{"id":9296,"text":"Table 1 displays the different treatments employed, along with the number of subjects in each condition.;;","entities":[{"id":9622,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":106}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6908,"text":"\"because the messages are sent anonymously, the decision only depends on the number of other \"\"intend to spend\"\" messages in the group.\";;","entities":[{"id":6298,"label":"cause","start_offset":13,"end_offset":42},{"id":6299,"label":"effect","start_offset":48,"end_offset":134}],"relations":[{"id":2857,"from_id":6298,"to_id":6299,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7345,"text":"according to branscombe and colleagues, this may be a threatening experience, particularly when people wish to be evaluated in terms of their individual qualities or expect to interact on an interpersonal basis.;;","entities":[{"id":7424,"label":"cause","start_offset":96,"end_offset":162},{"id":7425,"label":"cause","start_offset":166,"end_offset":210},{"id":7426,"label":"effect","start_offset":40,"end_offset":76}],"relations":[{"id":3359,"from_id":7424,"to_id":7426,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3360,"from_id":7425,"to_id":7426,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7434,"text":"social rejection is believed to evoke a number of stable responses precisely because it threatens this basic need.;;","entities":[{"id":7615,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":76},{"id":7616,"label":"cause","start_offset":85,"end_offset":113}],"relations":[{"id":3436,"from_id":7616,"to_id":7615,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6223,"text":"in study 1, social exclusion was associated with feelings of anger, and anger was associated with antisocial behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":4472,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8672,"text":"The experimental evidence to date suggests that inefficiency is to be expected.;;","entities":[{"id":8998,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":81}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8819,"text":"Many of the studies she reviewed rely on self-report measures, such as, &dquo;how likely are you to recycle aluminum?&dquo;,;;","entities":[{"id":9145,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":126}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7586,"text":"rather, developing rapport, and communicating her commitment to minimizing risk to participants and centering the voices was central to the relationship between olukotun and the study participants.;;","entities":[{"id":7963,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":199}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8853,"text":"In other words, for individuals in interdependent cultures, threats to one's in-group tend to be perceived as strong as threats to oneself (Derlega, Cukur, Kuang, & Forsyth, 2002;Schooler, 1990afchooler, ,1990b;;Tajfel & Turner, 1986).;;","entities":[{"id":9179,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":237}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6067,"text":"in a cooperation game they find that a weak punishment has a large effect if the norm violators can be publicly observed.;;","entities":[{"id":8305,"label":"cause","start_offset":81,"end_offset":120},{"id":8306,"label":"effect","start_offset":39,"end_offset":73}],"relations":[{"id":3768,"from_id":8305,"to_id":8306,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5719,"text":"study 3 showed that ostracized participants primed with destiny beliefs, compared to ostracized participants primed with growth beliefs, gave less positive evaluations to an unknown job candidate.;;","entities":[{"id":3157,"label":"cause","start_offset":20,"end_offset":71},{"id":5401,"label":"effect","start_offset":147,"end_offset":195}],"relations":[{"id":2437,"from_id":3157,"to_id":5401,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6466,"text":"this raises the question of whether trust and\/or chances of success might serve as independent mediators of the effects we observed.;;","entities":[{"id":5092,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":134}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6895,"text":"just because you're imaging the brain doesn't mean you can stop using your head: a primer and set of first principles.;;","entities":[{"id":8673,"label":"cause","start_offset":13,"end_offset":50},{"id":8674,"label":"effect","start_offset":51,"end_offset":79}],"relations":[{"id":3984,"from_id":8673,"to_id":8674,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9433,"text":"Each individual's payoff is linear in her own contribution and in both public goods, and is given by:;;","entities":[{"id":9759,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":103}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5802,"text":"thus, the reduced aggression in the public condition was not due to a fear of retaliation (which would be the same in the private condition) but rather a concern about how the neutral third party would perceive the aggressive act.;;","entities":[{"id":3365,"label":"effect","start_offset":10,"end_offset":52},{"id":3366,"label":"cause","start_offset":70,"end_offset":89},{"id":3367,"label":"cause","start_offset":154,"end_offset":225}],"relations":[{"id":1471,"from_id":3366,"to_id":3365,"type":"Rel_Zero"},{"id":1472,"from_id":3367,"to_id":3365,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6691,"text":"in the unequal endowment treatment, we again find a positive effect of being at the same time poorer than the group average and being a high-endowment player (model 3).;;","entities":[{"id":5709,"label":"cause","start_offset":6,"end_offset":34},{"id":5711,"label":"effect","start_offset":52,"end_offset":123},{"id":5712,"label":"effect","start_offset":128,"end_offset":157}],"relations":[{"id":2581,"from_id":5709,"to_id":5711,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2582,"from_id":5709,"to_id":5712,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9356,"text":"In the Random-Vote (RV) and the Random-Exogenous (RE) treatments, there is no quiz, and the endowment levels are assigned randomly.;;","entities":[{"id":9682,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":133}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8996,"text":"For any repeated game that starts after 50 interactions cooperation is always below 10 percent.;;","entities":[{"id":9322,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":97}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7139,"text":"encountering the unfamiliar given my lack of medical experience, my time at the hospital was, and continues to be, filled with new experiences, some of which i found jarring.;;","entities":[{"id":8739,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":176}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6852,"text":"right-hand contractions, relative to left-hand contractions, caused increased left frontal cortical activity (during the contractions and during ostracism) and fig.;;","entities":[{"id":6164,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":23},{"id":6165,"label":"effect","start_offset":67,"end_offset":108}],"relations":[{"id":2797,"from_id":6164,"to_id":6165,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6561,"text":"corrupt officers are hard to detect, so the expected punishment is often small compared to the potential gains from corruption.;;","entities":[{"id":5333,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":35},{"id":8536,"label":"effect","start_offset":44,"end_offset":78}],"relations":[{"id":3898,"from_id":5333,"to_id":8536,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7594,"text":"to some extent, this neglect is due to the difficulty of creating strong social ties in controlled environments.;;","entities":[{"id":7986,"label":"effect","start_offset":16,"end_offset":28},{"id":7987,"label":"cause","start_offset":43,"end_offset":111}],"relations":[{"id":3587,"from_id":7987,"to_id":7986,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9357,"text":"Together, these provide stronger evidence for the influence of contextual factors on how the logic of appropriateness question might be resolved in favor of cooperation in the presence of group affiliation.;;","entities":[{"id":9683,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":208}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8733,"text":"Our findings indicate that risk aversion is also important in the presence of a deterministic discounting of future profits.;;","entities":[{"id":9059,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":126}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7637,"text":"not only did participants with higher contingent approval feel more perceived social threat and threatened belongingness, they also had lower self-esteem when they felt others were excluding them.;;","entities":[{"id":8089,"label":"cause","start_offset":159,"end_offset":195},{"id":8090,"label":"effect","start_offset":136,"end_offset":153},{"id":8093,"label":"effect","start_offset":58,"end_offset":91},{"id":8094,"label":"effect","start_offset":96,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[{"id":3634,"from_id":8089,"to_id":8090,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3635,"from_id":8089,"to_id":8093,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3636,"from_id":8089,"to_id":8094,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6352,"text":"when working in volatile, dangerous, and unfamiliar settings, they rely heavily on fixers, ras, and other local staff.;;","entities":[{"id":4805,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":60},{"id":4806,"label":"effect","start_offset":66,"end_offset":117}],"relations":[{"id":2151,"from_id":4805,"to_id":4806,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6202,"text":"\"the system remains not only systematically rigged so these students cannot \"\"race to the top\"\" and are always the \"\"child left behind,\"\" but also performs as culturally deaf.\";;","entities":[{"id":4416,"label":"effect","start_offset":60,"end_offset":134},{"id":8380,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":50}],"relations":[{"id":3809,"from_id":8380,"to_id":4416,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7564,"text":"if sorting in the first period is incomplete, we should expect the dynamics of conditional cooperation to lead to a decrease of cooperation rates over time.;;","entities":[{"id":7914,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":44},{"id":7915,"label":"effect","start_offset":67,"end_offset":155}],"relations":[{"id":3558,"from_id":7914,"to_id":7915,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6506,"text":"pain tolerance is measured by asking participants to stop a painful stimulus when the pain is no longer bearable.;;","entities":[{"id":5196,"label":"cause","start_offset":86,"end_offset":112},{"id":5197,"label":"effect","start_offset":53,"end_offset":76}],"relations":[{"id":2336,"from_id":5196,"to_id":5197,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9583,"text":"We thank J. Rising for programming our 'spinning wheel', the jaffa team at Magdeburg University for use of their laboratory and the Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies research community on Communicating Uncertainty: Science, Institutions, and Ethics in the Politics of Global Climate Change for financially supporting our experiments.;;","entities":[{"id":9909,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":360}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7217,"text":"minimizing the pain and probability of rejection evidence for relational distancing and proximity seeking within face to face interactions.;;","entities":[{"id":7096,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":141}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6751,"text":"social exclusion is known to generate strong feelings of rejection, social pain, and distress (williams 1997, 2001).;;","entities":[{"id":5894,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":16},{"id":5895,"label":"effect","start_offset":29,"end_offset":66},{"id":5897,"label":"effect","start_offset":85,"end_offset":93},{"id":5898,"label":"effect","start_offset":68,"end_offset":79}],"relations":[{"id":2672,"from_id":5894,"to_id":5895,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2673,"from_id":5894,"to_id":5898,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2674,"from_id":5894,"to_id":5897,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6912,"text":"participants who highly expected ostracism still had lower satiation of needs than included participants.;;","entities":[{"id":6308,"label":"cause","start_offset":17,"end_offset":42},{"id":6309,"label":"effect","start_offset":59,"end_offset":77}],"relations":[{"id":2863,"from_id":6308,"to_id":6309,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8653,"text":"Fiedler and Haruvy (2009) compare trust in standard laboratory sessions to conditions where laboratory participants use the Second Life interface with provided avatars and where SL residents recruited \"in-world\" use their own avatars.;;","entities":[{"id":8979,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":236}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6110,"text":"\"high-paid leaders may develop a taste for perquisites, perhaps especially those leaders who ascend quickly in organizations, who, as kramer (2003) argues, may develop a \"\"winner wants all\"\" mentality.\";;","entities":[{"id":4176,"label":"cause","start_offset":1,"end_offset":18},{"id":4177,"label":"effect","start_offset":23,"end_offset":54},{"id":4178,"label":"cause","start_offset":81,"end_offset":124},{"id":4179,"label":"effect","start_offset":160,"end_offset":200}],"relations":[{"id":1865,"from_id":4178,"to_id":4179,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1866,"from_id":4176,"to_id":4177,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6862,"text":"and although friends perturbed the ri at times, the ri did not perceive the inconveniences to impact data quality.;;","entities":[{"id":6194,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":116}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7292,"text":"as read (2018) notes, research exploring complex or obscure issues may warrant numerous sessions to allow interviewers and interviewees enough time to discuss issues relevant to the research question(s).;;","entities":[{"id":8827,"label":"cause","start_offset":21,"end_offset":48},{"id":8828,"label":"cause","start_offset":52,"end_offset":66},{"id":8831,"label":"effect","start_offset":71,"end_offset":202}],"relations":[{"id":4064,"from_id":8828,"to_id":8831,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4065,"from_id":8827,"to_id":8831,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6184,"text":"we hypothesized that ot may act as a general buffer against social stress and therefore attenuate the negative experiences of ostracism, employing a widely used self-report affective assessment of fundamental needs.;;","entities":[{"id":4356,"label":"cause","start_offset":21,"end_offset":73},{"id":4358,"label":"effect","start_offset":102,"end_offset":135},{"id":8374,"label":"cause","start_offset":161,"end_offset":214}],"relations":[{"id":1940,"from_id":4356,"to_id":4358,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3803,"from_id":8374,"to_id":4358,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6095,"text":"it cannot be understated that the skills and knowledge to do this is not a natural aspect of the human psyche, but rather is something that researchers must learn, refine and apply throughout the research process and career.;;","entities":[{"id":4136,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":226}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6949,"text":"firstly, measures which tap how one generally copes with stress are likely to reflect dispositions to a greater extent than situation specific measures (david and suls, 1999).;;","entities":[{"id":6414,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":63},{"id":6415,"label":"effect","start_offset":78,"end_offset":118}],"relations":[{"id":2913,"from_id":6414,"to_id":6415,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6770,"text":"\"secondly, \"\"do not harm\"\" procedure, while passively protecting participants, it does not contribute to enable participation of vulnerable and hard-to-reach populations.\";;","entities":[{"id":5950,"label":"effect","start_offset":105,"end_offset":169},{"id":8608,"label":"cause","start_offset":10,"end_offset":77}],"relations":[{"id":3950,"from_id":8608,"to_id":5950,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6249,"text":"our results suggest that exogenous ot reduces the salience of positive social interactions among women and prevents habituation to negative social interactions among men.;;","entities":[{"id":4530,"label":"cause","start_offset":25,"end_offset":38},{"id":4531,"label":"effect","start_offset":50,"end_offset":102},{"id":4532,"label":"effect","start_offset":107,"end_offset":169}],"relations":[{"id":2025,"from_id":4530,"to_id":4531,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2026,"from_id":4530,"to_id":4532,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5829,"text":"members of bo age groups displayed higher levels of cooperation and earned more nickels when interacting with friends than with strangers.;;","entities":[{"id":3439,"label":"cause","start_offset":93,"end_offset":137},{"id":7348,"label":"effect","start_offset":35,"end_offset":63},{"id":7349,"label":"effect","start_offset":68,"end_offset":87}],"relations":[{"id":3325,"from_id":3439,"to_id":7349,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3326,"from_id":3439,"to_id":7348,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6931,"text":"\"if w is within the given bounds, this function crosses zero somewhere in the interval x; x \u00f0 \u00fe. lemma 2 implies that this function is also strictly increasing in the cutoff, guaranteeing uniqueness of the interior equilibrium cutoff.\";;","entities":[{"id":6352,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":32},{"id":6353,"label":"effect","start_offset":39,"end_offset":95},{"id":6354,"label":"cause","start_offset":118,"end_offset":131},{"id":6355,"label":"effect","start_offset":163,"end_offset":174},{"id":6356,"label":"effect","start_offset":175,"end_offset":233}],"relations":[{"id":2881,"from_id":6352,"to_id":6353,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2882,"from_id":6354,"to_id":6355,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2883,"from_id":6354,"to_id":6356,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5761,"text":"not everyone is a cooperator, though: some people are predisposed to cooperate, even at a cost, as long as they expect their group members to cooperate as well.;;","entities":[{"id":3255,"label":"cause","start_offset":112,"end_offset":151},{"id":3256,"label":"effect","start_offset":43,"end_offset":78}],"relations":[{"id":1417,"from_id":3255,"to_id":3256,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6188,"text":"in bpd, blends were especially prominent after social exclusion, but were also present in the inclusion situation compared to healthy controls.;;","entities":[{"id":4369,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":145}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6438,"text":"we found that when par-ticipants were ostracized while possessing a temporary group membership, one that was not central to their identity, recovery from a needs threat was signifi cantly better than when participants were ostracized while possessing a permanent group membership.;;","entities":[{"id":5018,"label":"cause","start_offset":38,"end_offset":94},{"id":8486,"label":"effect","start_offset":140,"end_offset":194}],"relations":[{"id":3861,"from_id":5018,"to_id":8486,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7078,"text":"social adversity, if left unchanged, may increase the difficulty of promoting long-term changes in overweight youths' health behaviors.;;","entities":[{"id":6769,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":35},{"id":6770,"label":"effect","start_offset":53,"end_offset":134}],"relations":[{"id":3071,"from_id":6769,"to_id":6770,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6265,"text":"the effect of a threat thus seems highly dependent on the concomitant subsequent behavior of the source, and the context in which the threat message is delivered, for these factors will help the target to infer the intentions of source and respond to them accordingly.;;","entities":[{"id":4567,"label":"effect","start_offset":195,"end_offset":267},{"id":4568,"label":"cause","start_offset":58,"end_offset":103},{"id":4569,"label":"cause","start_offset":113,"end_offset":161}],"relations":[{"id":2038,"from_id":4568,"to_id":4567,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2039,"from_id":4569,"to_id":4567,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9111,"text":"They can undermine the social wellbeing of individuals.;;","entities":[{"id":9437,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":57}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8708,"text":"Weak reciprocity can occur in stable relationships and means behaving conditionally cooperatively for self-regarding strategic reasons.;;","entities":[{"id":9034,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9677,"text":"That understanding contributes to cooperation is also consistent with another covariation in the data, that between rate of C and frequency of shifts in response The subjects with higher rates more often shifted colors from one trial to the next (p < 01, for each schedule).;;","entities":[{"id":10003,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":276}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9109,"text":"Hypothesis 4 states that the overall level of cooperation will be lower in the randompartner PD\/R than in the fixed-partner PD\/R.;;","entities":[{"id":9435,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":131}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5727,"text":"while the process can be employed with teams of various sizes, we have found teams of two to four analysts to be most effective because they capitalize on the integration of multiple perspectives, while also limiting variability due to inconsistencies in coding (olson et al., 2016).;;","entities":[{"id":3176,"label":"effect","start_offset":76,"end_offset":127},{"id":3177,"label":"cause","start_offset":141,"end_offset":195},{"id":3178,"label":"effect","start_offset":207,"end_offset":228},{"id":3180,"label":"cause","start_offset":77,"end_offset":127},{"id":5570,"label":"effect","start_offset":236,"end_offset":261},{"id":5571,"label":"cause","start_offset":236,"end_offset":261}],"relations":[{"id":1381,"from_id":3177,"to_id":3176,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2511,"from_id":3180,"to_id":5570,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2512,"from_id":5571,"to_id":3178,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5915,"text":"one way in which emotions may affect media preferences is in the emotion regulation beliefs of adolescents.;;","entities":[{"id":3636,"label":"cause","start_offset":64,"end_offset":106},{"id":8179,"label":"effect","start_offset":17,"end_offset":54}],"relations":[{"id":3693,"from_id":3636,"to_id":8179,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6589,"text":"the ethical concern associated with 'fake friendship', however, assumes that the interviewee is mostly passive in the interaction, as opposed to being aware of and comfortable with the process of rapport building.;;","entities":[{"id":5424,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":215}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6641,"text":"thus, increases in sample size are associated with decreases in study quality when type of phenomenology, type of sample, and the use of pseudonyms are held constant.;;","entities":[{"id":5562,"label":"cause","start_offset":83,"end_offset":165},{"id":5563,"label":"effect","start_offset":6,"end_offset":77}],"relations":[{"id":2506,"from_id":5562,"to_id":5563,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9582,"text":"On the other hand, a broad interpretation maintains that indifference may mean that leaders randomize between consistent and inconsistent announcements with any probability.;;","entities":[{"id":9908,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":175}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6659,"text":"my relative insider status was constructed from being new to government, my position as manager (which excluded me from lower and higher seniority level cultures across the organization) and from having a generalist skill set in an organization that was staffed primarily with subject matter experts.;;","entities":[{"id":5628,"label":"cause","start_offset":76,"end_offset":95},{"id":5629,"label":"effect","start_offset":103,"end_offset":185},{"id":8578,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":42},{"id":8579,"label":"cause","start_offset":48,"end_offset":71},{"id":8580,"label":"cause","start_offset":195,"end_offset":244}],"relations":[{"id":2543,"from_id":5628,"to_id":5629,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3929,"from_id":8579,"to_id":8578,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3930,"from_id":5628,"to_id":8578,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3931,"from_id":8580,"to_id":8578,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5725,"text":"the nature of the relationship among exclusion, belongingness, and mimicry suggests that individuals may be able to establish themselves in desired groups by mimicking the behaviors of group members and to reestablish themselves in groups from which they have been excluded by mimicking representative group members.;;","entities":[{"id":3171,"label":"cause","start_offset":158,"end_offset":198},{"id":3172,"label":"effect","start_offset":206,"end_offset":273},{"id":3173,"label":"cause","start_offset":276,"end_offset":315},{"id":3174,"label":"effect","start_offset":116,"end_offset":154}],"relations":[{"id":1379,"from_id":3173,"to_id":3172,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1380,"from_id":3171,"to_id":3174,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7004,"text":"there is evidence that optimism may influence people's reactions to ostracism.;;","entities":[{"id":6572,"label":"cause","start_offset":23,"end_offset":31},{"id":6573,"label":"effect","start_offset":36,"end_offset":77}],"relations":[{"id":2974,"from_id":6572,"to_id":6573,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9117,"text":"Within this instructional context, we were interested in assessing the role of monetary (versus non-monetary) incentive, the role of the nature of the other player (person or computer), and the role of presentation (or not) of the other player's cumulative score.;;","entities":[{"id":9443,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":265}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6789,"text":"because they had this information in combination with information about their next interaction partner, we were able to test whether increases in mimicry always follow exclusion, or whether mimicry increases selectively only in particular circumstances.;;","entities":[{"id":6005,"label":"cause","start_offset":8,"end_offset":102},{"id":6006,"label":"effect","start_offset":112,"end_offset":252}],"relations":[{"id":2729,"from_id":6005,"to_id":6006,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7279,"text":"within condition correlations revealed patterns of associations between ostracism induced frontal asymmetry and emotive responses to ostracism consistent with study 1. taken together, these results suggest that asymmetrical frontal cortical activity is related to angry responses to ostracism, with greater relative left frontal cortical activity being associated with increased anger.;;","entities":[{"id":7238,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":387}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6015,"text":"this has the dangerous implication that ingroups seen as most essentialized will be the groups that elicit both the most prosocial acts from rejected members and the most serious and consequential acts of aggression and violence.;;","entities":[{"id":3919,"label":"effect","start_offset":13,"end_offset":34},{"id":3920,"label":"cause","start_offset":40,"end_offset":75},{"id":3921,"label":"effect","start_offset":100,"end_offset":157},{"id":3922,"label":"effect","start_offset":162,"end_offset":228}],"relations":[{"id":1743,"from_id":3920,"to_id":3919,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1744,"from_id":3920,"to_id":3921,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1745,"from_id":3920,"to_id":3922,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6224,"text":"\"not only does a shared or unshared racial group influence social affiliation (e.g., emerson, chai, and yancey 2001; marsden 1988), but even the race of others' social networks can signal whether they are likely to afford affiliative opportunities (shapiro, baldwin, williams, and trawalter 2010; wout, murphy, and steele 2010).\";;","entities":[{"id":4474,"label":"cause","start_offset":17,"end_offset":48},{"id":4475,"label":"effect","start_offset":59,"end_offset":77},{"id":4476,"label":"cause","start_offset":145,"end_offset":176},{"id":4477,"label":"effect","start_offset":181,"end_offset":247}],"relations":[{"id":2002,"from_id":4474,"to_id":4475,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2003,"from_id":4476,"to_id":4477,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7273,"text":"results showed that such a symbolic threat to survival is able to reduce the immediate distress caused by ostracism (study 1 and study 2), and--when the negative consequences of not surviving are highlighted still powerful enough to induce aggression to fellow game players (study 2).;;","entities":[{"id":7224,"label":"cause","start_offset":27,"end_offset":54},{"id":7226,"label":"effect","start_offset":76,"end_offset":95},{"id":7227,"label":"cause","start_offset":106,"end_offset":115}],"relations":[{"id":3270,"from_id":7227,"to_id":7226,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3271,"from_id":7224,"to_id":7226,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6288,"text":"for example, on occasions, tensions within the research location rose and it was safest for the researcher to remove herself from the area as it was not always possible to know how civil disturbances may develop.;;","entities":[{"id":4620,"label":"effect","start_offset":81,"end_offset":138},{"id":4621,"label":"cause","start_offset":142,"end_offset":211}],"relations":[{"id":2062,"from_id":4621,"to_id":4620,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9680,"text":":54:19 UTC All use subject to https:\/\/about.jstor.org\/terms;;","entities":[{"id":10006,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":61}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6643,"text":"when focus group data are coded, they lose the dialogic element.;;","entities":[{"id":5567,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":31},{"id":5568,"label":"effect","start_offset":38,"end_offset":63}],"relations":[{"id":2509,"from_id":5567,"to_id":5568,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7611,"text":"while this may perhaps appear counter intuitive it is accounted for by the fact that it holds the deviation in the contribution of the target from the punisher constant.;;","entities":[{"id":8024,"label":"effect","start_offset":30,"end_offset":47},{"id":8025,"label":"cause","start_offset":86,"end_offset":168}],"relations":[{"id":3604,"from_id":8025,"to_id":8024,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9231,"text":"In summary, the results suggested that in the TDMSV prosocials primarily prefer equal outcomes rather than maximizing joint outcome.;;","entities":[{"id":9557,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":134}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6112,"text":"\"further, because i selected studies that matched a keyword search for \"\"critical discourse analysis,\"\" it is possible i missed articles that approached research from a cda orientation, but that did not label their theoretical or methodological commitments as \"\"critical discourse analysis.\"\"\";;","entities":[{"id":4182,"label":"cause","start_offset":20,"end_offset":103},{"id":4184,"label":"effect","start_offset":121,"end_offset":290}],"relations":[{"id":1869,"from_id":4182,"to_id":4184,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5868,"text":"it is thus unclear to what extent the empathy gap findings would hold for exclusion experiences that lead to emotional numbness.;;","entities":[{"id":3519,"label":"cause","start_offset":74,"end_offset":95},{"id":3520,"label":"effect","start_offset":109,"end_offset":127}],"relations":[{"id":1541,"from_id":3519,"to_id":3520,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9288,"text":"The experiment allows you to earn money.;;","entities":[{"id":9614,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":42}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5826,"text":"since considerable restraint in resource extraction is expected, yet only moderate restraint is practiced, the resource stock diminishes in a social climate of unjustified optimism.;;","entities":[{"id":3423,"label":"cause","start_offset":74,"end_offset":105},{"id":3426,"label":"effect","start_offset":111,"end_offset":125}],"relations":[{"id":1499,"from_id":3423,"to_id":3426,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6666,"text":"visual methods are a powerful tool with which to establish trust and openness and can lead to the articulation of tacit knowledge, resulting in invisible nursing practices becoming visible.;;","entities":[{"id":5650,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":14},{"id":5651,"label":"effect","start_offset":49,"end_offset":77},{"id":5653,"label":"effect","start_offset":98,"end_offset":129},{"id":5654,"label":"effect","start_offset":144,"end_offset":188},{"id":5656,"label":"cause","start_offset":98,"end_offset":129}],"relations":[{"id":2553,"from_id":5650,"to_id":5651,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2554,"from_id":5650,"to_id":5653,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2556,"from_id":5656,"to_id":5654,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9059,"text":"A test of the difference in these two distributions yields X[] = 34.27,;;","entities":[{"id":9385,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":73}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9287,"text":"(JEL C92,H41) Several recent theoretical papers suggest that government policies toward privately provided public goods may be completely neutral.;;","entities":[{"id":9613,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":148}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7444,"text":"we formulated the network hypothesis that the importance of the grandchildren in john's life might increase.;;","entities":[{"id":7638,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":110}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6327,"text":"moreover, participants who could not double their payoffs were more willing to retaliate than participants who were under constant threat of losing all their payoffs.;;","entities":[{"id":4749,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":168}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9420,"text":"Reaching an agreement to collude has a significant effect on whether collusion occurs.;;","entities":[{"id":9746,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":88}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9631,"text":"By similar reasoning, the payoff of player 2 is given by;;","entities":[{"id":9957,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":58}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6176,"text":"to underestimate the influence a hot, visceral state will have on their preferences and behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":4341,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":99}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6637,"text":"in other instances, participants were confused about when to submit their responses, and the facilitators had to process multiple chats arriving at one time.;;","entities":[{"id":5554,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":159}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5911,"text":"observing ostracism appears to activate this system and causes personal distress akin to being the target of ostracism.;;","entities":[{"id":3628,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":19},{"id":3629,"label":"effect","start_offset":62,"end_offset":80}],"relations":[{"id":1598,"from_id":3628,"to_id":3629,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6349,"text":"thus, extrapolating from the findings of molden and colleagues, they may be inclined to seek reengagement, which might also lead them to behave relatively prosocially.;;","entities":[{"id":4801,"label":"cause","start_offset":76,"end_offset":105},{"id":4802,"label":"effect","start_offset":137,"end_offset":166}],"relations":[{"id":2150,"from_id":4801,"to_id":4802,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6562,"text":"a rir thus renders the whole process more comprehensible for the reader.;;","entities":[{"id":5335,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":74}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9362,"text":"One item on the postexperiment questionnaire tested the effectiveness of the voice manipulation: \"The vice president gave my opinions fair consideration before deciding which allocation rule should be used to divide the bonus\" on a 7-point scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree).;;","entities":[{"id":9688,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":286}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6965,"text":"if the group fails, however, i will send an encouraging message to noncooperative group members to ask them to contribute sufficiently the next time.;;","entities":[{"id":6470,"label":"cause","start_offset":7,"end_offset":18},{"id":6471,"label":"effect","start_offset":29,"end_offset":148}],"relations":[{"id":2936,"from_id":6470,"to_id":6471,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6143,"text":"it is good to realize that n-person situations may often be as noisy as, or even noisier than, twoperson situations.;;","entities":[{"id":4261,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":118}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6569,"text":"a pdg can be considered a self control paradigm when the game is played over multiple rounds.;;","entities":[{"id":5345,"label":"cause","start_offset":57,"end_offset":92},{"id":5346,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":47}],"relations":[{"id":2402,"from_id":5345,"to_id":5346,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6516,"text":"this stance also allowed me to experience these misses more holistically- to feel my body cringe, nausea in my stomach, hotness on my cheeks-without rushing so fast to hide, minimize, or defend.;;","entities":[{"id":5220,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":11},{"id":5221,"label":"effect","start_offset":31,"end_offset":72},{"id":5222,"label":"effect","start_offset":77,"end_offset":96},{"id":5223,"label":"effect","start_offset":98,"end_offset":118},{"id":5224,"label":"effect","start_offset":120,"end_offset":172}],"relations":[{"id":2346,"from_id":5220,"to_id":5221,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2347,"from_id":5220,"to_id":5222,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2348,"from_id":5220,"to_id":5223,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2349,"from_id":5220,"to_id":5224,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8835,"text":"In Study 3, we turned our attention back to male leaders and examined more complex moderating and mediating relationships.;;","entities":[{"id":9161,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":124}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5856,"text":"the results show that, except after feedback about collective inefficiency, people were reluctant to support installation of a sanctioning system.;;","entities":[{"id":8166,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":148}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6588,"text":"although we were warned that moroccan secret police might present themselves as sahrawi to us to give false information, we feel that our cover as tourists was sufficiently successful to make this a reliable method of identification of research subjects.;;","entities":[{"id":5422,"label":"cause","start_offset":137,"end_offset":155},{"id":5423,"label":"effect","start_offset":197,"end_offset":253}],"relations":[{"id":2449,"from_id":5422,"to_id":5423,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6326,"text":"result 4: in the ppg and pps treatments, the further below the group's average a subject contributed, the more first-order punishment the subject received.;;","entities":[{"id":8437,"label":"cause","start_offset":45,"end_offset":100},{"id":8438,"label":"effect","start_offset":106,"end_offset":154}],"relations":[{"id":3838,"from_id":8437,"to_id":8438,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6844,"text":"however, it is a testament to how powerful the threat of rejection must be when only the most important of group distinctions can moderate the effects of rejection.;;","entities":[{"id":6141,"label":"effect","start_offset":30,"end_offset":74},{"id":6143,"label":"cause","start_offset":89,"end_offset":163}],"relations":[{"id":2788,"from_id":6143,"to_id":6141,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7010,"text":"hence, while we readily concur that social exclusion can indeed bruise self-worth, the latter does not seem to trigger the same risk-taking propensity.;;","entities":[{"id":6589,"label":"cause","start_offset":36,"end_offset":52},{"id":6590,"label":"effect","start_offset":64,"end_offset":81}],"relations":[{"id":2983,"from_id":6589,"to_id":6590,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9364,"text":"FIQ. 9. Distribution of Vectors of Response Proportions for Individual Ss in Group M in the Final Block of 25 Trials.;;","entities":[{"id":9690,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6649,"text":"a significant characteristic of the linear payoff is that the benefit of the public good to the group exceeds the cost at all levels of provision.;;","entities":[{"id":5604,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":148}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8896,"text":"If, in daily life, whether people behave cooperatively is determined at random, there would be no connection.;;","entities":[{"id":9222,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":111}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7420,"text":"similar to previous research we recoded the items such that higher ratings indicated more need satisfaction and more positive mood, whereas lower ratings reflect more need threat and more negative mood.;;","entities":[{"id":7587,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":204}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6533,"text":"i noticed that by interview three i started to code less, and coding became more focused in relation to my research questions.;;","entities":[{"id":5263,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":128}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7472,"text":"in comparison to 8 pessimists, optimists tend to use coping strategies that are more adaptive (scheier et al., 1986).;;","entities":[{"id":7706,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7171,"text":"as a result, a researcher needs to understand how their perception and worldview (ontology) of how they believe the research should be conducted (epistemology) could influence their research and the interpretation thereof (vrasidas, 2012).;;","entities":[{"id":6985,"label":"effect","start_offset":166,"end_offset":221},{"id":6986,"label":"cause","start_offset":26,"end_offset":144}],"relations":[{"id":3161,"from_id":6986,"to_id":6985,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8886,"text":"For this IS, the pictured wheel would be spun N -1 times to determine the \"choices\" of the others in the group, and then the selected person's choice would be added.;;","entities":[{"id":9212,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":167}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6219,"text":"also, it is important to note that it is inaccurate to assume that participants are by default opposed to the sharing of their data.;;","entities":[{"id":4463,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":134}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7628,"text":"this result suggests that individuals may be motivated not only by the distribution of payoffs but also the intentions of the proposer.;;","entities":[{"id":8062,"label":"cause","start_offset":71,"end_offset":94},{"id":8063,"label":"cause","start_offset":108,"end_offset":134},{"id":8064,"label":"effect","start_offset":26,"end_offset":54}],"relations":[{"id":3621,"from_id":8062,"to_id":8064,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3622,"from_id":8063,"to_id":8064,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8854,"text":"Neither order nor participant sex had any effect on cooperation either as a main effect or in interaction with other variables.;;","entities":[{"id":9180,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":129}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6493,"text":"after all, the software does not understand what your data is about and does not know the research questions - it nonetheless remains the researcher's role to interpret and understand the data.;;","entities":[{"id":5158,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":195}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5773,"text":"the study in a gc will increase the probability that underpinning ntss will hold true, except where the data are used to contest a nts.;;","entities":[{"id":3283,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":18},{"id":3285,"label":"effect","start_offset":36,"end_offset":85}],"relations":[{"id":1430,"from_id":3283,"to_id":3285,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6518,"text":"participating in the focus groups without explicit permission from their parole officers would be a violation of their parole.;;","entities":[{"id":5227,"label":"effect","start_offset":100,"end_offset":125},{"id":5228,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":88}],"relations":[{"id":2351,"from_id":5228,"to_id":5227,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7529,"text":"ostracised individuals felt significantly more excluded and perceived themselves as having less control during cyberball (see table 1).;;","entities":[{"id":8932,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":10},{"id":8933,"label":"effect","start_offset":23,"end_offset":55},{"id":8934,"label":"effect","start_offset":91,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[{"id":4118,"from_id":8932,"to_id":8933,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4119,"from_id":8932,"to_id":8934,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8877,"text":"We refer to this treatment as PGG+PN. 15;;","entities":[{"id":9203,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":42}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5651,"text":"furthermore, with pairwise cooperation there is the possibility that the same partners would recognize each other and meet repeatedly after they have built up trust (may 1987).;;","entities":[{"id":8965,"label":"effect","start_offset":118,"end_offset":133},{"id":8966,"label":"cause","start_offset":150,"end_offset":164}],"relations":[{"id":4138,"from_id":8966,"to_id":8965,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7092,"text":"this was intended to provide an opportunity for participants to deceive their partner about the reason for the outcome of the interview (i.e., to hide untrustworthy behavior by claiming the experimenter interview resulted in a correct guess).;;","entities":[{"id":6802,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":244}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7591,"text":"as with the ultimatum game, culture has been shown to have an effect on behavior in the linear public goods game.;;","entities":[{"id":7979,"label":"cause","start_offset":28,"end_offset":35},{"id":7980,"label":"effect","start_offset":61,"end_offset":112}],"relations":[{"id":3584,"from_id":7979,"to_id":7980,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6369,"text":"the overweighing of the largest outcome makes the gamble more attractive.;;","entities":[{"id":4847,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":39},{"id":4848,"label":"effect","start_offset":50,"end_offset":72}],"relations":[{"id":2170,"from_id":4847,"to_id":4848,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8696,"text":"On average, the differential between in-group and out-group beliefs is equal to 0.941 for the former and to 0.175 for the latter.;;","entities":[{"id":9022,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":131}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5798,"text":"describing their positionality does not require that researchers hide their bias but serves as an opportunity to openly talk about it.;;","entities":[{"id":3348,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":30},{"id":8152,"label":"effect","start_offset":97,"end_offset":133}],"relations":[{"id":3675,"from_id":3348,"to_id":8152,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6031,"text":"even if field notes were shared, using other researchers' field notes could lead to misunderstanding or misinterpretation of local phenomena.;;","entities":[{"id":3953,"label":"cause","start_offset":33,"end_offset":69},{"id":3954,"label":"effect","start_offset":84,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[{"id":1759,"from_id":3953,"to_id":3954,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5684,"text":"results of attribution might have been moderated by targets' locus of control, and any non-significant effect may be due to this distinction.;;","entities":[{"id":3078,"label":"cause","start_offset":129,"end_offset":140},{"id":3079,"label":"effect","start_offset":87,"end_offset":109}],"relations":[{"id":1338,"from_id":3078,"to_id":3079,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8675,"text":"First, corrupt leadership attenuates individual investment incentives.;;","entities":[{"id":9001,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":72}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5971,"text":"for example, easterners tend not to view cooperativeness and competitiveness as antitheses as much as westerners do (leung & au, 2010).;;","entities":[{"id":3799,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7370,"text":"the choice of participants therefore requires prior preparation and knowledge of their characteristics and their involvement with the research problem in order to intentionally define the research participants.;;","entities":[{"id":8873,"label":"effect","start_offset":163,"end_offset":209},{"id":8875,"label":"cause","start_offset":46,"end_offset":150}],"relations":[{"id":4083,"from_id":8875,"to_id":8873,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7254,"text":"when targets were included in a majority of activities, they felt more threat to their needs when all group members were excluding them to some extent than when two group members fully excluded them.;;","entities":[{"id":7183,"label":"effect","start_offset":56,"end_offset":92},{"id":7184,"label":"cause","start_offset":102,"end_offset":135}],"relations":[{"id":3250,"from_id":7184,"to_id":7183,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5794,"text":"forgas, varga, and laham (2005) found that people with negative affect were better able to pick out false misleading information and had more accurate eyewitness memory than those in positive moods.;;","entities":[{"id":8254,"label":"cause","start_offset":55,"end_offset":70},{"id":8255,"label":"effect","start_offset":83,"end_offset":128},{"id":8256,"label":"effect","start_offset":141,"end_offset":168}],"relations":[{"id":3743,"from_id":8254,"to_id":8255,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3744,"from_id":8254,"to_id":8256,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6501,"text":"when i encountered these types of comments from the participants, i accepted them as windows into spaces where i either made too much or too little meaning from their interview responses.;;","entities":[{"id":5182,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":65},{"id":5185,"label":"effect","start_offset":66,"end_offset":104}],"relations":[{"id":2331,"from_id":5182,"to_id":5185,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5981,"text":"this confound is not considered serious because of the relative difference in the size of the ranges of control (2 vs 12 points) and, more con sequentially because, as discussed in the introduction, subjects tend to focus an relative gain-whether or not they are surpassed by the other.;;","entities":[{"id":3827,"label":"effect","start_offset":5,"end_offset":39},{"id":3828,"label":"cause","start_offset":55,"end_offset":111}],"relations":[{"id":1699,"from_id":3828,"to_id":3827,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6803,"text":"reflexivity and the field diary the use of a field diary is one strategy of managing emotional labour in field research.;;","entities":[{"id":8618,"label":"cause","start_offset":35,"end_offset":56},{"id":8619,"label":"effect","start_offset":76,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[{"id":3957,"from_id":8618,"to_id":8619,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6843,"text":"since the 11-20 game has been designed to test the presence of k-level reasoning, this feature is crucial for the characterization of the 0-level of non-strategic choices.;;","entities":[{"id":6138,"label":"cause","start_offset":10,"end_offset":80},{"id":6139,"label":"effect","start_offset":82,"end_offset":170}],"relations":[{"id":2787,"from_id":6138,"to_id":6139,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7412,"text":"as such, the relatively public nature of blogging in comparison to more private forms of 4 international journal of qualitative methods communication such as e-mail and private social media pages might indicate that online authors wish for their communications to reach public audiences.;;","entities":[{"id":8892,"label":"cause","start_offset":136,"end_offset":195},{"id":8893,"label":"effect","start_offset":216,"end_offset":286}],"relations":[{"id":4092,"from_id":8892,"to_id":8893,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9429,"text":"Fig. 1 shows the time path of average contributions in each class of treatments.;;","entities":[{"id":9755,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":82}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6279,"text":"given the detrimental consequences of ostracism, those who are vulnerable or particularly susceptible to ostracism (e.g., victims of bullying) need to be identified early in order 1) to stop the victim's suffering, and 2) to stop negative cycles of exclusion, interpretations and expectations.;;","entities":[{"id":4602,"label":"cause","start_offset":38,"end_offset":47},{"id":4603,"label":"effect","start_offset":10,"end_offset":21},{"id":8405,"label":"cause","start_offset":89,"end_offset":170},{"id":8406,"label":"effect","start_offset":186,"end_offset":213},{"id":8407,"label":"effect","start_offset":225,"end_offset":292}],"relations":[{"id":2055,"from_id":4602,"to_id":4603,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3820,"from_id":8405,"to_id":8406,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3821,"from_id":8405,"to_id":8407,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7224,"text":"we hypothesized that exclusion by ethnic ingroup members would represent an acceptance threat and would result in responses that reduce uncertainty and increase one's chances of being accepted by others (e.g., a stronger endorsement of fundamentalist religious beliefs).;;","entities":[{"id":7109,"label":"cause","start_offset":21,"end_offset":56},{"id":7110,"label":"effect","start_offset":63,"end_offset":93},{"id":7111,"label":"effect","start_offset":129,"end_offset":147},{"id":7112,"label":"effect","start_offset":153,"end_offset":202}],"relations":[{"id":3217,"from_id":7109,"to_id":7110,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3218,"from_id":7109,"to_id":7111,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3219,"from_id":7109,"to_id":7112,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8992,"text":"Once you have made an entry in each input box, please click \"OK\".;;","entities":[{"id":9318,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":67}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6668,"text":"\"in light of this, emotions of guilt were engendered because i felt that i deceived: (a) the public by being perceived to be muslim; (b) the muslim community by pretending to be 'one of them'; and (c) my own religion, orthodox christianity, for 'hiding' my true religious identity.