3928,"label":"effect","start_offset":97,"end_offset":118},{"id":8208,"label":"effect","start_offset":60,"end_offset":84}],"relations":[{"id":1747,"from_id":3925,"to_id":3927,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1748,"from_id":3925,"to_id":3928,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3716,"from_id":3925,"to_id":8208,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6136,"text":"we add that excluded people are equally hurt when it results from a failure to claim inclusion as when it results from being denied inclusion.;;","entities":[{"id":4244,"label":"cause","start_offset":67,"end_offset":94},{"id":4246,"label":"cause","start_offset":119,"end_offset":141},{"id":4247,"label":"effect","start_offset":12,"end_offset":44}],"relations":[{"id":1897,"from_id":4244,"to_id":4247,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1898,"from_id":4246,"to_id":4247,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6672,"text":"a smiling facial expression, in contrast, may be used to express an invitation to engage into a cooperative interaction and to communicate prosociality (eckel & wilson, 2003).;;","entities":[{"id":5666,"label":"cause","start_offset":2,"end_offset":27},{"id":5667,"label":"effect","start_offset":57,"end_offset":119},{"id":5668,"label":"effect","start_offset":127,"end_offset":151}],"relations":[{"id":2559,"from_id":5666,"to_id":5667,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2560,"from_id":5666,"to_id":5668,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9194,"text":"The hypothetical delayed or probabilistic rewards in the Green et al. study varied from $100 to $10,000; it would have been practically impossible to have done this study with real rewards.;;","entities":[{"id":9520,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":191}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9218,"text":"Computer terminals were partitioned, so that subjects were unable to communicate, gesture, or to look at other computer screens.;;","entities":[{"id":9544,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":130}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6123,"text":"\"green, j. and thorogood, n. (2014), \"\"beginning data analysis\"\", qualitative methods for health research, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":4210,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":114}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6723,"text":"secondly, as the focus of this paper relates to how preferences for equity principles shift under different circumstances (specifically when nationality is known versus unknown) and not the dilemma between immediate action and future consequences, this game is designed as a one-shot public good game.;;","entities":[{"id":5810,"label":"cause","start_offset":253,"end_offset":300},{"id":5811,"label":"effect","start_offset":52,"end_offset":121}],"relations":[{"id":2630,"from_id":5810,"to_id":5811,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9494,"text":"In the intergroup chicken game, we performed two types of symmetr symmetry within each dyad (team) and the symmetry among all four p the suitable X2 values).;;","entities":[{"id":9820,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":159}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6627,"text":"this scholarship often draws on wilson's (1984) biophilia hypothesis, which posits that humans have an innate need to associate with other living things due to our evolutionary history.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextNote that resting alpha activity is an inverse indicator of cortical activation.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextThis explains the strong performance in Table 7 of the RL-BB model.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextIn this experiment, we tested if the presentation of a random number could serve as a cognitive anchor and influence the amount of shared information.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextor, conversely, can one's need to belong and affiliate indirectly lead to reckless driving?;;","entities":[{"id":3812,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":93}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6457,"text":"as a result, although researchers are coproducers of knowledge, intentions of highlighting the voices of research participants within this knowledge are prioritized.;;","entities":[{"id":5069,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":167}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9052,"text":"Subjects high in trusc perceived the robot, regardless of actual credibility, as more trustworthy, impotent, and evaluatively good than did subjects low in trust.;;","entities":[{"id":9378,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":164}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9262,"text":"To test whether the distribution of player types among female subjects differed between genotypes, we compared respective shares.;;","entities":[{"id":9588,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":131}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6484,"text":"as noted previously, this may reflect a change from the salience of rejection concerns to the salience of desire for support.;;","entities":[{"id":8511,"label":"effect","start_offset":21,"end_offset":25},{"id":8512,"label":"cause","start_offset":37,"end_offset":124}],"relations":[{"id":3879,"from_id":8512,"to_id":8511,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7040,"text":"institutions can encourage new norms with regard to these funds by providing information on how the average citizen behaves.;;","entities":[{"id":6662,"label":"cause","start_offset":67,"end_offset":123},{"id":6663,"label":"effect","start_offset":17,"end_offset":63}],"relations":[{"id":3010,"from_id":6662,"to_id":6663,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9672,"text":"On the contrary, in a more powerful position people appear to adopt more other-regarding (responsible) preferences.;;","entities":[{"id":9998,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":117}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7607,"text":"so, while researchers had a study protocol that accounted for some anticipated issues, it was evident that positionality had implications, some unanticipated, during the actual process of not only conducting the study but also analyzing the data.;;","entities":[{"id":8016,"label":"cause","start_offset":107,"end_offset":120},{"id":8017,"label":"effect","start_offset":139,"end_offset":245}],"relations":[{"id":3600,"from_id":8016,"to_id":8017,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":5823,"text":"johnson's article articulated a common sentiment across many papers: transcription is a tedious and time-consuming means to an end that can be outsourced without implicating the overall research product.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextIn this case, total contributions from first and second movers in the sequentialmove game with N > 2 players are hence;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextwe would not even entertain the idea that foi requests should be subject to proportional ethics review, the idea that 'the level of ethical review and scrutiny given to a research project ought to reflect the level of ethical risk represented by that project' (hunter, 2007: 241).;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextmoreover, this pattern of results was likely not due to ostracized participants experiencing processing deficits as a result of anxiety, because ostracism had no impact on self-reports of anxiety, nor did ostracism slow volitional saccade latencies, which is a consequence of decreasing executive processing capacity (e.g., roberts et al., 1994).;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_Zeroidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextfor example, in a study conducted within a particular community or organization, particular relationships or shared experiences involving a number of participants may suggest that the accounts of these particular individuals will evoke similar concepts.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextdewall and colleagues suggest that these perceptions towards new people may be in the hopes of forming new social bonds.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextTo remove experimenter effects, all sessions were run by the same person.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtext\\\;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextWe therefore test whether, net of the effects captured in the benchmark specification (Eq.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextno further analyses were performed for the deadlock because of the lack of behavioral variability.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextWe anticipated that the effects of our manipulations on leadership preferences and votes would be mediated by the extent to which leadership was perceived as a threat to decisional freedom.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextfurthermore, our results support the general finding that even brief and seemingly trivial episodes of ostracism involving strangers for whom no future interaction is anticipated-is sufficient to produce large negative reactions.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextIn many of the discontinuity studies individuals and groups (or their representatives) were instructed to communicate with each other on each trial of a ten-trial PDG.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextsuch collaborations perform best when researchers employ shared decisionmaking processes with communities of study, thereby promoting coleadership throughout the research process that facilitates both study progression and community agency (sprague et al., 2019).;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtext\\\;;entitiesidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextHighly anxious individuals also exhibited an increased trend in activation in the midcingulate cortex (MCC) (t(30)52.5,;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextOnce you have made an entry in each input box, click ''OK''.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextif the group composition changes randomly in every period so that no subject meets any other subject more than once, a subject can never reap a selfish benefit from punishing defectors.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextby seeing what works and what at times does not work as an outcome of exclusion, future research can continue to engage and explore the cognitive and behavioral changes associated with exclusion, and perhaps find new ways to combat the aversive effects.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextFigure 3 also illustrates the \ and indicates the dramatic reduction of contributions to the public good in the last sequence of all treatments.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextin our case, for example, we purposefully planned the project to overlap with the students' graduation, allowing for a collective understanding of the shifting power dynamics as the students moved position from student to alumni.;;","entities":[{"id":5359,"label":"cause","start_offset":54,"end_offset":102},{"id":5360,"label":"effect","start_offset":119,"end_offset":228}],"relations":[{"id":2410,"from_id":5359,"to_id":5360,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7401,"text":"furthermore, if prison officers who routinely worked in prisoner-facing functions were to be interviewed without disrupting the normal regime, other staff within the prison needed to be told who was participating in the research so they could be replaced.;;","entities":[{"id":7552,"label":"cause","start_offset":16,"end_offset":141},{"id":7553,"label":"effect","start_offset":143,"end_offset":228},{"id":7554,"label":"effect","start_offset":232,"end_offset":254},{"id":8891,"label":"cause","start_offset":143,"end_offset":228}],"relations":[{"id":3411,"from_id":7552,"to_id":7553,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4091,"from_id":8891,"to_id":7554,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7248,"text":"\"individuals with high social anxiety were more likely to endorse a rating of \"\"neutral\"\" regarding the importance of their move, whereas those with low social anxiety endorsed mixed responses of either \"\"disagree\"\" or \"\"neutral.\"\"\";;","entities":[{"id":8802,"label":"cause","start_offset":17,"end_offset":37},{"id":8803,"label":"effect","start_offset":58,"end_offset":128},{"id":8804,"label":"cause","start_offset":149,"end_offset":167},{"id":8805,"label":"effect","start_offset":168,"end_offset":232}],"relations":[{"id":4049,"from_id":8802,"to_id":8803,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4050,"from_id":8804,"to_id":8805,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9264,"text":"Average Amount of Money Given to Game Partners (Yen);;","entities":[{"id":9590,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":54}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9354,"text":"Boyd and Richerson (1989) view this as a generalization of tit-for-tat to the case of indirect reciprocity.;;","entities":[{"id":9680,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":109}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7286,"text":"it is also comforting to observe that (at least visually), the reaction functions of baseline, silent, and restricted are very similar, consistent with the idea that a commitment value is absent in those treatments.;;","entities":[{"id":7263,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":217}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7129,"text":"capuchins also seem to exchange grooming for other commodities such as tolerance and food sharing (tiddi et al.;;","entities":[{"id":6890,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":113}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9492,"text":"nor an interaction, F(1, 84) = .08,;;","entities":[{"id":9818,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":37}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7320,"text":"nevertheless, the consistent finding of no direct relation between lh strategy and cooperation may have broader implications for research on personality traits and cooperation.;;","entities":[{"id":8851,"label":"cause","start_offset":40,"end_offset":94},{"id":8852,"label":"effect","start_offset":104,"end_offset":175}],"relations":[{"id":4074,"from_id":8851,"to_id":8852,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9161,"text":"In the present study then, the sequence of plays of two pigeons playing IPD against a simulated opponent pre-programmed to play TFT was examined.;;","entities":[{"id":9487,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":147}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6913,"text":"from video observations and audio data that we taped during most of the sessions, it appears instead that the variation in the results is closely related to how each group used faceto-face communication to induce changes in individual behavior and improve outcomes.;;","entities":[{"id":6311,"label":"cause","start_offset":177,"end_offset":202},{"id":6312,"label":"effect","start_offset":205,"end_offset":243},{"id":6313,"label":"effect","start_offset":248,"end_offset":264}],"relations":[{"id":2864,"from_id":6311,"to_id":6312,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2865,"from_id":6311,"to_id":6313,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6047,"text":"a brief social connection with another person or reliving past social activities also reduced aggression after ostracism (twenge et al., 2007), and acceptance by others following ostracism decreased aggression (dewall et al., 2010).;;","entities":[{"id":3998,"label":"effect","start_offset":94,"end_offset":120},{"id":3999,"label":"cause","start_offset":8,"end_offset":45},{"id":4000,"label":"cause","start_offset":49,"end_offset":80},{"id":4001,"label":"cause","start_offset":148,"end_offset":188},{"id":4002,"label":"effect","start_offset":199,"end_offset":209}],"relations":[{"id":1785,"from_id":3999,"to_id":3998,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1786,"from_id":4000,"to_id":3998,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1787,"from_id":4001,"to_id":4002,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9199,"text":"They may act as sophisticated strategists who believe that everyone will behave fully rationally in every period, or they may act as if they are playing a game against nature.;;","entities":[{"id":9525,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":177}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9311,"text":"If prior joint outcome (with two categories (C,C) and the other three outcomes lumped together) is crossed with intra-group conflict, a Phi coefficient of .145;;","entities":[{"id":9637,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":161}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9195,"text":"Therefore, to test the capacity of our estimated logit model to explain out-of-sample behavior, we compare this prediction with the average sample appropriation under this new treatment.;;","entities":[{"id":9521,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":188}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6722,"text":"we feel that this finding needs further investigation in future research, because of its implications for the organization of bargaining processes aiming either at maximizing the likelihood of immediate cooperative agreements or at minimizing the average or the maximal time of the negotiations needed to solve a social dilemma.;;","entities":[{"id":5808,"label":"effect","start_offset":17,"end_offset":72},{"id":5809,"label":"cause","start_offset":89,"end_offset":327}],"relations":[{"id":2629,"from_id":5809,"to_id":5808,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":8770,"text":"In making decisions, participants appear to be able to understand the consequences of predicted outcomes (as indicated by the fairly constant rate of rationality errors), albeit sometimes not fully (as indicated by the game type II rationality errors).;;","entities":[{"id":9096,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":254}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7048,"text":"both study 1 and study 2 showed that need satisfaction levels mediated mood and not vice versa when people were ostracized.;;","entities":[{"id":6687,"label":"cause","start_offset":100,"end_offset":122},{"id":6688,"label":"effect","start_offset":37,"end_offset":75}],"relations":[{"id":3025,"from_id":6687,"to_id":6688,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6851,"text":"such a course of action may prevent overgrazing since after territorial iz ation the consequences of overgrazing will be born solely by the private land owner.;;","entities":[{"id":6159,"label":"cause","start_offset":7,"end_offset":23},{"id":6160,"label":"effect","start_offset":28,"end_offset":47},{"id":6162,"label":"effect","start_offset":54,"end_offset":158},{"id":6163,"label":"cause","start_offset":54,"end_offset":158}],"relations":[{"id":2795,"from_id":6159,"to_id":6162,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2796,"from_id":6163,"to_id":6160,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7138,"text":"for example, in the extreme case of \u03b3 = 0, help is denied where without memory it would be given otherwise, if the combination of tags and strategy is prompting the agents to do so.;;","entities":[{"id":6912,"label":"cause","start_offset":116,"end_offset":180},{"id":6913,"label":"effect","start_offset":42,"end_offset":106}],"relations":[{"id":3133,"from_id":6912,"to_id":6913,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6629,"text":"because the researcher's experiences might be analogous to others' experiences, revealing this information can be empowering to individuals that have difficulty articulating their own experiences.;;","entities":[{"id":5539,"label":"cause","start_offset":12,"end_offset":78},{"id":5540,"label":"effect","start_offset":80,"end_offset":195}],"relations":[{"id":2495,"from_id":5539,"to_id":5540,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9406,"text":"For a type-k subject with \u017d compliance j, the conditional probability of type k's decision is then 1 y c y . 1 rc and the conditional probability of each non-type k decision is rc.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextloss (Yacubian, Glascher, Schroeder, Sommer, Braus, & Buchel, 2006).;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextThey are about 1.3 million in number, almost all of them members of households economically dependent on their own land.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextAll raw estimated IQ scores were in the normal range (M = 39.29,;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextsubjects make costly decisions that yield signals to others that are specifically targeted in relation to current round decisions.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextfor example, in a meta-analysis of studies examining cortisol levels in response to acute stressors, dickerson and kemeny (2004) found that exposure to social eva lu at ive threat was associated with heightened levels of cortisol, which is released in response to hpa activation.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextbeing explicit about our social identity and intentions by naming and being reflexive about them can begin to mitigate the power imbued in the researcher's position, so that knowledge can lean toward coconstruction in a reflective setting (blix, 2015).;;","entities":[{"id":4696,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":55},{"id":4697,"label":"cause","start_offset":70,"end_offset":96},{"id":4698,"label":"effect","start_offset":123,"end_offset":164},{"id":4699,"label":"cause","start_offset":123,"end_offset":164},{"id":4700,"label":"effect","start_offset":174,"end_offset":214}],"relations":[{"id":2106,"from_id":4697,"to_id":4698,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2107,"from_id":4696,"to_id":4698,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2108,"from_id":4699,"to_id":4700,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":5717,"text":"this is consistent with the theoretical framework proposed by smart richman and leary (2009), indicating that when targets perceive ostracism as unfair, they are more likely to engage in antisocial behaviours.;;","entities":[{"id":3155,"label":"cause","start_offset":115,"end_offset":151},{"id":3156,"label":"effect","start_offset":177,"end_offset":208}],"relations":[{"id":1371,"from_id":3155,"to_id":3156,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9214,"text":"Ratings were again combined into a single scale (\u2423 \u03ed 0.89).;;","entities":[{"id":9540,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":61}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7375,"text":"\"for this reason, interviewees may be more reluctant to discuss sensitive issues over skype (howlett, 2021; lo iacono et al., 2016).