\";;","entities":[{"id":8581,"label":"effect","start_offset":19,"end_offset":52},{"id":8582,"label":"cause","start_offset":75,"end_offset":280}],"relations":[{"id":3932,"from_id":8582,"to_id":8581,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9314,"text":"After everyone had answered the two questions correctly on the new matrix, the Ss made their choice by pressing the button under the column of their choice.;;","entities":[{"id":9640,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":158}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5885,"text":"thus far, there is little evidence indicating that the immediate experience of distress associated with ostracism is moderated by individual differences, including gender, introversion extraversion collectivism individualism loneliness, need for belonging, and social anxiety (see williams, 2007, for a review).;;","entities":[{"id":3566,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":313}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8647,"text":"and that the reciprocity parameters would correspond to R + = R \u2212 = .26 in the control group.;;","entities":[{"id":8973,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":95}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7070,"text":"it is important that the self affirmation manipulation had the intended effect among unrealistic optimists given that we had individuals self-affirm by discussing their positive health attributes.;;","entities":[{"id":8721,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":198}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5780,"text":"if the subjects were actually trying to boost their selfesteem by looking good in the eyes of someone they regarded as outsider, our point that subjects were having the moral preferences is reinforced.;;","entities":[{"id":3304,"label":"cause","start_offset":66,"end_offset":127},{"id":3305,"label":"effect","start_offset":52,"end_offset":63}],"relations":[{"id":1439,"from_id":3304,"to_id":3305,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6083,"text":"it also helped to rule out demand effects, because participants in this condition and the first condition were both exposed to cold temperatures before making their judgments.;;","entities":[{"id":4085,"label":"effect","start_offset":18,"end_offset":41},{"id":4087,"label":"cause","start_offset":116,"end_offset":174}],"relations":[{"id":1823,"from_id":4087,"to_id":4085,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6768,"text":"in the context of social exclusion, if individuals feel guilty about being ostracized, it is possible that they will attempt to ingratiate themselves back into the good graces of the group by behaving prosocially.;;","entities":[{"id":5941,"label":"cause","start_offset":39,"end_offset":85},{"id":5942,"label":"effect","start_offset":107,"end_offset":188},{"id":5943,"label":"cause","start_offset":192,"end_offset":212},{"id":8604,"label":"effect","start_offset":192,"end_offset":212}],"relations":[{"id":2692,"from_id":5943,"to_id":5942,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3947,"from_id":5941,"to_id":8604,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9616,"text":"t[91] = 3.82, p < .001);;","entities":[{"id":9942,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":25}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6656,"text":"\"relationships don't last, and when you're past the age where people are constantly forming new relationships, the odds are you'll end up being alone more and more.\"\"\";;","entities":[{"id":8575,"label":"effect","start_offset":124,"end_offset":163},{"id":8576,"label":"cause","start_offset":1,"end_offset":25},{"id":8577,"label":"cause","start_offset":43,"end_offset":109}],"relations":[{"id":3927,"from_id":8576,"to_id":8575,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3928,"from_id":8577,"to_id":8575,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6287,"text":"finally, a low-cost agent in the center of a star with five periphery players decreases her earnings as well as both her envy and guilt when she removes one or more of her links.;;","entities":[{"id":4617,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":77},{"id":4618,"label":"effect","start_offset":92,"end_offset":100},{"id":4619,"label":"effect","start_offset":121,"end_offset":135}],"relations":[{"id":2060,"from_id":4617,"to_id":4618,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2061,"from_id":4617,"to_id":4619,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9331,"text":"Implications of these findings as well as limitations and future directions of study are also explored.;;","entities":[{"id":9657,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":105}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7022,"text":"there is a bit of irony here: a method designed to minimize bias could conceivably introduce bias into a study.;;","entities":[{"id":6617,"label":"cause","start_offset":32,"end_offset":64},{"id":6618,"label":"effect","start_offset":83,"end_offset":110}],"relations":[{"id":2992,"from_id":6617,"to_id":6618,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6350,"text":"it is readily apparent from figure 1 that the strength of reciprocity, as reflected in the slope of work expenditures with respect to wages between $0 and $3.50, increases greatly among primed jews relative to unprimed jews.;;","entities":[{"id":4803,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":226}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8918,"text":"OLS and Tobit regressions of MPCR dummy variables on the percentage of tokens allocated to the group account support this observation.;;","entities":[{"id":9244,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":136}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6377,"text":"if a deviation to d after h\u2217 r0 does not pay for type si and the prior psi is sufficiently close to 0.5, our calculations above imply thatsi + 1 must react to this by playing c in at least two of the following rounds.;;","entities":[{"id":4870,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":103},{"id":4871,"label":"effect","start_offset":138,"end_offset":216}],"relations":[{"id":2181,"from_id":4870,"to_id":4871,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8666,"text":"When not contributing was labelled as free-riding, announcing ex-post discussion had the opposite impact on cooperation.;;","entities":[{"id":8992,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":122}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5933,"text":"punishing free-riders: how group size affects mutual monitoring and the provision of public goods.;;","entities":[{"id":3689,"label":"cause","start_offset":27,"end_offset":37},{"id":3691,"label":"effect","start_offset":72,"end_offset":97},{"id":8187,"label":"effect","start_offset":38,"end_offset":64}],"relations":[{"id":1628,"from_id":3689,"to_id":3691,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3702,"from_id":3689,"to_id":8187,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9522,"text":"They were to make one single decision per game: to invest or not.;;","entities":[{"id":9848,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":67}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7454,"text":"sufficiently strong non-monotonic behavior would directly suggest that errors are an important component of behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":7659,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5985,"text":"with the low leverage 'l' = 1, th contributions are only slightly higher with punishment (8.79) or with reward (6.62 standard vcm.;;","entities":[{"id":3841,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":29},{"id":3842,"label":"effect","start_offset":33,"end_offset":129}],"relations":[{"id":1705,"from_id":3841,"to_id":3842,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5858,"text":"the second stated that low or threatened belonging would enhance intergroup discrimination.;;","entities":[{"id":3500,"label":"cause","start_offset":23,"end_offset":50},{"id":3501,"label":"effect","start_offset":65,"end_offset":90}],"relations":[{"id":1532,"from_id":3500,"to_id":3501,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6674,"text":"in any case, any such effect of the endowment income would operate only on the level of contributions, and not the interactions of the actors' contributions.;;","entities":[{"id":5673,"label":"cause","start_offset":36,"end_offset":52},{"id":5674,"label":"effect","start_offset":79,"end_offset":101},{"id":5675,"label":"effect","start_offset":115,"end_offset":156}],"relations":[{"id":2563,"from_id":5673,"to_id":5674,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2564,"from_id":5673,"to_id":5675,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6461,"text":"my supervisor's guidance and expertise enabled me to see that i needed to gain a better balance between the informal and professional relationship and take more control over the recruitment to support the women and myself.;;","entities":[{"id":5079,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":38},{"id":5080,"label":"effect","start_offset":39,"end_offset":146},{"id":5081,"label":"effect","start_offset":151,"end_offset":221}],"relations":[{"id":2280,"from_id":5079,"to_id":5080,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2281,"from_id":5079,"to_id":5081,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9302,"text":"It is commonly assumed that network users non-cooperatively interact with one another in the traffic network in order to minimise their travel costs.;;","entities":[{"id":9628,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":151}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5759,"text":"thus, the amount to be gained through a cooperative invest choice was not much larger than one's initial endowment, and one would be tempted simply to keep one's endowment (i.e., defect) rather than risk losing it in the hope of obtaining a relatively small gain.;;","entities":[{"id":8242,"label":"cause","start_offset":10,"end_offset":114},{"id":8243,"label":"effect","start_offset":120,"end_offset":171}],"relations":[{"id":3736,"from_id":8242,"to_id":8243,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9391,"text":"Of course this does not imply that similar findings will occur when incentives are extremely large.;;","entities":[{"id":9717,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":101}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7099,"text":"people resist paying welfare to individuals who could support themselves but who instead cheat or free ride.;;","entities":[{"id":6812,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":110}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9567,"text":"To induce shame, we conducted another treatment that was the same except the information about an audited individual's contribution decision was publicly revealed to the entire group. 5;;","entities":[{"id":9893,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":187}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9143,"text":"The aggregate product is a combination of behavior from multiple individuals in the social episode that operates on the environment in much the same way as does operant behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":9469,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":180}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5795,"text":"many coders who join a team have busy lives and other interests, and they wish to be involved in the project only to this baseline extent.;;","entities":[{"id":3338,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7185,"text":"when the kandori labeling mechanism is not transparently about reputations and the participants have insufficient cues to seeing it as a reputation mechanism, it may fail to induce cooperation.;;","entities":[{"id":7021,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":74},{"id":7022,"label":"cause","start_offset":83,"end_offset":157},{"id":7023,"label":"effect","start_offset":166,"end_offset":192}],"relations":[{"id":3177,"from_id":7021,"to_id":7023,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3178,"from_id":7022,"to_id":7023,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9506,"text":"However, this tendency fails statistical significance (sign test, 10% significance).;;","entities":[{"id":9832,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":86}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6454,"text":"since the differences between the bargaining powers of two players increase from the simultaneous to the sequential to the dictator game, comparisons among games allow us to trace whether the contribution behavior is motivated by fairness or is simply due to the strategic concern.;;","entities":[{"id":5062,"label":"cause","start_offset":10,"end_offset":136},{"id":5063,"label":"effect","start_offset":138,"end_offset":280}],"relations":[{"id":2271,"from_id":5062,"to_id":5063,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7276,"text":"across five studies, we tested the idea that the law shapes social reality by fostering the assumptions that people are self interested untrustworthy, and competitive.;;","entities":[{"id":7233,"label":"cause","start_offset":78,"end_offset":166},{"id":7234,"label":"effect","start_offset":49,"end_offset":74}],"relations":[{"id":3274,"from_id":7233,"to_id":7234,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6704,"text":"if the relationship is direct then coordination would not need to impact an intervening variable or coincide with another causally relevant variable to influence cooperation.;;","entities":[{"id":5754,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":29},{"id":5755,"label":"effect","start_offset":35,"end_offset":173}],"relations":[{"id":2604,"from_id":5754,"to_id":5755,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6948,"text":"given the concern that checklists themselves are inadequate, we argue that using such a principle requires an orientation to better practise with these ethical concerns at their source.;;","entities":[{"id":6412,"label":"cause","start_offset":23,"end_offset":59},{"id":6413,"label":"effect","start_offset":75,"end_offset":168}],"relations":[{"id":2912,"from_id":6412,"to_id":6413,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8786,"text":"Moreover, because interpersonal helping, and OCB in general, may benefit the collective without necessarily benefiting the self, and one may benefit from others' OCB without engaging in OCB oneself, engagement in OCB like interpersonal helping arguably reflects the trade-off between personal and collective interest typical for public good dilemmas (De Cremer and van Knippenberg, 2002) -an element that makes it easier to compare the findings of Study 1 to those of Study 2. As a case in point, previous research has shown that leader self-sacrifice is related to both OCB and contributions in a public good dilemma (De Cremer and van Knippenberg, 2002).;;","entities":[{"id":9112,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":658}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6076,"text":"participants, however, due to their individual investments into the private account, could increase the probability of return from the private account.;;","entities":[{"id":4067,"label":"cause","start_offset":36,"end_offset":84},{"id":4068,"label":"effect","start_offset":104,"end_offset":150}],"relations":[{"id":1812,"from_id":4067,"to_id":4068,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6919,"text":"within the context of the chowks, where poverty is widespread and uniform, asking for money from another laborer is often stigmatized and associated with migrants suffering from alcohol or drug addiction-a presence at every chowk.;;","entities":[{"id":6324,"label":"cause","start_offset":40,"end_offset":73},{"id":6325,"label":"effect","start_offset":75,"end_offset":133}],"relations":[{"id":2870,"from_id":6324,"to_id":6325,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6961,"text":"follow-up contrasts indicated that ostracized adolescents who wrote about friends worked more for food points and consumed more food than other adolescents.;;","entities":[{"id":6457,"label":"cause","start_offset":35,"end_offset":81},{"id":6458,"label":"effect","start_offset":82,"end_offset":109},{"id":6459,"label":"effect","start_offset":114,"end_offset":132}],"relations":[{"id":2929,"from_id":6457,"to_id":6458,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2930,"from_id":6457,"to_id":6459,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6537,"text":"qualitative secondary analysis allows the researcher to overcome these types of data collection problems, thus, creating an equal opportunity for novice and other researchers to obtain and develop research independence, knowledge, and skills (smith, 2008).;;","entities":[{"id":5273,"label":"effect","start_offset":112,"end_offset":241},{"id":8522,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":30},{"id":8523,"label":"effect","start_offset":56,"end_offset":104},{"id":8524,"label":"cause","start_offset":56,"end_offset":104}],"relations":[{"id":3888,"from_id":8522,"to_id":8523,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3889,"from_id":8524,"to_id":5273,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6417,"text":"another less extreme example of ostracism is that only some of your group members may avoid you and not interact with you while others act normally toward you.;;","entities":[{"id":8478,"label":"cause","start_offset":32,"end_offset":41},{"id":8479,"label":"effect","start_offset":55,"end_offset":158}],"relations":[{"id":3857,"from_id":8478,"to_id":8479,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8649,"text":"The evaluation forms consisted of ratings of the essays on six 9-point bipolar scales (unintelligent-intelligent; thought provoking-boring; friendly-unfriendly; illogical-logical; respectable-unrespectable; irrational-rational), along with a space for free comments.;;","entities":[{"id":8975,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":268}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6922,"text":"briefly summarized, the prisoner's dilemma procedure involves two subjects engaged in a laboratory game with each other, in which, depending on each person's choice of responses, points, money, or other tangibles can be gained or lost.;;","entities":[{"id":6331,"label":"cause","start_offset":149,"end_offset":177},{"id":6332,"label":"effect","start_offset":179,"end_offset":234}],"relations":[{"id":2873,"from_id":6331,"to_id":6332,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7202,"text":"this stage helps to minimize unnecessary costs that may impede high profitability in the commercialization stage.;;","entities":[{"id":7063,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":10},{"id":7064,"label":"effect","start_offset":20,"end_offset":46},{"id":7065,"label":"cause","start_offset":20,"end_offset":46},{"id":7066,"label":"effect","start_offset":56,"end_offset":112}],"relations":[{"id":3195,"from_id":7063,"to_id":7064,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3196,"from_id":7065,"to_id":7066,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6884,"text":"linehan explains that individuals 'need to learn how to focus their attention on one task or activity at a time, engaging in it with alertness, awareness and wakefulness' (p. 155).;;","entities":[{"id":6240,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":182}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5686,"text":"a study by isen and reeve (2005) found that people in a positive mood found enjoyable tasks to be more intrinsically motivating than participants in a neutral mood.;;","entities":[{"id":3082,"label":"cause","start_offset":55,"end_offset":91},{"id":8132,"label":"effect","start_offset":103,"end_offset":127}],"relations":[{"id":3661,"from_id":3082,"to_id":8132,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8946,"text":"The experiment was conducted at the University of Granada.;;","entities":[{"id":9272,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":60}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9156,"text":"But when comparing punishment rules, it is not enough to consider contribution behavior only.;;","entities":[{"id":9482,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":95}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7106,"text":"the heightened intensity of the context of an ice means that researchers have to be aware of the passive accumulation of contextual information so they can assess changing circumstances and manage the risks of their research location.;;","entities":[{"id":6830,"label":"cause","start_offset":81,"end_offset":143},{"id":6831,"label":"effect","start_offset":156,"end_offset":185},{"id":6832,"label":"effect","start_offset":190,"end_offset":233},{"id":6833,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":49},{"id":6834,"label":"effect","start_offset":81,"end_offset":143}],"relations":[{"id":3095,"from_id":6830,"to_id":6831,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3096,"from_id":6830,"to_id":6832,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3097,"from_id":6833,"to_id":6834,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7620,"text":"these findings suggest that instructors need to continue their approach to educating students on how to select the most suitable research design for their research question.;;","entities":[{"id":8046,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":175}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6758,"text":"sandelowski 1993; lincoln and guba 1985); and finally the non foundation a lists who argue that it is understanding rather than prediction that is necessary and that inquiry and its evidence is always political and moral (denzin 2011) and therefore that criteria are not appropriate.","entities":[{"id":5916,"label":"effect","start_offset":254,"end_offset":282},{"id":5917,"label":"cause","start_offset":91,"end_offset":221}],"relations":[{"id":2682,"from_id":5917,"to_id":5916,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5945,"text":"presumably this is because, for individuals whom faith is important, exclusion by god is a particularly painful and distressing experience.;;","entities":[{"id":3728,"label":"cause","start_offset":69,"end_offset":85},{"id":3729,"label":"effect","start_offset":104,"end_offset":111},{"id":3730,"label":"effect","start_offset":116,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[{"id":1650,"from_id":3728,"to_id":3729,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1651,"from_id":3728,"to_id":3730,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5939,"text":"manipulation checks analyses of the mood and basic needs data for participants in these 'non-social' conditions showed that ostracized participants experienced reduced basic needs satisfaction and positive mood, and enhanced negative mood, relative to included participants, all psb0.05.;;","entities":[{"id":3706,"label":"cause","start_offset":124,"end_offset":147},{"id":3707,"label":"effect","start_offset":168,"end_offset":192},{"id":3708,"label":"effect","start_offset":197,"end_offset":210},{"id":3709,"label":"effect","start_offset":225,"end_offset":238}],"relations":[{"id":1636,"from_id":3706,"to_id":3707,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1637,"from_id":3706,"to_id":3708,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1638,"from_id":3706,"to_id":3709,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9466,"text":"First, the studies which failed to establish a relationship between probability and compliance varied the probabilities between 10% and 90%, while the study which found the direct relationship used prob ability levels of 0% and 100%.;;","entities":[{"id":9792,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":235}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6618,"text":"first, the coding and post-coding guidelines proved robust in disentangling a dataset that was highly multidimensional due to the scope of the research.;;","entities":[{"id":5501,"label":"effect","start_offset":102,"end_offset":118},{"id":5502,"label":"cause","start_offset":130,"end_offset":151}],"relations":[{"id":2480,"from_id":5502,"to_id":5501,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5930,"text":"the findings from study 3 replicate and extend the findings from studies 1 and 2. new zealanders who allocated more white noise to members of the outgroup (i.e., americans) than to members of the ingroup, experienced elevated levels of belonging.;;","entities":[{"id":8270,"label":"cause","start_offset":100,"end_offset":203},{"id":8271,"label":"effect","start_offset":217,"end_offset":245}],"relations":[{"id":3751,"from_id":8270,"to_id":8271,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6973,"text":"he showed that close comfort is necessary for healthy psychological functioning, as young rhesus monkeys displayed a greater preference for terry-clothed surrogate mothers as compared to a wire mother, while those raised with a wire mother had greater physiological and psychological problems.;;","entities":[{"id":6491,"label":"cause","start_offset":15,"end_offset":28},{"id":6492,"label":"effect","start_offset":46,"end_offset":79},{"id":6493,"label":"cause","start_offset":208,"end_offset":239},{"id":6494,"label":"effect","start_offset":252,"end_offset":292}],"relations":[{"id":2945,"from_id":6491,"to_id":6492,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2946,"from_id":6493,"to_id":6494,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6063,"text":"given the well-documented detrimental consequences of collective failure and the fact that it occurs regularly in everyday life, it is surprising that few studies have examined how such consequences may be moderated in small groups (for an exception, see price & garland, 1978).;;","entities":[{"id":8300,"label":"cause","start_offset":10,"end_offset":72},{"id":8301,"label":"cause","start_offset":91,"end_offset":127},{"id":8302,"label":"effect","start_offset":135,"end_offset":231}],"relations":[{"id":3765,"from_id":8300,"to_id":8302,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3766,"from_id":8301,"to_id":8302,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9092,"text":"In-phase movements are more stable than anti-phase movements and, if the frequency of anti-phase movements is increased to around 3-4 Hz they transition to in-phase.;;","entities":[{"id":9418,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":167}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9171,"text":"Reciprocity scores for those who moved in-, anti-phase and those who did not coordinate all deviated significantly from normality (p's < 0.05).;;","entities":[{"id":9497,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":145}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8761,"text":"However, if no incentives are given, then there should be an explicit or implicit objective function as a motivation for participants.;;","entities":[{"id":9087,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":136}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8966,"text":"Put another way: who would want to live in a society with this norm, if given the choice?;;","entities":[{"id":9292,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":91}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8667,"text":"Further simulation studies (Macy 1991b) then showed how social influence (such as pressures to imitate or reciprocate) might solve this timing problem.;;","entities":[{"id":8993,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":153}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7186,"text":"the need for a meaningful existence is essentially the need for a sense that ''i exist and i matter'', with ostracized individuals often reporting a feeling of invisibility (williams, 2007).;;","entities":[{"id":8768,"label":"cause","start_offset":108,"end_offset":118},{"id":8769,"label":"effect","start_offset":149,"end_offset":172}],"relations":[{"id":4032,"from_id":8768,"to_id":8769,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9127,"text":"Larger sessions motivated people to cooperate in this game in Buenos Aires.;;","entities":[{"id":9453,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":77}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9604,"text":"It is not only the punishment opportunity (that is, the nonexecuted punishment threat) but also the actual punishment that raised cooperation levels.;;","entities":[{"id":9930,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":151}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6824,"text":"discussion the current research began with the observation that the presence of a companion animal can benefit people who feel socially disconnected, such as the elderly or those who are hospitalized.;;","entities":[{"id":6087,"label":"cause","start_offset":68,"end_offset":98},{"id":6088,"label":"effect","start_offset":103,"end_offset":148}],"relations":[{"id":2767,"from_id":6087,"to_id":6088,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6207,"text":"income is self-reported, and therefore the lower average income in the sample is unsurprising.;;","entities":[{"id":4433,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":23},{"id":4434,"label":"effect","start_offset":43,"end_offset":93}],"relations":[{"id":1982,"from_id":4433,"to_id":4434,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7442,"text":"negative deviations from the others' contribution rate were associated with more punishment in the public condition, but not in the private condition.;;","entities":[{"id":7633,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":152}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6045,"text":"on the other hand, contributors in small groups may become more pivotal, leading to more contributions (cf.;;","entities":[{"id":3992,"label":"cause","start_offset":19,"end_offset":47},{"id":3993,"label":"effect","start_offset":64,"end_offset":71},{"id":3994,"label":"cause","start_offset":64,"end_offset":71},{"id":3995,"label":"effect","start_offset":89,"end_offset":103}],"relations":[{"id":1782,"from_id":3992,"to_id":3993,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1783,"from_id":3994,"to_id":3995,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8648,"text":"Environmental uncertainty was manipulated as a PP varying with equal probability between either 800 and 1,000 (low environmental uncertainty) or 400 and 1,400 (high environmental uncertainty).;;","entities":[{"id":8974,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":194}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8737,"text":"Consequently, angry friends may be much more inclined to destroy.;;","entities":[{"id":9063,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":67}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9428,"text":"In sharp contrast, in the reward-punish condition, participants rated rewarders more favorably than they did nonrewarders (mean difference in rating between rewarders and nonrewarders: 0.55; S \u03ed122, p \u03ed .0095;;;","entities":[{"id":9754,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":211}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5821,"text":"as this would not be clear, perhaps it would be of use for authors to note that there were no challenges or unexpected opportunities arising during data collection if this was the case.;;","entities":[{"id":8259,"label":"cause","start_offset":167,"end_offset":184},{"id":8260,"label":"effect","start_offset":91,"end_offset":163}],"relations":[{"id":3746,"from_id":8259,"to_id":8260,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8780,"text":"Solidarity rates and choices of dominant strategy in the one-way identification DG (number of pairs);;","entities":[{"id":9106,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":102}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6346,"text":"results also show that the words oppressive and monuments associate with rulers' desires to commemorate themselves as immortals and imply to the public they are in charge.;;","entities":[{"id":4791,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":173}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7360,"text":"several participants identified similar tensions regarding victims survivors being able to give voice to their experiences and the desire to ensure confidentiality;;","entities":[{"id":7456,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":165}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8724,"text":"In contrast, in this new game the dominant strategy equilibrium is pareto optimal, as it would be for most 2 \u03eb 2 games with such an equilibrium.;;","entities":[{"id":9050,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":146}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6323,"text":"neuroimaging studies using economic behavioural tasks have reported that positive social exchanges activate regions of the reward circuitry, much as nonsocial rewards do.;;","entities":[{"id":4741,"label":"cause","start_offset":73,"end_offset":98},{"id":4742,"label":"effect","start_offset":99,"end_offset":139}],"relations":[{"id":2123,"from_id":4741,"to_id":4742,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7331,"text":"however, not all adolescents are influenced in similar ways by media, in particular by media portraying antisocial, risky, and immoral behaviors.;;","entities":[{"id":7393,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":147}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6807,"text":"after all 4 players have made their decision to contribute or not, and by how much, the resulting total of contributed credits is automatically multiplied.;;","entities":[{"id":8620,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":157}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5831,"text":"do they show more empathy and help others who have nothing to do with their experience, or do they grow indifferent to others' needs?;;","entities":[{"id":3442,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":133}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8815,"text":"Session-by-session results are presented for Birds 15, 16, and 17 in Figure 5. Plotted are the number of cooperations (choices of the red key) for each of the 15 days of the TFT and the TFT-dom conditions.;;","entities":[{"id":9141,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":207}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7474,"text":"a message arising from the review therefore is to avoid claims to a specific orientation unless it is articulated and visible within the reporting and when aligning to a particular approach, to make sure it is understood.;;","entities":[{"id":7711,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":223}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6447,"text":"it has been repeatedly argued that subtle acts of aggression should always be included in the definition of bullying in order to fully grasp this phenomenon because the act of bullying is aimed at humiliating the victim and always has a psychological component (alsaker, 2004).;;","entities":[{"id":5036,"label":"cause","start_offset":169,"end_offset":260},{"id":5037,"label":"effect","start_offset":35,"end_offset":116},{"id":8491,"label":"cause","start_offset":35,"end_offset":116},{"id":8492,"label":"effect","start_offset":129,"end_offset":156}],"relations":[{"id":2255,"from_id":5036,"to_id":5037,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3867,"from_id":8491,"to_id":8492,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6039,"text":"conversely, our observation also demonstrates that individuals with no or less severe depression tended to opt for the less risky option, thus defecting.;;","entities":[{"id":3973,"label":"cause","start_offset":51,"end_offset":96},{"id":3974,"label":"effect","start_offset":107,"end_offset":136}],"relations":[{"id":1771,"from_id":3973,"to_id":3974,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5716,"text":"furthermore, inquiring about our participants' motivations to volunteer for our study suggests that researchers may gain further guidance in identifying appropriate recruitment strategies by considering a negrin et al.;;","entities":[{"id":3153,"label":"cause","start_offset":32,"end_offset":85},{"id":8137,"label":"effect","start_offset":129,"end_offset":187}],"relations":[{"id":3665,"from_id":3153,"to_id":8137,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9238,"text":"Rapoport works out the expected values for contributing and not contributing.;;","entities":[{"id":9564,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":79}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9469,"text":"It was outlined that in this previous setting, the potential partner had (independently) witnessed two other people dividing a sum of money (\u20ac10).;;","entities":[{"id":9795,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":148}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5677,"text":"similarly, hall (2004) reveals how in previous writing he has removed accounts of personal reflexivity, or relegated these accounts to forewords and afterwords rather than including them in the main body of the text, due to concerns about the ' appropriateness ' of such material in an academic publication.;;","entities":[{"id":3059,"label":"effect","start_offset":61,"end_offset":102},{"id":3060,"label":"effect","start_offset":107,"end_offset":159},{"id":3061,"label":"cause","start_offset":224,"end_offset":306}],"relations":[{"id":1328,"from_id":3061,"to_id":3059,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1329,"from_id":3061,"to_id":3060,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5679,"text":"while some equilibria complete the project in the dynamic game with a completion benefit, there is a unique zero-provision equilibrium in the two static treatments as well as in the dynamic treatment without a completion benefit.;;","entities":[{"id":3066,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":229}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7021,"text":"the slightly higher number of siblings in the high-mafia neighborhood likely biases against our results.;;","entities":[{"id":6615,"label":"cause","start_offset":13,"end_offset":38},{"id":6616,"label":"effect","start_offset":77,"end_offset":103}],"relations":[{"id":2991,"from_id":6615,"to_id":6616,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7595,"text":"how will information about collective inefficiency affect support for a sanctioning system when there is already a sanctioning system present?;;","entities":[{"id":7988,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":144}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9410,"text":"These rates are significantly better than that for a no-reward control.;;","entities":[{"id":9736,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":73}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6873,"text":"for example, due to institutional system restrictions at the time, in our project only one researcher could work on the file from a shared drive at once.;;","entities":[{"id":6216,"label":"cause","start_offset":20,"end_offset":53},{"id":6217,"label":"effect","start_offset":82,"end_offset":152}],"relations":[{"id":2823,"from_id":6216,"to_id":6217,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5792,"text":"exclusion and intergroup hostility human beings are deeply motivated to form and maintain positive relationships with others and to avoid exclusion (baumeister & leary, 1995).;;","entities":[{"id":3328,"label":"effect","start_offset":72,"end_offset":124},{"id":3329,"label":"effect","start_offset":132,"end_offset":147},{"id":3330,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":47}],"relations":[{"id":1449,"from_id":3330,"to_id":3328,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1450,"from_id":3330,"to_id":3329,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7054,"text":"the results support the concept that the give-some situation is related to loss perception, whereas the take-some situation is independent of gain perception.;;","entities":[{"id":6703,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":160}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6581,"text":"it may also add transparency to the approach, by using several nvivo functions in innovative ways.;;","entities":[{"id":5410,"label":"cause","start_offset":49,"end_offset":97},{"id":5411,"label":"effect","start_offset":12,"end_offset":44}],"relations":[{"id":2444,"from_id":5410,"to_id":5411,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9368,"text":"The model is specified as follows.;;","entities":[{"id":9694,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":36}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6892,"text":"even when ostracism benefits the individual financially, and inclusion is financially costly, ostracism is just as distressing (van beest & williams, 2006).;;","entities":[{"id":6261,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":158}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9155,"text":"This approach was taken since the questionnaire has never been used before and a specific rank ordering was not predicted.;;","entities":[{"id":9481,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":124}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9313,"text":"As in Experiment 1, many participants made choices to defect only when they were not charged the high cost for defection (see Table 2).;;","entities":[{"id":9639,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6476,"text":"if c2 = 1, an update of personal relationships will not end in a more profitable outcome.;;","entities":[{"id":5118,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":9},{"id":5119,"label":"effect","start_offset":11,"end_offset":88}],"relations":[{"id":2302,"from_id":5118,"to_id":5119,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5919,"text":"a social dilemma is defined as a situation involving a particular type of incentive structure, such that 1) if all group members cooperate, all gain, whereas 2) for each individual it is more beneficial not to cooperate.;;","entities":[{"id":3648,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":220}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7347,"text":"\"due to this attribution, the target does not know how to change the situation in her\/his favour; hence, her\/his self-esteem, belonging, meaningful existence and control are increasingly threatened.