\";;","entities":[{"id":7487,"label":"effect","start_offset":18,"end_offset":92},{"id":7488,"label":"cause","start_offset":1,"end_offset":16}],"relations":[{"id":3385,"from_id":7488,"to_id":7487,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7234,"text":"this motive would apply, for instance, if people try to imitate others in an effort to achieve better outcomes (e.g., huck et al.;;","entities":[{"id":7138,"label":"cause","start_offset":42,"end_offset":110},{"id":7139,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":23}],"relations":[{"id":3234,"from_id":7138,"to_id":7139,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7548,"text":"reinforcement learning influences future choices, but, in contrast to belief-based learning, no rationality must be assumed.;;","entities":[{"id":7880,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":22},{"id":7881,"label":"effect","start_offset":23,"end_offset":48}],"relations":[{"id":3541,"from_id":7880,"to_id":7881,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7064,"text":"in contrast, the group with largest investment after 14 we do not include the second proposals in the regression models because they were elicited during the game and therefore are likely to be endogenous.;;","entities":[{"id":6725,"label":"effect","start_offset":56,"end_offset":119},{"id":6726,"label":"cause","start_offset":128,"end_offset":162},{"id":6727,"label":"effect","start_offset":181,"end_offset":204}],"relations":[{"id":3045,"from_id":6726,"to_id":6725,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3046,"from_id":6726,"to_id":6727,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7223,"text":"in study 2 we investigate how justifiability pressures influence actual harvesting behavior by manipulating accountability under varying levels of environmental uncertainty.;;","entities":[{"id":7105,"label":"cause","start_offset":30,"end_offset":54},{"id":7106,"label":"effect","start_offset":95,"end_offset":122},{"id":7107,"label":"cause","start_offset":95,"end_offset":122},{"id":7108,"label":"effect","start_offset":55,"end_offset":92}],"relations":[{"id":3215,"from_id":7105,"to_id":7106,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3216,"from_id":7107,"to_id":7108,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":8880,"text":"Although we did not explicitly look at estimates in this study, it seems reasonable that a similar process operates for regeneration rate uncertainty; when regeneration rate is uncertain, harvesters may overestimate upcoming rates and, thus, leave fewer points in the pool to replenish.;;","entities":[{"id":9206,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":288}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7554,"text":"thus, there is good reason to believe that tft provides an interaction style (or strategy) that individuals can use fruitfully in ongoing interactions to elicit and maintain mutual cooperation.;;","entities":[{"id":7894,"label":"cause","start_offset":43,"end_offset":150},{"id":7895,"label":"effect","start_offset":154,"end_offset":192}],"relations":[{"id":3548,"from_id":7894,"to_id":7895,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6855,"text":"in the context of work teams for instance, members can possess unequal capacities to contribute to the group because of heterogeneity in abilities, skills, and expertise (e.g., campion et al., 1993), or because of status differences that preclude some from accessing certain organizational resources (e.g., aquino and reed, 1998).;;","entities":[{"id":6173,"label":"effect","start_offset":43,"end_offset":108},{"id":6174,"label":"cause","start_offset":120,"end_offset":169},{"id":6176,"label":"cause","start_offset":214,"end_offset":232},{"id":6177,"label":"effect","start_offset":238,"end_offset":299}],"relations":[{"id":2801,"from_id":6174,"to_id":6173,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2803,"from_id":6176,"to_id":6173,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2804,"from_id":6176,"to_id":6177,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6517,"text":"drawing on native speakers sharing the interviewee's linguistic background, therefore, had various advantages: first, for the interviewees, the interview was a very rare opportunity to talk to someone in their first language in prison.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextwe recognize that small-scale qualitative research on raced and gendered institutions will not necessarily achieve such disruptions.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextFor example, consider hunters and hikers contributing to, respectively, the National Rifle Association (NRA) and the Sierra Club, two organizations with competing aims for the use of public lands.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextfurthermore, when partially excluded, persons who were higher in approval csw felt their belongingness was threatened and they perceived more social threat, especially when they were low on global self-esteem.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtext\\\;;entitiesidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextsocial preferences that drive behavior such as individualism, competitiveness and altruism; Van Kleef and De Dreu, 2002;Van Lange, 1999).;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtext(b) the weight assigned to outcomes for others, F(2, 1848) = 477.94,;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextdeviations below the nash equilibriums imply that individuals incorporate either collective interests into individual decisions, or a consideration of the future consequences of present actions.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextThe results showed a significant effect of the three conditions on moral concerns, F(2, 111) = 3.12, p < .05.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextthis democratizing strategy may be mutually beneficial where there are enduring relationships with the participant community, as is the case within tertiary teaching and learning settings.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextthe way in which players perceive the nature of the situation - especially the stable and generalized differences in how they characterize the situation - plays a pivotal role in the processes underlying pro-social behavior.;;entitiesidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextby incorporating various social science practices into our collective qualitative research endeavors, we can strengthen the quality, importance, and applicability of leisure-based qualitative social science research.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtexttaking the unrestricted decentralized sanctioning mechanism (treatment up) as benchmark, appointing a single punisher randomly in each round (treatment sr) does not affect the level of cooperation, but, when the single punisher is selected among the top contributors of the group (treatment top), the level of cooperation increases significantly.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_ZeroComments |
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idtextSome programs combine two or more of these options.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextthe apparent failure of the withdrawal function to impair communications can be explained in that the subjects simply did not use the no-play option as an instrument for withdrawal, thus preventing a meaningful analysis of any potential withdrawal function.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtext\;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextSignificantly different from zero at the 1% significance level.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextWe use a Tobit model as the contributions lie between zero and ten.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextlikely, thinking about negative emotions will prime and make negative thoughts more accessible in the present moment.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextshe also recognized that structurally disadvantaged communities supply the black and brown bodies that fill chicago's jail and illinois's prisons (lavigne et al.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextIt follows of necessity that behavior given such instructions is in large part determined by the egoistic consequences for the subjects.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextreflexivity lends itself well to utilization of intersectional approaches in qualitative health research as both approaches are rooted in the injunctive to challenge upward categories of oppression (pillow, 2003).;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextdata collection a primary goal of qualitative research aiming to enhance social work knowledge is collecting rich, vivid data of the subjects or phenomena under study.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextwe urge journal editors and publishers to offer higher word count space to researchers who conduct participant observa\u00ad tion or mixed method research to support the reporting of details associated with each method.;;entitiesidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtext9: go with b first and see what the other team pick for the first round 14: if they choose A (cooperate)\u2026 that means they want to be nice\u2026 so round 2 we'll choose A to apologize.;;","entities":[{"id":9303,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":180}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":5934,"text":"the subjects who were dependent on the other for future aid increased their level of help giving across the trials.;;","entities":[{"id":3692,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":59},{"id":3693,"label":"effect","start_offset":76,"end_offset":114}],"relations":[{"id":1629,"from_id":3692,"to_id":3693,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9400,"text":"This is one of the main insights of this research, because we are able to quantify the contribution of different subjects to a real world commons, and relate it to their behavior in an experimental situation.;;","entities":[{"id":9726,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":210}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9241,"text":"Computer You will not know the choice of the computer before you make your choice.;;","entities":[{"id":9567,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":84}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6381,"text":"we hypothesized that social exclusion of blacks by whites would be attributed to racial discrimination and associated with greater substance use vulnerability among those who do not affirm their ri.;;","entities":[{"id":4883,"label":"cause","start_offset":21,"end_offset":57},{"id":4884,"label":"effect","start_offset":81,"end_offset":102},{"id":4886,"label":"effect","start_offset":131,"end_offset":197}],"relations":[{"id":2187,"from_id":4883,"to_id":4886,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2188,"from_id":4883,"to_id":4884,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7644,"text":"an individual might decide to choose actions that she would most like the other person to choose so that both parties gain in the process.;;","entities":[{"id":8109,"label":"cause","start_offset":30,"end_offset":96},{"id":8110,"label":"effect","start_offset":105,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[{"id":3643,"from_id":8109,"to_id":8110,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9666,"text":"The participants were shown in random order to the punisher each round anew to rule out reputation effects from previous rounds.;;","entities":[{"id":9992,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":130}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7576,"text":"automatic affiliative behaviors, however, are relatively low in effort, cost, and risk.;;","entities":[{"id":7936,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":89}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6552,"text":"this reasoning is consistent with our results and actually predicts that advice might have a greater positive impact on cooperation than in-game communication.;;","entities":[{"id":5307,"label":"cause","start_offset":73,"end_offset":79},{"id":8529,"label":"effect","start_offset":101,"end_offset":131}],"relations":[{"id":3893,"from_id":5307,"to_id":8529,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":8993,"text":"Moreover, we do not see these frameworks as true alternative conceptualizations, but rather as alternative descriptive languages.;;","entities":[{"id":9319,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":131}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9488,"text":"Hypothesis 3 predicted that leadership referents would affect levels of communion in the group.;;","entities":[{"id":9814,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":97}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6252,"text":"this weak form of identity led to substantial 6 behavioral effects, where people favored their own group members in the distribution of real rewards, with own material payoffs unaffected by the distribution.;;","entities":[{"id":4542,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":26},{"id":8390,"label":"effect","start_offset":74,"end_offset":206}],"relations":[{"id":3814,"from_id":4542,"to_id":8390,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":5848,"text":"they find that subjects show a slight preference for flexibility in ending the relationship but over-use the termination option, with too much sensitivity to short-term noisy outcomes.;;","entities":[{"id":3483,"label":"cause","start_offset":134,"end_offset":183},{"id":3484,"label":"effect","start_offset":96,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[{"id":1525,"from_id":3483,"to_id":3484,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9029,"text":"As choices of R3 approach the 100% level in Table 1, B.? makes a Seven of these were players designated red and eight designated blue.;;","entities":[{"id":9355,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":136}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":5786,"text":"the effect of constrained communication and limited information 623 communication, the content of the communication may also reveal which kind of information is more important to the participants.;;","entities":[{"id":3317,"label":"cause","start_offset":84,"end_offset":115},{"id":3318,"label":"effect","start_offset":125,"end_offset":195}],"relations":[{"id":1445,"from_id":3317,"to_id":3318,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6883,"text":"we synthesize previous literature to advance the idea that a strong theoretical framework can allow the researcher to reveal existing predispositions about a study and assist in data coding and interpretation.;;","entities":[{"id":6235,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":33},{"id":6236,"label":"effect","start_offset":37,"end_offset":53},{"id":6237,"label":"cause","start_offset":61,"end_offset":89},{"id":6238,"label":"effect","start_offset":104,"end_offset":163},{"id":6239,"label":"effect","start_offset":168,"end_offset":208}],"relations":[{"id":2829,"from_id":6235,"to_id":6236,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2830,"from_id":6237,"to_id":6238,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2831,"from_id":6237,"to_id":6239,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":8920,"text":"The main research questions we want to answer with our experiment are as follows:;;","entities":[{"id":9246,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":83}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9116,"text":"This article introduces a new game paradigm , the intergroup prisoner's dilemma-maximizing difference (IPD-MD) game, designed specifically to distinguish between these two motives.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextFor instance, I found one of my items measuring participants' own fairness evaluation was highly unreliable (which was omitted from the scale used in the analyses).;;","entities":[{"id":9067,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":166}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6542,"text":"\"their rights to private control of cash are well protected, and husbands are subject to severe punishment if they encroach upon the \"\"private bag\"\" in which a woman keeps such items.\";;","entities":[{"id":5286,"label":"cause","start_offset":110,"end_offset":182},{"id":5287,"label":"effect","start_offset":65,"end_offset":106}],"relations":[{"id":2377,"from_id":5286,"to_id":5287,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7027,"text":"arguably, lack of explicit or active role of physiotherapists during care transition among older adults with hip fracture could be the reason for this significant omission (kalu, maximos, sengiad, & dal bello-haas, 2019).;;","entities":[{"id":6629,"label":"effect","start_offset":151,"end_offset":171},{"id":6630,"label":"cause","start_offset":10,"end_offset":84}],"relations":[{"id":2998,"from_id":6630,"to_id":6629,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9638,"text":"will the consideration of different cultures affect the belief contingencies in the model when considering international alliances?;;","entities":[{"id":9964,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":133}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7304,"text":"whereas prior research has focused on the impact of physical and social ostracism, we believe that perceptions of exclusion and ignoring can also occur in virtual reality.;;","entities":[{"id":8836,"label":"effect","start_offset":99,"end_offset":123},{"id":8837,"label":"effect","start_offset":128,"end_offset":136},{"id":8838,"label":"cause","start_offset":155,"end_offset":170}],"relations":[{"id":4068,"from_id":8838,"to_id":8837,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4069,"from_id":8838,"to_id":8836,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":5832,"text":"a given person can be identified as unrealistically optimistic if that person's perceived comparative risk is lower than that of a more objective criterion, such as comparative risk calculated from a risk algorithm.;;entitiesidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextin other words, the most likely explanation of the call for cooperative action in the intergroup dyads is that the request is a conscious use of deception.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextThese patterns were found with the trust game (Experiment 2), the prisoner's dilemma (Experiment 4), the ultimatum game (Experiment 5), and the dictator game (Experiment 6).;;","entities":[{"id":9361,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":175}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9612,"text":"Cooperate-group participants experienced an average of 1.76, 5.88, 6.72, 6.96, and 7.24 (included) free-choice trials in Blocks 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, respectively.;;","entities":[{"id":9938,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":165}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9415,"text":"In the row for ''advantaged\" significant differences to ''equal\", in the row for ''equal\" significance differences to ''disadvantaged\", and in the row for ''disadvantaged\" significant differences to ''advantaged\" are depicted with others choose to have more income than the workers -but they seem to make this choice with a guilty conscience concerning their fairness standards.;;","entities":[{"id":9741,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":380}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7169,"text":"while most students have similar preferences for money, they might have different preferences regarding waiting time (hartman, 2007).;;","entities":[{"id":6982,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":135}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":5678,"text":"the sheer diversity of data types creates challenges for engaging in open science as few repositories have the capacity to store or share all possible forms of representations that constitute the datasets of qualitative researchers.;;","entities":[{"id":3064,"label":"effect","start_offset":42,"end_offset":81},{"id":3065,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":33}],"relations":[{"id":1330,"from_id":3065,"to_id":3064,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9333,"text":"In the boxes below, please indicate the average number of cattle and calves you sell each year.;;","entities":[{"id":9659,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":97}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9120,"text":"Behavior of subjects not choosing the dominant or Pareto-efficient contributions is well-organized by a model of warm-glow giving with a logit decision error.;;","entities":[{"id":9446,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":160}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":8788,"text":"The mean number of participants in CTP0 is 2.41, i.e. about 60% of group members consistently provide the sanctioning institution.;;","entities":[{"id":9114,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":132}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9072,"text":"Our goal is to develop a greater understanding of individual and collective resource use behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":9398,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":100}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":8754,"text":"Further, the pairwise null hypothesis for the significance of the coefficients for the PA and PT treatments is not rejected using a Wald Test: PA = PT (p = 0.233).27;;","entities":[{"id":9080,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":167}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7181,"text":"when these cues are combined, the target of full ostracism will have a hard time attributing ostracism to external factors like ostracizers or the situation.;;","entities":[{"id":7009,"label":"cause","start_offset":11,"end_offset":28},{"id":7010,"label":"effect","start_offset":34,"end_offset":122}],"relations":[{"id":3172,"from_id":7009,"to_id":7010,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6661,"text":"note that in both treatments four possible move orderings can occur: if both subjects make a contribution decision in the same period, then a simultaneous move ordering emerges, either in period 1 (sim-1), or in period 2 (sim-2).;;","entities":[{"id":5632,"label":"cause","start_offset":72,"end_offset":133},{"id":5633,"label":"effect","start_offset":142,"end_offset":228}],"relations":[{"id":2545,"from_id":5632,"to_id":5633,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6898,"text":"as discussed in the introduction, it is natural to think of there being three distinct ways that repetition can lead to more efficient outcomes.;;","entities":[{"id":6270,"label":"cause","start_offset":97,"end_offset":107},{"id":6271,"label":"effect","start_offset":125,"end_offset":143}],"relations":[{"id":2844,"from_id":6270,"to_id":6271,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9530,"text":"intergroup (Study 2) conflicts, both games were designed to create unambiguous situations that allow for the attainment of certain values (i.e., value-relevant situations).;;","entities":[{"id":9856,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":174}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6983,"text":"\"big data practices do not innocently find patterns of preexisting meanings within data; rather, they help produce them.