\";;","entities":[{"id":7431,"label":"cause","start_offset":8,"end_offset":24},{"id":7432,"label":"effect","start_offset":30,"end_offset":96},{"id":7433,"label":"cause","start_offset":30,"end_offset":96},{"id":7434,"label":"effect","start_offset":105,"end_offset":198}],"relations":[{"id":3364,"from_id":7431,"to_id":7432,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3365,"from_id":7433,"to_id":7434,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9085,"text":"Participants were 46 undergraduate business students (22 women; 18 men, 6 did not report; mean age \u00bc 22.67 years), enrolled in an introductory psychology course at an Israeli university.;;","entities":[{"id":9411,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":188}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6333,"text":"the emphasis on checking credibility ensures that interpretations are grounded within the data.;;","entities":[{"id":4764,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":36},{"id":4765,"label":"effect","start_offset":49,"end_offset":94}],"relations":[{"id":2134,"from_id":4764,"to_id":4765,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6410,"text":"the signaling effect is likely to affect both participation and the average donation size positively (andreoni 2006; vesterlund 2003).;","entities":[{"id":4953,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":20},{"id":4954,"label":"effect","start_offset":45,"end_offset":59},{"id":4955,"label":"effect","start_offset":68,"end_offset":89}],"relations":[{"id":2216,"from_id":4953,"to_id":4954,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2217,"from_id":4953,"to_id":4955,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8778,"text":"By contrast, although certain dynamic facial traits, such as the felt smile (characterized by orbicularis oculi muscle activity), are reliable, many dynamic traits can be falsified.;;","entities":[{"id":9104,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":183}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6634,"text":"on the other hand, conjecture 4b predicts that treatment will increase contributions to the treated game, but decrease contributions to the standard game in the following way.;;","entities":[{"id":5547,"label":"cause","start_offset":46,"end_offset":56},{"id":5548,"label":"effect","start_offset":71,"end_offset":104},{"id":5549,"label":"effect","start_offset":119,"end_offset":153}],"relations":[{"id":2498,"from_id":5547,"to_id":5548,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2499,"from_id":5547,"to_id":5549,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7082,"text":"thus, higher levels of fairness and cooperation are achieved by a lowering of the morals.;;","entities":[{"id":6780,"label":"cause","start_offset":66,"end_offset":88},{"id":6784,"label":"effect","start_offset":36,"end_offset":47},{"id":6785,"label":"effect","start_offset":13,"end_offset":31}],"relations":[{"id":3077,"from_id":6780,"to_id":6784,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3078,"from_id":6780,"to_id":6785,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7051,"text":"participants were led to believe that because this study was being conducted simultaneously by multiple departments at the university, they would be playing with other university students located throughout the campus.;;","entities":[{"id":6697,"label":"cause","start_offset":50,"end_offset":133},{"id":6698,"label":"effect","start_offset":135,"end_offset":217}],"relations":[{"id":3031,"from_id":6697,"to_id":6698,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6535,"text":"clinical trials in the humanitarian setting given that clinical trials are considered imperative for investigating medical interventions, many researchers advocate for these types of studies in the humanitarian setting.;;","entities":[{"id":5267,"label":"cause","start_offset":55,"end_offset":136},{"id":5268,"label":"effect","start_offset":143,"end_offset":218}],"relations":[{"id":2367,"from_id":5267,"to_id":5268,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9611,"text":"Treatment T1 replicates the Milinski et al. (2008) experiment, with a certain threshold of X = $120 and a certain loss probability of p = 0.5 with which all group members lose their remaining funds if the group's contributions do not reach the threshold.;;","entities":[{"id":9937,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":256}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9389,"text":"Each trust condition was counterbalanced by sex (i.e., each trust condition contained eight male and eight female groups).;;","entities":[{"id":9715,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":124}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6364,"text":"b (2003) 270, 2279-2283 2279 \u00f3 2003 the royal society doi 10 1098 rs pb 2003 2491 cal and empirical work might be bridged is by making models more realistic, and one way to do this is to allow for varying investment in cooperation.;;","entities":[{"id":4836,"label":"effect","start_offset":89,"end_offset":121},{"id":4837,"label":"cause","start_offset":128,"end_offset":156},{"id":4838,"label":"cause","start_offset":187,"end_offset":230},{"id":4839,"label":"effect","start_offset":128,"end_offset":156}],"relations":[{"id":2165,"from_id":4838,"to_id":4839,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2166,"from_id":4837,"to_id":4836,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5881,"text":"the firm enhances competitiveness by collecting public goods and the more public goods, the higher the degree of competitiveness and the larger the profits of the firm in the market.;;","entities":[{"id":3553,"label":"cause","start_offset":37,"end_offset":60},{"id":3554,"label":"effect","start_offset":18,"end_offset":33}],"relations":[{"id":1560,"from_id":3553,"to_id":3554,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6555,"text":"we also predicted that in a collectivistic society (vietnam), those high on collectivism would ''ignore'' the organizational cues and steadfastly adhere to the societal norms.;;","entities":[{"id":5313,"label":"cause","start_offset":68,"end_offset":88},{"id":5314,"label":"effect","start_offset":95,"end_offset":129},{"id":5315,"label":"effect","start_offset":134,"end_offset":174}],"relations":[{"id":2387,"from_id":5313,"to_id":5314,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2388,"from_id":5313,"to_id":5315,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9470,"text":"Communication was the most effective treatment, but the level of effectiveness depended on the watershed, just as in the VCM game.;;","entities":[{"id":9796,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":132}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6353,"text":"participants are quite likely not to change how much they contribute at all, and if they make a change, the new amount is close to the previous amount.;;","entities":[{"id":4807,"label":"cause","start_offset":89,"end_offset":102},{"id":4808,"label":"effect","start_offset":108,"end_offset":150}],"relations":[{"id":2152,"from_id":4807,"to_id":4808,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9208,"text":"The interviewer emphasized that the child did not have to give away any stickers and could keep all of them.;;","entities":[{"id":9534,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":110}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7431,"text":"this result points to the strength and potency of ostracism; it can be felt even in the artificial and minimal social environment that we created over the internet.;","entities":[{"id":7610,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":165}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6767,"text":"qualitative research in sport, exercise and health 9 as sparkes and smith (2014) observe, rec's may also lack an understanding of ethics as an emergent process.;;","entities":[{"id":5940,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":162}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6028,"text":"best practices planning upfront for archiving and future uses of data can save investigators significant trouble and time (corti et al., 2014).;;","entities":[{"id":3948,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":69},{"id":3950,"label":"effect","start_offset":74,"end_offset":121}],"relations":[{"id":1758,"from_id":3948,"to_id":3950,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6162,"text":"in sum, reminding single people that it was valentine's day put them in worse moods, leading to more negative evaluations of past domains that were unrelated to the holiday.;;","entities":[{"id":4308,"label":"cause","start_offset":18,"end_offset":83},{"id":4309,"label":"effect","start_offset":101,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[{"id":1921,"from_id":4308,"to_id":4309,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6902,"text":"however, it can be hoped that taking the best out of existing accountability methodologies from medicine and computer science may contribute to building a framework for greater accountability within technology research.;;","entities":[{"id":6286,"label":"cause","start_offset":30,"end_offset":126},{"id":6287,"label":"effect","start_offset":144,"end_offset":218}],"relations":[{"id":2852,"from_id":6286,"to_id":6287,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5908,"text":"as expected, this led to a significant blush response in the defecting participant.;;","entities":[{"id":3624,"label":"cause","start_offset":13,"end_offset":17},{"id":8178,"label":"effect","start_offset":39,"end_offset":82}],"relations":[{"id":3692,"from_id":3624,"to_id":8178,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6946,"text":"the iterative and repetitive notion of gt elements in generating themes and categories which could converge or diverge with previous findings trigger the idea of linking gt with construct validity to give more strength to the findings.;;","entities":[{"id":6402,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":50},{"id":6403,"label":"effect","start_offset":142,"end_offset":196},{"id":6404,"label":"cause","start_offset":142,"end_offset":196},{"id":6405,"label":"effect","start_offset":210,"end_offset":234}],"relations":[{"id":2906,"from_id":6402,"to_id":6403,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2907,"from_id":6404,"to_id":6405,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7506,"text":"games that have a higher cooperativeness index are necessarily more risky.;;","entities":[{"id":7787,"label":"effect","start_offset":63,"end_offset":73},{"id":8918,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":46}],"relations":[{"id":4110,"from_id":8918,"to_id":7787,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6505,"text":"traditional conceptions of empathy suggest more conscious processes; we argue the ostracism detection system provides a crude automatic empathic response (cf.;","entities":[{"id":5194,"label":"cause","start_offset":82,"end_offset":108},{"id":5195,"label":"effect","start_offset":120,"end_offset":153}],"relations":[{"id":2335,"from_id":5194,"to_id":5195,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7584,"text":"one could argue that ai is action research that promotes a positive way to find solutions to problems, which is the same thing as dreaming and designing for destiny.;;","entities":[{"id":8952,"label":"cause","start_offset":21,"end_offset":23},{"id":8953,"label":"effect","start_offset":59,"end_offset":101}],"relations":[{"id":4129,"from_id":8952,"to_id":8953,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9082,"text":"These evaluations will help determine how the bonus money, an amount of $15, will be divided between the builder and the manager.;;","entities":[{"id":9408,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":131}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6303,"text":"the differences in behaviour and outcomes between students and villagers can also open new methodological implications for experimental research.;;","entities":[{"id":8420,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":72},{"id":8421,"label":"effect","start_offset":82,"end_offset":144}],"relations":[{"id":3831,"from_id":8420,"to_id":8421,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5671,"text":"williams (2001) found that ostracism causes a rapid decrease in the satisfaction of belonging, self-esteem, control, and meaningful existence.;;","entities":[{"id":3040,"label":"cause","start_offset":27,"end_offset":36},{"id":3041,"label":"effect","start_offset":68,"end_offset":93},{"id":3042,"label":"effect","start_offset":95,"end_offset":106},{"id":3043,"label":"effect","start_offset":108,"end_offset":115},{"id":3044,"label":"effect","start_offset":121,"end_offset":141}],"relations":[{"id":1318,"from_id":3040,"to_id":3041,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1319,"from_id":3040,"to_id":3042,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1320,"from_id":3040,"to_id":3043,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1321,"from_id":3040,"to_id":3044,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6575,"text":"dewall and baumeister (39) showed that individuals randomly assigned to receive feedback suggesting that their lives would be plagued by loneliness demonstrated higher pain thresholds and tolerance relative to those in control conditions.;;","entities":[{"id":5361,"label":"cause","start_offset":39,"end_offset":88},{"id":5585,"label":"effect","start_offset":105,"end_offset":197}],"relations":[{"id":2521,"from_id":5361,"to_id":5585,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5797,"text":"for example, model 1 shows that the likelihood of cooperation increases over the course of the game: the coefficient for trail is positive and significant.;;","entities":[{"id":3343,"label":"effect","start_offset":36,"end_offset":61},{"id":3344,"label":"cause","start_offset":81,"end_offset":99}],"relations":[{"id":1455,"from_id":3344,"to_id":3343,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9348,"text":"Therefore they would attempt to preserve the commons.;;","entities":[{"id":9674,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":55}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6952,"text":"responses that indicated internal orientation were coded as +1 and those indicating external orientation were coded as -1. as one can see the poolers and to a lesser degree, staff members tended to be more internally oriented while the non-poolers and traders tended to be externally oriented.;;","entities":[{"id":6424,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":295}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5661,"text":"they exercise influence indirectly, through city council members whom they repay with opportunities to win voters' favor.;;","entities":[{"id":5377,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":34},{"id":5381,"label":"effect","start_offset":75,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[{"id":2420,"from_id":5377,"to_id":5381,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8710,"text":"It may be the case, therefore, that a cohort of thinking females behaves no differently than a cohort of thinking males, or that a cohort of feeling females behaves no differently than a cohort of feeling males, and that gender alone is relatively unimportant.;;","entities":[{"id":9036,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":262}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7184,"text":"when \u03bb > 1 the inequality reverses direction players with low (high) endowments obtain payments higher (lower) than me.;;","entities":[{"id":7018,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":44},{"id":7020,"label":"effect","start_offset":45,"end_offset":110}],"relations":[{"id":3176,"from_id":7018,"to_id":7020,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6510,"text":"thus, while higher social returns of interaction indeed attract contributions initially, cooperation cannot be sustained by the prospect of higher social returns alone.;;","entities":[{"id":5206,"label":"effect","start_offset":56,"end_offset":87},{"id":5207,"label":"cause","start_offset":12,"end_offset":48},{"id":5208,"label":"cause","start_offset":140,"end_offset":167},{"id":5209,"label":"effect","start_offset":89,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[{"id":2340,"from_id":5207,"to_id":5206,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2341,"from_id":5208,"to_id":5209,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5956,"text":"either case might lead someone to choose the higher payoff for non volunteering on the one hand with defiance, on the other with resignation (that it doesn't matter anyway).;;","entities":[{"id":8276,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":11},{"id":8278,"label":"effect","start_offset":34,"end_offset":79}],"relations":[{"id":3754,"from_id":8276,"to_id":8278,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8890,"text":"The function u (\u03c0 i ) denotes the utility from monetary payoffs and has the usual properties u (\u2022) > 0 and u (\u2022) < 0, i.e., the function is concave in payoff from the public good.;;","entities":[{"id":9216,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":181}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8864,"text":"The experiment took about 15 minutes.;;","entities":[{"id":9190,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":39}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6211,"text":"since dictator dilemma games do not create incentives for strategically motivated other-regarding behavior, they are an appropriate tool of measuring the relative impact of fairness and efficiency considerations.;;","entities":[{"id":8381,"label":"cause","start_offset":6,"end_offset":28},{"id":8382,"label":"effect","start_offset":43,"end_offset":106},{"id":8383,"label":"effect","start_offset":140,"end_offset":211}],"relations":[{"id":3810,"from_id":8381,"to_id":8382,"type":"Rel_Zero"},{"id":3811,"from_id":8381,"to_id":8383,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7283,"text":"they argued that the assur\u00ad ance of an afterlife should lessen the cognitive appraisal of death's negative consequences whereas the denial of an afterlife should increase the cogni\u00ad tive appraisal of death's negative consequences.;;","entities":[{"id":7251,"label":"cause","start_offset":21,"end_offset":48},{"id":7255,"label":"cause","start_offset":132,"end_offset":154},{"id":8821,"label":"effect","start_offset":175,"end_offset":229},{"id":8822,"label":"effect","start_offset":67,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[{"id":4058,"from_id":7255,"to_id":8821,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4059,"from_id":7251,"to_id":8822,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6374,"text":"not only could this increase overall cooperation, but it could in particular facilitate cooperation in the contexts that rely on rational, deliberative decision making;;","entities":[{"id":4860,"label":"cause","start_offset":15,"end_offset":19},{"id":4861,"label":"effect","start_offset":29,"end_offset":48},{"id":4863,"label":"effect","start_offset":88,"end_offset":167}],"relations":[{"id":2176,"from_id":4860,"to_id":4861,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2177,"from_id":4860,"to_id":4863,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9050,"text":"Following Shinada and Yamagishi (2007), expectations of cooperation were measured with one item: \"How many points do you think the other players in your group contributed, on average, to the group account during Round 2?\" Lastly, decision frame was measured with a forced-choice item from Tenbrunsel and Messick (1999) that asked participants to choose whether their \"decision about how much to contribute to the group account during Round 2\" was best described as an \"economic\" or an \"ethical\" decision.;;","entities":[{"id":9376,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":506}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6427,"text":"others will argue that covert observation and data collection is unethical in almost any social media context.;;","entities":[{"id":4991,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":112}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7114,"text":"however, if the group fund fails to reach 2,000 (20,000) pennies, then all group members will fail to receive the bonus five dollars.;;","entities":[{"id":6848,"label":"cause","start_offset":16,"end_offset":64},{"id":6849,"label":"effect","start_offset":71,"end_offset":132}],"relations":[{"id":3103,"from_id":6848,"to_id":6849,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5906,"text":"this was done because research has shown that this type of inclusion does not affect mood and thus is an appropriate control condition (gerber and wheeler, 2009).;;","entities":[{"id":3616,"label":"cause","start_offset":46,"end_offset":68},{"id":3617,"label":"effect","start_offset":85,"end_offset":89}],"relations":[{"id":1592,"from_id":3616,"to_id":3617,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7588,"text":"\"the results support our conclusion that costly aggressive behaviour has intrinsic reward value under conditions in which it is retaliatory, possibly as an attempt to regulate another's \"\"unfair\"\" behaviour (cyberball exclusion or psap provocation).\";;","entities":[{"id":7969,"label":"effect","start_offset":41,"end_offset":95},{"id":7971,"label":"cause","start_offset":128,"end_offset":206}],"relations":[{"id":3580,"from_id":7971,"to_id":7969,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9642,"text":"The findings provided evidence for this assumption.;;","entities":[{"id":9968,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":53}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5775,"text":"this presents an increasing challenge when working at scale, since there will be multiple valid perspectives at different levels on what such knowledge could be, while the research also requires coherence overall.;;","entities":[{"id":3293,"label":"cause","start_offset":43,"end_offset":59},{"id":3294,"label":"effect","start_offset":28,"end_offset":37}],"relations":[{"id":1434,"from_id":3293,"to_id":3294,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8930,"text":"A plausible reason for this result is that here incentives are exogenously fixed by a third party with respect to others' behaviour, and hence they do not provide any information about others' motivations.;;","entities":[{"id":9256,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":207}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9475,"text":"Each branch has an list of employees.;;","entities":[{"id":9801,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":39}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6532,"text":"despite the less extreme exclusion procedure applied in our study, we still found markedly significantly negative effects of ostracism after playing cyberball.;;","entities":[{"id":5261,"label":"cause","start_offset":141,"end_offset":159},{"id":5262,"label":"effect","start_offset":105,"end_offset":134}],"relations":[{"id":2365,"from_id":5261,"to_id":5262,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6543,"text":"while standard economic theory would preclude opting-out, it is possible that some individuals dislike the good or charity used in the experiment, such that the restricted choice set makes them opt out.;;","entities":[{"id":5289,"label":"effect","start_offset":161,"end_offset":201},{"id":5290,"label":"cause","start_offset":83,"end_offset":145}],"relations":[{"id":2378,"from_id":5290,"to_id":5289,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6992,"text":"these findings show that video methods in data collection are uniquely suited to the social work discipline's focus on human behavior in the social environment, the nature of human relationships, and the impact of societal-level structures on individual lives.;;","entities":[{"id":6543,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":262}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9180,"text":"In the last five rounds 99 percent of the plays are end-effect plays and 96 percent are cooperative plays.;;","entities":[{"id":9506,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":108}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7641,"text":"\"some qualitative researchers argue that \"\"less is more\"\" in terms of sample size, since depth is more important than breadth [320].\";;","entities":[{"id":8103,"label":"cause","start_offset":89,"end_offset":125},{"id":8104,"label":"effect","start_offset":40,"end_offset":81}],"relations":[{"id":3640,"from_id":8103,"to_id":8104,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8940,"text":"As the analyses exactly mirrored those in Experiment 1, we will report the findings in condensed form.;;","entities":[{"id":9266,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":104}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9329,"text":"In game theory local, random and small-world networks have not been appreciably explored yet, thus exact predictions on how these networks affect play are not available.;;","entities":[{"id":9655,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":171}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5870,"text":"we expected that the interactive effect of inclusionary status and coplayers' group status would be mediated by people's attributions to racism.;;","entities":[{"id":8169,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":146}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6834,"text":"these papers typically assume that-in addition to the forces of individual within-group selection operating against the evolution of the altruistic trait-some sort of cultural evolution or gene-culture co-evolution interacts with selection at the group level to produce strongly reciprocal behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":6117,"label":"cause","start_offset":154,"end_offset":258},{"id":6118,"label":"effect","start_offset":262,"end_offset":298}],"relations":[{"id":2781,"from_id":6117,"to_id":6118,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7057,"text":"ostracism by a computer is sufficient to lower self-reported levels of belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence.;;","entities":[{"id":6707,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":23},{"id":6708,"label":"effect","start_offset":41,"end_offset":80},{"id":6709,"label":"effect","start_offset":82,"end_offset":89},{"id":6710,"label":"effect","start_offset":91,"end_offset":102},{"id":6711,"label":"effect","start_offset":108,"end_offset":128}],"relations":[{"id":3034,"from_id":6707,"to_id":6708,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3035,"from_id":6707,"to_id":6709,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3036,"from_id":6707,"to_id":6710,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3037,"from_id":6707,"to_id":6711,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9267,"text":"Students were aged between 19 and 25 years (the legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 years in the United Kingdom), and 86% were Caucasian.;;","entities":[{"id":9593,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5720,"text":"\"first, participants in the lab are not likely to be close and communal with relative strangers (whereas they might respond communally automatically to other close partners; see h\u00e4fner & ijzerman, 2011).\";;","entities":[{"id":3159,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":204}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9551,"text":"Social value orientation does not moderate these effects.;;","entities":[{"id":9877,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":59}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6653,"text":"and halevy, weisel, & bornstein (2012) by showing that for all degrees of enmity, and even for morality-based outgroups, contributions in the ipd are lower than in the ipd-md games.;;","entities":[{"id":5612,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":183}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6759,"text":"ostracism, being ignored and excluded, is a common social experience that threatens fundamental human needs (i.e., belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence).;;","entities":[{"id":5920,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":9},{"id":5921,"label":"effect","start_offset":74,"end_offset":107}],"relations":[{"id":2683,"from_id":5920,"to_id":5921,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8678,"text":"At the beginning of each period, each group member is endowed with 20 units.;;","entities":[{"id":9004,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":78}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7125,"text":"due to limited time and inexperience of the peer researchers, the research team facilitated the grouping of information by supplying a list of predetermined themes to consider.;;","entities":[{"id":6875,"label":"cause","start_offset":7,"end_offset":19},{"id":6876,"label":"cause","start_offset":24,"end_offset":60},{"id":6877,"label":"effect","start_offset":123,"end_offset":175},{"id":6878,"label":"cause","start_offset":123,"end_offset":175},{"id":6879,"label":"effect","start_offset":66,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[{"id":3116,"from_id":6878,"to_id":6879,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3117,"from_id":6875,"to_id":6877,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3118,"from_id":6876,"to_id":6877,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6522,"text":"willingness to cooperate with other parties can smooth and expedite the path to consensus.;;","entities":[{"id":5235,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":43},{"id":5236,"label":"effect","start_offset":72,"end_offset":89}],"relations":[{"id":2354,"from_id":5235,"to_id":5236,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9159,"text":"In the first stage of the experiment, subjects contribute voluntarily to a public good.;;","entities":[{"id":9485,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":89}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9233,"text":"Rilling, Sanfey, Aronson, Nystrom, and Cohen (2004) found that brain areas activated by social dilemma games overlap with areas activated by of.;;","entities":[{"id":9559,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":146}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6663,"text":"this paper's key conjecture is that the difference in the observed patterns of cooperation in the vcm game and the cpr game is caused by the nature of the strategic interaction.;;","entities":[{"id":5644,"label":"cause","start_offset":141,"end_offset":176},{"id":5645,"label":"effect","start_offset":40,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[{"id":2550,"from_id":5644,"to_id":5645,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7417,"text":"therefore, institutional incentives are more powerful than peer incentives in promoting cooperation because the incentive institutions work although not all defectors are punished.;;","entities":[{"id":7581,"label":"cause","start_offset":112,"end_offset":179},{"id":7582,"label":"effect","start_offset":11,"end_offset":99}],"relations":[{"id":3422,"from_id":7581,"to_id":7582,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9605,"text":"The purpose of our research was to examine basic questions concerning the performance of groups across different types of decision-making tasks.;;","entities":[{"id":9931,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":146}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7624,"text":"together these three experiments 51 have generated the first empirical evidence showing discrimination enhances belonging, and that threatened belonging leads to increased intergroup discrimination.;;","entities":[{"id":8052,"label":"cause","start_offset":88,"end_offset":102},{"id":8053,"label":"effect","start_offset":103,"end_offset":121},{"id":8054,"label":"cause","start_offset":132,"end_offset":152},{"id":8960,"label":"effect","start_offset":162,"end_offset":197}],"relations":[{"id":3617,"from_id":8052,"to_id":8053,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4134,"from_id":8054,"to_id":8960,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5991,"text":"ostracism by a computer lowers belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence.;;","entities":[{"id":3855,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":23},{"id":3856,"label":"effect","start_offset":31,"end_offset":40},{"id":3857,"label":"effect","start_offset":42,"end_offset":50},{"id":3858,"label":"effect","start_offset":51,"end_offset":62},{"id":3859,"label":"effect","start_offset":68,"end_offset":88}],"relations":[{"id":1712,"from_id":3855,"to_id":3856,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1713,"from_id":3855,"to_id":3857,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1714,"from_id":3855,"to_id":3858,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1715,"from_id":3855,"to_id":3859,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6720,"text":"this strategy effectively reduces multi col linearity problems by reducing the correlation between each of the main effects with the interaction variable in the regression equation (aiken & west, 1991).;;","entities":[{"id":5801,"label":"cause","start_offset":66,"end_offset":180},{"id":5802,"label":"effect","start_offset":26,"end_offset":62}],"relations":[{"id":2626,"from_id":5801,"to_id":5802,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6935,"text":"\"this entails an emotional pressure which, if not paced, can become out of control and rapidly cause fatigue and stress, and escalate to burnout (bayhan karapinar et al., 2016; waddill\u2010goad, 2019).\";;","entities":[{"id":6363,"label":"cause","start_offset":17,"end_offset":55},{"id":6364,"label":"effect","start_offset":61,"end_offset":82},{"id":6366,"label":"effect","start_offset":125,"end_offset":144},{"id":6367,"label":"effect","start_offset":101,"end_offset":108},{"id":6368,"label":"effect","start_offset":113,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[{"id":2886,"from_id":6363,"to_id":6364,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2888,"from_id":6363,"to_id":6367,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2889,"from_id":6363,"to_id":6368,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2890,"from_id":6363,"to_id":6366,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6299,"text":"this is facilitated by the fact that group living not only provides resources for survival, but also provides access to a stable pool of potential mating partners (schaller, park, and kenrick, 2007).;;","entities":[{"id":4650,"label":"cause","start_offset":37,"end_offset":49},{"id":4651,"label":"effect","start_offset":59,"end_offset":90},{"id":4652,"label":"effect","start_offset":101,"end_offset":162}],"relations":[{"id":2077,"from_id":4650,"to_id":4651,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2078,"from_id":4650,"to_id":4652,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9361,"text":"These choices are made in a nonstrategic setting (i.e., the combinations of outcomes are in no way related to possible actions of the other-they only depend on what the participant chooses).;;","entities":[{"id":9687,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":192}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7200,"text":"although there are conflicting results, a mix of evidence suggests that in some situations, prosocial behaviors or behaviors that may result in increased social connection (e.g., obedience, riva, williams, torstrick, & montali, 2014) can be a result of rejection (for a review, see williams & warburton, 2005).;;","entities":[{"id":7055,"label":"cause","start_offset":92,"end_offset":124},{"id":7056,"label":"effect","start_offset":144,"end_offset":171},{"id":7057,"label":"cause","start_offset":253,"end_offset":262},{"id":8782,"label":"effect","start_offset":92,"end_offset":124}],"relations":[{"id":3191,"from_id":7055,"to_id":7056,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4040,"from_id":7057,"to_id":8782,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6712,"text":"compared to control condition and acceptance conditions, social exclusion led to perceiving life as less meaningful.;;","entities":[{"id":5778,"label":"cause","start_offset":57,"end_offset":73},{"id":5779,"label":"effect","start_offset":81,"end_offset":115}],"relations":[{"id":2615,"from_id":5778,"to_id":5779,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8654,"text":"This suggests that it is likely that when adapting expectations subjects take all former observations into account, not only the most recent observation.;;","entities":[{"id":8980,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":155}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7084,"text":"first, the internal organization of web newsrooms (in particular the division of labor between editors and journalists) partly determines who is responsible for maximizing traffic.;;","entities":[{"id":6788,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":182}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6573,"text":"conclusions feedback suggests that the training enabled ppi partners to become active members of the research team in qualitative data analysis.;;","entities":[{"id":5357,"label":"cause","start_offset":39,"end_offset":68},{"id":5358,"label":"effect","start_offset":72,"end_offset":143}],"relations":[{"id":2409,"from_id":5357,"to_id":5358,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5890,"text":"since first-mover cooperation is a kind move, reciprocal second movers should then be kinder (more cooperative) than predicted by their \u03b2. our result suggests the opposite.;;","entities":[{"id":3578,"label":"cause","start_offset":6,"end_offset":44},{"id":8175,"label":"effect","start_offset":57,"end_offset":92}],"relations":[{"id":3689,"from_id":3578,"to_id":8175,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7329,"text":"other authors have reported [34] that different game structures can lead to different levels of cooperation and earning seems to have different effects in dictator and trust games [21,47].;;","entities":[{"id":7387,"label":"cause","start_offset":38,"end_offset":63},{"id":7388,"label":"effect","start_offset":76,"end_offset":107},{"id":7389,"label":"cause","start_offset":112,"end_offset":126},{"id":7390,"label":"effect","start_offset":134,"end_offset":179}],"relations":[{"id":3343,"from_id":7387,"to_id":7388,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3344,"from_id":7389,"to_id":7390,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9107,"text":"Whether out-group hate will emerge in the IPD-MD when the perceived target of threat is the group (e.g., using the Comparison frame) is up for future experiments to determine.;;","entities":[{"id":9433,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":177}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9647,"text":"In this sense taking was a free operant.;;","entities":[{"id":9973,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":42}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5851,"text":"that is, players do not seem to be more likely to cooperate if their opponent might be expected to cooperate.;;","entities":[{"id":3488,"label":"effect","start_offset":9,"end_offset":59},{"id":3489,"label":"cause","start_offset":63,"end_offset":108}],"relations":[{"id":1527,"from_id":3489,"to_id":3488,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5763,"text":"after participants had received bogus feedback about the harvesting decisions of a specific group member (i.e., 150 harvester vs. 100 harvester), they were asked to what extent they blamed this group member for the overuse.;;","entities":[{"id":3261,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":223}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9095,"text":"Differences are also significant under the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the Kolgomorov-Smirnov test.;;","entities":[{"id":9421,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":100}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7499,"text":"this is congruent with the purpose of phenomenology to embrace the details of an individual's expressed experiences, describe them and understand their meaning rather than explore how those experiences are conveyed or what dialectical exchange influences those expressions.;;","entities":[{"id":7761,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":275}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7333,"text":"results of the mediation analyses are further consistent with the possibility that the social support non correspondence interaction was mediated by max rel, or participants' concern for maximizing the relative outcomes of their group.;;","entities":[{"id":8859,"label":"cause","start_offset":87,"end_offset":182},{"id":8860,"label":"effect","start_offset":187,"end_offset":234}],"relations":[{"id":4077,"from_id":8859,"to_id":8860,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9091,"text":"three of these actors made all other decisions as instructed.;;","entities":[{"id":9417,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":63}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8669,"text":"Both groups one and two rated the confederate as more trustworthy than did group three.;;","entities":[{"id":8995,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":89}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8714,"text":"Simon G\/ichter is a professor of economics at the University of St. Gallen in Switzerland.;;","entities":[{"id":9040,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":92}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6030,"text":"manipulation checks and expectarions manipulation checks were designed to ascertain whether subjects (1) perceived the give-some game as involving losses and the take-some game as involving gains, and (2) were more risk seeking in give-some games than in take-some games.;;","entities":[{"id":3952,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":273}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9661,"text":"Still, legitimacy is regarded to be an important factor when considering people's willingness to cooperate, at least when considering irrigation management.;;","entities":[{"id":9987,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":158}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7111,"text":"optimism was measured, as it seems likely that being optimistic would be associated with the view that one's life has meaning, whereas pessimism might be associated with the opposite view.;;","entities":[{"id":6841,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":190}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6675,"text":"shame arises after a negative evaluation of the self, reflecting the appraisal that something is wrong or defective with one's core self (lewis, 1971).;;","entities":[{"id":5676,"label":"cause","start_offset":21,"end_offset":52},{"id":5677,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":5}],"relations":[{"id":2565,"from_id":5676,"to_id":5677,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7258,"text":"tversky and kahneman (1974) demonstrated that in situations of uncertainty, people use cognitive heuristics to make decisions.;;","entities":[{"id":8812,"label":"cause","start_offset":49,"end_offset":74},{"id":8813,"label":"effect","start_offset":76,"end_offset":125}],"relations":[{"id":4054,"from_id":8812,"to_id":8813,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8811,"text":"Policies that educate decision-makers on what to look for in a partner could benefit decision-makers.;;","entities":[{"id":9137,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":103}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6025,"text":"we did find that knowledge of game theory had a positive effect on the probability of cooperation (p = 0.009).;;","entities":[{"id":3941,"label":"cause","start_offset":17,"end_offset":41},{"id":3942,"label":"effect","start_offset":71,"end_offset":97}],"relations":[{"id":1754,"from_id":3941,"to_id":3942,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6285,"text":"given the ceiling selling price of rm25,000 (usd12,500), the housing developers need to subsidize a net rm100,000 (usd25,000) per unit built.;;","entities":[{"id":4614,"label":"cause","start_offset":10,"end_offset":55},{"id":4615,"label":"effect","start_offset":88,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[{"id":2059,"from_id":4614,"to_id":4615,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5755,"text":"a in group 12, although the contribution ratio does not change, cooperation collapses with all contributing 0 after period 14 (and except period 16).;;","entities":[{"id":3239,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":149}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9376,"text":"level; further, although Take-Some is significantly different from both Roulette and Matrix, these last two game formats are only marginally significantly different from each other (.05 < p < .10).;;","entities":[{"id":9702,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":199}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5973,"text":"rug gier i psy uni be ch responded more negatively to being excluded from a ball-tossing game (cyberball: williams, cheung, & choi, 2000) than their non-victimized peers.;;","entities":[{"id":3803,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":172}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9366,"text":"Other OSS licenses, such as the BSD License, are less restrictive or, in other words, allow copies and derivatives to be used in proprietary software as long as the authors are acknowledged (see, e.g., http:\/\/www.openbsd.org\/policy.html).;;","entities":[{"id":9692,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":240}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9669,"text":"All group members had a \"personal fund\" consisting of five tickets for each decision.;;","entities":[{"id":9995,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":87}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9598,"text":"Hence, we are somewhat reluctant with respect to the added value of such a replication.;;","entities":[{"id":9924,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":89}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6240,"text":"because belongingness is vital (baumeister & leary, 1995) and social exclusion thwarts the need to belong (williams, 2007), people are especially motivated to reconnect with others after being socially excluded (maner, dewall, baumeister, & schaller, 2007).;;","entities":[{"id":4508,"label":"cause","start_offset":8,"end_offset":30},{"id":4509,"label":"cause","start_offset":63,"end_offset":105},{"id":4510,"label":"effect","start_offset":124,"end_offset":210}],"relations":[{"id":2015,"from_id":4508,"to_id":4510,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2016,"from_id":4509,"to_id":4510,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8681,"text":"In the ultimatum game, these roles are referred to as (2) proposer and (3) responder.;;","entities":[{"id":9007,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":87}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6828,"text":"clearly, additional focused research will be needed to understand when and why ostracism sometimes undercuts and sometimes enhances group members' task motivation.;;","entities":[{"id":8627,"label":"cause","start_offset":79,"end_offset":88},{"id":8629,"label":"effect","start_offset":123,"end_offset":162}],"relations":[{"id":3962,"from_id":8627,"to_id":8629,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7204,"text":"editors could also introduce more stringent means of monitoring the ever-increasing use of quotes as research titles now appearing in academic journals.;;","entities":[{"id":8783,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":154}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6899,"text":"there was one occasion when the interview went longer than expected and i could not make a call to my friend (a contact person) due to a power outage, disrupting the network for the phone service.;;","entities":[{"id":6274,"label":"cause","start_offset":32,"end_offset":67},{"id":6276,"label":"cause","start_offset":137,"end_offset":149},{"id":6277,"label":"effect","start_offset":151,"end_offset":195},{"id":6278,"label":"effect","start_offset":71,"end_offset":108},{"id":6279,"label":"effect","start_offset":5,"end_offset":22},{"id":6280,"label":"cause","start_offset":151,"end_offset":195}],"relations":[{"id":2847,"from_id":6274,"to_id":6279,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2849,"from_id":6276,"to_id":6277,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2850,"from_id":6280,"to_id":6278,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8766,"text":"Critically, religiosity was not related to greater compassion after controlling for positive affect and spirituality (r \u03ed \u03ea.05, p \u03fe .10).;;","entities":[{"id":9092,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":139}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9559,"text":"In this section we describe a computer model of decision-making ( de Melo, Carnevale, Antos, & Gratch, 2011) that takes into account the counterpart's emotion displays and replicates findings from the first two studies reported in the previous chapter.;;","entities":[{"id":9885,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":254}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6422,"text":"by contrast, in a sh, a non-best response can involve play of both x and y, depending on beliefs.;;","entities":[{"id":4982,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":99}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7110,"text":"games 2011, 2 445 6. conclusions in the experimental literature on pgg, repetition of the one-shot game has been shown to decrease contributions.;;","entities":[{"id":6839,"label":"cause","start_offset":72,"end_offset":103},{"id":8731,"label":"effect","start_offset":131,"end_offset":144}],"relations":[{"id":4013,"from_id":6839,"to_id":8731,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9088,"text":"Greed should also be related to impulsiveness and selfcontrol.;;","entities":[{"id":9414,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":64}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7313,"text":"confirming whether that distinction and the more general discrimination between different types of information make a difference in terms of cooperation in social dilemmas justifies further research.;;","entities":[{"id":8845,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":171},{"id":8846,"label":"effect","start_offset":172,"end_offset":198}],"relations":[{"id":4071,"from_id":8845,"to_id":8846,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7308,"text":"implications for description as noted previously, providing richer context is important in the selection as well as the reuse process for qualitative data.;;","entities":[{"id":7309,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":157}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6482,"text":"my consistent over-riding experience was that i did not fit in as a researcher focused on evaluation of relational therapeutic practice with children and families.;;","entities":[{"id":5134,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":165}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6464,"text":"when transgressions occur, individuals typically react with negative thoughts toward the transgressor, the situation, and even themselves.;;","entities":[{"id":5087,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":25},{"id":5089,"label":"effect","start_offset":49,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[{"id":2286,"from_id":5087,"to_id":5089,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5790,"text":"when these needs are lacking individuals experience pathological effects that are more significant than an impulsive distress response (baumeister & leary, 1995).;;","entities":[{"id":3324,"label":"cause","start_offset":11,"end_offset":28},{"id":3325,"label":"effect","start_offset":41,"end_offset":72}],"relations":[{"id":1447,"from_id":3324,"to_id":3325,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6508,"text":"\"furthermore, if participants are interested in the research topic or consider the research question to be important, they are more inclined to enroll (clark, 2010; keightley et al., 2014).