\";;","entities":[{"id":6516,"label":"cause","start_offset":1,"end_offset":19},{"id":6518,"label":"effect","start_offset":102,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[{"id":2951,"from_id":6516,"to_id":6518,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9385,"text":"Here, we provide such evidence by collecting thousands of game decisions from over 1,400 individuals.;;","entities":[{"id":9711,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":103}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":5931,"text":"heaton (2004) suggests that a strength of secondary analysis of qualitative data is that it relieves the burden of participation from research participants and community partners who collaborate with researchers to identify, access, and recruit research participants.;;","entities":[{"id":3683,"label":"cause","start_offset":42,"end_offset":80},{"id":3686,"label":"effect","start_offset":92,"end_offset":128}],"relations":[{"id":1626,"from_id":3683,"to_id":3686,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":5895,"text":"more importantly for the present investigation, ostracism by computers was just as unpleasant as ostracism by humans, and furthermore, it did not matter whether the human or computer players were perceived to have a choice as to whom they threw the ball.;;","entities":[{"id":3590,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":256}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":8990,"text":"We propose that these games will have psychological prominence in individuals' minds as they think about outcome interdependence.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextthe findings showed that consistency can still be achieved, and similar meanings and interpretations can be established despite different data collection methods.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextmore specifically, ostracized young adolescents who were primed to think about their friends with a social connection activity were expected to self-regulate better, and thereby be less motivated to eat unhealthy snack food and eat less than ostracized young adolescents who engaged in alternative activities.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextecomaps may provide an opportunity to understand patients' social support and contextual factors allowing better understanding of disease.;;","entities":[{"id":3245,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":7},{"id":3247,"label":"effect","start_offset":38,"end_offset":96},{"id":3248,"label":"cause","start_offset":38,"end_offset":96},{"id":3249,"label":"effect","start_offset":113,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[{"id":1413,"from_id":3245,"to_id":3247,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1414,"from_id":3248,"to_id":3249,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6259,"text":"thus, referring to antisocial media content to regulate rejectionbased anger and frustration seems an ineffective emotion regulation strategy.;;","entities":[{"id":8397,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":144}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":8873,"text":"This significantly increased cooperative choices, compared to the first, completely neutral, PD.;;","entities":[{"id":9199,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":98}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9496,"text":"Under the S-protocol, players decide sequentially, i.e., player 1 chooses x 1 ; then, being informed of 3x 1 , player 2 chooses x 2 ; and so on until finally, being informed of 3x n\u00c01 , player n chooses x n .;;","entities":[{"id":9822,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":210}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6376,"text":"the consequence for evaluation is that it must involve negotiation among stakeholders so that the basis of their understandings and values is part of the process.;;","entities":[{"id":4866,"label":"cause","start_offset":20,"end_offset":30},{"id":4867,"label":"effect","start_offset":42,"end_offset":85},{"id":4868,"label":"effect","start_offset":98,"end_offset":161},{"id":4869,"label":"cause","start_offset":42,"end_offset":85}],"relations":[{"id":2179,"from_id":4866,"to_id":4867,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2180,"from_id":4869,"to_id":4868,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7473,"text":"that is, people who are not actively experiencing social pain (i.e., cold state) should underestimate the severity of a socially painful event, whereas people who are experiencing social pain (i.e., hot state) should have a more accurate understanding of its severity.;;","entities":[{"id":7707,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":61},{"id":7708,"label":"effect","start_offset":88,"end_offset":142},{"id":7709,"label":"cause","start_offset":152,"end_offset":191},{"id":7710,"label":"effect","start_offset":217,"end_offset":267}],"relations":[{"id":3475,"from_id":7707,"to_id":7708,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3476,"from_id":7709,"to_id":7710,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7159,"text":"it is important to have a professionally accredited translator or interpreter to reduce the risk of losing meaning during data transfer.;;","entities":[{"id":6957,"label":"cause","start_offset":19,"end_offset":77},{"id":6958,"label":"effect","start_offset":81,"end_offset":135}],"relations":[{"id":3149,"from_id":6957,"to_id":6958,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7005,"text":"this appears to especially be the case when researchers claim to use phenomenology but fail to align themselves with a specific variant.;;","entities":[{"id":6574,"label":"effect","start_offset":26,"end_offset":38},{"id":6575,"label":"cause","start_offset":43,"end_offset":135}],"relations":[{"id":2975,"from_id":6575,"to_id":6574,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9545,"text":"During development and validation research, the PANAS was found to display adequate internal consistency for both the positive affect (\u03b1 = .89);;","entities":[{"id":9871,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":145}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9336,"text":"A total of 837 subjects, living in the US and recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk [40][41][42][43] , passed the comprehension questions.;;","entities":[{"id":9662,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":143}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6163,"text":"thus, to avoid the exhibition of the confirmation bias, one needs self-regulation resources.;;","entities":[{"id":4310,"label":"effect","start_offset":9,"end_offset":54},{"id":8359,"label":"cause","start_offset":66,"end_offset":91}],"relations":[{"id":3795,"from_id":8359,"to_id":4310,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7245,"text":"while coding directly from audio and video files still allows for the ability to review the original words of the respondent, as is possible from transcripts, it eliminates the extra step of producing the transcript.;;","entities":[{"id":7158,"label":"cause","start_offset":6,"end_offset":48},{"id":7159,"label":"effect","start_offset":162,"end_offset":215}],"relations":[{"id":3241,"from_id":7158,"to_id":7159,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":5925,"text":"archivist 3 thought a positive effect of the open science movement could be that more research material is archived as a result of increased awareness.;;","entities":[{"id":3664,"label":"cause","start_offset":45,"end_offset":66},{"id":3665,"label":"effect","start_offset":85,"end_offset":103},{"id":3666,"label":"cause","start_offset":131,"end_offset":150},{"id":3667,"label":"effect","start_offset":131,"end_offset":150}],"relations":[{"id":1615,"from_id":3666,"to_id":3665,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1616,"from_id":3664,"to_id":3667,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7206,"text":"\"it is also possible that subjects in the forced-exit condition nevertheless glimpsed the \"\"shadow of the future,\"\" since it was likely that a partner would be revisited at least once over 42 hands.\";;","entities":[{"id":7070,"label":"cause","start_offset":143,"end_offset":197},{"id":7071,"label":"effect","start_offset":77,"end_offset":113}],"relations":[{"id":3197,"from_id":7070,"to_id":7071,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7453,"text":"morgan and tindale found that when the individual decisions indicated unanimity among the 3 group members, the final group decision almost always corresponded to these individual decisions.;;","entities":[{"id":7656,"label":"cause","start_offset":39,"end_offset":105},{"id":7657,"label":"effect","start_offset":111,"end_offset":188}],"relations":[{"id":3456,"from_id":7656,"to_id":7657,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":8932,"text":"p < ,001; and a Provision Point x Framing interaction, F(2, 158) = 4.70, p < .02.;;","entities":[{"id":9258,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":83}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6513,"text":"across these studies, priming was used as a means to increase accessibility.;;","entities":[{"id":5215,"label":"cause","start_offset":22,"end_offset":29},{"id":5216,"label":"effect","start_offset":62,"end_offset":75}],"relations":[{"id":2344,"from_id":5215,"to_id":5216,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7318,"text":"yet, if we as feminist researchers are unable to draw upon people's lived experiences given the inaccessibility of big social media data, we miss an opportunity to develop knowledge, particularly as it relates to the ways in which social media operates as a space for social justice activism.