\";;","entities":[{"id":5200,"label":"cause","start_offset":17,"end_offset":116},{"id":5201,"label":"effect","start_offset":132,"end_offset":150}],"relations":[{"id":2338,"from_id":5200,"to_id":5201,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9416,"text":"Future research is urged to examine whether our findings can be generalized to other types of social dilemmas that are prevalent in our society, and which form this acceptance will take.;;","entities":[{"id":9742,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":188}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7296,"text":"furthermore, the immediate distress of ostracism is accompanied by threats to at least four fundamental needs: belonging, self-esteem, control, and meaningful existence.;;","entities":[{"id":7289,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":171}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8828,"text":"In our baseline, subjects are given an opportunity to \"vote\" to expel members out of the group after viewing contribution history from the previous 5 periods.;;","entities":[{"id":9154,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":160}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6033,"text":"prospective reflexivity seeks to help researchers grow their capacity to understand the significance of the knowledge, feelings and values that they brought into the field, the analytical lens they chose to use, and how this impacts findings (attia and edge 2017).;;","entities":[{"id":3957,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":23},{"id":3958,"label":"effect","start_offset":61,"end_offset":117},{"id":3959,"label":"effect","start_offset":119,"end_offset":171},{"id":3960,"label":"effect","start_offset":177,"end_offset":211},{"id":3962,"label":"effect","start_offset":216,"end_offset":241}],"relations":[{"id":1761,"from_id":3957,"to_id":3958,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1762,"from_id":3957,"to_id":3959,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1763,"from_id":3957,"to_id":3960,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1764,"from_id":3957,"to_id":3962,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5696,"text":"the trustworthiness of preexisting data is often questioned by opponents of the method, perhaps because the reliability and validity cannot be addressed in the same manner as quantitative data (shenton, 2004).;;","entities":[{"id":3109,"label":"cause","start_offset":109,"end_offset":192},{"id":3110,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":59}],"relations":[{"id":1350,"from_id":3109,"to_id":3110,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9283,"text":"High and low dogmatism was defined by a median split of the scores.;;","entities":[{"id":9609,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":69}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6226,"text":"as leading medical journals such as bmc public health also publish open access study protocols before receiving the final results of the study, this provides an avenue for creating publication incentives for academics to provide access to the initial designs of their studies.;;","entities":[{"id":4482,"label":"cause","start_offset":59,"end_offset":142},{"id":4483,"label":"effect","start_offset":149,"end_offset":275}],"relations":[{"id":2006,"from_id":4482,"to_id":4483,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8663,"text":"When the first part of the experiment was over, each subject was required to answer a computerized questionnaire, the purpose of which was to assess the subject's utility function over the range [0, IS 201.;;","entities":[{"id":8989,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":208}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6986,"text":"these tools encouraged creativity and clarity as students made sense of and worked to share, visually and verbally, their experiences.;;","entities":[{"id":6528,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":11},{"id":6529,"label":"effect","start_offset":23,"end_offset":33},{"id":6530,"label":"effect","start_offset":38,"end_offset":45},{"id":6532,"label":"effect","start_offset":58,"end_offset":133},{"id":6533,"label":"cause","start_offset":58,"end_offset":133}],"relations":[{"id":2958,"from_id":6528,"to_id":6532,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2959,"from_id":6533,"to_id":6530,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2960,"from_id":6533,"to_id":6529,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9537,"text":"This main effect was qualified by the interaction reported below.;;","entities":[{"id":9863,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":67}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7242,"text":"\"noc, m. and \u017eumer, m. (2014), \"\"eliciting mental models of music resources: a research agenda\"\", information research, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":7154,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":127}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6944,"text":"women generally do not own livestock, but may acquire some as gifts from their fathers or close friends, in dowry, in bridewealth payments, and occasionally in trade.;;","entities":[{"id":6393,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":168}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9503,"text":"Reflexive control can be interpreted as the amount that a person can guarantee her or himself (payoff to self in Pruitt's DPD, Table 3a).;;","entities":[{"id":9829,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":139}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6827,"text":"we find that within-group cooperation is greater when the in-group has a shared experience of conflict than when the mlpg game is played without any prior history, while between-group cooperation is lower when two groups have previously been in conflict.;;","entities":[{"id":6095,"label":"effect","start_offset":13,"end_offset":48},{"id":6096,"label":"cause","start_offset":57,"end_offset":162},{"id":6097,"label":"effect","start_offset":170,"end_offset":204},{"id":6098,"label":"cause","start_offset":210,"end_offset":253}],"relations":[{"id":2770,"from_id":6096,"to_id":6095,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2771,"from_id":6098,"to_id":6097,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7509,"text":"therefore, individuals may actually increase (rather than decrease) cooperation when they anticipate barriers to success so as to counteract the effect of upcoming barriers.;;","entities":[{"id":7792,"label":"cause","start_offset":85,"end_offset":172},{"id":7793,"label":"effect","start_offset":11,"end_offset":80}],"relations":[{"id":3507,"from_id":7792,"to_id":7793,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8956,"text":"Following this example, 28 choice situations were presented and the participant was asked to choose the preferred alternative in each of these situations.;;","entities":[{"id":9282,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":156}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8822,"text":"The variability in ultimatum game behavior across the groups in our study is larger than that previously observed in large-scale, industrialized societies (e.g., Camerer 2003, Ch. 2).;;","entities":[{"id":9148,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":185}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7253,"text":"selfish behavior is not an explanation for why attractive people make more money.;;","entities":[{"id":7179,"label":"effect","start_offset":47,"end_offset":81},{"id":7180,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":16}],"relations":[{"id":3249,"from_id":7180,"to_id":7179,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6477,"text":"the future-life and cyberball paradigms differ in a variety of ways, any one of which might explain why exclusion in the former results in emotional numbing whereas exclusion in the latter results in emotional distress.;;","entities":[{"id":5120,"label":"cause","start_offset":104,"end_offset":127},{"id":5121,"label":"effect","start_offset":139,"end_offset":156},{"id":5122,"label":"cause","start_offset":165,"end_offset":188},{"id":5123,"label":"effect","start_offset":200,"end_offset":218}],"relations":[{"id":2303,"from_id":5120,"to_id":5121,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2304,"from_id":5122,"to_id":5123,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7521,"text":"uncertainty and social dilemmas in the typical social dilemma experiment, group members make their decisions privately and anonymously, and group members are never informed about their fellow group members' decisions.;;","entities":[{"id":7819,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":219}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6897,"text":"\"reaching health service managers with research\"\", information research, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":6269,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":80}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6957,"text":"despite the fact that fewer sanctions are applied and therefore sanctioning costs are lower under bp than under mp, bp results in higher average contributions.;;","entities":[{"id":6442,"label":"cause","start_offset":22,"end_offset":49},{"id":6448,"label":"effect","start_offset":64,"end_offset":91},{"id":6449,"label":"cause","start_offset":116,"end_offset":118},{"id":6450,"label":"effect","start_offset":137,"end_offset":158}],"relations":[{"id":2924,"from_id":6449,"to_id":6450,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2925,"from_id":6442,"to_id":6448,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6845,"text":"the notion that researchers can 'protect' participants by keeping their identity a secret is particularly likely to be problematic in participatory action research (par), a paradigm for conducting scientific enquiry in equitable partnership with members of a marginalized community (yanar et al., 2016).;;","entities":[{"id":6144,"label":"effect","start_offset":15,"end_offset":54},{"id":6145,"label":"cause","start_offset":58,"end_offset":89},{"id":6146,"label":"effect","start_offset":119,"end_offset":169}],"relations":[{"id":2789,"from_id":6145,"to_id":6144,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2790,"from_id":6145,"to_id":6146,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8703,"text":".MONITOR: show PAYOFFS TABLE in poster and distribute PAYOFFS TABLE to participants. .;;","entities":[{"id":9029,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":88}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6407,"text":"first, prior work has shown them to differ on their perceived severity as well as to result in different outcomes for at least one dependent variable (i.e., physical pain sensitivity, see bernstein & claypool, 2012).;;","entities":[{"id":4946,"label":"cause","start_offset":28,"end_offset":33},{"id":4947,"label":"effect","start_offset":85,"end_offset":149}],"relations":[{"id":2213,"from_id":4946,"to_id":4947,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6651,"text":"at universities where there may not be faculty with training in qualitative methods, but who have students who want to do this kind of work, the broader cscw and hci research community has an opportunity to help train those students through the publication process.;;","entities":[{"id":5607,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":267}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9572,"text":"n-i D= an k+1 k J a-P)fn-k-lan-k;;","entities":[{"id":9898,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":34}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5996,"text":"sharing and maximizing mutual gains, on the other hand, could certainly explain the higher level of cooperation in sweden.;;","entities":[{"id":3868,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":35},{"id":3869,"label":"effect","start_offset":91,"end_offset":121}],"relations":[{"id":1720,"from_id":3868,"to_id":3869,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5825,"text":"therefore, it may not be amiss to nssume that the expected monetary gains influence players in much tlie same way as non probabilistic monetary payoffs.;;","entities":[{"id":3419,"label":"cause","start_offset":50,"end_offset":73},{"id":8154,"label":"effect","start_offset":74,"end_offset":104}],"relations":[{"id":3678,"from_id":3419,"to_id":8154,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9252,"text":"But these may be the same social effects that institutions, like charitable fund-raising, are manipulating to help overcome free riding and to promote economic efficiency.;;","entities":[{"id":9578,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":173}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8900,"text":"In the reward-punish condition, more participants provided first-order rewards to the cooperators than to the defector (35\/40 vs. 8\/40, respectively), 2 (1, N \u03ed 40) \u03ed 83.08, p \u03fd .0001,;;","entities":[{"id":9226,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":186}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7582,"text":"thus, our expectation was that the mechanism by which social exclusion reduces meaning would be by reducing the sense of having purpose, efficacy, value, and positive self-worth.;;","entities":[{"id":7951,"label":"cause","start_offset":99,"end_offset":177},{"id":7952,"label":"cause","start_offset":54,"end_offset":70},{"id":7953,"label":"effect","start_offset":99,"end_offset":177},{"id":7955,"label":"effect","start_offset":71,"end_offset":86}],"relations":[{"id":3573,"from_id":7952,"to_id":7953,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3574,"from_id":7951,"to_id":7955,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6235,"text":"when one faction's power is disproportionately greater than that of a competing faction, using extreme measures may become a rational choice for members of the latter who see no realistic way of improving their standing through accepted political means (atran, 2003).;;","entities":[{"id":4498,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":87},{"id":4499,"label":"effect","start_offset":89,"end_offset":252}],"relations":[{"id":2010,"from_id":4498,"to_id":4499,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6366,"text":"it was predicted that neurotic is m linked differences in appraisal would be obtained when ostracism is ambiguous.;;","entities":[{"id":4842,"label":"cause","start_offset":91,"end_offset":113},{"id":4843,"label":"effect","start_offset":22,"end_offset":85}],"relations":[{"id":2168,"from_id":4842,"to_id":4843,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6567,"text":"however, in other situations employing a covert research method may have more serious, unintended long-term negative effects.;;","entities":[{"id":5342,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":63},{"id":8541,"label":"effect","start_offset":87,"end_offset":124}],"relations":[{"id":3901,"from_id":5342,"to_id":8541,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6102,"text":"\"during this developmental stage, the social focus switches from parent-centered to more peer-centered relationships, and the majority of social support is gained from peers (storch et al., 2005; sullivan et al., 2006).\";;","entities":[{"id":4156,"label":"cause","start_offset":12,"end_offset":32},{"id":4157,"label":"effect","start_offset":38,"end_offset":116},{"id":4160,"label":"effect","start_offset":138,"end_offset":173}],"relations":[{"id":1856,"from_id":4156,"to_id":4157,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1858,"from_id":4156,"to_id":4160,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6701,"text":"furthermore, he suggested that after people are ostracized, their basic needs for belonging, self-esteem, control, and meaningfulness are threatened and that during the reflective stage, people behave in ways designed to recoup threatened needs.;;","entities":[{"id":5745,"label":"cause","start_offset":36,"end_offset":58},{"id":5746,"label":"effect","start_offset":60,"end_offset":148},{"id":5747,"label":"cause","start_offset":60,"end_offset":148},{"id":5748,"label":"effect","start_offset":187,"end_offset":244}],"relations":[{"id":2601,"from_id":5747,"to_id":5748,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2602,"from_id":5745,"to_id":5746,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6373,"text":"qualitative researchers often refrain from disclosing such data in their own studies, and so such information might be standardly redacted, removed, or otherwise edited out of shared data.;;","entities":[{"id":4855,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":84},{"id":4857,"label":"effect","start_offset":93,"end_offset":187}],"relations":[{"id":2174,"from_id":4855,"to_id":4857,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6981,"text":"this finding may reflect some degree of vulnerability display following social exclusion.;;","entities":[{"id":6510,"label":"effect","start_offset":72,"end_offset":88},{"id":6511,"label":"cause","start_offset":25,"end_offset":53}],"relations":[{"id":2948,"from_id":6511,"to_id":6510,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6471,"text":"taking-it-back practices, in particular, must be congruent with needs, expectations of communities and participants if they are to authentically support and be supported by member checking and dissemination strategies.;;","entities":[{"id":8505,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":115},{"id":8506,"label":"cause","start_offset":131,"end_offset":152},{"id":8508,"label":"cause","start_offset":160,"end_offset":217}],"relations":[{"id":3877,"from_id":8506,"to_id":8505,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3878,"from_id":8508,"to_id":8505,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7289,"text":"in sum, although our participants were never in any real danger, we propose that our symbolic survival threat sends a powerful message that requires not much cogni\u00ad tive processing to infer that it is actually a good thing to be ostracized from cyberbomb.;;","entities":[{"id":7269,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":257}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6290,"text":"a simplified team game where each player faces a binary choice between a costly and a noncostly action (contributing or not contributing) is referred to as a participation game.;;","entities":[{"id":4623,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":179}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6289,"text":"\"open sharing of data on close relationships and other sensitive social psychological topics: challenges, tools, and future directions\"\", advances in methods and practices in psychological science, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":4622,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":205}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5782,"text":"the added value of the tool largely consists in raising reviewer awareness and heightening attention to certain considerations and provisions in regulations (such as use of deception) more commonly in play when reviewing social and behavioral research.;;","entities":[{"id":7328,"label":"cause","start_offset":19,"end_offset":28},{"id":7329,"label":"effect","start_offset":48,"end_offset":74},{"id":7330,"label":"effect","start_offset":79,"end_offset":126},{"id":8146,"label":"effect","start_offset":131,"end_offset":156}],"relations":[{"id":3315,"from_id":7328,"to_id":7329,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3316,"from_id":7328,"to_id":7330,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3671,"from_id":7328,"to_id":8146,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9490,"text":"All the players in that group will simply keep their original money -(400 riels\/ 20 bahts).;;","entities":[{"id":9816,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":93}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6497,"text":"however, it is equally important to report that one participant in the longitudinal study chose to discontinue their participation in the uk's second wave due to the additional strain on their time, which they preferred to spend with family, and recalling what they found to be traumatic memories.;;","entities":[{"id":5172,"label":"effect","start_offset":48,"end_offset":154},{"id":5173,"label":"cause","start_offset":166,"end_offset":197}],"relations":[{"id":2325,"from_id":5173,"to_id":5172,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6428,"text":"when these high cooperation rates had stabilized, contribution rates to a sanctioning system disappeared.;;","entities":[{"id":4992,"label":"cause","start_offset":11,"end_offset":48},{"id":4994,"label":"effect","start_offset":50,"end_offset":104}],"relations":[{"id":2235,"from_id":4992,"to_id":4994,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8935,"text":"Table 6 presents the results of this analysis, where the dependent variable, y jtcs , is defined as the total number of tokens requested by each individual in a given period.;;","entities":[{"id":9261,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":176}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5898,"text":"when information provision is incomplete and players can't link contributions to player type, low productivity types contribute significantly more than high types.;;","entities":[{"id":3597,"label":"effect","start_offset":94,"end_offset":162},{"id":3598,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":40},{"id":3599,"label":"cause","start_offset":45,"end_offset":92}],"relations":[{"id":1582,"from_id":3598,"to_id":3597,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1583,"from_id":3599,"to_id":3597,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8799,"text":"Although 11 out of 15 depressed patients met the DSM-IV criteria for MDD in the latter study, using the BDI scores to define whether a participant is depressed, can lead to a biased representation of the patient sample.;;","entities":[{"id":9125,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":221}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5765,"text":"the fi nding that dyads were indistinguishable from larger groups is consistent with the view that dyads are groups, at least in terms of their behavior in these mixed motive interactions.;;","entities":[{"id":3265,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":188}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8989,"text":"It is perhaps surprising that, even among a population that often chooses not to maximize pecuniary rewards, preferences are stable and behavior consistent.;;","entities":[{"id":9315,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":158}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7351,"text":"panel a shows that there are substantial differences in in-group favoritism between the high-mafia and low-mafia students.;;","entities":[{"id":7440,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":124}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7007,"text":"participants may have unknowingly been a part of the data collection but when or if they are asked to consent to publication there could be a conflict of interest weighted in favor of the author and potential for the abuse of power.;;","entities":[{"id":6584,"label":"effect","start_offset":199,"end_offset":231},{"id":8713,"label":"effect","start_offset":142,"end_offset":194},{"id":8714,"label":"cause","start_offset":93,"end_offset":124}],"relations":[{"id":4002,"from_id":8714,"to_id":8713,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4003,"from_id":8714,"to_id":6584,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9478,"text":"Most are like . . .;;","entities":[{"id":9804,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":21}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6397,"text":"in addition to the desire to maximize raf\u00afe tickets for themselves, they should also want to maximize raf\u00afe tickets for her.;;","entities":[{"id":4922,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":126}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6955,"text":"\"dictators may transform the n-person dictator game into a volunteer's dilemma, helping only if they believe others will not; into an assurance game, helping so long as others help too; or into a prisoner's dilemma, refusing to help when there are others present.\";;","entities":[{"id":6439,"label":"cause","start_offset":238,"end_offset":262},{"id":6440,"label":"effect","start_offset":216,"end_offset":232}],"relations":[{"id":2923,"from_id":6439,"to_id":6440,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7238,"text":"\"another practitioner study avoided defining archives for participants \"\"to ensure they were not led in any particular direction,\"\" and an academic study avoided the term information literacy because \"\"once provided with a definition .\";;","entities":[{"id":8794,"label":"cause","start_offset":202,"end_offset":233},{"id":8795,"label":"effect","start_offset":139,"end_offset":191},{"id":8796,"label":"cause","start_offset":28,"end_offset":70},{"id":8797,"label":"effect","start_offset":76,"end_offset":129}],"relations":[{"id":4045,"from_id":8794,"to_id":8795,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4046,"from_id":8796,"to_id":8797,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6540,"text":"\"ambiguity by itself has been shown to be aversive (edwards, 1998; grieve & hogg, in press; lieberman, cathro, nichol, & watson, 1997), but when linked to ostracism, it can lead to damaging introspections and attributions.\";;","entities":[{"id":5282,"label":"cause","start_offset":1,"end_offset":164},{"id":5283,"label":"effect","start_offset":181,"end_offset":221}],"relations":[{"id":2375,"from_id":5282,"to_id":5283,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6838,"text":"accuracy standards are intended for judging and increasing the accuracy of findings and conclusions, and accountability standards require adequate documentation and reflection of evaluation process and products.;;","entities":[{"id":8637,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":18},{"id":8639,"label":"effect","start_offset":35,"end_offset":99},{"id":8640,"label":"cause","start_offset":138,"end_offset":160},{"id":8641,"label":"cause","start_offset":164,"end_offset":210},{"id":8642,"label":"effect","start_offset":105,"end_offset":129}],"relations":[{"id":3968,"from_id":8637,"to_id":8639,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3969,"from_id":8640,"to_id":8642,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3970,"from_id":8641,"to_id":8642,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7195,"text":"although both words have different connotations, they both help to establish a relationship between the participants as master athletes and their experience with falls.;;","entities":[{"id":7038,"label":"cause","start_offset":49,"end_offset":58},{"id":7039,"label":"effect","start_offset":67,"end_offset":167}],"relations":[{"id":3182,"from_id":7038,"to_id":7039,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5842,"text":"the fact that competition is a catalyst for both harmful and efficiency enhancing motives within organizations means that firms face a complicated decision when thinking about introducing incentives for competitions between teams.;;","entities":[{"id":3461,"label":"cause","start_offset":161,"end_offset":229},{"id":3462,"label":"effect","start_offset":122,"end_offset":155},{"id":3463,"label":"cause","start_offset":14,"end_offset":25},{"id":3464,"label":"effect","start_offset":31,"end_offset":110}],"relations":[{"id":1515,"from_id":3463,"to_id":3464,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1516,"from_id":3462,"to_id":3461,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6151,"text":"the amassed evidence suggests that at all levels of measurement, humans detect and suffer from the most minimal cues of ostracism, supporting our view that ostracism is such a powerful social signal that it produces widespread intrapsychic reactions that serve to mobilize coping responses (see also, panksepp, 2003).;;","entities":[{"id":4282,"label":"cause","start_offset":156,"end_offset":165},{"id":4283,"label":"effect","start_offset":207,"end_offset":249},{"id":4285,"label":"effect","start_offset":255,"end_offset":289},{"id":4286,"label":"cause","start_offset":207,"end_offset":249}],"relations":[{"id":1911,"from_id":4282,"to_id":4283,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1912,"from_id":4286,"to_id":4285,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9592,"text":"Participants were told that each group member possessed a personal endowment of 20 chips (each chip = 5 Eurocents), which they, if they wished to, could contribute.;;","entities":[{"id":9918,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":166}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6857,"text":"public goods are goods that once provided can be consumed by everybody.;;","entities":[{"id":6180,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":73}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6544,"text":"this project might increase the chances of your department acquiring even more and larger grants that would improve the department's prestige and financial situation.;;","entities":[{"id":5291,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":12},{"id":5292,"label":"effect","start_offset":32,"end_offset":165}],"relations":[{"id":2379,"from_id":5291,"to_id":5292,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8774,"text":"In this paper we offer an explanation for this inefficiency and a potential solution by applying a model of focal points due to Sugden (1995).;;","entities":[{"id":9100,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":144}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6703,"text":"in other words, the computer determines the outcome of classic cyberball, but participants are led to believe that their inclusion or exclusion in the game results from the behavior of the other players.;;","entities":[{"id":5753,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":205}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9008,"text":"It is noteworthy that, though implicit (e.g., the IAT) and explicit (e.g., self-reported group identity) tests are generally related, they might not measure the same thing and, thus, tend to have a low correlation with each other [52,53].;;","entities":[{"id":9334,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":240}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6863,"text":"cooperation might not only be motivated by empathy-induced altruistic motivation, but also by motivations like expecting the partner's cooperation.;;","entities":[{"id":6195,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":11},{"id":6196,"label":"cause","start_offset":43,"end_offset":80},{"id":6197,"label":"cause","start_offset":111,"end_offset":146}],"relations":[{"id":2813,"from_id":6196,"to_id":6195,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2814,"from_id":6197,"to_id":6195,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7214,"text":"during the course of the interview with leda and andrik and when viewing verbatim transcription of the interview, a suspicion arose from the researcher that interview segments were being paraphrased and it was not clear whether this served to clarify or distort the questions and\/or responses.;;","entities":[{"id":7088,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":295}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7606,"text":"popularity refers to being liked, supported, or admired to the point where others are willing to provide (sometimes at a cost to themselves) what one needs to flourish in life and protect against unexpected or unwanted events.;;","entities":[{"id":8014,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":228}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8850,"text":"The fear of punishment has a strong positive effect on cooperation as in Ostrom et al. (1992). 1;;","entities":[{"id":9176,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":98}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7142,"text":"second, we wish to present evidence relevant to the claim that communication about noise serves as an effective interpersonal means for reducing detrimental effects of noise.;;","entities":[{"id":6920,"label":"cause","start_offset":62,"end_offset":88},{"id":6921,"label":"effect","start_offset":136,"end_offset":173}],"relations":[{"id":3136,"from_id":6920,"to_id":6921,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9256,"text":"However, the results derived throughout this paper remain unchanged when only overstatements are penalised.;;","entities":[{"id":9582,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":109}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7443,"text":"working with open-ended introductory questions, follow-up questions and cross fertilization was consequently a result of the outcome of the initial interviews i conducted.;;","entities":[{"id":7634,"label":"cause","start_offset":140,"end_offset":170},{"id":7635,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":46},{"id":7636,"label":"effect","start_offset":49,"end_offset":67},{"id":7637,"label":"effect","start_offset":72,"end_offset":91}],"relations":[{"id":3445,"from_id":7634,"to_id":7637,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3446,"from_id":7634,"to_id":7636,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3447,"from_id":7634,"to_id":7635,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7383,"text":"disturbances in social interaction are a defining feature of patients with borderline personality disorder (bpd).;;","entities":[{"id":7508,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":115}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6356,"text":"emerging from earlier emancipatory discourses, conceptions of silence or absence were a punitive effect of domination and penalty.;;","entities":[{"id":4814,"label":"effect","start_offset":47,"end_offset":80},{"id":4815,"label":"cause","start_offset":107,"end_offset":129}],"relations":[{"id":2155,"from_id":4815,"to_id":4814,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9344,"text":"In a series of experiments we invoke impartial decision making via randomizing mechanisms in subjects in a 5-person Prisoner's Dilemma to test a variety of hypotheses related to fairness.;;","entities":[{"id":9670,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":189}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7516,"text":"open access and re-use agendas are part of making this possible, and as peters (2013) argues, also part of a democratising and 'radical non pro prieta ri an ' approach to knowledge.;;","entities":[{"id":7808,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":183}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6041,"text":"in short, the clustering of agent types arising from the geography of reproduction generates intense geographic segregation by pd strategy, such that cooperators will tend strongly to play with other cooperators and defectors with other defectors.;;","entities":[{"id":3980,"label":"cause","start_offset":14,"end_offset":39},{"id":8213,"label":"effect","start_offset":150,"end_offset":246}],"relations":[{"id":3720,"from_id":3980,"to_id":8213,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9077,"text":"We also find that ingroup favoritism is stronger when there is common (vs.;;","entities":[{"id":9403,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":76}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7523,"text":"prior work suggests that social exclusion reduces some meaningful thought, though this has generally not extended to the broad sense of whether life itself is meaningful.;;","entities":[{"id":7822,"label":"cause","start_offset":25,"end_offset":41},{"id":7823,"label":"effect","start_offset":42,"end_offset":73}],"relations":[{"id":3520,"from_id":7822,"to_id":7823,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7562,"text":"chimpanzees apparently have the ability to distinguish group members from strangers, and treat them differentially.;;","entities":[{"id":7911,"label":"cause","start_offset":43,"end_offset":83},{"id":7912,"label":"effect","start_offset":89,"end_offset":114}],"relations":[{"id":3557,"from_id":7911,"to_id":7912,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7385,"text":"although pseudonyms are used to protect the participant's identity, there is still a possibility they could be identified by the details of their experiences in qualitative research.;;","entities":[{"id":7511,"label":"cause","start_offset":129,"end_offset":181},{"id":7513,"label":"effect","start_offset":108,"end_offset":121}],"relations":[{"id":3396,"from_id":7511,"to_id":7513,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9658,"text":"However, because this difference was not significant, t(108) = .74,;;","entities":[{"id":9984,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":69}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5715,"text":"consistent with our finding, leary, haupt, strausser, and chokel (1998) reported that trait self-esteem did not moderate participants' reactions to interpersonal rejection.;;","entities":[{"id":8136,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":174}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7376,"text":"if column makes no concessions to row, he may succeed in convincing row that he will never depart from his dominating strategy choice.;;","entities":[{"id":7489,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":37},{"id":7490,"label":"effect","start_offset":39,"end_offset":133}],"relations":[{"id":3386,"from_id":7489,"to_id":7490,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8725,"text":"To replace the missing data, we used PROC MI, a multiple imputation procedure in SAS, to represent a random sample of the missing values (Rubin, 1996).;;","entities":[{"id":9051,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":153}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9421,"text":"The percentage of female contributors was lower in the group condition (M 5 53%, SD 5 51%) than in the individual condition (M 5 78%, SD 5 42%), w 2 (1, N 5 80) 5 5.71, p rep > .93,;;","entities":[{"id":9747,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":183}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9380,"text":"As a result, we accepted the two-factor model over the one-factor model.;;","entities":[{"id":9706,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":74}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9641,"text":"In nine out of 10 periods (with the exception of Period 2) contributions in the GS-treatment are significantly higher than in the A-treatment (at least at the 5 percent level for onetailed tests).;;","entities":[{"id":9967,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":198}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7235,"text":"in-group exclusion might not always motivate mimicry of a confederate sharing that group membership; there are a number of theoretically interesting variables that could moderate this relationship.;","entities":[{"id":7140,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":198}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7363,"text":"finally, since this small-group task is concerned with group performance it does not seem necessary to try to get along with one another as well.;;","entities":[{"id":7459,"label":"cause","start_offset":20,"end_offset":72},{"id":7460,"label":"effect","start_offset":81,"end_offset":144}],"relations":[{"id":3374,"from_id":7459,"to_id":7460,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8755,"text":"The participants first performed a task that required them to rank order a list of 10 dreams commonly reported by North American college students (Kelly, Jackson, & Hutson-Comeaux, 1997).;;","entities":[{"id":9081,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":189}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7173,"text":"further analyses also showed that individualistic competitive, and cooperative motives at least partially mediated the effect of noise on consumption behavior in a theoretically reasonable manner.;;","entities":[{"id":8759,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":198}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7294,"text":"unfortunately, existing employment demands caused the brokers to reduce their roles within the research collaboration.;;","entities":[{"id":7284,"label":"cause","start_offset":15,"end_offset":42},{"id":7285,"label":"effect","start_offset":54,"end_offset":117}],"relations":[{"id":3295,"from_id":7284,"to_id":7285,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6069,"text":"that is, it is entirely possible that people strongly identify with a religion or a religious group, but do not support fundamentalist beliefs.;;","entities":[{"id":4054,"label":"cause","start_offset":38,"end_offset":99},{"id":4055,"label":"effect","start_offset":112,"end_offset":142}],"relations":[{"id":1807,"from_id":4054,"to_id":4055,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9277,"text":"Following Krull and facfinnon (2001), we tested a cross-level mediation model that corrected bias and used bootstrapped indirect effects to predict mediation of communion in the two dummies that represented our experimental manipulation.;;","entities":[{"id":9603,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":239}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9210,"text":"The number of MUs contributed to the group project by all the subjects was multiplied by the experimenter by factor a (aft), and divided equally among the four group members.;;","entities":[{"id":9536,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":176}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5803,"text":"together, these findings suggest that skin temperature plays a vital role in interpersonal relations.;;","entities":[{"id":8257,"label":"cause","start_offset":38,"end_offset":54},{"id":8258,"label":"effect","start_offset":63,"end_offset":100}],"relations":[{"id":3745,"from_id":8257,"to_id":8258,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9435,"text":"For the SVC procedure, we used anatomical masks (lateral OFG, caudatus) obtained from the WFU fickftlas toolbox [Maldjian et al., 2003], and 20 mm spheres centered on coordinates derived from previous work.;;","entities":[{"id":9761,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":208}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5813,"text":"prosocials, in contrast have internalized the cooperative norm and cooperation is a chronically activated goal.;;","entities":[{"id":3389,"label":"effect","start_offset":29,"end_offset":78},{"id":3390,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":10}],"relations":[{"id":1483,"from_id":3390,"to_id":3389,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9183,"text":"Conversely, in stage 2 SVO does not have statistically significant predictive power for women.;;","entities":[{"id":9509,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":96}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8882,"text":"This was followed by a brief multiple-choice test regarding t Subjects' responses were corrected and discussed.;;","entities":[{"id":9208,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":113}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8723,"text":"All but two (which are not significant) are of the sign predicted if CS are the common factors underlying the correlation.;;","entities":[{"id":9049,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":124}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9039,"text":"Fig. 1 Average cooperation rate in all treatments over time;;","entities":[{"id":9365,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":61}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8837,"text":"The implication is that when individuals are young (i.e., middle school age), they cooperate well and are willing to forgo immediate personal gains to improve collective well-being or long term prospects.;;","entities":[{"id":9163,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":206}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8960,"text":"With this third-person task, we sought to minimize effects of the child's own motivational state and test whether fairness principles serve as general guides to children's reasoning about social exchange.;;","entities":[{"id":9286,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":206}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6531,"text":"it is thus plausible that the group matching treatments have less effect on those who have stronger in-group preferences at the outset.;;","entities":[{"id":5259,"label":"effect","start_offset":30,"end_offset":72},{"id":5260,"label":"cause","start_offset":91,"end_offset":134}],"relations":[{"id":2364,"from_id":5260,"to_id":5259,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6711,"text":"hrec 1) this could be overwhelming for those members who sat on the hrec in a voluntary capacity.;;","entities":[{"id":8593,"label":"cause","start_offset":57,"end_offset":97},{"id":8594,"label":"effect","start_offset":22,"end_offset":34}],"relations":[{"id":3940,"from_id":8593,"to_id":8594,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8969,"text":"The value of Y is 5, 10, 15, or 20 in the case of gains, and -5, -10, -15, or -20 in the case of losses.;;","entities":[{"id":9295,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":106}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6647,"text":"video methods improve possibilities for achieving that aim by affording a variety of options for the presentation of findings, some of which are more likely to reach broader and more diverse audiences.;;","entities":[{"id":5596,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":13},{"id":5597,"label":"effect","start_offset":62,"end_offset":125},{"id":5598,"label":"cause","start_offset":62,"end_offset":125},{"id":5599,"label":"effect","start_offset":22,"end_offset":58}],"relations":[{"id":2530,"from_id":5596,"to_id":5597,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2531,"from_id":5598,"to_id":5599,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7608,"text":"in the pd network situation, forming relations with a high weight of future can be quite important.;;","entities":[{"id":8018,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":101}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6127,"text":"from this framework, we propose that experiences of social acceptance lead to a re prior it iz ation of basic motivations related to survival and reproduction.;;","entities":[{"id":4218,"label":"cause","start_offset":37,"end_offset":69},{"id":4219,"label":"effect","start_offset":80,"end_offset":158}],"relations":[{"id":1884,"from_id":4218,"to_id":4219,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6066,"text":"as we mentioned earlier, a research project's fidelity to participants' perspectives should be aligned with the paradigmatic approach of the research, where some paradigms are more interested in direct accounts of participants, and others are more interested in how these accounts are leveraged.;;","entities":[{"id":4049,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":297}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6650,"text":"a guiding principle of participatory methodologies is that the research methods facilitate collaborative inquiry based on mutual respect and trust (udas, 1998).;;","entities":[{"id":5605,"label":"cause","start_offset":63,"end_offset":79},{"id":5606,"label":"effect","start_offset":80,"end_offset":146}],"relations":[{"id":2533,"from_id":5605,"to_id":5606,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7266,"text":"in effect, expected negative reactions raise the price of the public good facing each actor (i.e., the cost of purchasing an increment of the good) to many times the marginal cost of the good.;;","entities":[{"id":7204,"label":"cause","start_offset":11,"end_offset":38},{"id":7205,"label":"effect","start_offset":39,"end_offset":91}],"relations":[{"id":3258,"from_id":7204,"to_id":7205,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7158,"text":"\"and reames, e.h. (2017), \"\"investigating the benefits of a school\/industry partnership focused on overcoming the skills gap and fostering student success\"\", southeast journal on education administration, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":6956,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":212}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9182,"text":"The online version of this article contains additional supplementary material.;;","entities":[{"id":9508,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":80}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9664,"text":"The nature of default options matters in terms of affecting contributions in the linear public goods game, even when the games played are essentially the same.;;","entities":[{"id":9990,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":161}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8936,"text":"An analysis of the effects of affective attachment on holism, however, showed no significant effect.;;","entities":[{"id":9262,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":102}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7575,"text":"effects of social exclusion on cognitive processes: anticipated aloneness reduces intelligent thought.;;","entities":[{"id":7934,"label":"cause","start_offset":52,"end_offset":73},{"id":7935,"label":"effect","start_offset":74,"end_offset":101}],"relations":[{"id":3566,"from_id":7934,"to_id":7935,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6057,"text":"on the other hand, the first author's use of first-person voice may lead to the silencing of the second author in collaborative auto ethno graph ies as the review of kennedy and romo (2013) and liu and lin's (2018) studies revealed.;;","entities":[{"id":4028,"label":"cause","start_offset":38,"end_offset":63},{"id":4029,"label":"effect","start_offset":80,"end_offset":148}],"relations":[{"id":1800,"from_id":4028,"to_id":4029,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6022,"text":"cyberostracism may be more or less frustrating and debilitating than social or physical ostracism.;;","entities":[{"id":3936,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":99}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8813,"text":"This section looks at the impact of initial income inequality in order to examine Hypothesis 3. I use a between-subjects comparison. 