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextbecause in some sense, you can't push too hard because if they go back and rewrite the code or clean it up, then they might actually change it.;;","entities":[{"id":5678,"label":"cause","start_offset":75,"end_offset":91},{"id":5679,"label":"cause","start_offset":95,"end_offset":106},{"id":5680,"label":"effect","start_offset":118,"end_offset":142}],"relations":[{"id":2566,"from_id":5678,"to_id":5680,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2567,"from_id":5679,"to_id":5680,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7541,"text":"if differences in perceived fairness of a distribution depend on whether child care is identified as a market good or a public good, such differences may rest on attitudes toward market versus public solutions.;;","entities":[{"id":7866,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":55},{"id":7867,"label":"effect","start_offset":154,"end_offset":209}],"relations":[{"id":3536,"from_id":7866,"to_id":7867,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9062,"text":"Hypothesis 4 relates only to Study 2. Hypothesis 1.;;","entities":[{"id":9388,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":53}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6563,"text":"\"centers for disease control and the u.s. department of health and human services, \"\"hipaa privacy rule and public health guidance,\"\" 4 11, 2003, https www cdc gov mm wr preview mm wr html m 2 e 411 a 1 htm meyer mn, \"\"practical tips for ethical data sharing,\"\" advances in methods and practices in psychological science 1, no.\";;","entities":[{"id":5336,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":330}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6951,"text":"in contrast, when group identification is weak or absent, people view themselves primarily as unique individuals.;;","entities":[{"id":6422,"label":"effect","start_offset":58,"end_offset":112},{"id":6423,"label":"cause","start_offset":18,"end_offset":56}],"relations":[{"id":2917,"from_id":6423,"to_id":6422,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6943,"text":"\"i make the related point that, whilst generalised norms can often be identified within a particular community or research site, they can only serve as a guide; as patterns of expectation, rather than a fixed set of rules.\";;","entities":[{"id":6392,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":225}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":8735,"text":"Throughout the experiment, participants saw one of the two logos displayed in Figure8.1;;","entities":[{"id":9061,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":89}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7459,"text":"a paranoid inference is hypothesised to limit a discrepancy between ideal and actual self representations by attributing responsibility for a negative event externally (to circumstances, or another person), rather than internally to oneself.;;","entities":[{"id":7673,"label":"cause","start_offset":2,"end_offset":20},{"id":7674,"label":"effect","start_offset":40,"end_offset":105},{"id":7675,"label":"effect","start_offset":109,"end_offset":167},{"id":7676,"label":"cause","start_offset":109,"end_offset":167}],"relations":[{"id":3462,"from_id":7673,"to_id":7675,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3463,"from_id":7676,"to_id":7674,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9187,"text":"The analysis of the experimental data is divided into three parts.;;","entities":[{"id":9513,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":68}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9586,"text":"This indicates that subjects tend to make the same decision from one encounter to the next, although this tendency is not as strong as with the decision to play.;;","entities":[{"id":9912,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":163}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":5942,"text":"but rather, the value is in its content of disagreements as this can lead to deeper reflection of the coders that ultimately refines the coding frame of the study and ensures the trustworthiness of the study (nowell et al.;;","entities":[{"id":3715,"label":"cause","start_offset":32,"end_offset":56},{"id":3716,"label":"effect","start_offset":77,"end_offset":108},{"id":3717,"label":"effect","start_offset":114,"end_offset":162},{"id":3718,"label":"effect","start_offset":167,"end_offset":207}],"relations":[{"id":1642,"from_id":3715,"to_id":3716,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1643,"from_id":3715,"to_id":3717,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1644,"from_id":3715,"to_id":3718,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9662,"text":"For example, Komorita and Barth (hereafter referred to as KB) used a discrete-choice prisoner's dilemma game (PDG) within which the subject's decision was to either cooperate or not cooperate.;;","entities":[{"id":9988,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":194}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9557,"text":"From these considerations we derive Hypothesis 2.;;","entities":[{"id":9883,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":51}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6982,"text":"in addition (4) individual requests and expectations regarding others ' requests are inversely related to the exchange rates, reflecting attempts to equate payoffs across group members.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextThroughout the round, every player was once in the role of the potential donor and once in the role of the potential receiver.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextwe reasoned that self affirmation might be particularly effective at reducing defensive responses to threatening health messages among people who are unrealistically optimistic about a health risk.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextIn URE, contributions are consistent with a rule of equal contributions.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextqualitative longitudinal studies refer to narratives rather than chronological change because participants do not tell stories in a neat linear way.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextThis would obviously affect our results.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtext\;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextwe can link this finding to research on peer rejection that stresses that both ostracism and bullying are possible antecedents of aggressive behavior (juvonen & gross, 2005).;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextSD=.013), F 1,14 =6.44, p=.02, \u03b7 p 2 =.32, and negative (M=.113, S.D.=.123 vs. M=.013,;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextuse of a lab setting gives a large amount of control over a study but has been accused of lacking realism (falk and heckman 2009).;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtext\;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextThe figures show that in both Harmony and Conflict specific trust is strongly related to contributions, but general trust (the ITS) is not.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextFor participants in success outcome conditions, there was a significant increase in trust of the out-group from Time 1 (M \u03ed 1.47) to Time 2 (M \u03ed 1.92), F(1, 50) \u03ed 9.16, p \u03ed .004,;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextalthough, the acute administration of reboxetine led to more cooperative social behaviour in a stranger-dyadic social interaction procedure, longer-term administration of antidepressants might have different effects on social behaviour.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextthat this threat interpretation was associated with lower rates of recovery of the primary needs suggests some support for the theory that high socially anxious people possess a biased cognitive style-one that maintains the deleterious evects of ostracism and thereby potentially prohibits active coping.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextKnowledge-unlike information-also contains what is sometimes referred to as tacit knowledge which means that factual information is enriched by individual ideas, expertise, and judgements, and applied in a certain context (Moser, Clases, & Wehner, 2000).;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextwhen the target attributes ostracism externally, however, s\/he is more likely to feel contempt for the ostracizers, seeing them as mean people who are trying to hurt her\/him for no good reason.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtexttherefore, the observed difference in cooperation could be driven by systematic differences between the participants rather than the manipulation.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextWe are not aware of any study identifying clearly the motivations pushing companies to favour former athletes.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextAreas activated by human faces in the PDG game;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextas an effect, the illness (infection), which persisted for several months, reshaped his attitude toward health and hygiene: i have noticed that you can't just jump in [situations] without looking.;;","entities":[{"id":6481,"label":"cause","start_offset":17,"end_offset":37},{"id":6482,"label":"effect","start_offset":75,"end_offset":122}],"relations":[{"id":2940,"from_id":6481,"to_id":6482,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9110,"text":"To prove part (a) we must show that if one of the players (say player 2) adopts the strategy U, then a best response of the other player is also to play u.;;","entities":[{"id":9436,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":157}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6304,"text":"for example, identified individuals will contribute more in group tasks (williams, harkins, & latane\u00b4 , 1981) and negotiate fairer outcomes (kramer, pommerenke, & newton, 1993) than individuals who cannot be identified.;;","entities":[{"id":4671,"label":"cause","start_offset":12,"end_offset":35},{"id":4672,"label":"effect","start_offset":41,"end_offset":71},{"id":8422,"label":"effect","start_offset":114,"end_offset":139}],"relations":[{"id":2088,"from_id":4671,"to_id":4672,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3832,"from_id":4671,"to_id":8422,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6805,"text":"another strategy might be to build a reputation for cooperation and then defect just before the partner does (andreoni & miller, 1993).;;","entities":[{"id":6041,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6878,"text":"veroff distinguished autonomous from social achievement, noting that the first implies establishing and evaluating goals in terms of some internalized personal standard and that the second implies social comparison and establishment of a relative standard of performance.;;","entities":[{"id":6224,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":273}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7366,"text":"in addition, when research revealed significant differences in mood (e.g., buckley, winkel, & leary, 2004), social exclusion did not mediate the effects of exclusion on behavioral outcomes.;;","entities":[{"id":8868,"label":"cause","start_offset":36,"end_offset":67},{"id":8869,"label":"effect","start_offset":108,"end_offset":188}],"relations":[{"id":4081,"from_id":8868,"to_id":8869,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6009,"text":"it may be the case that smaller groups-who donated more to the siida's pgg-have more opportunities to build trust through processes such as repeated reciprocal interactions, monitoring of behaviour, or interests that are more easily aligned.;;entitiesidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtext\\;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextIndeed, several studies have demonstrated that in anonymous conditions, individuals may tend to behave differently in group decision-making settings (e.g.