27;;","entities":[{"id":9139,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6930,"text":"therefore, if adopted consistently, the guiding principles of qualitative research also provide a robust meta-knowledge for questions that occur in different stages of cross-language research.;;","entities":[{"id":6350,"label":"cause","start_offset":14,"end_offset":34},{"id":6351,"label":"effect","start_offset":88,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[{"id":2880,"from_id":6350,"to_id":6351,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8682,"text":"presents the theoretical predictions that are later used as benchmarks for the analysis of the experimental data.;;","entities":[{"id":9008,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":115}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9315,"text":"As they consider cooperation and defection in turn, they ask themselves what their own decisions im ply about their opponent's choice.;;","entities":[{"id":9641,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":136}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6993,"text":"also, although the equilibria in the other three games all provide equal outcomes to both parties, the two equilibria in chicken games provide different outcomes to the two parties-the unilateral competitor gets his or her best outcome while the unilateral cooperator gets his or her second-worst outcome.;;","entities":[{"id":8703,"label":"cause","start_offset":103,"end_offset":134},{"id":8704,"label":"effect","start_offset":185,"end_offset":235},{"id":8705,"label":"effect","start_offset":246,"end_offset":304}],"relations":[{"id":3997,"from_id":8703,"to_id":8704,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3998,"from_id":8703,"to_id":8705,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6248,"text":"result 7: individuals in the bidirectional selection treatment exhibit higher monetary effort for shaping the future partnership than individuals in the unidirectional treatment.;;","entities":[{"id":4527,"label":"cause","start_offset":10,"end_offset":62},{"id":4528,"label":"effect","start_offset":78,"end_offset":128}],"relations":[{"id":2023,"from_id":4527,"to_id":4528,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9137,"text":"They also provide an interesting and meaningful way to examine any direct link between personality measurables and behavior patterns in laboratory economic experiments.;;","entities":[{"id":9463,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":170}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7623,"text":"simple category labels increased perceived between category differences, and reduced perceived within-category differences.;;","entities":[{"id":8049,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":22},{"id":8051,"label":"effect","start_offset":77,"end_offset":122},{"id":8959,"label":"effect","start_offset":33,"end_offset":71}],"relations":[{"id":3616,"from_id":8049,"to_id":8051,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4133,"from_id":8049,"to_id":8959,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7353,"text":"in interviews with qualitative researchers about their experiences conducting member check interviews, buchbinder (2011) found that researchers felt vulnerable when handing over their interpretations of the participants' data.;;","entities":[{"id":7442,"label":"effect","start_offset":132,"end_offset":159},{"id":7443,"label":"cause","start_offset":165,"end_offset":225}],"relations":[{"id":3368,"from_id":7443,"to_id":7442,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9203,"text":"From 8 to 12 subjects participated in each of seven sessions.;;","entities":[{"id":9529,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":63}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9579,"text":"the cases in which the choices made by homo Sovieticus might be at odds with traditional neoclassical predictions of economic behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":9905,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5866,"text":"hence, subjects in this session of c-switch are much more likely to stabilize on cooperation over the course of a repeated game than in other sessions.;;","entities":[{"id":3515,"label":"cause","start_offset":7,"end_offset":43},{"id":3516,"label":"effect","start_offset":67,"end_offset":92}],"relations":[{"id":1540,"from_id":3515,"to_id":3516,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5957,"text":"censorship conscious and unconscious self censorship including when, where or what to photograph, or editing a photo to convey an intended message, is inherent in photo eli citation [45].;;","entities":[{"id":3763,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":189}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9359,"text":"The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney ranksum test gives statistical significance at p = 0.029 (one-tailed test).;;","entities":[{"id":9685,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":103}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8919,"text":"Therefore this game is also referred to as the 'dictator game'.;;","entities":[{"id":9245,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":65}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6590,"text":"the main source of reciprocity for second movers is advantageous inequity aversion.;;","entities":[{"id":8551,"label":"effect","start_offset":19,"end_offset":48},{"id":8552,"label":"cause","start_offset":52,"end_offset":82}],"relations":[{"id":3907,"from_id":8552,"to_id":8551,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8702,"text":"Dividing this number by the total number of individuals in the treatment, we obtain the percentage of correct beliefs for each task, period and treatment (presented in Figure 4).;;","entities":[{"id":9028,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":180}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5769,"text":"hence, a culture of installing rules, monitoring, and sanctioning people's behavior may, in the long run, evoke an extrinsic motivation to cooperate and may induce people to search for ways in which the rules allow them to pursue their self-interest (see also prendergast, 1999).;;","entities":[{"id":3270,"label":"cause","start_offset":37,"end_offset":83},{"id":3271,"label":"effect","start_offset":106,"end_offset":148},{"id":3273,"label":"effect","start_offset":164,"end_offset":249}],"relations":[{"id":1423,"from_id":3270,"to_id":3271,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1424,"from_id":3270,"to_id":3273,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6681,"text":"because performance on the antisaccade task had no apparent relation to the experience of ostracism, need threat did not motivate participants to perform well.;;","entities":[{"id":5689,"label":"cause","start_offset":8,"end_offset":99},{"id":5690,"label":"effect","start_offset":101,"end_offset":158}],"relations":[{"id":2571,"from_id":5689,"to_id":5690,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9590,"text":"This suggests that UI considerations have a surprisingly modest role in explaining over-contribution.;;","entities":[{"id":9916,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":103}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6093,"text":"these results provide evidence that anger resulted in a desire to harm the other, rather than just a willingness to withhold positive outcomes.;;","entities":[{"id":4121,"label":"cause","start_offset":36,"end_offset":41},{"id":4122,"label":"effect","start_offset":56,"end_offset":80},{"id":4124,"label":"effect","start_offset":116,"end_offset":142}],"relations":[{"id":1842,"from_id":4121,"to_id":4122,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1843,"from_id":4121,"to_id":4124,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7135,"text":"rather than a priori checks by a board on their research designs, which are often seen by researchers 'as something to get through, rather than a welcomed collegial process' (murray et al., 2012), most research seems to favour an ad hoc structure that may competently assess their work.;;","entities":[{"id":6905,"label":"cause","start_offset":220,"end_offset":246},{"id":6906,"label":"effect","start_offset":256,"end_offset":285}],"relations":[{"id":3131,"from_id":6905,"to_id":6906,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7076,"text":"discussions about health and healthcare during the pandemic for both researchers and hcp participants allowed sensemaking and reflection that also bolstered feelings of resilience and coping, as reflected in conversations with participants, and researchers' own conversations with each other during and after research.;;","entities":[{"id":6764,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":59},{"id":6765,"label":"effect","start_offset":110,"end_offset":121},{"id":6766,"label":"effect","start_offset":126,"end_offset":136},{"id":6767,"label":"effect","start_offset":147,"end_offset":190}],"relations":[{"id":3068,"from_id":6764,"to_id":6765,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3069,"from_id":6764,"to_id":6766,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3070,"from_id":6764,"to_id":6767,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8800,"text":"If even one group member withholds contribution, the group is likely to lose.;;","entities":[{"id":9126,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":79}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9375,"text":"As shown in table 1 (model 1), there were no significant differences in contributions between conditions in the non-punishment phase (ps > .8).;;","entities":[{"id":9701,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":145}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8718,"text":"were also correlated (\u03b1 = .613);;","entities":[{"id":9044,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":33}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6096,"text":"in his research, data from semi-structured interviews suggests competition is not a simple construct in testing tce interactions between governments and service providers because of the nature of environmental constraints, actions by nonprofit organizations, networked relationships, and government enacted barriers have important dynamics.;;","entities":[{"id":4137,"label":"effect","start_offset":63,"end_offset":100},{"id":4138,"label":"cause","start_offset":186,"end_offset":221},{"id":4139,"label":"cause","start_offset":223,"end_offset":257},{"id":4140,"label":"cause","start_offset":259,"end_offset":282},{"id":4141,"label":"cause","start_offset":288,"end_offset":315}],"relations":[{"id":1847,"from_id":4138,"to_id":4137,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1848,"from_id":4139,"to_id":4137,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1849,"from_id":4140,"to_id":4137,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1850,"from_id":4141,"to_id":4137,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5723,"text":"grange and lian 5 illustrating home participants living alone during the pandemic repeatedly linked spending more time at home to exacerbated eating disorder symptoms, including increased body checking (looking in the mirror, pinching parts of the body), calorie counting, bingeing, and self-induced vomiting.;;","entities":[{"id":3164,"label":"cause","start_offset":49,"end_offset":61},{"id":3165,"label":"effect","start_offset":187,"end_offset":201},{"id":3166,"label":"effect","start_offset":255,"end_offset":271},{"id":3167,"label":"effect","start_offset":286,"end_offset":308}],"relations":[{"id":1375,"from_id":3164,"to_id":3165,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1376,"from_id":3164,"to_id":3166,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1377,"from_id":3164,"to_id":3167,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7411,"text":"although defection in the spd game had a higher expected value than cooperation for the party making the decision, defection also had a higher variance.;;","entities":[{"id":7572,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":154}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6830,"text":"pis and\/or key partners do not always hold a complete view of the breadth of their projects, and the network expands when one speaks to users, other partners, media, and the web.;;","entities":[{"id":6108,"label":"effect","start_offset":101,"end_offset":116},{"id":6109,"label":"cause","start_offset":122,"end_offset":177}],"relations":[{"id":2776,"from_id":6109,"to_id":6108,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9037,"text":"The behavior in this game where individual players face limited liability is benchmarked with the behavior under full liability, where individual decision making occurs in the absence of a safety net.;;","entities":[{"id":9363,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":202}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7109,"text":"theoretically, one would expect this status information to affect primarily people who regard their group membership as important (h. j. smith & tyler, 1997).;;","entities":[{"id":6837,"label":"cause","start_offset":32,"end_offset":55},{"id":6838,"label":"effect","start_offset":58,"end_offset":129}],"relations":[{"id":3098,"from_id":6837,"to_id":6838,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6956,"text":"although both the cultural learning perspective and evolutionary perspective predicted the important role for gender that we have found, neither predicted the tendency for women who saw themselves as less attractive to cooperate so relatively often.;;","entities":[{"id":6441,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":251}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6558,"text":"that is, open research data enables reuse of data, which could make it time and cost effective, since it will not have to be collected again.;;","entities":[{"id":5322,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":49},{"id":5323,"label":"effect","start_offset":71,"end_offset":94},{"id":5324,"label":"effect","start_offset":105,"end_offset":140},{"id":8534,"label":"cause","start_offset":105,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[{"id":2393,"from_id":5322,"to_id":5324,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3897,"from_id":8534,"to_id":5323,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8884,"text":"Nevertheless, there was real interaction, and people observed each others' behavior in the setting of a game that they cared about.;;","entities":[{"id":9210,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":133}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5844,"text":"for example, the redaction of country of origin in project 1 means that re-analysis by country of birth would be impossible.;;","entities":[{"id":8159,"label":"cause","start_offset":17,"end_offset":47},{"id":8160,"label":"effect","start_offset":72,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[{"id":3682,"from_id":8159,"to_id":8160,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9653,"text":"In other words, Millet and Dewitte suggest that altruistic behavior is a costly signal of general intelligence.;;","entities":[{"id":9979,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":113}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7233,"text":"this motivation was reflected in faster volitional saccade latencies and faster adjusted reaction times, which resulted in faster terminal reaction times with no cost in accuracy.;;","entities":[{"id":7132,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":15},{"id":7133,"label":"effect","start_offset":33,"end_offset":68},{"id":7134,"label":"effect","start_offset":73,"end_offset":103},{"id":7135,"label":"cause","start_offset":33,"end_offset":68},{"id":7136,"label":"cause","start_offset":73,"end_offset":103},{"id":7137,"label":"effect","start_offset":123,"end_offset":153}],"relations":[{"id":3230,"from_id":7132,"to_id":7133,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3231,"from_id":7132,"to_id":7134,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3232,"from_id":7135,"to_id":7137,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3233,"from_id":7136,"to_id":7137,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9613,"text":"We used two operant boxes consisting of two adjoining chambers constructed of galvanized sheet metal (61 3 124 3 51 cm) (Figure 1b).;;","entities":[{"id":9939,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":134}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8860,"text":"Consensuses also vary with respect to the degree of understanding between the protagonists as reflected by the length of the reciprocal recognition regression (Scheff, 1967).;;","entities":[{"id":9186,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":176}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6889,"text":"\"moreover, conventional \"\"give-some\"\" designs give subjects direct control over the opponent's earnings, which encourages subjects to frame the decision problem as a gift exchange.\";;","entities":[{"id":6254,"label":"cause","start_offset":11,"end_offset":45},{"id":6255,"label":"effect","start_offset":46,"end_offset":103},{"id":6256,"label":"cause","start_offset":46,"end_offset":103},{"id":6257,"label":"effect","start_offset":111,"end_offset":179}],"relations":[{"id":2838,"from_id":6254,"to_id":6255,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2839,"from_id":6256,"to_id":6257,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9215,"text":"The dependent variable was narrowly defined as the average contribution to the group account, which measures the propensity of the subjects to cooperate.;;","entities":[{"id":9541,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":155}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8875,"text":"The pattern of results in Fig. 1D is very similar to the one reported by Nalbantian & Schotter (1997), who found that with equilibrium contribution close to the upper bound of the strategy space mean contribution levels were stable over trials but somewhat below the equilibrium level.;;","entities":[{"id":9201,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":287}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9482,"text":"In total, participants made decisions in 40 trials of the public-good dilemma.;;","entities":[{"id":9808,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":80}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5705,"text":"it is clear that to induce cooperation in a repeated prisoner's dilemma game, one of the parties has to `break the ice' and choose to cooperate.;;","entities":[{"id":3133,"label":"cause","start_offset":78,"end_offset":119},{"id":3134,"label":"cause","start_offset":124,"end_offset":143},{"id":3135,"label":"effect","start_offset":19,"end_offset":76}],"relations":[{"id":1361,"from_id":3133,"to_id":3135,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1362,"from_id":3134,"to_id":3135,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5817,"text":"the additional receptions came at the cost of fewer throws received by one computer controlled character, such that high-inclusion participants were conspicuously favored.;;","entities":[{"id":3397,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":58},{"id":3399,"label":"effect","start_offset":121,"end_offset":170}],"relations":[{"id":1486,"from_id":3397,"to_id":3399,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7402,"text":"exploring simulated emotions and mood to inform the decision-making process in multi-agent systems allows us to explore in further detail how outside influences can have an effect on different strategies.;;","entities":[{"id":7555,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":98},{"id":7556,"label":"effect","start_offset":112,"end_offset":203}],"relations":[{"id":3413,"from_id":7555,"to_id":7556,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6744,"text":"what is less clear, however, is whether the impact of social exclusion itself is one of hypersensitivity or numbness.;;","entities":[{"id":5873,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7123,"text":"ostracized participants also persisted for less time on the cognitive self-control task than their included peers.;;","entities":[{"id":8733,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":10},{"id":8734,"label":"effect","start_offset":29,"end_offset":87}],"relations":[{"id":4015,"from_id":8733,"to_id":8734,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9022,"text":"This way there is a good chance that either the control or matching heuristic will guide parties to a decision to cooperate.;;","entities":[{"id":9348,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":126}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8764,"text":"The shift of preferences for coordination rules observed in the present studies may be viewed as a qualification of previous research on coordination rules in asymmetric social dilemmas obtained under situations of environmental certainty (e.g., Marwell & Ames, 1979;Samuelson & Messick, 1986;Van Dijk & Grodzka, 1992;Van Dijk & Wilke, 1993, 1995;Wit et al., 1992).;;","entities":[{"id":9090,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":367}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6196,"text":"new technologies and eco\u00ad nomic instability have also led to changing work conditions such as increased remote and freelance work requiring schol\u00ad ars to rethink how they observe newsrooms and define a field in a study.;;","entities":[{"id":4390,"label":"cause","start_offset":20,"end_offset":43},{"id":4391,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":16},{"id":4392,"label":"effect","start_offset":61,"end_offset":85},{"id":4395,"label":"effect","start_offset":104,"end_offset":110},{"id":4396,"label":"effect","start_offset":115,"end_offset":129},{"id":4399,"label":"effect","start_offset":140,"end_offset":218}],"relations":[{"id":1955,"from_id":4391,"to_id":4392,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1956,"from_id":4390,"to_id":4392,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1959,"from_id":4391,"to_id":4395,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1960,"from_id":4391,"to_id":4396,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1961,"from_id":4390,"to_id":4395,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1962,"from_id":4390,"to_id":4396,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3807,"from_id":4390,"to_id":4399,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3808,"from_id":4391,"to_id":4399,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7600,"text":"critically, when the two stimuli were members of different categories (i.e., one stimulus fell within the 'happy' range, and the other within the 'angry' range), perceivers could better tell that the stimuli differed, compared to when both stimuli were members of the same category.;;","entities":[{"id":7998,"label":"cause","start_offset":21,"end_offset":69},{"id":7999,"label":"effect","start_offset":162,"end_offset":216}],"relations":[{"id":3592,"from_id":7998,"to_id":7999,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6368,"text":"interestingly, these correlations were observed only in conditions i and iii, both of which require loss sensitivity to process the circumstances to maximize one's profit.;;","entities":[{"id":4846,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":173}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9198,"text":"It also verifies the extent to which social pressure sensitivity measures are able to predict how purely social punishment may be effective in raising contribution in public good settings, as in Masclet et al. (2003). 1 Our questionnaire measure relies on the psychology concept of social desirability.;;","entities":[{"id":9524,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":304}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6072,"text":"but with these opportunities come concerns for the human subjects 'behind' online data, most notably, their rights to privacy and freedom from harm.;;","entities":[{"id":8309,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":28},{"id":8310,"label":"effect","start_offset":29,"end_offset":86}],"relations":[{"id":3770,"from_id":8309,"to_id":8310,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9643,"text":"However, these correlations are difficult to observe in the field, as privacy concerns and competitive forces lead charities to guard donors' information from researchers.;;","entities":[{"id":9969,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":173}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7486,"text":"\"watch what we do, not what we say or how we play\"\", the journal of economic perspectives, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":7738,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":98}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5874,"text":"results also showed that participants were aggressive towards fellow game players when ostracized from cyberbomb.;;","entities":[{"id":3535,"label":"cause","start_offset":87,"end_offset":112},{"id":3536,"label":"effect","start_offset":25,"end_offset":81}],"relations":[{"id":1550,"from_id":3535,"to_id":3536,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6217,"text":"individuals presented with a self-target, on the other hand, exhibited the opposite pattern and displayed decreased social memory after rejection.;;","entities":[{"id":4457,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":40},{"id":4458,"label":"effect","start_offset":61,"end_offset":91},{"id":4459,"label":"effect","start_offset":116,"end_offset":145}],"relations":[{"id":1995,"from_id":4457,"to_id":4458,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1996,"from_id":4457,"to_id":4459,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7561,"text":"we hypothesized (a) that elevated mimicry would occur when participants were excluded by the in-group and the confederate was also a member of the ingroup and (b) that a belongingness threat, but not a threat to any of the other measured needs, would be related to this increase.;;","entities":[{"id":7908,"label":"effect","start_offset":25,"end_offset":53},{"id":7909,"label":"cause","start_offset":59,"end_offset":101},{"id":7910,"label":"cause","start_offset":110,"end_offset":158}],"relations":[{"id":3555,"from_id":7909,"to_id":7908,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3556,"from_id":7910,"to_id":7908,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9609,"text":"This is counter to expected utility theory, according to which the perceived value of each prospect should be dependent only on its own attributes.;;","entities":[{"id":9935,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":149}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7365,"text":"prominent among these critiques was the argument that determining sample size a priori is inherently problematic in qualitative research, given that sample size is often adaptive and emergent, and - particularly if based on a grounded theory approach - adopts the principle of saturation.;;","entities":[{"id":8864,"label":"cause","start_offset":149,"end_offset":191},{"id":8865,"label":"effect","start_offset":54,"end_offset":136},{"id":8866,"label":"cause","start_offset":215,"end_offset":250},{"id":8867,"label":"effect","start_offset":253,"end_offset":287}],"relations":[{"id":4079,"from_id":8864,"to_id":8865,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4080,"from_id":8866,"to_id":8867,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9623,"text":"Thus, conceptually replicating and extending the results of Study 1, participants more strongly associated general legal concepts with competitiveness than with cooperativeness during a SC-IAT.;;","entities":[{"id":9949,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":195}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9570,"text":"The selfishness axiom accurately predicts responder behavior for about half of our societies, even though it generally fails to predict the responder behavior of university students.;;","entities":[{"id":9896,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":184}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9328,"text":"However, players will not know how much above this level others are currently contributing, obscuring opportunities for free riding.;;","entities":[{"id":9654,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":134}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8945,"text":"This suggests that indeed charities may be taking advantage of subtle behavioral effects in designing this feature of the giving institution.;;","entities":[{"id":9271,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":143}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7463,"text":"thus, working from 'within' facilitates the acquisition of rich and detailed knowledge, but at the same time, notions that are taken for granted in each country may be reproduced.;;","entities":[{"id":7682,"label":"cause","start_offset":6,"end_offset":27},{"id":7684,"label":"effect","start_offset":28,"end_offset":86},{"id":7685,"label":"effect","start_offset":110,"end_offset":178}],"relations":[{"id":3465,"from_id":7682,"to_id":7684,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3466,"from_id":7682,"to_id":7685,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6391,"text":"in group excluded participants who interacted with an ingroup confederate were expected to mimic the confederate's foot-moving behavior more than other participants.;;","entities":[{"id":4910,"label":"cause","start_offset":34,"end_offset":73},{"id":4911,"label":"effect","start_offset":91,"end_offset":164}],"relations":[{"id":2201,"from_id":4910,"to_id":4911,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7046,"text":"students who continued to use complex pavlovian strategies were less successful in the memory game, but more successful in the prisoner's dilemma, which indicates a trade-off in memory capacity for the two tasks.;;","entities":[{"id":6677,"label":"cause","start_offset":26,"end_offset":58},{"id":6678,"label":"effect","start_offset":64,"end_offset":98},{"id":6679,"label":"effect","start_offset":104,"end_offset":145}],"relations":[{"id":3018,"from_id":6677,"to_id":6678,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3019,"from_id":6677,"to_id":6679,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6812,"text":"research has sought to understand the risks associated with being an lgbt q identified young person, and identify factors that promote resilience in the face of barriers to healthy development.;;","entities":[{"id":6057,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":195}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5927,"text":"given that participants in this study failed to show a remarkable increase in cortisol over time, it can be assumed that they did not experience a significant neuroendocrine stress response to cyberball.;;","entities":[{"id":3673,"label":"cause","start_offset":55,"end_offset":96},{"id":3674,"label":"effect","start_offset":159,"end_offset":202}],"relations":[{"id":1620,"from_id":3673,"to_id":3674,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6776,"text":"we are therefore unable to reject the null hypothesis that leadership by example weakly decreases public good provision when a random individual gives first.;;","entities":[{"id":5967,"label":"cause","start_offset":125,"end_offset":156},{"id":5968,"label":"effect","start_offset":59,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[{"id":2708,"from_id":5967,"to_id":5968,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7260,"text":"accountability through ethics committees another key aspect of academic accountability is the role of ethics committees.;;","entities":[{"id":7195,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":122}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6616,"text":"indeed, it remains possible that conscientiousness emotional stability, and intellect affect interpersonal behavior through different mechanisms than the ones studied in the present research.;;","entities":[{"id":5495,"label":"cause","start_offset":33,"end_offset":70},{"id":5496,"label":"cause","start_offset":75,"end_offset":85},{"id":8561,"label":"effect","start_offset":85,"end_offset":115}],"relations":[{"id":3915,"from_id":5495,"to_id":8561,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3916,"from_id":5496,"to_id":8561,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6725,"text":"we have also speculated here that particular social relationships might have different effects on motivation loss versus motivation gain phenomena.;;","entities":[{"id":5815,"label":"cause","start_offset":34,"end_offset":65},{"id":5818,"label":"effect","start_offset":77,"end_offset":146}],"relations":[{"id":2634,"from_id":5815,"to_id":5818,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7267,"text":"further, experiment 2 examined how rejection sensitivity and rejection anxiety is affected by social exclusion.;;","entities":[{"id":7206,"label":"cause","start_offset":94,"end_offset":110},{"id":7207,"label":"effect","start_offset":61,"end_offset":78},{"id":7208,"label":"effect","start_offset":35,"end_offset":56}],"relations":[{"id":3259,"from_id":7206,"to_id":7207,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3260,"from_id":7206,"to_id":7208,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9089,"text":"Additionally to the voting manipulation, the participants learned that either they themselves or others would benefit from taxfinanced projects.;;","entities":[{"id":9415,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":146}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5752,"text":"individual characteristics do not change the reactions to and results of full ostracism, but they do appear to change reactions to and outcomes of partial ostracism (chen & williams, 2007).;;","entities":[{"id":3228,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":26},{"id":3232,"label":"effect","start_offset":111,"end_offset":164},{"id":8125,"label":"effect","start_offset":34,"end_offset":87}],"relations":[{"id":1408,"from_id":3228,"to_id":3232,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3654,"from_id":3228,"to_id":8125,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9395,"text":"The vertical axis shows the percentage of groups that formed an agreement and the percentage of compliant members in those groups for each round.;;","entities":[{"id":9721,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":147}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5913,"text":"\"the importance of the salience of inequality is also consistent with recent research demonstrating that some-but not all-measures of group heterogeneity are negatively associated with the efficacy of collective action (e.g., alesina and la ferrara, 2000; cardenas, 2003; costa and kahn, 2003a,b).\";;","entities":[{"id":3633,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":298}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9169,"text":"higher number in nine of the periods, but the average across all periods of 4.9 is still closer to the lower than the upper benchmark.;;","entities":[{"id":9495,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":136}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7236,"text":"experience of transcribing and the task proved to be challenging for some, for example, the first drafts were written in the third person or errors were made in the transcriptions.;;","entities":[{"id":7142,"label":"cause","start_offset":14,"end_offset":64},{"id":7143,"label":"effect","start_offset":92,"end_offset":137},{"id":7144,"label":"effect","start_offset":141,"end_offset":179}],"relations":[{"id":3235,"from_id":7142,"to_id":7143,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3236,"from_id":7142,"to_id":7144,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5845,"text":"the negative coefficients for the lagged group-fund return indicate that some subjects decreased (increased) their provision when they received a high (low) group-fund return in the previous round.;;","entities":[{"id":3474,"label":"effect","start_offset":73,"end_offset":124},{"id":3475,"label":"cause","start_offset":131,"end_offset":196}],"relations":[{"id":1521,"from_id":3475,"to_id":3474,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9043,"text":"ur design facilitates the identification of diversity of behavior across subjects: we find that a substantial fraction of subjects behave in the way predicted by standard theory, while another sizeable group deviates substantially from that behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":9369,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":252}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8692,"text":"In the next stage, the wife will begin to consider leaving the system.;;","entities":[{"id":9018,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":72}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7113,"text":"in opinion groups, such as political parties or church groups, free riding is arguably a matter of less concern.;;","entities":[{"id":6847,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":114}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9061,"text":"While it may seem counter-intuitive that the treatments have less-pronounced effects on groups that compete more, it is possible that higher group investment in the Tullock contest is also linked to stronger baseline in-group preferences (i.e. a higher value of a in the model of Section 4).;;","entities":[{"id":9387,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":293}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7476,"text":"in the present case, since treatment is randomized, it seems plausible that the instrument (deliberation treatment) affects the dependent variable (cooperation) only through the instrumented variable (giving a written justification) (imbens and angrist, 1994).;;","entities":[{"id":7713,"label":"cause","start_offset":61,"end_offset":115},{"id":7715,"label":"effect","start_offset":116,"end_offset":160},{"id":8909,"label":"effect","start_offset":178,"end_offset":232},{"id":8910,"label":"cause","start_offset":178,"end_offset":232}],"relations":[{"id":4102,"from_id":7713,"to_id":8909,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4103,"from_id":8910,"to_id":7715,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6757,"text":"fishermen with the highest contributions who contribute at least half of their endowment have substantially larger hole sizes than the other fishermen (0.482 cm, n=45).;;","entities":[{"id":5913,"label":"effect","start_offset":89,"end_offset":125},{"id":8603,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":88}],"relations":[{"id":3946,"from_id":8603,"to_id":5913,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9239,"text":"All three had participated in the 2005 research practicum course, which familiarized them with the category scheme, and each received approximately 10 hours of additional training and practice before beginning the coding.;;","entities":[{"id":9565,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":223}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7193,"text":"\"assent for children's participation in research: why it matters and making it meaningful\"\", child: care, health and development, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":7034,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8937,"text":"Controlling for social value orientation, the mediating variable was not a significant predictor on the amount kept by the trust recipient (\uf062 = 0.001, p = .27).;;","entities":[{"id":9263,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":162}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8747,"text":"The implicit contract specifies a fixed wage and a desired effort level (where effort choices can range from 1 to 10).;;","entities":[{"id":9073,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6079,"text":"carrying keys is an asset to the researcher, demonstrating that their credibility has been established by the prison authorities, who are seen by prisoners as better placed than them to judge someone's trustworthiness;;","entities":[{"id":8316,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":13},{"id":8317,"label":"effect","start_offset":70,"end_offset":128}],"relations":[{"id":3774,"from_id":8316,"to_id":8317,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9053,"text":"We take Traulsen and Nowak (2006) as a starting point and add three elements to it: direct conflict between groups, individual intergroup encounters, and discriminate strategies.;;","entities":[{"id":9379,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":180}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6640,"text":"for participants to first complete the self-report measures before the self-control tasks, this could have depleted self-control before participants reach that portion of the study.;;","entities":[{"id":5560,"label":"cause","start_offset":26,"end_offset":89},{"id":5561,"label":"effect","start_offset":107,"end_offset":180}],"relations":[{"id":2505,"from_id":5560,"to_id":5561,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6625,"text":"indeed, the fact that the afterlife manipulation only affected reflective behavior in cyberbomb and not cyberball extends prior research on cross-cutting variables and reflective behavior with the notion that such cross-cutting variables need to be relevant to form an appraisal of the situation.;;","entities":[{"id":5527,"label":"effect","start_offset":122,"end_offset":295},{"id":5528,"label":"cause","start_offset":26,"end_offset":113}],"relations":[{"id":2489,"from_id":5528,"to_id":5527,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5876,"text":"\"self-defeating behavior is defined as \"\"a deliberate action with clear negative effects on the self or on the self's projects\"\" (baumeister and scher 1988).\";;","entities":[{"id":3539,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":158}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9322,"text":"4 Experimenter-participant anonymity was implemented by using an identification code.;;","entities":[{"id":9648,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":87}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7354,"text":"although scores of dietary restraint were greater among overweight than among normal-weight participants, results failed to show a relationship between dietary restraint and motivation to eat or energy intake as a function of cyberball condition.;;","entities":[{"id":7444,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":248}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9581,"text":"First, the trustee completed the following standardized statement (which we will refer to below as a promise) by selecting a natural number amount from 0 to 20: \"I (Participant B) promise to transfer back $ of my income to you (Participant A) if you choose IN\".;;","entities":[{"id":9907,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":263}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6874,"text":"these studies suggest that the number of people in the experimental arrangement and the ability to engage in verbal behavior related to the cooperative task are important variables to investigate in experimental investigations involving social episodes.;;","entities":[{"id":6218,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":255}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8652,"text":"Everybody can earn at least 15 E4 each round.;;","entities":[{"id":8978,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":47}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7311,"text":"this undermining of trust in others being internally motivated to cooperate occurred regardless of whether manipulated trust was low or high.;;","entities":[{"id":8841,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":143}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6945,"text":"consistent with the hypothesis, our results revealed that the manipulation of exclusion severity 194 personality and social psychology bulletin 38(2) led to opposing pain responses, such that a less severe future-alone rejection led to an increase in sensitivity to painful stimuli, whereas the highly severe version led to pain numbing.;;","entities":[{"id":6395,"label":"cause","start_offset":62,"end_offset":96},{"id":6396,"label":"effect","start_offset":157,"end_offset":180},{"id":6398,"label":"cause","start_offset":194,"end_offset":228},{"id":6399,"label":"effect","start_offset":251,"end_offset":281},{"id":6400,"label":"cause","start_offset":295,"end_offset":316},{"id":6401,"label":"effect","start_offset":324,"end_offset":336}],"relations":[{"id":2903,"from_id":6395,"to_id":6396,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2904,"from_id":6398,"to_id":6399,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2905,"from_id":6400,"to_id":6401,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9024,"text":"Study results were expressed as mean 6 SD.;;","entities":[{"id":9350,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":44}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7314,"text":"h umans have a strong need for belonging and regular social interactions 1 2 traditionally this need has been satisfied in face-to-face interactions, but as technology evolves humans obtain new methods for interacting with one another.;;","entities":[{"id":7356,"label":"cause","start_offset":157,"end_offset":175},{"id":7357,"label":"effect","start_offset":190,"end_offset":217}],"relations":[{"id":3330,"from_id":7356,"to_id":7357,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9273,"text":"The common denominator of these models is that they all apply standard methods of game theory to the interaction of agents with modified utility functions, i.e., incorporating some form of fairness utility.;;","entities":[{"id":9599,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":208}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5966,"text":"cooperation rates were low when no information about opponent behavior was given or when players were assured that they would encounter cooperation or defection.;;","entities":[{"id":3784,"label":"cause","start_offset":32,"end_offset":70},{"id":3785,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":11},{"id":3786,"label":"cause","start_offset":89,"end_offset":160}],"relations":[{"id":1676,"from_id":3784,"to_id":3785,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1677,"from_id":3786,"to_id":3785,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6345,"text":"third, ostracized individuals feel they have less control over social interactions (williams & sommer, 1997).;;","entities":[{"id":8450,"label":"cause","start_offset":7,"end_offset":17},{"id":8451,"label":"effect","start_offset":18,"end_offset":82}],"relations":[{"id":3842,"from_id":8450,"to_id":8451,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7243,"text":"\"this study is guided by recent theory and research suggesting that increased motivation to eat unhealthy foods and increased consumption of these foods may reflect and be measures of self-regulatory failure (baumeister et al., 2005; oaten et al., 2008; oliver et al., 2001).\";;","entities":[{"id":8798,"label":"cause","start_offset":184,"end_offset":207},{"id":8800,"label":"effect","start_offset":78,"end_offset":111},{"id":8801,"label":"effect","start_offset":126,"end_offset":152}],"relations":[{"id":4047,"from_id":8798,"to_id":8801,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4048,"from_id":8798,"to_id":8800,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6521,"text":"some scholars argue that participants should be made aware that the interview is not a therapeutic encounter and that the researcher may not have the skills to support them (kirsch, 2005).;;","entities":[{"id":5233,"label":"cause","start_offset":68,"end_offset":108},{"id":5234,"label":"effect","start_offset":123,"end_offset":172}],"relations":[{"id":2353,"from_id":5233,"to_id":5234,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9190,"text":"These findings shed light on the mechanisms behind group effects.;;","entities":[{"id":9516,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":67}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6416,"text":"we hypothesized that ot, compared to placebo, would increase button-pressing rates at the end of the game, and that this effect would differ according to inclusionary status in the game.;;","entities":[{"id":4969,"label":"cause","start_offset":21,"end_offset":44},{"id":4970,"label":"effect","start_offset":61,"end_offset":105},{"id":8476,"label":"effect","start_offset":116,"end_offset":140},{"id":8477,"label":"cause","start_offset":154,"end_offset":185}],"relations":[{"id":2224,"from_id":4969,"to_id":4970,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3856,"from_id":8477,"to_id":8476,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7330,"text":"technological advances and the growing field of big data research present the need for the development of a feminist holistic reflexivity, particularly as big data research brings to the fore the institutional power at play within the research process.;;","entities":[{"id":7391,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":65},{"id":7392,"label":"effect","start_offset":78,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[{"id":3345,"from_id":7391,"to_id":7392,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6548,"text":"we hypothesized that these different patterns of findings may be the result of the severity of the social exclusion experiences themselves.;;","entities":[{"id":5300,"label":"effect","start_offset":27,"end_offset":57},{"id":5301,"label":"cause","start_offset":83,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[{"id":2383,"from_id":5301,"to_id":5300,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8743,"text":"In stark contrast, activity in the left TPJ negatively modulates the functional connectivity between the DMPFC and lateral areas of the OFG (BA 10\/ 11, left: x \u00bc \u00c042, y \u00bc 54, z \u00bc \u00c09, right: x \u00bc 24, y \u00bc 60, z \u00bc \u00c06) and rffff (BA 45\/46, x \u00bc 54, y \u00bc 36, z \u00bc 15) (Fig. 7A,B; for additional information and illustration please see Supporting Information Discussion S1 and Fig. S3B-D).;;","entities":[{"id":9069,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":381}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7327,"text":"however, they might take additional steps such as flagging the possibility in their ethics review applications, and enquiring in advance from ethics committees regarding the procedures for changing pseudonym related practices.;;","entities":[{"id":7384,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":228}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5818,"text":"it may also be that findings were affected by demand characteristics of the sample.;;","entities":[{"id":7344,"label":"effect","start_offset":20,"end_offset":42},{"id":7345,"label":"cause","start_offset":46,"end_offset":82}],"relations":[{"id":3324,"from_id":7345,"to_id":7344,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7152,"text":"even if these tables never become part of the paper, reflecting on them may offer authors another opportunity to think through their interpretations before sending a paper out.;;","entities":[{"id":6944,"label":"effect","start_offset":76,"end_offset":175},{"id":8751,"label":"cause","start_offset":53,"end_offset":71}],"relations":[{"id":4024,"from_id":8751,"to_id":6944,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5767,"text":"\"the contractual, quasi-legal procedures required by ethical review boards are, according to some scholars, entirely in commensurable with the relational, emergent\"\" (sabati, 2019, p. 1056) nature of qualitative research, in which it is impossible to fully inform prospective participants about the nature of participation.\";;","entities":[{"id":8244,"label":"effect","start_offset":236,"end_offset":322},{"id":8245,"label":"cause","start_offset":143,"end_offset":220}],"relations":[{"id":3737,"from_id":8245,"to_id":8244,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7350,"text":"additionally, biologists have found that animals that are incapable of mentalizing (for lack of cognitive ability) can nevertheless employ relatively sophisticated strategies in their interactions with members of their own species (milinski, 1987).;;","entities":[{"id":7438,"label":"cause","start_offset":41,"end_offset":82},{"id":7439,"label":"effect","start_offset":119,"end_offset":230}],"relations":[{"id":3367,"from_id":7438,"to_id":7439,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7574,"text":"those with low levels of security should be hesitant to reveal vulnerability and should thus report relatively high post manipulation pain thresholds.;;","entities":[{"id":7932,"label":"cause","start_offset":44,"end_offset":76},{"id":7933,"label":"effect","start_offset":93,"end_offset":149}],"relations":[{"id":3565,"from_id":7932,"to_id":7933,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6050,"text":"subtracting the cost of the public good from the gross reward level makes allowance for the fact that as the threshold increases, the cost of the public good also rises.;;","entities":[{"id":4010,"label":"cause","start_offset":102,"end_offset":128},{"id":4011,"label":"effect","start_offset":130,"end_offset":157}],"relations":[{"id":1792,"from_id":4010,"to_id":4011,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8781,"text":"Again, in both feedback conditions, harvests were negatively correlated with blaming, r 100 coins (122) = -.23,;;","entities":[{"id":9107,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":113}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8829,"text":"In Becker (1974), for example, an individual's utility is defined over not only his own consumption, but also the consumption of others (positively in the case of altruism).;;","entities":[{"id":9155,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":175}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6027,"text":"however, it is possible the depletion method itself may have undermined confidence and thus resulted in setting lower goals.;;","entities":[{"id":3945,"label":"cause","start_offset":28,"end_offset":44},{"id":3946,"label":"effect","start_offset":61,"end_offset":82},{"id":3947,"label":"effect","start_offset":104,"end_offset":123},{"id":8210,"label":"cause","start_offset":61,"end_offset":82}],"relations":[{"id":1756,"from_id":3945,"to_id":3946,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3717,"from_id":8210,"to_id":3947,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8832,"text":"In each round, first the leader decides on his or her investment in project A. Before the other participants decide, they get to see the leader's investment in project A in the round.;;","entities":[{"id":9158,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":185}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6234,"text":"we again expect the negative main effect of treatment: the more pronounced the harm, the more disutility the participant suffers if she is the only one to cooperate.;;","entities":[{"id":8387,"label":"cause","start_offset":59,"end_offset":83},{"id":8388,"label":"effect","start_offset":89,"end_offset":164}],"relations":[{"id":3813,"from_id":8387,"to_id":8388,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7272,"text":"yet, because giving another person saltines or prunes is not overtly hostile, we sought additional evidence that people's snack choices reflected a hostile vs. benevolent motivation.;;","entities":[{"id":8817,"label":"effect","start_offset":81,"end_offset":181},{"id":8818,"label":"cause","start_offset":20,"end_offset":76}],"relations":[{"id":4056,"from_id":8818,"to_id":8817,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9432,"text":"This is an important factor when the individual faces the decision of whether to leave the interdependent situation (Kelley, 1984;Van Lange, 1994).;;","entities":[{"id":9758,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":149}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5877,"text":"although perceived control and meaningful existence were not influenced by the quantity of ostracism, they independently influenced aversive impact.;;","entities":[{"id":3540,"label":"cause","start_offset":79,"end_offset":100},{"id":3541,"label":"effect","start_offset":9,"end_offset":26},{"id":3542,"label":"effect","start_offset":31,"end_offset":51},{"id":3543,"label":"effect","start_offset":132,"end_offset":147},{"id":3544,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":26},{"id":3545,"label":"cause","start_offset":31,"end_offset":51}],"relations":[{"id":1552,"from_id":3540,"to_id":3542,"type":"Rel_Zero"},{"id":1553,"from_id":3540,"to_id":3541,"type":"Rel_Zero"},{"id":1554,"from_id":3544,"to_id":3543,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1555,"from_id":3545,"to_id":3543,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7404,"text":"such analyses will provide richer data, as the experimenter will be able to videotape participants' reactions, facial gestures and eye contact and measure efforts to bond.;;","entities":[{"id":7559,"label":"cause","start_offset":47,"end_offset":170},{"id":7560,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":38}],"relations":[{"id":3415,"from_id":7559,"to_id":7560,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8862,"text":"Using the strategy method (Selten 1967), we vary P, in the interval S; R \u00bd , in 10 steps: P \u00bc 0:005x 2 , for x 2 0:1; . . .;;","entities":[{"id":9188,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":125}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6222,"text":"certain improvements are to be expected, as the allocator will make the other team members contribute more to the production of the public good.;;","entities":[{"id":4471,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":39},{"id":8385,"label":"cause","start_offset":91,"end_offset":143}],"relations":[{"id":3812,"from_id":8385,"to_id":4471,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9553,"text":"Hence the prof)ability of choice of a given alternative should be a fmlction of the 1111~ l)rr of motives a choice satisfies as well as the probability associated \\vith CYK& motive.;;","entities":[{"id":9879,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":183}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6121,"text":"if there is a null effect of exclusion on self-reported present distress when feelings are reported immediately after the experience, to comport with williams' temporal theory this would require that recovery from exclusion is near instantaneous a conclusion that contradicts the results of other research.;;","entities":[{"id":8340,"label":"cause","start_offset":78,"end_offset":132},{"id":8343,"label":"effect","start_offset":14,"end_offset":72}],"relations":[{"id":3788,"from_id":8340,"to_id":8343,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5722,"text":"this shift in selfesteem prompts behavior that is likely to maintain social connections.;;","entities":[{"id":3162,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":24},{"id":3163,"label":"effect","start_offset":60,"end_offset":87}],"relations":[{"id":1374,"from_id":3162,"to_id":3163,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8894,"text":"with funding by the National Science Foundation under grant numbers EEC-0228390, EEC-0634750, OCI-0438246, and OCI-0721680.;;","entities":[{"id":9220,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":125}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7388,"text":"suggested that one way to reduce participant ambivalence towards researchers is to use a more ethnic staff.;;","entities":[{"id":7518,"label":"cause","start_offset":83,"end_offset":106},{"id":7519,"label":"effect","start_offset":26,"end_offset":76}],"relations":[{"id":3399,"from_id":7518,"to_id":7519,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8645,"text":"For example, they are more likely to blame fellow group members for the unfavorable outcome (Burnette & Forsyth, 2008;Price & Garland, 1978) and avoid associations with the group when possible (Boen, Vanbeselaere, & Feys, 2002;Cialdini & Richardson, 1980).;;","entities":[{"id":8971,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":258}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6604,"text":"apparently, sex effects in response to ostracism are rather small, and strong negative responses to ostracism are found across all age categories with regard to need threats.;;","entities":[{"id":5460,"label":"cause","start_offset":39,"end_offset":48},{"id":5461,"label":"effect","start_offset":12,"end_offset":16},{"id":5462,"label":"effect","start_offset":71,"end_offset":109},{"id":5463,"label":"cause","start_offset":131,"end_offset":173}],"relations":[{"id":2460,"from_id":5460,"to_id":5461,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2461,"from_id":5463,"to_id":5462,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6048,"text":"at the same time, no technology is neutral, and so careful attention must be paid to how qdas, and other digital tools, are changing our research practices, for better and for worse.;;","entities":[{"id":4004,"label":"cause","start_offset":18,"end_offset":42},{"id":8214,"label":"effect","start_offset":50,"end_offset":123},{"id":8215,"label":"cause","start_offset":51,"end_offset":118},{"id":8216,"label":"effect","start_offset":124,"end_offset":155}],"relations":[{"id":3721,"from_id":4004,"to_id":8214,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3722,"from_id":8215,"to_id":8216,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9424,"text":"Therefore we think that the allocator's incentive structure in small and \"medium sized\" groups is not as different as it seems to be at first glance.;;","entities":[{"id":9750,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":151}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5714,"text":"this ensured that participants would at least get a decent base payment for participation independent of their earnings in the experimental game.;;","entities":[{"id":3150,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":145}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7510,"text":"\"internalized cooperative tendency within people are specifically reflected by \"\"behavior of contributing to public goods,\"\" \"\"behavior of pro-social punishment,\"\" and \"\"behavior of antisocial punishment.\"\"\";;","entities":[{"id":7794,"label":"effect","start_offset":1,"end_offset":48},{"id":7795,"label":"cause","start_offset":81,"end_offset":121},{"id":7796,"label":"cause","start_offset":127,"end_offset":161},{"id":7797,"label":"cause","start_offset":170,"end_offset":204}],"relations":[{"id":3508,"from_id":7795,"to_id":7794,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3509,"from_id":7795,"to_id":7794,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3510,"from_id":7796,"to_id":7794,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3511,"from_id":7797,"to_id":7794,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6311,"text":"through their experiences, researchers may learn to play the game by deploying ' ' ethics speak ' ' describing their projects in terms that are more acceptable to an institution 6 big data & society designed to evaluate biomedical research (halse and honey, 2007).;;","entities":[{"id":4701,"label":"effect","start_offset":27,"end_offset":65},{"id":4702,"label":"cause","start_offset":69,"end_offset":177}],"relations":[{"id":2109,"from_id":4702,"to_id":4701,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5833,"text":"that is, overall self-esteem may buffer against the influence of contingent self-worth on feeling threatened.;;","entities":[{"id":3445,"label":"cause","start_offset":17,"end_offset":28},{"id":3446,"label":"effect","start_offset":33,"end_offset":108}],"relations":[{"id":3327,"from_id":3445,"to_id":3446,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6042,"text":"a transgression is understood to be an event that counters expectations about how situations or others should be or behave (thompson et al., 2005).;;","entities":[{"id":3982,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":149}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9542,"text":"We focus on two specific mechanisms that have received substantial attention especially in the theoretical literature on voluntary participation.;;","entities":[{"id":9868,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":147}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5865,"text":"\"being treated like \"\"crap\"\" means they are denied the status as a human being.\";;","entities":[{"id":8263,"label":"cause","start_offset":44,"end_offset":78},{"id":8264,"label":"effect","start_offset":1,"end_offset":26}],"relations":[{"id":3748,"from_id":8263,"to_id":8264,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8762,"text":"First, we do not want to compare the different ingroups among each other.;;","entities":[{"id":9088,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":75}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6792,"text":"\"in some instances, interviewees may refuse or counter rapport building efforts; they may also set the interview agenda themselves by exercising their own rapport building skills.\";;","entities":[{"id":8613,"label":"cause","start_offset":134,"end_offset":178},{"id":8614,"label":"effect","start_offset":95,"end_offset":130}],"relations":[{"id":3954,"from_id":8613,"to_id":8614,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7526,"text":"however, endowment heterogeneity is more effective at fostering coordination since it results in fewer cases of over contributing as well.;;","entities":[{"id":7827,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":32},{"id":7828,"label":"effect","start_offset":97,"end_offset":137},{"id":7829,"label":"cause","start_offset":97,"end_offset":137},{"id":7830,"label":"effect","start_offset":36,"end_offset":76}],"relations":[{"id":3522,"from_id":7827,"to_id":7828,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3523,"from_id":7829,"to_id":7830,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6664,"text":"tft is the one strategy that is sensitive to whether one or both participants change strategy after an interaction.;;","entities":[{"id":5646,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":117}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6645,"text":"the preceding analyses show that the experience of ostracism in the cyberball game is, in several senses, more aversive than the experience of inclusion.;;","entities":[{"id":5591,"label":"cause","start_offset":37,"end_offset":82},{"id":5593,"label":"effect","start_offset":111,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[{"id":2528,"from_id":5591,"to_id":5593,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5681,"text":"in addition, bettez's noted 'being critically reflexive is especially important so that researchers are more aware .;;","entities":[{"id":3070,"label":"cause","start_offset":29,"end_offset":55},{"id":3071,"label":"effect","start_offset":109,"end_offset":114}],"relations":[{"id":1334,"from_id":3070,"to_id":3071,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7107,"text":"the jiegnote software generally yielded fewer transcription errors compared to the traditional methods, and on considering the effect size (hedge's g), the impact it had on the quality of transcript was small for the software was a working prototype at the time of the study.;;","entities":[{"id":6835,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":277}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7126,"text":"targets may have worked hard not because they cared about group performance but to get the money.;;","entities":[{"id":6880,"label":"cause","start_offset":83,"end_offset":96},{"id":6881,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":28}],"relations":[{"id":3119,"from_id":6880,"to_id":6881,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5820,"text":"because of nhst's remaining popularity, preregistration can rescue a great deal of social, behavioral, and (bio)medical science (perezgonzalez 2015).;;","entities":[{"id":3404,"label":"cause","start_offset":11,"end_offset":38},{"id":3405,"label":"effect","start_offset":40,"end_offset":128}],"relations":[{"id":1489,"from_id":3404,"to_id":3405,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7392,"text":"\"and in experiment 3 ostracized participants were again more aggressive toward ostracizers who had chosen identity disguise than those ostracizers who had been assigned identity disguise; however, participants in the inclusion conditions were not differentially aggressive toward the other ball-toss participants as based on volition.\";;","entities":[{"id":8883,"label":"cause","start_offset":21,"end_offset":31},{"id":8884,"label":"effect","start_offset":61,"end_offset":186}],"relations":[{"id":4086,"from_id":8883,"to_id":8884,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6132,"text":"when men and women play against each other, however, these differences are erased: the men become more like women and the women more like men.;;","entities":[{"id":4233,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":42},{"id":4234,"label":"effect","start_offset":87,"end_offset":113},{"id":4235,"label":"effect","start_offset":122,"end_offset":141}],"relations":[{"id":1892,"from_id":4233,"to_id":4234,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1893,"from_id":4233,"to_id":4235,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7030,"text":"this research is based on self affirmation theory (steele, 1988), which holds that people are more accepting of threatening information when they can sustain a general feeling of morality, integrity, and consistency.;;","entities":[{"id":6635,"label":"cause","start_offset":150,"end_offset":215},{"id":6636,"label":"effect","start_offset":94,"end_offset":135}],"relations":[{"id":2999,"from_id":6635,"to_id":6636,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9566,"text":"The first type of experiment (the P-experiment) elicits people's contribution preferences in a linear one-shot public goods game.;;","entities":[{"id":9892,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":131}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7182,"text":"as such, no difference in allocation behavior between elected and appointed leaders is expected when social responsibility is reinforced.;;","entities":[{"id":7011,"label":"cause","start_offset":101,"end_offset":136},{"id":7012,"label":"effect","start_offset":9,"end_offset":83}],"relations":[{"id":3173,"from_id":7011,"to_id":7012,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6229,"text":"certain activities that some take part in are illegal (e.g., vote buying in various forms) or touch on legal gray areas (e.g., persuading city officials to overlook building code violations).;;","entities":[{"id":4486,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":193}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5914,"text":"the gots dilemma creates situations where environmental uncertainty is endogenous as it is associated exclusively with strategic human behavior: the threshold necessary for ''the givers'' to provide (or sustain) the shared resource is a function of the amount requested by ''the takers''.;;","entities":[{"id":3634,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":16},{"id":3635,"label":"effect","start_offset":42,"end_offset":81}],"relations":[{"id":1599,"from_id":3634,"to_id":3635,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9113,"text":"2002 Department Travel Grant ($439) for travel to the Association for Behavior Analysis conference in Toronto, Canada (poster presentation).;;","entities":[{"id":9439,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":142}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6274,"text":"self-esteem stability influences reactions to the daily events an individual experiences.;;","entities":[{"id":4589,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":21},{"id":4590,"label":"effect","start_offset":33,"end_offset":62}],"relations":[{"id":2048,"from_id":4589,"to_id":4590,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6244,"text":"although our analysis yielded only main effects on the mood composite, one might wonder whether exclusion from claimball exacerbates specific types of mood, in particular feelings of hostility or guilt.;;","entities":[{"id":4520,"label":"cause","start_offset":96,"end_offset":120},{"id":4521,"label":"effect","start_offset":121,"end_offset":201}],"relations":[{"id":2021,"from_id":4520,"to_id":4521,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6305,"text":"people who hold strong destiny beliefs crumble at the slightest hint of ego-threat or setback, which may make them particularly vulnerable to aggression in the wake of ostracism.;;","entities":[{"id":4676,"label":"effect","start_offset":128,"end_offset":177},{"id":4678,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":38},{"id":4679,"label":"effect","start_offset":39,"end_offset":93},{"id":4680,"label":"cause","start_offset":39,"end_offset":93}],"relations":[{"id":2094,"from_id":4678,"to_id":4679,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2095,"from_id":4680,"to_id":4676,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7553,"text":"apparently, ss are better able to forgive their own transgressions than those of their partner.;;","entities":[{"id":7893,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":97}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7095,"text":"it therefore remains to be seen whether or not rejection the journal of social psychology 65 leads to similar increases in aggression when others are aware of the aggressive act.;;","entities":[{"id":8727,"label":"cause","start_offset":139,"end_offset":177},{"id":8728,"label":"effect","start_offset":47,"end_offset":133}],"relations":[{"id":4011,"from_id":8727,"to_id":8728,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8646,"text":"Since the subjects participated in both conditions it was possible to observe behavioural changes at the individual level.;;","entities":[{"id":8972,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":124}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5741,"text":"but our procedure could have created a deceptive feeling for some subjects who believed that the experiment would end after 10 periods.;;","entities":[{"id":3207,"label":"cause","start_offset":8,"end_offset":17},{"id":3208,"label":"effect","start_offset":39,"end_offset":56}],"relations":[{"id":1395,"from_id":3207,"to_id":3208,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6576,"text":"our conjecture that the winner-take-all rule may generate higher contributions than the proportional rebate rule is also consistent with the notion that individuals prefer higher skewness of earnings to risk (golec and tamarkin, 1998).;;","entities":[{"id":8545,"label":"cause","start_offset":24,"end_offset":44},{"id":8546,"label":"effect","start_offset":49,"end_offset":78}],"relations":[{"id":3904,"from_id":8545,"to_id":8546,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6406,"text":"to address this issue, it would be useful for research adopting a more participatory approach to explore confidentiality with children and provide examples of concerns that would need to be shared to keep them safe.;;","entities":[{"id":8472,"label":"effect","start_offset":97,"end_offset":134},{"id":8473,"label":"effect","start_offset":138,"end_offset":214},{"id":8475,"label":"cause","start_offset":71,"end_offset":93}],"relations":[{"id":3854,"from_id":8475,"to_id":8472,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3855,"from_id":8475,"to_id":8473,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5766,"text":"here, we investigate whether proclivity to empathize or systemize has any bearing on the perception and experience of social rejection.;;","entities":[{"id":3266,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":135}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8941,"text":"Specifically, participants in familiar pairs had less variability in how they changed over time compared to the unfamiliar groups.;;","entities":[{"id":9267,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":132}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6994,"text":"under unilateral c hoice the couple can only split if b oth agree to do so, whic h sligh tly increases the n um b er of unhappily married couples but also increases the n um b er of happily married couples.;;","entities":[{"id":6546,"label":"effect","start_offset":29,"end_offset":50},{"id":6547,"label":"cause","start_offset":54,"end_offset":74},{"id":6549,"label":"effect","start_offset":107,"end_offset":145},{"id":6550,"label":"effect","start_offset":165,"end_offset":205}],"relations":[{"id":2965,"from_id":6547,"to_id":6546,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2966,"from_id":6547,"to_id":6549,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2967,"from_id":6547,"to_id":6550,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7178,"text":"these results suggest that prosocials prefer the equality rule out of fairness concerns whereas for proselfs efficiency concerns dominate.;;","entities":[{"id":7005,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6938,"text":"connecting themes perhaps because they had already identified themselves as creative in order to participate in the research project, participants had strong opinions about their creative self-hood.;;","entities":[{"id":6375,"label":"cause","start_offset":51,"end_offset":132},{"id":8684,"label":"effect","start_offset":133,"end_offset":197}],"relations":[{"id":3989,"from_id":6375,"to_id":8684,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9426,"text":"Thus, homophily and tie frequency emerged simply as a result of selective shedding of unwanted ties.;;","entities":[{"id":9752,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":102}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7488,"text":"items measuring belonging, meaningful existence, anger, and bad mood were reverse scored such that lower scores for each measure reflected a stronger negative effect and a greater need threat.;;","entities":[{"id":7742,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":194}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6879,"text":"some researchers identified ethical considerations that are intrinsic to the nature of sda, such as their efforts to conduct sda in order to not overburden vulnerable populations that were participating in research (see turcotte et al., 2015).;;","entities":[{"id":6225,"label":"cause","start_offset":116,"end_offset":128},{"id":6226,"label":"effect","start_offset":141,"end_offset":178}],"relations":[{"id":2825,"from_id":6225,"to_id":6226,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8750,"text":"Importantly, in the mentioned experiments, the conditions for altruistic punishment were relatively favourable, however: low cost for the punisher and high impact on the punished.;;","entities":[{"id":9076,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":181}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6487,"text":"\"all ostracized participants demonstrated affective decline, but over time participants high in loneliness showed less affect decrease than participants low in loneliness (time condition loneliness; fig.\";;","entities":[{"id":5144,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":15},{"id":5145,"label":"effect","start_offset":42,"end_offset":59},{"id":5146,"label":"cause","start_offset":75,"end_offset":106},{"id":8515,"label":"effect","start_offset":119,"end_offset":134}],"relations":[{"id":2314,"from_id":5144,"to_id":5145,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3881,"from_id":5146,"to_id":8515,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6469,"text":"our subgroup discussions prevented sufficiently large numbers of subjects (esg., a subgroup size larger than the provision point) from negotiating a social contract.;;","entities":[{"id":8503,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":24},{"id":8504,"label":"effect","start_offset":25,"end_offset":164}],"relations":[{"id":3876,"from_id":8503,"to_id":8504,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6000,"text":"for example, shareholders with more stocks would be expected to vote for a resolution more readily than shareholders with a smaller number of stocks.;;","entities":[{"id":8199,"label":"cause","start_offset":31,"end_offset":42},{"id":8200,"label":"effect","start_offset":64,"end_offset":98}],"relations":[{"id":3711,"from_id":8199,"to_id":8200,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5875,"text":"we strongly advocate for researchers to extend on the reflections we present here as they use caqdas while conducting research, informing the research community in a way that we may identify in a clear manner what constitutes good ethical practices when using caqdas.;;","entities":[{"id":3537,"label":"cause","start_offset":90,"end_offset":100},{"id":3538,"label":"effect","start_offset":128,"end_offset":160}],"relations":[{"id":1551,"from_id":3537,"to_id":3538,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7112,"text":"it has been shown that the inequity inherent in such social compensation can be highly demotivating, particularly when one is compensating for a lazy (rather than a low-ability) partner-we do not like ''playing the sucker'' and doing more than our fair share of the group's work (kerr, 1983).;;","entities":[{"id":6842,"label":"cause","start_offset":26,"end_offset":72},{"id":6843,"label":"effect","start_offset":80,"end_offset":99},{"id":6844,"label":"cause","start_offset":119,"end_offset":185},{"id":6845,"label":"effect","start_offset":186,"end_offset":224},{"id":6846,"label":"effect","start_offset":228,"end_offset":278}],"relations":[{"id":3100,"from_id":6842,"to_id":6843,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3101,"from_id":6844,"to_id":6845,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3102,"from_id":6844,"to_id":6846,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9013,"text":"Online experiments, like any experimental method, have limitations, even when conducted within online labor markets.;;","entities":[{"id":9339,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":118}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6191,"text":"typically, non-academic impacts arise when research directly informs national debates in parliament (or relevant political bodies), affects policy and regulation, influences how the private sector operates, connects with legal testimony and ongoing court decisions, and\/or shapes national discourse via the broader mass media.;;","entities":[{"id":4375,"label":"effect","start_offset":10,"end_offset":31},{"id":4376,"label":"cause","start_offset":43,"end_offset":99},{"id":4377,"label":"effect","start_offset":139,"end_offset":146},{"id":4378,"label":"effect","start_offset":151,"end_offset":161},{"id":4379,"label":"effect","start_offset":174,"end_offset":205},{"id":4380,"label":"effect","start_offset":307,"end_offset":325},{"id":4381,"label":"effect","start_offset":273,"end_offset":297},{"id":4382,"label":"cause","start_offset":307,"end_offset":325}],"relations":[{"id":1948,"from_id":4376,"to_id":4375,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1949,"from_id":4382,"to_id":4381,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1950,"from_id":4375,"to_id":4377,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1951,"from_id":4375,"to_id":4379,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1952,"from_id":4375,"to_id":4382,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8923,"text":"Firstly, it reveals each person's identity and his contribution to the public good.;;","entities":[{"id":9249,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":85}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5658,"text":"moreover, might socially included and excluded individuals simply differ in their interest in mating, as documented here, or do they also prefer different strategies toward mating based on the amount of resources they have available to invest in the first place?;;","entities":[{"id":3014,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":264}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8950,"text":"For example, companies in a sector such as computers or broadband Internet services can choose to keep their prices similarly high, or they can do the opposite-start a price war in which each undercuts the other.;;","entities":[{"id":9276,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":214}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9465,"text":"If so, who are the cooperators?;;","entities":[{"id":9791,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":33}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6060,"text":"experiment 5: experienced subjects one threat to the general iz ability of the above experiments is the fact that each subject confronted his or her investment decision only once.;;","entities":[{"id":4035,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":181}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7573,"text":"individual with high social anxiety will have higher overall scores on ratings of the importance of their next turn for maintaining the quality of their relationship with their partner than those low in social anxiety.;;","entities":[{"id":8949,"label":"cause","start_offset":16,"end_offset":35},{"id":8950,"label":"effect","start_offset":46,"end_offset":184}],"relations":[{"id":4127,"from_id":8949,"to_id":8950,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5731,"text":"not only are funder demands reconfiguring researchers' expectations about their data but also open data tends to be treated as an inherent good within the research community.;;","entities":[{"id":3187,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":174}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6870,"text":"\"it revealed that webqda is a powerful digital tool for broadening and deepening the analysis of qualitative data; however, some of its features might be improved depending on specificities of the data collection technique.\";;","entities":[{"id":6208,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":226}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6936,"text":"average contribution rates per period in treatments r and or subjects put zero toward the public account, which contrasts with the significant difference between the number of free-riders in treatments es and eos.;;","entities":[{"id":6369,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":215}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9142,"text":"However, many of us applaud or have fully engaged the program Heintz suggests (combining \"multivariate analysis\" with qualitative ethnography), as presented in Henrich et al. (2004), and in other venues where we link to economic anthropology (Ensminger 2002;Henrich 2002;Tracer 2003).;;","entities":[{"id":9468,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":286}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8912,"text":"In the text chat condition, the client was divided into two parts, one housing the game itself, and the other housing a standard chat interface, including a history of the subject's conversation.;;","entities":[{"id":9238,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":197}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6881,"text":"in this vein, we expected to replicate that decision makers cooperate more when they face an increased risk of retaliation (fehr & g\u00e4chter, 2002), which has also been confirmed in bargaining games (van dijk et al., 2004).;;","entities":[{"id":6229,"label":"effect","start_offset":44,"end_offset":74},{"id":6230,"label":"cause","start_offset":85,"end_offset":122}],"relations":[{"id":2826,"from_id":6230,"to_id":6229,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9057,"text":"Irrational punishment again occurred with a comparatively small probability, but antisocial punishment occurred with about the same probability as irrational punishment, \u0394G 2 (2) = 0.38, p = .836,;;","entities":[{"id":9383,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":198}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9248,"text":"The interaction was not observed with the SL measure of SVO (F(1,404) = 0.83, p = .364),;;","entities":[{"id":9574,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":90}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7515,"text":"this sometimes accompanied a very rapid response rate so the fact of the light being out may have gone unnoticed.;;","entities":[{"id":7805,"label":"effect","start_offset":61,"end_offset":112},{"id":7807,"label":"cause","start_offset":29,"end_offset":53}],"relations":[{"id":3514,"from_id":7807,"to_id":7805,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7025,"text":"if, for example, the researcher had access to only a portion of the diaries in a multi-mode in-depth interview study, the final interpretations and conclusions reached by the researcher would be seriously in doubt.;;","entities":[{"id":6625,"label":"cause","start_offset":36,"end_offset":116},{"id":6626,"label":"effect","start_offset":122,"end_offset":213}],"relations":[{"id":2996,"from_id":6625,"to_id":6626,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5852,"text":"this may have occurred because participants in two-person exclusion received 12 ball-tosses, compared to two ball-tosses received in williams et al.;;","entities":[{"id":8261,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":22},{"id":8262,"label":"cause","start_offset":31,"end_offset":91}],"relations":[{"id":3747,"from_id":8262,"to_id":8261,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9419,"text":"By applying this index to the experimental data of this research, it is shown that over all 20 rounds, on average, 63.7% of the unreported income in the endogenous-audit treatment is discovered, and this magnitude is 50.3% in the random-audit treatment.;;","entities":[{"id":9745,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":255}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6412,"text":"the design we used was based on the assumption that experiencing a small dose of the specific pain produced by an interrogation tactic provides a more realistic and complete understanding of how that tactic is experienced.;;","entities":[{"id":4958,"label":"cause","start_offset":52,"end_offset":134},{"id":4959,"label":"effect","start_offset":174,"end_offset":221}],"relations":[{"id":2219,"from_id":4958,"to_id":4959,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6514,"text":"social anxiety is directly related to a fear of social rejection (of which ostracism is a form).;;","entities":[{"id":5217,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":98}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6315,"text":"\"the first is that it can help to identify the competencies of the researcher, whether novice or expert; it can help the researcher to read the context and prevent them from getting out of their depth.\";;","entities":[{"id":4719,"label":"cause","start_offset":19,"end_offset":21},{"id":4720,"label":"effect","start_offset":34,"end_offset":77},{"id":4721,"label":"cause","start_offset":105,"end_offset":107},{"id":4722,"label":"effect","start_offset":121,"end_offset":200}],"relations":[{"id":2114,"from_id":4719,"to_id":4720,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2115,"from_id":4721,"to_id":4722,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5743,"text":"on the other hand, the extent of a researcher's knowledge of analytical procedures will have an influence on and be revealed in different forms and approaches to analysis.;;","entities":[{"id":3211,"label":"cause","start_offset":23,"end_offset":82},{"id":3212,"label":"effect","start_offset":138,"end_offset":170}],"relations":[{"id":1397,"from_id":3211,"to_id":3212,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5806,"text":"age differences between participants and field workers was important when older participants were reported as being reluctant to answer questions on their sexual behavior to young field workers, or those of a different gender to themselves.;;","entities":[{"id":3372,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":68},{"id":3374,"label":"cause","start_offset":74,"end_offset":239}],"relations":[{"id":1474,"from_id":3374,"to_id":3372,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7049,"text":"see also bartling and von siemens (2011), who find that wage inequality has no detrimental effect on effort provision in a team production setting.;;","entities":[{"id":6689,"label":"cause","start_offset":56,"end_offset":71},{"id":6691,"label":"effect","start_offset":76,"end_offset":117}],"relations":[{"id":3026,"from_id":6689,"to_id":6691,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8888,"text":"Finally, Study 3 employed a levels-of-processing manipulation (Ramponi et al., 2007) to provide evidence for the causal role of explicit memory in indirect reciprocity.;;","entities":[{"id":9214,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":170}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6631,"text":"for example, when speaking with participants over the telephone, the researcher felt that this mode of communication that obscures facial expressions and gestures may have negatively affected her ability to effectively build a rapport with the participant.;;","entities":[{"id":5542,"label":"effect","start_offset":172,"end_offset":255},{"id":5543,"label":"cause","start_offset":95,"end_offset":162}],"relations":[{"id":2496,"from_id":5543,"to_id":5542,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5672,"text":"ostracism is experienced neurologically as pain (eisenberger, lieberman, & williams, 2003), and hurts even when being ostracized by a hated outgroup (gonsalkorale & williams, 2007).;;","entities":[{"id":3045,"label":"effect","start_offset":96,"end_offset":101},{"id":3046,"label":"cause","start_offset":118,"end_offset":148}],"relations":[{"id":1322,"from_id":3046,"to_id":3045,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6161,"text":"constructivist and ecological models are complementary to each other because they make it possible to cover various aspects of human activities.;;","entities":[{"id":4306,"label":"cause","start_offset":102,"end_offset":143},{"id":4307,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":68}],"relations":[{"id":1920,"from_id":4306,"to_id":4307,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9266,"text":"This raises interesting questions, as dematerialized payment is most likely to become the standard way to remunerate subjects in online experiments.;;","entities":[{"id":9592,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":150}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9282,"text":"The use of a coaxing strategy was determined by whether such a strategy was used during turns 2-5 of Phase 3 (i.e., a dichotomous variable).;;","entities":[{"id":9608,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":142}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6228,"text":"jones (2008, 2013), in a meta-study of repeated prisoner's dilemma experiments run at schools with differing average sat and act scores, reported that average cooperation rates are higher at universities with higher average test scores.;;","entities":[{"id":8386,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":238}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7145,"text":"this procedure affords a content-free manipulation of self-other similarity-one that (i) manipulates perceived similarity independent of group identity, and (ii) does not involve differences in incentives stemming from information exchange and reduced social distance.;;","entities":[{"id":8744,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":14},{"id":8745,"label":"effect","start_offset":89,"end_offset":151},{"id":8746,"label":"effect","start_offset":162,"end_offset":267}],"relations":[{"id":4020,"from_id":8744,"to_id":8745,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4021,"from_id":8744,"to_id":8746,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6156,"text":"\"researchers complain of the way in which such regulations (a concept that \"\"can provoke discomfort\"\" (dingwall, 2016)) infringe on their academic freedom or limit their methodological innovation (see nind et al., 2013; shweder, 2006; sikes and piper, 2011).\";;","entities":[{"id":8354,"label":"cause","start_offset":42,"end_offset":58},{"id":8355,"label":"effect","start_offset":119,"end_offset":154},{"id":8358,"label":"effect","start_offset":170,"end_offset":195}],"relations":[{"id":3793,"from_id":8354,"to_id":8355,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3794,"from_id":8354,"to_id":8358,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6746,"text":"since all end node payoffs for both players were kept constant, it appears that the difference is primarily through how individuals were influenced by the reversal probability.;;","entities":[{"id":5880,"label":"effect","start_offset":84,"end_offset":94},{"id":5881,"label":"cause","start_offset":116,"end_offset":175}],"relations":[{"id":2665,"from_id":5881,"to_id":5880,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7250,"text":"the results of study 2 indicate that contrary to predictions, as activity exclusion increases, targets make fewer internal attributions.;;","entities":[{"id":8806,"label":"cause","start_offset":65,"end_offset":93},{"id":8807,"label":"effect","start_offset":95,"end_offset":135}],"relations":[{"id":4051,"from_id":8806,"to_id":8807,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5764,"text":"we predicted that strong (vs. weak) destiny beliefs would interact with ostracism to produce the highest levels of aggressive affect.;;","entities":[{"id":3263,"label":"cause","start_offset":36,"end_offset":81},{"id":8141,"label":"effect","start_offset":105,"end_offset":132}],"relations":[{"id":3669,"from_id":3263,"to_id":8141,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9550,"text":"Thus, more women than men were represented in this study.;;","entities":[{"id":9876,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":59}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6332,"text":"by showing that interpersonal rejection leads consumers to pursue riskier financial opportunities, our research uncovers a shift in consumers' idiosyncratic risk-to-benefit ratio as a result of social exclusion.;;","entities":[{"id":4760,"label":"cause","start_offset":15,"end_offset":39},{"id":4761,"label":"effect","start_offset":46,"end_offset":97},{"id":4762,"label":"cause","start_offset":194,"end_offset":210},{"id":4763,"label":"effect","start_offset":123,"end_offset":178}],"relations":[{"id":2132,"from_id":4760,"to_id":4761,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2133,"from_id":4762,"to_id":4763,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5909,"text":"hostility was further significantly correlated with belonging [r(46) = -.35, p = .02), control (r(46) = -.31, p = .04], self-esteem [r(46) = -.513, p < .001], and meaningfulness of life [r(46) = - .41, p = .004], meaning higher scores for hostility were strongly associated with diminished needs.;;","entities":[{"id":3622,"label":"cause","start_offset":163,"end_offset":185},{"id":3623,"label":"effect","start_offset":221,"end_offset":295}],"relations":[{"id":1595,"from_id":3622,"to_id":3623,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9126,"text":"To alleviate such concerns, we randomized the counterparts and roles (with replacement) in each round to induce participants to consider each round and decision strictly as a one-off decision and limited the number of standard trust game rounds to three with a randomly 3 A reader worried about post hoc hypothesizing (see e.g., Kerr, 1998) may be comforted by the fact that in a grant application submitted to KAUTE Foundation on February 14, 2014 and our research proposal submitted to Aalto University Research Ethics Committee on March 6, 2014 we unambiguously state that we will study the relationship between short-term hunger and trust and do not hypothesize on other outcome variables.;;","entities":[{"id":9452,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":695}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5846,"text":"clarification the journal of social psychology 73 of these underlying processes may improve our understanding for why rejection causes people to become privately, but not publicly, aggressive.;;","entities":[{"id":8161,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":46},{"id":8162,"label":"effect","start_offset":83,"end_offset":109},{"id":8163,"label":"cause","start_offset":118,"end_offset":127},{"id":8164,"label":"effect","start_offset":135,"end_offset":161}],"relations":[{"id":3683,"from_id":8161,"to_id":8162,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3684,"from_id":8163,"to_id":8164,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6737,"text":"self-control an important component of self-regulation theory affected by ostracism is self-control.;;","entities":[{"id":5848,"label":"cause","start_offset":74,"end_offset":83},{"id":5849,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":12}],"relations":[{"id":2648,"from_id":5848,"to_id":5849,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8643,"text":"for example, qualitative review approaches offer advantages of generating deeper understanding of literature and contributing to more comprehensive research integration, even across quantitative studies.;;","entities":[{"id":3288,"label":"cause","start_offset":13,"end_offset":42},{"id":3291,"label":"effect","start_offset":81,"end_offset":108},{"id":3292,"label":"effect","start_offset":134,"end_offset":168}],"relations":[{"id":1432,"from_id":3288,"to_id":3291,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1433,"from_id":3288,"to_id":3292,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7384,"text":"ethical and legal issues the debate on open data is further polarized when ethical and legal implications surrounding potential harm to participants are considered.;;","entities":[{"id":7509,"label":"cause","start_offset":75,"end_offset":163},{"id":7510,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":69}],"relations":[{"id":3395,"from_id":7509,"to_id":7510,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9343,"text":"Ahn et al., 2001) suggest that when games are assigned, such a change in payoffs does not affect behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":9669,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":108}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5685,"text":"the establishment of solid foods 2022, 11, 2287 3 of 18 methodological guidelines can be extremely useful when analysing qualitative data, as it has been criticised for its rather subjective nature for a long time.;;","entities":[{"id":8225,"label":"effect","start_offset":4,"end_offset":105},{"id":8226,"label":"cause","start_offset":111,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[{"id":3727,"from_id":8226,"to_id":8225,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9645,"text":"Some are the same sort of things that I am, others are less so.;;","entities":[{"id":9971,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":65}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8712,"text":"Each player received an endowment of one token that could be invested either in a private account or in a group account.;;","entities":[{"id":9038,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":122}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6747,"text":"this study draws a distinction between cooperation, increasing both contributions and payoffs, and coercion, increasing contributions at the expense of lower payoffs.;;","entities":[{"id":5882,"label":"cause","start_offset":68,"end_offset":93},{"id":5883,"label":"cause","start_offset":99,"end_offset":107},{"id":5884,"label":"effect","start_offset":120,"end_offset":165}],"relations":[{"id":2666,"from_id":5882,"to_id":5884,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2667,"from_id":5883,"to_id":5884,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6175,"text":"autonomous choice is at the core of informed consent and is intended as a form of independent acquiescence to participate in research.;;","entities":[{"id":4340,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":136}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5873,"text":"\"individuals cling tenaciously to their optimistic beliefs by using a plethora of defensive strategies (e.g., croyle, sun, & louie, 1993; klein, 1996); as a result, unrealistic optimism is particularly resistant to change using risk communications (e.g., weinstein & klein, 1995).