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextsimilarly, research supervisors of postgraduate (especially doc\u00ad toral) students could likewise challenge the use of verbatim quotes as research titles via discussion debate within supervisory sessions tutorials (especially with those who may be tempted to use such devices).;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtext\;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextThe follower does not seem to realize that he should not trust vague messages; he neglects them, or interprets them literally, and contributes.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextThe discontinuity effect in the DPD game was reversed in the SPD game.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextas such, our findings cannot finally clarify who does contribute to intergroup conflict although they do clarify that prosocial individuals are not the evildoers.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextSignificance levels are indicated as follows.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtext\;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtexti also explore how awareness of these emotions may augment the researcher's professional development.;;","entities":[{"id":3591,"label":"cause","start_offset":19,"end_offset":46},{"id":8176,"label":"effect","start_offset":63,"end_offset":100}],"relations":[{"id":3690,"from_id":3591,"to_id":8176,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":5964,"text":"when the brokers reduced their role in the research, the recruitment was already complete, but we did not have the budget to afford professional interpreters.;;","entities":[{"id":8279,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":51},{"id":8280,"label":"effect","start_offset":57,"end_offset":89}],"relations":[{"id":3755,"from_id":8279,"to_id":8280,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":8668,"text":"The evidence on strong positive and negative reciprocity reviewed in \u00a73 has contributed to the development of ultimate (e.g.;;","entities":[{"id":8994,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":126}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9679,"text":"However, in a second experiment which varied the context of the game, they learned to cooperate only against one or other strategy; participants did not learn to cooperate against tit-for-tat when they believed that they were playing against another person; participants did not learn to cooperate against Pavlov when the computer's cooperation probability was signaled by a spinner.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextIn this game, the payoff of each player i was:;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextnotably, this behaviour only occurred in condition when other group members were present, presumably because there is a greater chance of re-inclusion if existing members observe ingroup biased behaviour (noel, et al.;;entitiesidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextthe positive effect of expectation of cooperation on cooperation was stronger for more risky games than for less risky games.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextbecause of the tremendous practical relevance, it is important to identify the factors that can explain and improve cooperative behavior in social dilemmas.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextthus, placing a token in the shared account is akin to contributing to a public good.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextalthough conscious of college is technically open to all students that meet the program's participation criterion of serving low-income and\/or first generation students, participants almost exclusively come from racially minoritized backgrounds (primarily identifying as black and\/or latinx).;;","entities":[{"id":5433,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":294}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7063,"text":"as there are different types and kinds of entrepreneurs, adopting re to study a specific group may require some modifications to be made to the technique without changing the underlying fundamental principles of ethnography.;;","entities":[{"id":6723,"label":"cause","start_offset":13,"end_offset":55},{"id":6724,"label":"effect","start_offset":57,"end_offset":125}],"relations":[{"id":3044,"from_id":6723,"to_id":6724,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7615,"text":"by using participant driven photographs, the researcher gains an understanding of what the content of the photos means to the participants without imposing their own framework or perception of a topic on the process.;;","entities":[{"id":8033,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":39},{"id":8034,"label":"effect","start_offset":45,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[{"id":3609,"from_id":8033,"to_id":8034,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6583,"text":"coherence scores measure the degree of semantic similarity between high scoring words in each topic, so we used coherence as a measure to arrange the words within the topics without obtaining the scores.;;","entities":[{"id":5414,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":205}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7343,"text":"it may be that people initially have a defensive response to threatening comparative feedback, yet become more receptive to its implications over time.;;","entities":[{"id":7421,"label":"cause","start_offset":61,"end_offset":93},{"id":7422,"label":"effect","start_offset":15,"end_offset":57}],"relations":[{"id":3358,"from_id":7421,"to_id":7422,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6754,"text":"\"moreover, given that self-regulation and cognitive resources suffer after exclusion (baumeister, dewall, ciarocco, & twenge, 2005; baumeister, twenge, & nuss, 2002), automatic affiliative behaviors would be especially functional because they require few, if any, conscious resources.\";;","entities":[{"id":5904,"label":"effect","start_offset":166,"end_offset":229},{"id":5905,"label":"cause","start_offset":238,"end_offset":283},{"id":8600,"label":"cause","start_offset":75,"end_offset":84},{"id":8601,"label":"effect","start_offset":22,"end_offset":68}],"relations":[{"id":2678,"from_id":5905,"to_id":5904,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3945,"from_id":8600,"to_id":8601,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":5819,"text":"in order to achieve this position of bewilderment, researchers following a hermeneutical approach have to rely on protocols, for example transcripts of interviews or documents found in the field.;;","entities":[{"id":3401,"label":"effect","start_offset":12,"end_offset":49},{"id":3403,"label":"cause","start_offset":106,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[{"id":1488,"from_id":3403,"to_id":3401,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":9577,"text":"To enhance the effect of this manipulation, participants were presented with two tasks: a priming task and a number recall task.;;","entities":[{"id":9903,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":130}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":8844,"text":"This particular game has also been termed a mutual fate control game, and has been previously investigated by Sidowski, by Kelley, Thibaut, Radloff, and Mundy (1962)) and by Rabinowitz, Kelley, and Rosenblatt (1966).;;","entities":[{"id":9170,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":218}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7621,"text":"\"brockman, j. l., nunez, a. a. and basu, a., (2010), \"\"effectiveness of a conflict resolution training program in changing graduate students style of managing conflict with their faculty advisors\"\", innovative higher education, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":8047,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":235}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7133,"text":"deprivation of social contact is stressful to both humans and animals.;;","entities":[{"id":6901,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":29},{"id":6902,"label":"effect","start_offset":33,"end_offset":69}],"relations":[{"id":3129,"from_id":6901,"to_id":6902,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":8808,"text":"Thus, the PES is stable over time.;;","entities":[{"id":9134,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":36}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":8893,"text":"This corresponds to the Partner Control that Jan has over Marcia's outcomes (PCM).;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtext\\\;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextThe anger-inducing evaluation consisted of ratings that were weighted toward negative words (e.g., illogical or unacceptable).;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextillustrates, the main effect for needs was stronger when african americans were ostracized by white players, f(1, 93) = 66.48, p < .001, g2 p = 0.42), compared to when they were ostracized by black players (f(1, 93) = 22.47, p < .001, g2 p = 0.19).;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextNote that (1) implies that full free-riding ( g i \u03ed 0) is a dominant strategy in the stage game.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextin many programme areas, this is in fact possible since there are frequently follow-on programmes whose planning stages could deploy a review approach, but of course it is rarely done.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtexthumanitarian crises are prevalent throughout the globe, and studying them with the utmost ethical forethought is critical to maintaining sound research principles and ethical standards.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtexti felt ashamed that i was unable to cope with what i saw, believing i should maintain my composure in the same way that i saw other staff do.;;entitiesidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextIt is obvious that behavioral change can be initiated primarily in one direction in each of the motivational orientations; toward more competition under cooperative instructions and toward more cooperation under competitive instructions.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextfor instance, schneider and turkat (1975) reported that low self-esteem individuals were more dependent on the evaluations of others in determining their sense of self-worth.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextIn order to further protect their anonymity, participants were not required to sign any receipt and were said they could leave the research area as soon as they received their payments.