\";;","entities":[{"id":3531,"label":"effect","start_offset":1,"end_offset":58},{"id":3532,"label":"cause","start_offset":70,"end_offset":102},{"id":3533,"label":"cause","start_offset":228,"end_offset":247},{"id":3534,"label":"effect","start_offset":165,"end_offset":221}],"relations":[{"id":1548,"from_id":3532,"to_id":3531,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1549,"from_id":3533,"to_id":3534,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6421,"text":"having a friend or mentor makes the work environment more pleasant for someone who is ostracized.;;","entities":[{"id":4980,"label":"effect","start_offset":36,"end_offset":96},{"id":4981,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":25}],"relations":[{"id":2230,"from_id":4981,"to_id":4980,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9079,"text":"This is in line with Hypothesis 2, which stated that prosocials transform the situation into an environmental problem (resembling a Prisoner's Dilemma Game), whereas proselves transform it into an accessibility problem (resembling a Chicken Dilemma Game).;;","entities":[{"id":9405,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":257}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5777,"text":"\"however, in the field and when going about generating data, the actual practice of being reflexive and reflective while undertaking research becomes something far more elusive and slippery (bloor and wood, 2006; hesse-biber and leavy, 2011).\";;","entities":[{"id":8249,"label":"cause","start_offset":32,"end_offset":59},{"id":8251,"label":"effect","start_offset":65,"end_offset":159}],"relations":[{"id":3741,"from_id":8249,"to_id":8251,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6710,"text":"the most practical and obvious impact related to the redaction of details is how the data is used in the future, highlighting the epistemic distinction between inductive and deductive research that is often ignored by archiving requirements (feldman and shaw, 2019).;;","entities":[{"id":5770,"label":"cause","start_offset":53,"end_offset":73},{"id":5771,"label":"effect","start_offset":77,"end_offset":111}],"relations":[{"id":2612,"from_id":5770,"to_id":5771,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6963,"text":"in that case, the possibility to modify the level of service to the group is very limited for most individuals.;;","entities":[{"id":6467,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":113}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9534,"text":"H3: For all PDs (\u0393: \u2206) there is a positive association between Prop(C|\u2206) and w u .;;","entities":[{"id":9860,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":84}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6753,"text":"however, this instruction effect is generally very strong and therefore is seldom influenced by, and almost independent of, the actual partner's behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":5901,"label":"cause","start_offset":14,"end_offset":57},{"id":5903,"label":"effect","start_offset":128,"end_offset":153}],"relations":[{"id":2677,"from_id":5901,"to_id":5903,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7231,"text":"\"for example, differing interpretations or understandings of themes that arise during codebook development can help the research team to refine thematic codes and establish inclusion and exclusion criteria for codes through iterative discussion and resolution (cascio et al., 2019; hruschka 2004; macqueen et al., 1998).\";;","entities":[{"id":7125,"label":"cause","start_offset":14,"end_offset":106},{"id":7126,"label":"effect","start_offset":137,"end_offset":158},{"id":7127,"label":"effect","start_offset":163,"end_offset":215},{"id":7128,"label":"effect","start_offset":224,"end_offset":259},{"id":7129,"label":"cause","start_offset":224,"end_offset":259}],"relations":[{"id":3226,"from_id":7125,"to_id":7128,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3227,"from_id":7129,"to_id":7126,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3228,"from_id":7129,"to_id":7127,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7275,"text":"this distress should move beyond feeling sadness or guilt for observing the target suffering ostracism (cf.;;","entities":[{"id":8819,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":57},{"id":8820,"label":"effect","start_offset":62,"end_offset":102}],"relations":[{"id":4057,"from_id":8819,"to_id":8820,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9450,"text":"Examples include accommodative dilemmas in close relationships (Arriaga & Rusbult, 1998), harvesting and conservation of limited natural resources (Raiffa, Richardson, & Metcalfe, 2002;Van Vugt, 2009), the provision of public goods (Biel, Eek, & Garling, 1997), and resource distribution within social groups (Kramer, 1991).;;","entities":[{"id":9776,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":326}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9020,"text":"Lemma 1 implies that b k ) i \u2208 R , and M k is the (N \u2212 S) \u00d7 (N \u2212 S) matrix whose diagonal elements are 0 and its (m, n)-th element is \u03b1 S + m, S + n s j k \u2200 i \u2208 R and j \u2208 S, and (I \u2212 M k ) \u2212 1 y R k is increasing in y R k in the relevant nonnegative range, the above establishes that b s k i \u2265s k i \u2200 i \u2208 R. Then k b T implies b s t i \u2265s t i \u2200 i \u2208 N and t \u2208 {1,..., k} , and b s k + 1 i \u2265s k + 1 i \u2200 i \u2208 S. The claim then follows by induction.;;","entities":[{"id":9346,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":445}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9115,"text":"In each session, sixteen or twenty undergraduate participants are randomly and anonymously assigned to groups of four who interact knowingly without change of partners and for a total of fifteen periods.;;","entities":[{"id":9441,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":205}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7387,"text":"\"apophenia, also known as patternicity, refers to the identification of connections or meaningful patterns in disparate data, where no such relationship exists (fyfe, williams, mason & pickup, 2008; paul, monda, olausson & reed-daley, 2014; shermer, 2008).\";;","entities":[{"id":7517,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":259}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7369,"text":"\"in cooperative games, players can communicate freely and make enforceable agreements; in noncooperative games, they can do neither.\";;","entities":[{"id":7473,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":135}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5959,"text":"similarly, earning trust was particularly challenging for antilla while she was conducting her study on her study with african american women.;;","entities":[{"id":3765,"label":"effect","start_offset":11,"end_offset":54},{"id":3766,"label":"cause","start_offset":72,"end_offset":141}],"relations":[{"id":1668,"from_id":3766,"to_id":3765,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7496,"text":"sharing the ostracism experience did mitigate reflective self-reports of belonging, self-esteem, meaning, control and mood.;;","entities":[{"id":7754,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":32},{"id":7755,"label":"effect","start_offset":37,"end_offset":82},{"id":7756,"label":"effect","start_offset":84,"end_offset":95},{"id":7757,"label":"effect","start_offset":97,"end_offset":104},{"id":7758,"label":"effect","start_offset":106,"end_offset":122}],"relations":[{"id":3491,"from_id":7754,"to_id":7755,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3492,"from_id":7754,"to_id":7756,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3493,"from_id":7754,"to_id":7757,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3494,"from_id":7754,"to_id":7758,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9114,"text":"Likewise, up to roughly 60% of the third parties punished violations of the cooperation norm.;;","entities":[{"id":9440,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":95}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9539,"text":"In line with Hypothesis 4, pro-socials exhibited a stronger preference for responsible and efficient leaders than pro-selfs.;;","entities":[{"id":9865,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":126}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9230,"text":"Another set of explanations focuses on cognitive biases related to the concept of loss aversion (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979), according to which the disutility associated with a loss is greater than the utility associated with a gain of the same magnitude.;;","entities":[{"id":9556,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":258}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6762,"text":"however, without disclosing the decisions and actions involved in its conduct in an accessible manner, an independent reader will not be able to appreciate the results.;;","entities":[{"id":5928,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":101},{"id":5929,"label":"effect","start_offset":103,"end_offset":167}],"relations":[{"id":2687,"from_id":5928,"to_id":5929,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6261,"text":"there is also the expectation in participants' sharing personal information that it might be necessary for researchers to share equivalent information as a way of demonstrating their humanness.;;","entities":[{"id":8398,"label":"cause","start_offset":122,"end_offset":150},{"id":8399,"label":"effect","start_offset":163,"end_offset":192}],"relations":[{"id":3817,"from_id":8398,"to_id":8399,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9323,"text":"However, in the known end-period free riding is always optimal.;;","entities":[{"id":9649,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":65}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6697,"text":"this code would also acknowledge that inter subjectivity means that participants co researchers are members of communities, hold knowledge of their subjective experience, and live and navigate systems that are entrenched in hierarchies of power, noting that we as researchers are also entangled in these hierarchies of power.;;","entities":[{"id":5731,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":327}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7037,"text":"cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting.;;","entities":[{"id":6653,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":21},{"id":6654,"label":"effect","start_offset":29,"end_offset":41}],"relations":[{"id":3006,"from_id":6653,"to_id":6654,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7377,"text":"after playing cyberball, the victimized students in the ostracism condition scored significantly lower on feelings of meaningful existence compared to the ostracized students not involved in bully\/victim problems.;;","entities":[{"id":7491,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":215}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9442,"text":"For gamma (R 2 \u00bc 0.087, F(3, 116) \u00bc 3.71, p \u00bc 0.01), we found a negative interaction between interpersonal trust and condition (b \u00bc \u00c00.15, t(116) \u00bc \u00c02.34, p \u00bc 0.02).;;","entities":[{"id":9768,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":167}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7563,"text":"although i have taken steps to minimize how much such restrictions limited participants' voices, such as through thoroughly describing the participant generated images that i cannot show, i cannot completely overcome the academic institution's ability to shape the way participants and i present their stories.;;","entities":[{"id":7913,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":312}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6419,"text":"the price for the right to play the game served as an efficiency enhancing coordination device if the price was high enough to exclude inefficient equilibria.;;","entities":[{"id":4975,"label":"cause","start_offset":102,"end_offset":157},{"id":4977,"label":"effect","start_offset":4,"end_offset":94}],"relations":[{"id":2228,"from_id":4975,"to_id":4977,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7356,"text":"however, there might, for example, be a trade-off between equity and efficiency, leading participants to prefer the equal but inefficient option.;;","entities":[{"id":7446,"label":"cause","start_offset":40,"end_offset":79},{"id":7447,"label":"effect","start_offset":89,"end_offset":144}],"relations":[{"id":3369,"from_id":7446,"to_id":7447,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7629,"text":"these psychologists leveraged open card sorting to first generate participant labelled cards, then facilitated free-form sorting activities with those cards as an interactive way of exploring nuanced, experiential concepts during therapeutic assessment.;;","entities":[{"id":8066,"label":"cause","start_offset":20,"end_offset":47},{"id":8067,"label":"effect","start_offset":51,"end_offset":92},{"id":8069,"label":"effect","start_offset":99,"end_offset":139}],"relations":[{"id":3623,"from_id":8066,"to_id":8067,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3624,"from_id":8066,"to_id":8069,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7006,"text":"our failure to fi nd attributions leading to different basic need satisfaction outcomes may stem more from study limitations than from fl aws.;;","entities":[{"id":6576,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":33},{"id":6582,"label":"effect","start_offset":45,"end_offset":141}],"relations":[{"id":2979,"from_id":6576,"to_id":6582,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9543,"text":"We thank Simon G\u00e4chter, Joshua Tasoff, Pinghan Liang, and two anonymous referees for their comments and Prof. Mingjian Zhou for his assistance.;;","entities":[{"id":9869,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":145}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7249,"text":"however, results from these experiments suggest that thinking about what others will do in a game-theoretic setting moves subjects' actions toward that of the equilibrium.;;","entities":[{"id":7167,"label":"cause","start_offset":53,"end_offset":115},{"id":7168,"label":"effect","start_offset":116,"end_offset":170}],"relations":[{"id":3244,"from_id":7167,"to_id":7168,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8699,"text":"According to this hypothesis, establishing a minimal contributing set puts the designated contributors in a position of payers in a market of private goods.;;","entities":[{"id":9025,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":158}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6984,"text":"for this reason, auriacombe (2016) explains that conceptualising can be seen as a means of reasoning, where various distinct concepts or cases are studied to develop a pattern and ultimately lead to the creation of a conceptual category.;;","entities":[{"id":6519,"label":"cause","start_offset":108,"end_offset":175},{"id":6520,"label":"effect","start_offset":203,"end_offset":236}],"relations":[{"id":2952,"from_id":6519,"to_id":6520,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7315,"text":"in other words, compared to included persons, these participants were more upset by the partial exclusion.;;","entities":[{"id":7359,"label":"cause","start_offset":88,"end_offset":105},{"id":7360,"label":"effect","start_offset":52,"end_offset":80}],"relations":[{"id":3331,"from_id":7359,"to_id":7360,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7566,"text":"crucially, we claim that if differences in attentional focus between conditions have a part to play in the explanation of whether ibr is instantiated, then those differences in attentional focus are themselves to be explained by judgments about social inclusion and exclusion.;;","entities":[{"id":7917,"label":"cause","start_offset":28,"end_offset":149},{"id":7918,"label":"effect","start_offset":162,"end_offset":275}],"relations":[{"id":3559,"from_id":7917,"to_id":7918,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9226,"text":"In asymmetric dilemmas, group members differ with regard to one (or more) of the defining characteristics of the social dilemma.;;","entities":[{"id":9552,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":130}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7038,"text":"although some people's self-esteem may vary from moment to moment others self-esteem may be uniquely conditional on specific areas that are important to them.;;","entities":[{"id":6655,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":160}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9056,"text":"It was found that the differences between the four age groups in the second set position approached statistical significance, F(3, 103) = 2.68, p = .051,;;","entities":[{"id":9382,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":155}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8955,"text":"For example, there is evidence to suggest that women have become more similar to men in terms of their agentic (but not communal) orientation over the last 50 years (Twenge, 1997(Twenge, , 2001).;;","entities":[{"id":9281,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":197}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6909,"text":"third, due to the common cultural background, the interviewers were often perceived as allies by the interviewees and not as state representatives;;","entities":[{"id":6300,"label":"cause","start_offset":18,"end_offset":44},{"id":6301,"label":"effect","start_offset":73,"end_offset":93}],"relations":[{"id":2858,"from_id":6300,"to_id":6301,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6662,"text":"abandoning the audio-recorder may be particularly beneficial when working with participants who have historically been and\/or currently are experiencing oppression, and thus have good reason to be suspicious of the audio-recorder (liamputtong, 2010).;;","entities":[{"id":5640,"label":"cause","start_offset":79,"end_offset":163},{"id":5642,"label":"effect","start_offset":197,"end_offset":229}],"relations":[{"id":2549,"from_id":5640,"to_id":5642,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9512,"text":"credibility conditions; the 50% credibility SS (X = -1.94);;","entities":[{"id":9838,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":60}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7284,"text":"\"in addition, we found that \"\"fooling\"\" the fingers, by briefly stimulating them with a cup of warm tea, eliminates the negative feelings typically experienced after social exclusion.\";;","entities":[{"id":7259,"label":"cause","start_offset":30,"end_offset":103},{"id":7261,"label":"effect","start_offset":105,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[{"id":3285,"from_id":7259,"to_id":7261,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8838,"text":"The results of the two studies reported here (which placed relatively large sums of money at stake) indicate that, as players are given essentially neutral but more complete information about the structure of a PD game, they play the game more cooperatively.;;","entities":[{"id":9164,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":260}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7530,"text":"our hypothesis is that because of communication efforts of the communicating group should be no lower than efforts of the non communicating group.;;","entities":[{"id":8937,"label":"cause","start_offset":34,"end_offset":47},{"id":8938,"label":"effect","start_offset":48,"end_offset":145}],"relations":[{"id":4120,"from_id":8937,"to_id":8938,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9276,"text":"People may be strongly focused on enhancing immediate outcomes for self (direct self-interest) but may also take into account broader considerations, such as the goal to minimize (absolute) differences in outcomes for self and other (egalitarianism or fairness), the goal to enhance outcomes for the collective, or the goal to enhance outcomes in the future.;;","entities":[{"id":9602,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":360}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7073,"text":"we believe the role of curation of qualitative data for reuse is to enable secondary users of data to act epistemically responsibly, that is, to allow them to learn additional evidence about the data they are reusing, which in turn allows them to shape justifiable beliefs based on those data.;;","entities":[{"id":6753,"label":"cause","start_offset":23,"end_offset":61},{"id":6754,"label":"effect","start_offset":75,"end_offset":131},{"id":6755,"label":"effect","start_offset":159,"end_offset":216},{"id":6756,"label":"effect","start_offset":247,"end_offset":292},{"id":6757,"label":"cause","start_offset":158,"end_offset":216},{"id":8722,"label":"cause","start_offset":75,"end_offset":131}],"relations":[{"id":3062,"from_id":6753,"to_id":6754,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3065,"from_id":6757,"to_id":6756,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4007,"from_id":8722,"to_id":6755,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5734,"text":"because social exclusion leads to an enhanced search for preference consistent information while neglecting preference inconsistent information, potential risks may be overlooked.;;","entities":[{"id":3191,"label":"cause","start_offset":8,"end_offset":24},{"id":3192,"label":"effect","start_offset":46,"end_offset":90},{"id":3193,"label":"cause","start_offset":97,"end_offset":143},{"id":3194,"label":"effect","start_offset":145,"end_offset":178}],"relations":[{"id":1388,"from_id":3191,"to_id":3192,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1389,"from_id":3193,"to_id":3194,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7301,"text":"thus, researchers will need to address an array of concerns related to confidentiality and take steps to acknowledge authors' autonomy (heilferty, 2011b), while also respecting that their accounts were not generated for research purposes and some degree of confidentiality might be desired (roberts, 2015).;;","entities":[{"id":7300,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":308}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7483,"text":"the fact that in the one-sided treatment recipients in their imaginary role as dictators are less generous than actual dictators supports the view that the lack of generosity in the two-sided treatment may be triggered by pessimistic expectations.;;","entities":[{"id":7733,"label":"effect","start_offset":156,"end_offset":201},{"id":8911,"label":"cause","start_offset":222,"end_offset":245}],"relations":[{"id":4104,"from_id":8911,"to_id":7733,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7183,"text":"these aims notwithstanding we find that scale exacerbates ethical challenges by adding to their complexity.;;","entities":[{"id":8762,"label":"cause","start_offset":40,"end_offset":45},{"id":8765,"label":"effect","start_offset":95,"end_offset":106},{"id":8766,"label":"cause","start_offset":96,"end_offset":106},{"id":8767,"label":"effect","start_offset":58,"end_offset":76}],"relations":[{"id":4030,"from_id":8762,"to_id":8765,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4031,"from_id":8766,"to_id":8767,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7487,"text":"after all, if it is possible to consume the good even without contributing to its provision, individuals may reason that it is in their personal interest not to contribute.;;","entities":[{"id":7741,"label":"effect","start_offset":93,"end_offset":171},{"id":8912,"label":"cause","start_offset":31,"end_offset":91}],"relations":[{"id":4105,"from_id":8912,"to_id":7741,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6355,"text":"given limitations on data, this tends to be the weakest of the four approaches.;;","entities":[{"id":4811,"label":"cause","start_offset":6,"end_offset":25},{"id":8454,"label":"effect","start_offset":48,"end_offset":78}],"relations":[{"id":3843,"from_id":4811,"to_id":8454,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6384,"text":"this kind of focus makes our discussion distinctive in exploring those micro dialogues we have with ourselves in the life of a research project and thus extends important methodological discussions within the social sciences.;;","entities":[{"id":4893,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":18},{"id":4894,"label":"effect","start_offset":19,"end_offset":86},{"id":4895,"label":"effect","start_offset":153,"end_offset":224},{"id":4896,"label":"cause","start_offset":19,"end_offset":86}],"relations":[{"id":2193,"from_id":4893,"to_id":4894,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2194,"from_id":4896,"to_id":4895,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9084,"text":"As before, given that participants were aware of the endpoint, contributions decrease significantly over time.;;","entities":[{"id":9410,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":112}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8790,"text":"(The tables refer to these 15 as \"wise\" subjects.);;","entities":[{"id":9116,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":52}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5953,"text":"blake, mcauliffe and warneken, (2014) suggested that young children understand the principles of fairness, but do not follow them and will only do so when they start to worry about their reputation, when 8 years and older.;;","entities":[{"id":3751,"label":"cause","start_offset":169,"end_offset":197},{"id":3752,"label":"effect","start_offset":83,"end_offset":105}],"relations":[{"id":1662,"from_id":3751,"to_id":3752,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6087,"text":"if players choose opposite strategies, the player choosing option a receives $20, while the player choosing option b receives $2.;;","entities":[{"id":4100,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":37},{"id":4101,"label":"effect","start_offset":43,"end_offset":80},{"id":4102,"label":"effect","start_offset":92,"end_offset":128}],"relations":[{"id":1830,"from_id":4100,"to_id":4101,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1831,"from_id":4100,"to_id":4102,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8964,"text":"Past research has shown that reciprocity is key to maintaining collective action.;;","entities":[{"id":9290,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":83}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5950,"text":"that is, for institutions to be effective in reducing the adverse effects of diversity, sanctions must be available (table s3).;;","entities":[{"id":3745,"label":"cause","start_offset":88,"end_offset":97},{"id":3746,"label":"effect","start_offset":58,"end_offset":86}],"relations":[{"id":1660,"from_id":3745,"to_id":3746,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8973,"text":"There is no evidence of an interaction effect between Observation and Announcement that increases contributions.;;","entities":[{"id":9299,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":114}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6150,"text":"and contrasts with evidence that men tend to be more influential in general social settings (carli 2001).;;","entities":[{"id":4276,"label":"cause","start_offset":33,"end_offset":36},{"id":4277,"label":"effect","start_offset":53,"end_offset":91}],"relations":[{"id":1909,"from_id":4276,"to_id":4277,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6145,"text":"these theoretical levers of change are philosophical underpinnings of ai that influence the methodological details of an ai study with the goal of maximizing the advantages of ai to produce positive changes in an organization.;;","entities":[{"id":4265,"label":"cause","start_offset":39,"end_offset":72},{"id":4266,"label":"effect","start_offset":92,"end_offset":225}],"relations":[{"id":1904,"from_id":4265,"to_id":4266,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9399,"text":"Our findings are especially consistent with the argument that conditional cooperators exhibit a downward or self-serving bias (see, e.g., Fischbacher and G\u00e4chter (2010) ).;;","entities":[{"id":9725,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":173}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7508,"text":"certain personality traits, for example, may allow for some individuals to notice that they are being rejected but be unmoved by its effects.;;","entities":[{"id":7789,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":26},{"id":7790,"label":"effect","start_offset":45,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[{"id":3505,"from_id":7789,"to_id":7790,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7096,"text":"researchers can feel traumatised after bearing witness to women's testimonies.;;","entities":[{"id":6807,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":32},{"id":6808,"label":"cause","start_offset":39,"end_offset":77}],"relations":[{"id":3087,"from_id":6808,"to_id":6807,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7465,"text":"\"our data suggest that not only does ostracism in this environment have the same negative effects as in other environments, but these effects are powerful; the effect sizes were medium to large in magnitude.\";;","entities":[{"id":7688,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":210}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7029,"text":"concerning evidence from economic games, a metaanalysis of donation behavior in the dictator game found that older adults in western samples tend to donate 30% more than the average dictator (engel, 2011).;;","entities":[{"id":6632,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":207}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7382,"text":"we further hypothesized that interpersonal constraint should lead to constrained giving only in the condition in which participants were asked to play as if playing with a friend (not a stranger or a computer).;;","entities":[{"id":7505,"label":"cause","start_offset":29,"end_offset":53},{"id":7507,"label":"effect","start_offset":69,"end_offset":87}],"relations":[{"id":3394,"from_id":7505,"to_id":7507,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6218,"text":"although it would seem plausible that, on reflection, ostracism from a loss game would be more easily dismissed as nonthreatening or perhaps even regarded as protective and nurturing, it might still diminish one's sense of self-worth and overall contribution to the group.;;","entities":[{"id":4460,"label":"cause","start_offset":54,"end_offset":80},{"id":4462,"label":"effect","start_offset":208,"end_offset":271}],"relations":[{"id":1997,"from_id":4460,"to_id":4462,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7270,"text":"in these treatments, figure 1 shows the average rates of decline of contributions to be relatively mild in both periods 1 - 7 and periods 8 - 10 of each phase, due in part to the fact that the average contributions in earlier periods were already low.;;","entities":[{"id":7218,"label":"cause","start_offset":193,"end_offset":250},{"id":7219,"label":"effect","start_offset":40,"end_offset":158}],"relations":[{"id":3267,"from_id":7218,"to_id":7219,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5655,"text":"if a young person in a school setting feels they do not have a clear understanding of the research project, the stigma attached to declaring this status might cause the student to hesitate to tell the researcher so (gallagher et al., 2010).;;","entities":[{"id":5375,"label":"cause","start_offset":112,"end_offset":140},{"id":5376,"label":"effect","start_offset":169,"end_offset":188}],"relations":[{"id":2419,"from_id":5375,"to_id":5376,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6300,"text":"\"keeping a reflexive journal enables a researcher to promote internal validity of the results, to uphold transparency in the process, and to justify the decisionmaking process throughout the study (ahern, 1999; ortlipp, 2008).\";;","entities":[{"id":4653,"label":"cause","start_offset":1,"end_offset":28},{"id":4658,"label":"effect","start_offset":141,"end_offset":196},{"id":8417,"label":"effect","start_offset":60,"end_offset":93},{"id":8418,"label":"cause","start_offset":60,"end_offset":93},{"id":8419,"label":"effect","start_offset":104,"end_offset":132}],"relations":[{"id":3828,"from_id":4653,"to_id":8417,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3829,"from_id":8418,"to_id":8419,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3830,"from_id":8418,"to_id":4658,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6005,"text":"when it comes to descriptions of the research process, it is normal to have limitations according to the expectations of the publisher or the journal, which often lead to very brief articles on methods and methodology.;;","entities":[{"id":3891,"label":"effect","start_offset":176,"end_offset":217},{"id":3892,"label":"cause","start_offset":71,"end_offset":149}],"relations":[{"id":1731,"from_id":3892,"to_id":3891,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6802,"text":"\"indeed, several experiments have indicated that people are motivated to enhance the self's public, and not private, image in order to appear desirable and important to others (baumeister, 1982; baumeister & jones, 1978).\";;","entities":[{"id":6036,"label":"cause","start_offset":135,"end_offset":175},{"id":6037,"label":"effect","start_offset":49,"end_offset":98}],"relations":[{"id":2744,"from_id":6036,"to_id":6037,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7373,"text":"the united states and india offer an attractive comparison because subjects from these two countries can be recruited from the same online labor market (amazon mechanical turk, mturk [28]) but they differ substantially in terms of institutional quality (and in other ways, of course).;;","entities":[{"id":7482,"label":"effect","start_offset":4,"end_offset":58},{"id":7483,"label":"cause","start_offset":67,"end_offset":151}],"relations":[{"id":3382,"from_id":7483,"to_id":7482,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8967,"text":"In the overuse condition, the sequence of pool sizes that subjects were shown over the 10 trials was 826, 753, 681, 608, 538, 463, 386, 307, 226, and 143.;;","entities":[{"id":9293,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":156}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6612,"text":"theoretically, the crtm is included in rule enforcement, but in practice they have little coercive power in the villages.;;","entities":[{"id":5484,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6149,"text":"informational norms, nissenbaum suggests, are what determine the contextual appropriateness of particular behaviours.;;","entities":[{"id":4278,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":19},{"id":4279,"label":"effect","start_offset":51,"end_offset":116}],"relations":[{"id":1910,"from_id":4278,"to_id":4279,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6911,"text":"\"the most efficient outcome for the group as a whole involves all group members making a full contribution; unfortunately, the socially optimal outcome is hard to achieve.\";;","entities":[{"id":6306,"label":"effect","start_offset":89,"end_offset":106},{"id":6307,"label":"cause","start_offset":36,"end_offset":52}],"relations":[{"id":2861,"from_id":6307,"to_id":6306,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7003,"text":"\"ostracism is highly aversive even when it is perpetrated by distant or despised others (gonsalkorale & williams, 2007; williams, cheung, & choi, 2000), or even by inanimate objects (zadro et al., 2004).\";;","entities":[{"id":6569,"label":"effect","start_offset":1,"end_offset":29},{"id":6570,"label":"cause","start_offset":46,"end_offset":87},{"id":6571,"label":"cause","start_offset":164,"end_offset":181}],"relations":[{"id":2972,"from_id":6570,"to_id":6569,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2973,"from_id":6571,"to_id":6569,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5961,"text":"if information about endowments is private knowledge, social approval decreases only because player 1 gives better evaluations to players 2 and 3. this is what we call the guilt-effect.;;","entities":[{"id":3769,"label":"cause","start_offset":93,"end_offset":146},{"id":3770,"label":"effect","start_offset":54,"end_offset":69}],"relations":[{"id":1670,"from_id":3769,"to_id":3770,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9185,"text":"That is, for each euro that you decide to invest, 0.75 cents will come back to you and 0.75 cents will be received by your random partner.;;","entities":[{"id":9511,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6954,"text":"thus, broker insights helped to compensate for the lack of participation by the mothers in individual member checking, in turn, increasing the credibility of our study by adding nuance to our analysis.;;","entities":[{"id":6430,"label":"cause","start_offset":6,"end_offset":21},{"id":6433,"label":"effect","start_offset":32,"end_offset":72},{"id":6434,"label":"cause","start_offset":32,"end_offset":72},{"id":6435,"label":"effect","start_offset":171,"end_offset":184},{"id":6436,"label":"cause","start_offset":171,"end_offset":184},{"id":6438,"label":"effect","start_offset":143,"end_offset":154}],"relations":[{"id":2920,"from_id":6430,"to_id":6433,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2921,"from_id":6434,"to_id":6435,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2922,"from_id":6436,"to_id":6438,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9254,"text":"However, there is another, brighter prospect.;;","entities":[{"id":9580,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":47}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6197,"text":"among those are a large sample size, non-trivial financial stakes, and two consecutive observations per subjects that allow for a tight econometric control over unobserved individual factors that could otherwise bias the rt-contribution link.;;","entities":[{"id":4402,"label":"cause","start_offset":18,"end_offset":35},{"id":4403,"label":"cause","start_offset":37,"end_offset":65},{"id":4404,"label":"cause","start_offset":71,"end_offset":112},{"id":4406,"label":"effect","start_offset":130,"end_offset":190}],"relations":[{"id":1966,"from_id":4402,"to_id":4406,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1967,"from_id":4403,"to_id":4406,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1968,"from_id":4404,"to_id":4406,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6424,"text":"consistent with this, individualists were indifferent in their second choice since all the remaining alternatives provided them with the same outcome.;;","entities":[{"id":4985,"label":"effect","start_offset":22,"end_offset":76},{"id":4986,"label":"cause","start_offset":83,"end_offset":149}],"relations":[{"id":2232,"from_id":4986,"to_id":4985,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5867,"text":"\"however, they also caution that this form of analysis should be used \"\"wisely\"\" and, by inference, should not necessarily be the form of analysis considered appropriate for those journals that prioritise methodological engagement with academic research (such as those with higher impact factors).\";;","entities":[{"id":3517,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":298}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8697,"text":"We used a scenario in which a person needed a bonemarrow transplant, and one person, the donor, was one of a relatively small number of compatible individuals.;;","entities":[{"id":9023,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":161}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8924,"text":"Subjects from environments that support cooperation are more prosocial, more likely to punish selfishness, and more trusting in general.;;","entities":[{"id":9250,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6927,"text":"rather than a risk posed to the integrity of the participants, the ambiguity and indeterminacy of the boundaries of the research relationship are a natural and productive part of any research relationship.;;","entities":[{"id":6346,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":207}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6808,"text":"not surprisingly, many nonunionized fishers harvest loco illegally and poach within meabrs.;;","entities":[{"id":6048,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":93}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7170,"text":"research in the u.s. and other countries regarding views about sharing quantitative data derived from biospecimens or clinical trials reveal that respondents are generally supportive of sharing their deidentified research data to benefit themselves, their immediate community, the public, or science as a whole.;;","entities":[{"id":6983,"label":"cause","start_offset":230,"end_offset":310},{"id":6984,"label":"effect","start_offset":172,"end_offset":226}],"relations":[{"id":3160,"from_id":6983,"to_id":6984,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6815,"text":"in the absence of any direct punishment, this may have persuaded them to keep on contributing despite the repeated group failure.;;","entities":[{"id":6067,"label":"cause","start_offset":7,"end_offset":39},{"id":6068,"label":"effect","start_offset":55,"end_offset":128}],"relations":[{"id":2758,"from_id":6067,"to_id":6068,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7455,"text":"balliet, van lange thus, trust in others may result in benevolent perceptions of cooperative norm enforcers, which may have two effects that sustain cooperative norms.;;","entities":[{"id":7660,"label":"cause","start_offset":25,"end_offset":40},{"id":7662,"label":"effect","start_offset":55,"end_offset":107},{"id":7663,"label":"effect","start_offset":124,"end_offset":166},{"id":7664,"label":"cause","start_offset":55,"end_offset":107}],"relations":[{"id":3457,"from_id":7660,"to_id":7662,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3458,"from_id":7664,"to_id":7663,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9540,"text":"If P 1\u2212\u03b2 is not an integer, the statement of Step 5 follows from Step 4. Suppose P 1\u2212\u03b2 is an integer.;;","entities":[{"id":9866,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":103}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7011,"text":"based on this evidence, a vs. b a vs. c we conclude that the availability of information on n and pp did not create meaningful incentives to adopt a simple cost sharing strategy.;;","entities":[{"id":6591,"label":"cause","start_offset":61,"end_offset":100},{"id":6592,"label":"effect","start_offset":116,"end_offset":177}],"relations":[{"id":2984,"from_id":6591,"to_id":6592,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5988,"text":"the way that the situation will evolve depends on what they both decide, but neither of them knows how the other responds.;;","entities":[{"id":3847,"label":"cause","start_offset":50,"end_offset":71},{"id":3848,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":39}],"relations":[{"id":1708,"from_id":3847,"to_id":3848,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5663,"text":"when the target has not met this need in a group setting, s\/he can fulfil it elsewhere, for example, by helping a fellow undergraduate (in 41 group) outside the group context.;;","entities":[{"id":3024,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":56},{"id":3025,"label":"effect","start_offset":57,"end_offset":86}],"relations":[{"id":1310,"from_id":3024,"to_id":3025,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6451,"text":"one way to address this problem is to use rotating coder teams (cascio et al., 2019), but this approach requires multiple rounds of new training sessions and may present difficulty in ensuring reliability across different coder teams.;;","entities":[{"id":5054,"label":"effect","start_offset":170,"end_offset":233},{"id":5057,"label":"effect","start_offset":104,"end_offset":153},{"id":5058,"label":"cause","start_offset":38,"end_offset":62}],"relations":[{"id":2268,"from_id":5058,"to_id":5057,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2269,"from_id":5058,"to_id":5054,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7161,"text":"if i said something that might seem culturally insensitive, this person would give me the benefit of the doubt.;;","entities":[{"id":6965,"label":"cause","start_offset":31,"end_offset":58},{"id":6966,"label":"effect","start_offset":89,"end_offset":110}],"relations":[{"id":3154,"from_id":6965,"to_id":6966,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7240,"text":"it was consistent across both genders, though one study found that the effect of manipulated rejection on meaningfulness was stronger among men than among women.;;","entities":[{"id":7149,"label":"cause","start_offset":81,"end_offset":102},{"id":7150,"label":"effect","start_offset":106,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[{"id":3238,"from_id":7149,"to_id":7150,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9627,"text":"Fig. 2. Histograms of unconditional contributions per treatment.;;","entities":[{"id":9953,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":66}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7441,"text":"hypothesis 2 predicted that groups that initially form coalitions will have more subsequent rounds of coalitional distributions than groups that begin with collective distributions.;;","entities":[{"id":8901,"label":"cause","start_offset":55,"end_offset":65},{"id":8902,"label":"effect","start_offset":92,"end_offset":127}],"relations":[{"id":4097,"from_id":8901,"to_id":8902,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9529,"text":"Such an increase may be guided by the individual's perception of the social norms in the peer group.;;","entities":[{"id":9855,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":102}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7177,"text":"however, a critical flaw with this study is that the time of measurement, which is intended to assess reactions at the reflexive and reflective stage, is confounded with the temporal phrasing of the questions.;;","entities":[{"id":8760,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":211}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6344,"text":"if joseph believes that most others are contributing (i.e., high normative expectations), then it would be rational, from a purely self-interested perspective, to free ride and not cooperate with the group.;;","entities":[{"id":8443,"label":"cause","start_offset":60,"end_offset":87},{"id":8444,"label":"effect","start_offset":160,"end_offset":172},{"id":8445,"label":"effect","start_offset":177,"end_offset":205}],"relations":[{"id":3840,"from_id":8443,"to_id":8444,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3841,"from_id":8443,"to_id":8445,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5674,"text":"she noted that children who lived in well-resourced communities benefitted from private educational programs, whereas children in underresourced communities were left to struggle on their own, as she did as a child.;;","entities":[{"id":3048,"label":"cause","start_offset":15,"end_offset":63},{"id":3049,"label":"effect","start_offset":64,"end_offset":108},{"id":3050,"label":"cause","start_offset":118,"end_offset":156},{"id":3051,"label":"effect","start_offset":170,"end_offset":191}],"relations":[{"id":1323,"from_id":3048,"to_id":3049,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1619,"from_id":3050,"to_id":3051,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6077,"text":"using an experimental approach and a non-clinical population, we showed that the mere presence of a dog is sufficient to decrease mental table 1 inter correlations between the dependent mental health variables.;;","entities":[{"id":4069,"label":"cause","start_offset":86,"end_offset":103},{"id":4070,"label":"effect","start_offset":130,"end_offset":209}],"relations":[{"id":1813,"from_id":4069,"to_id":4070,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7572,"text":"where quantitative research requires a decision given prescribed options, qualitative researchers have often prioritized one participant response over another based on the ocean et al.;;","entities":[{"id":7930,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":186}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6129,"text":"this change was performed simply to allow for more variability in participant responses in study 2.;;","entities":[{"id":4223,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":11},{"id":4225,"label":"effect","start_offset":51,"end_offset":87}],"relations":[{"id":1887,"from_id":4223,"to_id":4225,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9335,"text":"We implemented a design that allows the comparison of minimal groups, and groups with real social interactions leading to social ties.;;","entities":[{"id":9661,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":136}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9270,"text":"Our experiment generated a data set with observations on offers and responses for 183 games played under the six experimental conditions.;;","entities":[{"id":9596,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":139}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6713,"text":"\"tenopir, c., allard, s., douglass, k., aydinoglu, a.u., wu, l., read, e. and frame, m. (2011), \"\"data sharing by scientists: practices and perceptions\"\", plos one, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":5780,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":172}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6500,"text":"\"no adverse events were reported by participants regarding receiving individual screening test results, and giving individual results seemed to create a positive attitude toward research, and was seen as a fair benefit from the research (shalowitz and miller, 2005; cioms, 2016).\";;","entities":[{"id":5179,"label":"cause","start_offset":107,"end_offset":133},{"id":5180,"label":"effect","start_offset":153,"end_offset":186},{"id":5181,"label":"effect","start_offset":196,"end_offset":236}],"relations":[{"id":2328,"from_id":5179,"to_id":5180,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2329,"from_id":5179,"to_id":5181,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6716,"text":"in fact, social identity seems to influence the contributions to the lower order public goods, whereas globalisation has a stronger role in affecting contributions to the higher order public goods.;;","entities":[{"id":5787,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":24},{"id":5788,"label":"effect","start_offset":48,"end_offset":93},{"id":5789,"label":"cause","start_offset":103,"end_offset":116},{"id":5790,"label":"effect","start_offset":150,"end_offset":196}],"relations":[{"id":2620,"from_id":5787,"to_id":5788,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2621,"from_id":5789,"to_id":5790,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5883,"text":"this may contribute to extending false universalism(s) thus forming a unilateral and hegemonic perspective to how reality is defined and understood (denzin & lincoln, 2005).;;","entities":[{"id":3561,"label":"cause","start_offset":23,"end_offset":54},{"id":8173,"label":"effect","start_offset":68,"end_offset":147}],"relations":[{"id":3688,"from_id":3561,"to_id":8173,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7172,"text":"investments in market 2 are characterized by a pulsing pattern: yield is reduced, investors reduce their investments in market 2, and yields increase.;;","entities":[{"id":6987,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":152}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9346,"text":"Hypothesis 2 (Main phase) During the main phase of a supergame the participants will either cooperate as long as the state s 1 = (c, c) is realized and defect after one of the states s 2 = (c, d), s 3 = (d, c), or s 4 = (d, d), or they will defect consistently.;;","entities":[{"id":9672,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":263}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6426,"text":"\"williams & bargh, 2008), but priming interpersonal interaction should not affect experience with coldness (bargh, 2006; lakoff & johnson, 1980).