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtexthowever, with the availability of a signaling technology, we can overcome the impossibility result.;;entitiesidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextthus, this would intensify interpersonal stress with their family members and increase the risk of relapse.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextwhen dm1 and dm2 are completely independent, they are not faced with a pdg or even a social dilemma because there is no collective interest at stake: each dms choice affects only their own outcomes.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextdepending on how successful and consistent the analyst was while inventing terms and coupling them with contexts, the resulting network would also become intuitively meaningful to any native speaker (see below).;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextGiven this explanation, participants would feel that no matter what they did in a particular trial, the total number of other defectors would remain the same.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextsuch leaders often dominate the participation process in a manner that directly benefits them, in particular when the flow of information is poor.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtext\\\;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextthis difference did not impact people's immediate evaluation of exclusion, but it did impact people's immediate evaluation of inclusion.;;entitiesidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtext\;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextThe attitude towards each of the four fan groups was assessed by the following four items: \ (1 = very negative to 7 = very positive).;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextTo determine whether the treatment groups (left\/right TMS) differed in connectivity patterns as well as in activity, we conducted PPI analyses 37 .;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextIf you give, for instance, 1 ECU, B receives 3 ECU.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextIn other words, the program can always respond so as to get the most profitable outcome for itself, or to give the least profitable outcome to the subject, if it is constructed to do so.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextlike tulle, injuries and middle age mean she spends much time also engaging in bodily labour as injury prevention.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextmore recently, mackie, gastardo-conaco and skelly (1992) found that whereas prior knowledge of the in-group position produced acceptance of the in-group position regardless of the message quality (i.e., even for non membership relevant messages), messages from an out-group source produced almost no attitude change.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_ZeroComments |
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idtextgiven a motivating reason to self-regulate, excluded participants performed as well as participants who were not excluded.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextAn interesting avenue for future research would be to examine participants' emotional states while they play the game, as a possible mediator of the relationship between EI and PDG scores.;;","entities":[{"id":9057,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":190}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6556,"text":"here, we found that ostracism reduced both males and (especially) female's level of effort-a uniformly anti-social response.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextan alternative explanation for why weak players readily punished and retaliated against strong partners is that although we incorporated power asymmetries into the game these may have failed to translate into dominant and subordinate social roles in players' minds.;;","entities":[{"id":8689,"label":"cause","start_offset":123,"end_offset":168},{"id":8690,"label":"effect","start_offset":184,"end_offset":264}],"relations":[{"id":3991,"from_id":8689,"to_id":8690,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6498,"text":"no support was found for h4, which predicted that hope, optimism, or forgiveness would moderate the relationship between ostracism and self-control.;;","entities":[{"id":8520,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":150}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6551,"text":"perhaps the immediate reactions to ostracism may indeed be automatic and not much avected by other variables.;;","entities":[{"id":8527,"label":"cause","start_offset":35,"end_offset":44},{"id":8528,"label":"effect","start_offset":59,"end_offset":108}],"relations":[{"id":3892,"from_id":8527,"to_id":8528,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":6781,"text":"subjects' decisions in later trials will be affected by their earlier actions.;;entitiesidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextin short, we predict that manipulating this maximal ingroup and outgroup status (i.e., avatar race) should elicit the in group out group \u00d7 acceptance rejection effects that have not been observed in previous research.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtext\\\;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtext\\\;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextthe presence of power dynamics during qualitative research may underscore nuances of the relationship.;;entitiesidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextdiscussion using a mediation approach, study 3 showed that social exclusion leads consumers to want more money as a means to secure control in life, which in turn fosters riskier but potentially more lucrative financial decisions.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextWhen such offers were received, subjects responded with cooperation nearly 70% of the time.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextthus, if we find no effect of experimentally induced social exclusion on hpa functioning we cannot preclude that more natural and prolonged settings do have some effect.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextFigure 3. Histogram of the donations over first ten rounds of the experiment.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextpromoting ri might reduce risk factors for drug use and enhance the effects of protective factors (brook et al., 1998).;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtexthowever, while the knowledge about these issues can be learnt, the skills and 'knowing how' take work and ongoing development to master - if this is even possible (van manen, 2015).;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtexta researcher, therefore, must have prior familiarity with the underlying technologies and strategies used to produce search engine results before this source of error can be accounted for.;;entitiesidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextwilliams asserts that this reflexive response to rejection is due to the extreme importance of actual or possible social rejection.;;entitiesidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextIn all partner matching sessions, subjects are randomly and anonymously assigned into groups of four in the beginning of the experiment.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextThis suggestion is interpreted in the context above, that being human-like means that the representation of a partner is not a human, but behavior of the partner is human-like.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextthis closeness of the researcher to the object of the study is argued to be a unique feature of qualitative data, so it is challenging for the researcher as a 'positioned subject' (rosaldo 1993, 7) to consciously reflect about his\/her own acts and background in relation to the data.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextbig data technologies, however, facilitate the collection and sharing of these data on a large scale.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextA P-value above 0.1 is generally assumed to represent an acceptable fit.;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtexti believe that by publishing more auto ethno graph ies in first-person voice, applied linguists will help transform applied linguistics into a more humanized and decolonialized field.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtext(corrected for unreliability; Bryk and Raudenbush 1992).;;entitiesidlabelnon-causalstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsComments |
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idtextthe relatively high frequency of reports at 50 may be driven by risk aversion, since the use of the quadratic scoring rule makes it risky to report extreme values.;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextbogum yoon & christine uliassi 1089 despite the importance of the researcher's role in qualitative research, there has been little in-depth discussion on how educational researchers' identities influence the quality of qualitative research.;;entitiesidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextsuch intricacies may also come into play in disaster research, especially when the victims are to become participants (dittmer & lorenz, 2018).;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtext\;;entitiesidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextthe \u20acyberball experience effect showed that needs were more thwarted in the ostracism condition (m 3.02, sd 0.81) than in the inclusion condition (m 4.14, sd 1.02), supporting our hypothesis that ostracism is painful even when it pays.;;entitiesidlabeleffectstart_offsetend_offsetidlabelcausestart_offsetend_offsetrelationsidfrom_idto_idtypeRel_CEComments |
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idtextWe conduct a multi-period ultimatum game in which we elicit players' beliefs.;;","entities":[{"id":9994,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":79}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":8997,"text":"Three red lights and three buttons were vertically paired across the yellow area.;;","entities":[{"id":9323,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":83}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":8902,"text":"To explain this robust discontinuity eect, as they coined the observed dierence between interpersonal and intergroup behavior, Insko and Schopler \u00aerst favoured a fear-based interpretation, the origin of which can be found in early socialisation experiences.;;","entities":[{"id":9228,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":259}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
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{"id":7556,"text":"it is also considered that the process could easily be adapted for virtual delivery, thus increasing its accessibility.;;","entities":[{"id":7898,"label":"cause","start_offset":31,"end_offset":83},{"id":7899,"label":"effect","start_offset":90,"end_offset":118}],"relations":[{"id":3550,"from_id":7898,"to_id":7899,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
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