\";;","entities":[{"id":4989,"label":"cause","start_offset":30,"end_offset":63},{"id":4990,"label":"effect","start_offset":82,"end_offset":106}],"relations":[{"id":2234,"from_id":4989,"to_id":4990,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9427,"text":"The role of individual differences has received renewed interest in the context of work-related affect.;;","entities":[{"id":9753,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":105}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6075,"text":"\"results suggest that when participants were exposed to an anti-littering norm \"\"do not litter\"\" they were least likely to litter (10%), and the litter progressively increased the further the conceptual distance of the injunctive norm was to the anti-littering norm.\";;","entities":[{"id":4063,"label":"cause","start_offset":27,"end_offset":96},{"id":4064,"label":"effect","start_offset":97,"end_offset":135},{"id":4065,"label":"effect","start_offset":141,"end_offset":175},{"id":4066,"label":"cause","start_offset":176,"end_offset":265}],"relations":[{"id":1810,"from_id":4063,"to_id":4064,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1811,"from_id":4066,"to_id":4065,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7580,"text":"an increase in the moshav member's capital stock, by causing an upward shift in his marginal productivity of labor curve, will lead him to work less off-farm and to allocate more of his time to work on the farm.;;","entities":[{"id":7944,"label":"effect","start_offset":64,"end_offset":120},{"id":7945,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":48},{"id":7946,"label":"effect","start_offset":139,"end_offset":157},{"id":7947,"label":"effect","start_offset":165,"end_offset":210},{"id":7948,"label":"cause","start_offset":64,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[{"id":3569,"from_id":7945,"to_id":7944,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3570,"from_id":7948,"to_id":7946,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3571,"from_id":7948,"to_id":7947,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5926,"text":"\"married people are also more likely to drive safely and responsibly (harano, peck, & mcbride, 1975; harrington & mcbride, 1970; richman, 1985).\";;","entities":[{"id":3668,"label":"cause","start_offset":1,"end_offset":15},{"id":3670,"label":"effect","start_offset":40,"end_offset":68}],"relations":[{"id":1617,"from_id":3668,"to_id":3670,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8809,"text":"where k =i P ik was the sum of points agent i sent to all group members, and k =i P ki was the sum of points agent i received from all other subjects.;;","entities":[{"id":9135,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":152}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5977,"text":"since judgment of neutral pictures is random, the actual accuracy rates in the judgment of neutral pictures can be used as a priori bases (or expected accuracy rates) to which actual accuracy rates in the judgment of proper pictures are compared.;;","entities":[{"id":3815,"label":"cause","start_offset":6,"end_offset":44},{"id":3816,"label":"effect","start_offset":46,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[{"id":1692,"from_id":3815,"to_id":3816,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6779,"text":"on the other hand, progressive relational devaluation predicted that ostracism after ten throws would be felt as most aversive because more relational value is built and subsequently lost.;;","entities":[{"id":5975,"label":"cause","start_offset":69,"end_offset":95},{"id":5976,"label":"effect","start_offset":105,"end_offset":126},{"id":5978,"label":"effect","start_offset":135,"end_offset":188},{"id":5979,"label":"cause","start_offset":135,"end_offset":187}],"relations":[{"id":2711,"from_id":5975,"to_id":5978,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2712,"from_id":5979,"to_id":5976,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9104,"text":"The \u00d6rst term in this expression simply represents individual i\u00eds contribution to the public pool as a fraction of his endowment, whilst the second term represents the average contribution of others in the group to the public pool (also measured as a fraction of endowment status).;;","entities":[{"id":9430,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":283}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6272,"text":"this basic exposure may produce people's first understanding that social closeness equals warmth, whereas social distance equals coldness (l.e.;;","entities":[{"id":4583,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":19},{"id":4586,"label":"effect","start_offset":24,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[{"id":2046,"from_id":4583,"to_id":4586,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9373,"text":"Among the 29 Romanian subjects that had the opportunity to engage in both prosocial and antisocial punishment in the first round, 8 engaged in both kinds of punishment whereas only 3 exclusively punished antisocially (another 9 punished exclusively prosocially). 18;;","entities":[{"id":9699,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":267}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6192,"text":"this randomness may be due to the fact that subjects are in an unfamiliar situation and that they have to learn through experience what is in their interest.;;","entities":[{"id":4383,"label":"effect","start_offset":5,"end_offset":15},{"id":4385,"label":"cause","start_offset":44,"end_offset":83},{"id":4386,"label":"cause","start_offset":105,"end_offset":156}],"relations":[{"id":1953,"from_id":4385,"to_id":4383,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1954,"from_id":4386,"to_id":4383,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9319,"text":"Public goods experimentalists (Andreoni and Miller 2002;Andreoni and Petrie 2004;Camerer et al. 2005) are interested in cooperation in relation with the continuation of the game.;;","entities":[{"id":9645,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":180}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9247,"text":"Following the approach by Kiesler et al. (1996), the prisoner's dilemma was recast as an investment game.;;","entities":[{"id":9573,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":107}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5970,"text":"\"the role as a qualitative researcher is as an intermediary in knowledge co-construction in the collection, interpretation, and revelation of the meaning behind the stories: \"\"we are naturally drawn to stories because it helps make ideas easier to understand\"\" (yamagata-lynch et al., 2017, p. 2).\";;","entities":[{"id":3794,"label":"effect","start_offset":193,"end_offset":209},{"id":3795,"label":"cause","start_offset":221,"end_offset":258}],"relations":[{"id":1682,"from_id":3795,"to_id":3794,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7031,"text":"there is criticism that 'engagement' has trumped confrontation or challenge about men's use of violence, particularly when men are voluntarily, rather than court mandated, to attend.;;","entities":[{"id":6637,"label":"cause","start_offset":24,"end_offset":36},{"id":6638,"label":"effect","start_offset":49,"end_offset":103}],"relations":[{"id":3000,"from_id":6637,"to_id":6638,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7592,"text":"k. kamei, l. putterman \/ journal of economic behavior & organization 120 (2015) 145-159 dedicated opportunity to punish back, and when identifiers last one period only, the addition of these elements to the original cooperation and punishment design has a seriously deleterious effect on cooperation and efficiency.;;","entities":[{"id":7981,"label":"cause","start_offset":135,"end_offset":249},{"id":7983,"label":"effect","start_offset":256,"end_offset":314}],"relations":[{"id":3585,"from_id":7981,"to_id":7983,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6245,"text":"\"ostracism is defined as the experience of \"\"being ignored and excluded, often without excessive explanation or explicit negative attention\"\" (williams, 2007b, p. 429).\";;","entities":[{"id":4522,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":171}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6104,"text":"\"thus, mimicry can be used flexibly and strategically; it occurs to a greater extent in those situations in which it is most beneficial.\";;","entities":[{"id":4162,"label":"cause","start_offset":94,"end_offset":136},{"id":4163,"label":"effect","start_offset":58,"end_offset":84}],"relations":[{"id":1859,"from_id":4162,"to_id":4163,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8914,"text":"This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.;;","entities":[{"id":9240,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":105}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6579,"text":"for instance, baumeister and leary (1995) explicitly state that belonging to social groups is a fundamental human drive, with social support and affiliation being essential to human survival.;;","entities":[{"id":8547,"label":"cause","start_offset":126,"end_offset":156},{"id":8548,"label":"effect","start_offset":176,"end_offset":190},{"id":8549,"label":"cause","start_offset":64,"end_offset":90},{"id":8550,"label":"effect","start_offset":126,"end_offset":156}],"relations":[{"id":3905,"from_id":8547,"to_id":8548,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3906,"from_id":8549,"to_id":8550,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5923,"text":"although these results are small in magnitude, many subjects showed large effects, while other subjects behaved as if they were trying to be consistent, ignoring variables that they had decided were irrelevant.;;","entities":[{"id":8268,"label":"cause","start_offset":138,"end_offset":151},{"id":8269,"label":"effect","start_offset":153,"end_offset":209}],"relations":[{"id":3750,"from_id":8268,"to_id":8269,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6882,"text":"\"severe\"\" social injuries, on the other hand, should trigger numbing and thus lead to more antisocial behaviors.\";;","entities":[{"id":6231,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":25},{"id":6232,"label":"effect","start_offset":61,"end_offset":68},{"id":6233,"label":"cause","start_offset":61,"end_offset":68},{"id":6234,"label":"effect","start_offset":91,"end_offset":111}],"relations":[{"id":2827,"from_id":6231,"to_id":6232,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2828,"from_id":6233,"to_id":6234,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9413,"text":"Responses on this 2-item scale were consistently reliable, with alphas ranging from .81 to .85 across the three administrations of the items.;;","entities":[{"id":9739,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":143}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9259,"text":"In Experiments 1, 2, and 3 we used a social dilemma game to measure prosocial behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":9585,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":89}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9451,"text":"This means that a total of 155 participants remained for the analyses.;;","entities":[{"id":9777,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":72}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6139,"text":"not only that, being explicit about our positions in our work allows those who read our work to better grasp how we produced the data (finlay, 2002).;;","entities":[{"id":4256,"label":"cause","start_offset":21,"end_offset":61},{"id":4257,"label":"effect","start_offset":75,"end_offset":133}],"relations":[{"id":1902,"from_id":4256,"to_id":4257,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7042,"text":"\"hence, \"\"freezing\"\" the preregistration more than once could foster the transparency of qualitative research, as it allows the reviewer or interested reader to track the development of the study.\";;","entities":[{"id":6666,"label":"cause","start_offset":10,"end_offset":40},{"id":6667,"label":"effect","start_offset":62,"end_offset":109},{"id":6668,"label":"effect","start_offset":117,"end_offset":195}],"relations":[{"id":3012,"from_id":6666,"to_id":6667,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3013,"from_id":6666,"to_id":6668,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6507,"text":"thus, it is proposed that relative economic affluence will result in less cooperation if the affluence can be justified (e.g.;;","entities":[{"id":5198,"label":"cause","start_offset":25,"end_offset":53},{"id":5199,"label":"effect","start_offset":74,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[{"id":2337,"from_id":5198,"to_id":5199,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6707,"text":"in addition, this research demonstrates that nonconscious mimicry is selective and sensitive to context.;;","entities":[{"id":5765,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":106}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6752,"text":"finally, based on our theoretical model, we expected that the effect of ostracism on self-reported psychological discomfort would be mediated by the degree to which the four needs were threatened.;;","entities":[{"id":5899,"label":"cause","start_offset":72,"end_offset":81},{"id":5900,"label":"effect","start_offset":85,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[{"id":2675,"from_id":5899,"to_id":5900,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6420,"text":"perceiving discrimination against one's gender group has different implications for well-being in women and men.;;","entities":[{"id":4979,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":52},{"id":8480,"label":"effect","start_offset":57,"end_offset":111}],"relations":[{"id":3858,"from_id":4979,"to_id":8480,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6430,"text":"they reveal that increased belonging needs, and not differences in mood and self-esteem, were associated with an increased desire to listen to friends disclose emotional, but not descriptive, information.;;","entities":[{"id":4999,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":206}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6011,"text":"bargh, chen, and burrows (1996) demonstrated that participants primed with traits related to rudeness interrupted a conversation much faster than participants primed with traits related to politeness.;;","entities":[{"id":3906,"label":"cause","start_offset":93,"end_offset":101},{"id":8207,"label":"effect","start_offset":102,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[{"id":3715,"from_id":3906,"to_id":8207,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6780,"text":"simultaneously or sequentially to this effect, the partner's perception that the actor is trustworthy causes the actor to perceive the partner as trustworthy in return.;;","entities":[{"id":5980,"label":"cause","start_offset":81,"end_offset":101},{"id":5981,"label":"effect","start_offset":113,"end_offset":167}],"relations":[{"id":2714,"from_id":5980,"to_id":5981,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9640,"text":"2. You have to estimate your counterpart's contribution between 0 and 24 by using the \"Payoff table (for the actual task).\";;","entities":[{"id":9966,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":125}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9493,"text":"Across three studies -a scenario (Study 1), experimental (Study 2), and field study on employed adults (Study 3) -we find support for the hypothesis that individuals who are less (versus more) oriented towards future outcomes engage in less prosocial behaviors with others who have ostracized them during prior interactions.;;","entities":[{"id":9819,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":326}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7344,"text":"one may feel the urge to withdraw from the situation by leaving the conference early, but withdrawal may not always be a realistic option.;;","entities":[{"id":8863,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6977,"text":"therefore, self-interested rational group members are expected to free ride on the contribution of others.;;","entities":[{"id":6502,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":108}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6850,"text":"\"at first sight, this description might sound negative and competitive; however, negotiating and valuing interpretative propositions is very productive.\";;","entities":[{"id":6158,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":155}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6088,"text":"the grit strategy and the 304 rationality and society 17(3) unconditional cooperation is needed, however, to increase the level of trust gradually to the self-sustaining level through the spiral of mutual trust and cooperation.;;","entities":[{"id":4105,"label":"cause","start_offset":60,"end_offset":85},{"id":8318,"label":"effect","start_offset":122,"end_offset":175},{"id":8319,"label":"effect","start_offset":188,"end_offset":226},{"id":8320,"label":"cause","start_offset":188,"end_offset":226}],"relations":[{"id":3775,"from_id":4105,"to_id":8319,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3776,"from_id":8320,"to_id":8318,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6809,"text":"in a seminal paper exploring the concept of accessibility, tversky and kahneman (1973) found that ease of retrieval and familiarity with a concept could have a great impact on the degree to which that concept was drawn on and thus, was cognitively accessible.;;","entities":[{"id":6050,"label":"cause","start_offset":98,"end_offset":146},{"id":6051,"label":"effect","start_offset":153,"end_offset":221},{"id":6052,"label":"effect","start_offset":236,"end_offset":258}],"relations":[{"id":2749,"from_id":6050,"to_id":6051,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2750,"from_id":6050,"to_id":6052,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6109,"text":"although the social identity map has boxes to fill in for visual clarity, we encourage the learner using this map to think outside of these boxes and to not feel limited by them.;;","entities":[{"id":8328,"label":"cause","start_offset":13,"end_offset":32},{"id":8329,"label":"effect","start_offset":117,"end_offset":145}],"relations":[{"id":3782,"from_id":8328,"to_id":8329,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9192,"text":"Therefore, the PPM is essentially a game of (tacit) coordination in which the n players face a coordination problem of designating exactly m contributors.;;","entities":[{"id":9518,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":156}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8948,"text":"This table shows that we were unable to find a significant difference between treatments reg versus regrank in the replication data.;;","entities":[{"id":9274,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":134}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7419,"text":"in sum, in public, the strength of descriptive norms increases antisocial punishment.;;","entities":[{"id":7585,"label":"cause","start_offset":23,"end_offset":52},{"id":8898,"label":"effect","start_offset":63,"end_offset":84}],"relations":[{"id":4095,"from_id":7585,"to_id":8898,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9352,"text":"First, in the corruption experiment, individuals in the high-monitoring group commit fewer corrupt acts than those in the low-monitoring groups.;;","entities":[{"id":9678,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":146}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7560,"text":"if the instruments were correlated with the potentially endogenous regressor but only weakly, then the estimator would not perform well.;;","entities":[{"id":7906,"label":"effect","start_offset":103,"end_offset":135},{"id":7907,"label":"cause","start_offset":7,"end_offset":92}],"relations":[{"id":3554,"from_id":7907,"to_id":7906,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9620,"text":"16 ( 76) 6 ( 60) 10 ( 91) 19 ( 66) 8 ( 57) 11 ( 73);;","entities":[{"id":9946,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":53}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5830,"text":"rejection is such a fundamental threat to social survival that even when rejected by groups generally unimportant to most of our social lives (e.g., computer use preference), we nonetheless still feel the pain of the experience.;;","entities":[{"id":3440,"label":"effect","start_offset":196,"end_offset":227},{"id":3441,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":57}],"relations":[{"id":1507,"from_id":3441,"to_id":3440,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5732,"text":"the groups versus individuals by assessment order interact indicates that the tendency of individuals to expect more cooperation t groups was more apparent with the after assessment.;;","entities":[{"id":3188,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":182}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5863,"text":"the latter finding may be due to a range restriction and poor reliability of the single-item measure used to assess momentary self-esteem (devellis, 2003).;;","entities":[{"id":3509,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":18},{"id":3510,"label":"cause","start_offset":35,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[{"id":1536,"from_id":3510,"to_id":3509,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9271,"text":"Prospect theory (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979;Tversky and Kahneman, 1992) suggested that utility is indeed concave for gains, but convex for losses.;;","entities":[{"id":9597,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":148}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9670,"text":"However, they do not explore the role of noise.;;","entities":[{"id":9996,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":49}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9294,"text":"These are respectively called female and male trust.;;","entities":[{"id":9620,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":54}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6271,"text":"found evidence that women experience a delayed physiological effect of exclusion: although women's cortisol levels did not increase immediately after exclusion, when they were subsequently placed in a situation that does reliably increase cortisol (public speaking), their cortisol response was blunted relative to included participants.;;","entities":[{"id":4579,"label":"cause","start_offset":71,"end_offset":80},{"id":4580,"label":"effect","start_offset":39,"end_offset":60},{"id":4581,"label":"cause","start_offset":150,"end_offset":159},{"id":4582,"label":"effect","start_offset":273,"end_offset":302}],"relations":[{"id":2044,"from_id":4579,"to_id":4580,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2045,"from_id":4581,"to_id":4582,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9173,"text":"Although the term reciprocity seems to imply anticipation of future behavior, we emphasize here that the expectation is not limited to future behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":9499,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":153}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5861,"text":"if s\/he obtains less, it means that other group mates withdrew more than her\/him.;;","entities":[{"id":3505,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":20},{"id":3506,"label":"effect","start_offset":36,"end_offset":80}],"relations":[{"id":1534,"from_id":3505,"to_id":3506,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9460,"text":"We think that the connection between cultural evolution and behavioral economics might be better understood as the shaping of heuristics in the adaptive toolbox.;;","entities":[{"id":9786,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":163}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7386,"text":"or burns and visser (2008) report a positive relation between inequality and contribution levels when full information about all players' behavior is provided or communicated between players.;;","entities":[{"id":7514,"label":"cause","start_offset":102,"end_offset":158},{"id":7515,"label":"cause","start_offset":162,"end_offset":190},{"id":7516,"label":"effect","start_offset":36,"end_offset":96}],"relations":[{"id":3397,"from_id":7514,"to_id":7516,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3398,"from_id":7515,"to_id":7516,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6848,"text":"specifically, building a good reputation in situations where the same two people interact repeatedly may be much less important in china than in the west and than in situations in china where several people interact repeatedly in a network.;;","entities":[{"id":8648,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":242}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6403,"text":"reciprocate patterns were used twice as often by aggressive couples than non-aggressive couples and may be a useful pattern in distinguishing the two groups.;;","entities":[{"id":4936,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":20},{"id":4937,"label":"effect","start_offset":127,"end_offset":156}],"relations":[{"id":2211,"from_id":4936,"to_id":4937,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6715,"text":"argue that the unique circumstances of conducting research in humanitarian settings necessitates that the researcher be less stringent in terms of study design.;;","entities":[{"id":5785,"label":"cause","start_offset":106,"end_offset":159},{"id":5786,"label":"effect","start_offset":15,"end_offset":83}],"relations":[{"id":2619,"from_id":5785,"to_id":5786,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8843,"text":"In light of the consistent associations of self-interest with individual values and other-interest with collective values in Studies 1 and 2, we manipulated the salience of self-and other-interest by focusing participants' attention on individual or collective values.;;","entities":[{"id":9169,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":270}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9477,"text":"The second employed the gambling game to elicit subjects' risk preferences.;;","entities":[{"id":9803,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":77}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5758,"text":"today, almost two decades after solomos and wrench described how western european countries were grappling with the social integration of immigrants in the 1980s, concerns over tensions between immigrants and host majority populations have only become more prominent in europe.;;","entities":[{"id":3250,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":277}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5860,"text":"\"qualitative research and institutional review boards\"\", qualitative inquiry, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":3504,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":83}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9318,"text":"The authors find that different kinds of heterogeneity are associated with different contributions norms-with the most normatively appealing contribution rules seemingly being the efficiency rule, equal contributions rule and and a rule denoting that contributions be proportional to endowment.;;","entities":[{"id":9644,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":296}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6696,"text":"this pattern of interchange, however, while ostensibly aimed at keeping interactions positive, appears to engender heightened negative emotion in girls.;;","entities":[{"id":5729,"label":"effect","start_offset":106,"end_offset":151},{"id":5730,"label":"cause","start_offset":44,"end_offset":93}],"relations":[{"id":2592,"from_id":5730,"to_id":5729,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9080,"text":"There was no requirement that an individual's actual contribution level correspond in any way to his or her announcement.;;","entities":[{"id":9406,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5701,"text":"in thinking about my role as researcher in this experience, and the power dynamic between the teachers and myself, this experience will shape future member checking interviews.;;","entities":[{"id":8230,"label":"cause","start_offset":115,"end_offset":130},{"id":8231,"label":"effect","start_offset":136,"end_offset":175}],"relations":[{"id":3730,"from_id":8230,"to_id":8231,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5968,"text":"in fact, demonstrating that individuals have concern for reputation is not the same thing as demonstrating that indirect reciprocity underpins cooperative actions.;;","entities":[{"id":3790,"label":"cause","start_offset":112,"end_offset":132},{"id":8193,"label":"effect","start_offset":133,"end_offset":162}],"relations":[{"id":3708,"from_id":3790,"to_id":8193,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7091,"text":"the lack of significant moderation in this case does not necessarily mean that there is no influence of social anxiety on affect level over time, but this type of moderation may occur in a more extreme clinically anxious population.;;","entities":[{"id":6800,"label":"cause","start_offset":189,"end_offset":231},{"id":6801,"label":"effect","start_offset":150,"end_offset":173}],"relations":[{"id":3085,"from_id":6800,"to_id":6801,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8688,"text":"Each correct question is worth 2 points.;;","entities":[{"id":9014,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":42}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9246,"text":"Group contribution levels are significantly lower without refund bonuses in the late periods with heterogeneous values (N = 5) and in the early periods with homogeneous values and small groups (N = 5).;;","entities":[{"id":9572,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":203}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8943,"text":"n particular, the experimental paradigm used by psychologists begins by creating two distinct social categories to which participants are assigned.;;","entities":[{"id":9269,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":149}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7498,"text":"over time, the willingness to contribute increases, as indicated by the period dummies.;;","entities":[{"id":7760,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":89}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5682,"text":"to the extent that commodity firms may be more likely have multiple facilities while final good firms may be less likely, these variables may be proxying for differences in the organizational structure of these types of firms rather than capturing pressure from consumers to be more environmentally friendly.;;","entities":[{"id":3072,"label":"cause","start_offset":19,"end_offset":34},{"id":3074,"label":"cause","start_offset":85,"end_offset":101},{"id":3076,"label":"effect","start_offset":54,"end_offset":78}],"relations":[{"id":1336,"from_id":3072,"to_id":3076,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1337,"from_id":3074,"to_id":3076,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6739,"text":"with a view to influence wider organisational change, as it is well recognised that values of an organisation manifest more frequently than those of an individual (hofstede 2010).;;","entities":[{"id":5863,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":181}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9118,"text":"Each distribution of money contained an optimal choice in which both the participant and the other received more money and a non-optimal choice in which both received less money.;;","entities":[{"id":9444,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":180}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6925,"text":"in other words, ingestion of a medication to quash physical pain attenuated a neurological reaction to a social threat.;;","entities":[{"id":6337,"label":"cause","start_offset":16,"end_offset":64},{"id":6338,"label":"effect","start_offset":65,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[{"id":2875,"from_id":6337,"to_id":6338,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7424,"text":"merely observing another individual's ostracism is enough to cause distress to the observer (wesselmann, bagg, & williams, 2009).;;","entities":[{"id":7596,"label":"effect","start_offset":67,"end_offset":91},{"id":7597,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":47}],"relations":[{"id":3429,"from_id":7597,"to_id":7596,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7050,"text":"this assertion has been supported by a series of laboratory studies showing that just 5-min of ostracism, either face-to-face or over the internet, reduced targets' feelings of belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence compared to subjects who were socially included (for review, see williams, 2001).;;","entities":[{"id":6692,"label":"cause","start_offset":80,"end_offset":104},{"id":6693,"label":"effect","start_offset":156,"end_offset":186},{"id":6694,"label":"effect","start_offset":188,"end_offset":195},{"id":6695,"label":"effect","start_offset":197,"end_offset":208},{"id":6696,"label":"effect","start_offset":214,"end_offset":234}],"relations":[{"id":3027,"from_id":6692,"to_id":6693,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3028,"from_id":6692,"to_id":6694,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3029,"from_id":6692,"to_id":6695,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3030,"from_id":6692,"to_id":6696,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7460,"text":"although advocates of secondary data analysis foreground an ethics of transparency, others argue that there are more profound ethical concerns in imposing a positivist or foundational5 model of data on a very different way of working.;;","entities":[{"id":7677,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":236}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6490,"text":"the effect of this is increased contri\u00ad butions by all group members.;;","entities":[{"id":5153,"label":"cause","start_offset":14,"end_offset":18},{"id":5154,"label":"effect","start_offset":32,"end_offset":68}],"relations":[{"id":2318,"from_id":5153,"to_id":5154,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6435,"text":"college students indicating higher levels of hope also reported higher levels of self-worth (snyder, hoza, pelham, & rapoff, 1997).;;","entities":[{"id":8485,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":133}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5652,"text":"in this study we examined whether ostracism by a particular type of outgroup, a despised outgroup, was sufficient to inflict emotional distress.;;","entities":[{"id":2993,"label":"cause","start_offset":34,"end_offset":76},{"id":2994,"label":"effect","start_offset":117,"end_offset":143}],"relations":[{"id":1295,"from_id":2993,"to_id":2994,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8905,"text":"The study had two groups of participants complete a business simulation as incumbents of roles within a fictitious company.;;","entities":[{"id":9231,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":125}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9440,"text":"This exists when two subjects engage in a long set of exchanges of the chips which yield them the greatest joint profit.;;","entities":[{"id":9766,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":122}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6308,"text":"the paper contributes to the literature on private collective innovation by questioning what incentives motivate innovators to share their knowledge in an initial situation, before a community and social norms are available to sustain private collective innovation.;;","entities":[{"id":4692,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":267}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9326,"text":"If stability is an objective, an endogenous implementation should be preferred.;;","entities":[{"id":9652,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":81}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5729,"text":"findings - using multi-method and creative approaches can facilitate young children to assent and dissent from service evaluation in a school setting.;;","entities":[{"id":3182,"label":"cause","start_offset":11,"end_offset":30},{"id":3183,"label":"cause","start_offset":33,"end_offset":53},{"id":3184,"label":"effect","start_offset":69,"end_offset":149}],"relations":[{"id":1385,"from_id":3182,"to_id":3184,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1386,"from_id":3183,"to_id":3184,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7321,"text":"on the other hand, other experimentally induced social challenges, like public speaking, readily affect cortisol secretion even if they take place in a laboratory setting and last a few minutes, only (e.g.;;","entities":[{"id":7369,"label":"cause","start_offset":48,"end_offset":65},{"id":7370,"label":"effect","start_offset":89,"end_offset":122}],"relations":[{"id":3335,"from_id":7369,"to_id":7370,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7300,"text":"taken together, these results provide strong evidence for our prediction that sadness is not involved in aggressive behavior in response to social exclusion.;;","entities":[{"id":7298,"label":"cause","start_offset":140,"end_offset":156},{"id":7299,"label":"effect","start_offset":78,"end_offset":124}],"relations":[{"id":3302,"from_id":7298,"to_id":7299,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9467,"text":"Taken together, in contrast to the classic public good game, where individuals' actions may have a positive externality on others and individuals' outcomes are positive, both outcome valence and externality valence may be positive or negative.;;","entities":[{"id":9793,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":245}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7012,"text":"thus, we expect that meta perceptions of warmth will mediate the effect of the different conditions on need satisfaction.;;","entities":[{"id":6593,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7255,"text":"the decision for combining very different strategies in dealing with these challenges reveals a pragmatic hands-on approach, which is of course partially due to the ambitious one-year-time line and the economic limitations of the project.;;","entities":[{"id":7185,"label":"cause","start_offset":165,"end_offset":193},{"id":7186,"label":"cause","start_offset":202,"end_offset":237},{"id":7187,"label":"effect","start_offset":96,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[{"id":3251,"from_id":7185,"to_id":7187,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3252,"from_id":7186,"to_id":7187,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7478,"text":"\"the interviewer may gently confront the inter-viewee with information found elsewhere that conflicts with something he previously said; this can help resolve contradictions in the data, obtain deeper insight into a contested point, and assess credibility.\";;","entities":[{"id":7721,"label":"cause","start_offset":28,"end_offset":135},{"id":7722,"label":"effect","start_offset":151,"end_offset":185},{"id":7723,"label":"effect","start_offset":187,"end_offset":231},{"id":7724,"label":"effect","start_offset":237,"end_offset":255}],"relations":[{"id":3480,"from_id":7721,"to_id":7722,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3481,"from_id":7721,"to_id":7723,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3482,"from_id":7721,"to_id":7724,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8848,"text":"To save space we provide only a summary of the three parts of the experiment.;;","entities":[{"id":9174,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":79}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6208,"text":"\"according to blichfeldt and heldbjerg (2011: 5), \"\"researchers who refer to reality as being socially constructed through interaction among individuals and their life-worlds of subjective interpretations may generate especially valuable results by interviewing friends and\/or acquaintances.\"\"\";;","entities":[{"id":4435,"label":"cause","start_offset":249,"end_offset":290},{"id":4436,"label":"effect","start_offset":209,"end_offset":245}],"relations":[{"id":1983,"from_id":4435,"to_id":4436,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6941,"text":"argue that social exclusion leads participants to seek connection with strangers but not with those who have excluded them.;;","entities":[{"id":6385,"label":"cause","start_offset":11,"end_offset":27},{"id":6386,"label":"effect","start_offset":34,"end_offset":80}],"relations":[{"id":2899,"from_id":6385,"to_id":6386,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8818,"text":"On the basis of this last analysis, we would judge extracted plasma assayed by either the ELISA or the RIA to be good choices of methods and medium.;;","entities":[{"id":9144,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":150}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7293,"text":"one variable that may influence whether people punish in-group or out-group members more severely is the extent to which they are identified with the group.;;","entities":[{"id":7282,"label":"cause","start_offset":101,"end_offset":155},{"id":7283,"label":"effect","start_offset":39,"end_offset":97}],"relations":[{"id":3294,"from_id":7282,"to_id":7283,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9655,"text":"In contrast, proselves exhibited a greater preference for commuting by public transportation in the majority car condition (A4 = 4.85) than in the majority public transportation condition ( M = 3.66), t(26) = 1.75, p < .05.;;","entities":[{"id":9981,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":225}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9453,"text":"The most plausible conclusion from these data is that identity matters, and it matters because it motivates an effort not only to increase in-group payoffs but also to decrease in-group inequality.;;","entities":[{"id":9779,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":199}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6115,"text":"the competitive scheme is revenue neutral as the bonuses for the high performers are funded by transfers from the lowperforming groups.;;","entities":[{"id":4191,"label":"effect","start_offset":4,"end_offset":41},{"id":4192,"label":"cause","start_offset":49,"end_offset":134}],"relations":[{"id":1873,"from_id":4192,"to_id":4191,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6035,"text":"these studies raise the question of whether exclusion might increase the accessibility of aggression.;;","entities":[{"id":3965,"label":"cause","start_offset":44,"end_offset":54},{"id":3966,"label":"effect","start_offset":73,"end_offset":100}],"relations":[{"id":1766,"from_id":3965,"to_id":3966,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6861,"text":"secondly, the capacity to reflect on emotional experiences is crucial to developing rich understandings when conducting fieldwork and to interacting sensitively with research participants (methodological reason).;;","entities":[{"id":6191,"label":"cause","start_offset":109,"end_offset":130},{"id":6192,"label":"cause","start_offset":137,"end_offset":188},{"id":6193,"label":"effect","start_offset":14,"end_offset":103}],"relations":[{"id":2811,"from_id":6191,"to_id":6193,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2812,"from_id":6192,"to_id":6193,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5745,"text":"when including close personal contacts, researchers are likely to have more personal background information on their participant, and it is important to recognize this dynamic and how it can impact specific questions.;;","entities":[{"id":3214,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":38},{"id":3215,"label":"effect","start_offset":76,"end_offset":128}],"relations":[{"id":1398,"from_id":3214,"to_id":3215,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9046,"text":"Table 1 shows real-world examples for all four combinations of the externality valence and outcome valence dimensions.;;","entities":[{"id":9372,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8787,"text":"Upon arriving at the lab, participants were randomly and anonymously arranged in teams of four in the first round and remained together throughout both the original and the restart game.;;","entities":[{"id":9113,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":188}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5827,"text":"the success of the grit strategy adopted by the cautious unconditional cooperators - those who unconditionally cooperate, but adjust their levels of trust to their partner's level of cooperation - implies the latter causality.;;","entities":[{"id":3428,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":82},{"id":3429,"label":"effect","start_offset":196,"end_offset":225}],"relations":[{"id":1501,"from_id":3428,"to_id":3429,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6405,"text":"\"however, women seem to be more vulnerable to social triggers of health disturbances (denton et al., 2004; troisi, 2001).\";;","entities":[{"id":4942,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":124}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8957,"text":"This resulted in some people expressing their regret and intention to reimburse the loss to the driver even though they were not actually charged with theft.;;","entities":[{"id":9283,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":159}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9332,"text":"Panels 2 and 3: effective public goods over the 27 rounds of interactions in randomly changing groups (strangers (panel 2): n M = 128; n P = 128) and fixed groups (partners (panel 3): n M = 80; n P = 80).;;","entities":[{"id":9658,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":206}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5738,"text":"when human uniqueness attributes are denied to people they are explicitly or implicitly likened to animals, and seen as childlike, immature, coarse, irrational, or backward.;;","entities":[{"id":8236,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":53},{"id":8237,"label":"effect","start_offset":54,"end_offset":106},{"id":8238,"label":"effect","start_offset":112,"end_offset":172}],"relations":[{"id":3733,"from_id":8236,"to_id":8237,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3734,"from_id":8236,"to_id":8238,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5899,"text":"by definition, reciprocity implies a reaction to the action of someone else.;;","entities":[{"id":3600,"label":"cause","start_offset":15,"end_offset":26},{"id":3601,"label":"effect","start_offset":37,"end_offset":75}],"relations":[{"id":1584,"from_id":3600,"to_id":3601,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6380,"text":"e) communication among experimental subjects strongly increases the contributive rates (ledyard 1995).;;","entities":[{"id":4880,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":44},{"id":4881,"label":"effect","start_offset":68,"end_offset":86}],"relations":[{"id":2186,"from_id":4880,"to_id":4881,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8954,"text":"Another difference is that the payoff-dominant Nash equilibrium is risk-dominant in B-10 and not risk-dominant in B-8.;;","entities":[{"id":9280,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6264,"text":"this suggests that the possible mechanism for reducing bias is quite different in coordination situations that are transformed to exchange situations (chicken) than in coordination situations that are not transformed to exchange situations (bos and leader).;;","entities":[{"id":4566,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":259}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6414,"text":"this may lead individuals to be less likely to aggress publicly, for fear of appearing socially undesirable.;;","entities":[{"id":4962,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":4},{"id":4963,"label":"effect","start_offset":15,"end_offset":107}],"relations":[{"id":2221,"from_id":4962,"to_id":4963,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7349,"text":"does exclusion lead to riskier behavior (as argued earlier), or, in contrast, does inclusion lead consumers to prefer safer options?;;","entities":[{"id":7437,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":134}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5649,"text":"that is, although everyone would benefit from the access to a public good, the individual costs exceed the individual benefits in producing them.;;","entities":[{"id":2986,"label":"effect","start_offset":79,"end_offset":126},{"id":5370,"label":"cause","start_offset":50,"end_offset":73}],"relations":[{"id":2415,"from_id":5370,"to_id":2986,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7124,"text":"this increases the suspicion that the group task was not strong enough to create group involvement.;;","entities":[{"id":6873,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":4},{"id":6874,"label":"effect","start_offset":19,"end_offset":98}],"relations":[{"id":3115,"from_id":6873,"to_id":6874,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7362,"text":"additionally, threatened belonging was associated with increased discrimination, which was then associated with increased belonging.;;","entities":[{"id":7458,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":134}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9124,"text":"We analyze one-shot PD decisions made by participants of the high-stakes TV game show The Manipulation, and document the influence of social life factors on economic decisions of financial assistance and resource sharing.;;","entities":[{"id":9450,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":223}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6806,"text":"we hypothesized that individuals categorized as empathizers would report greater levels of distress as a result of being socially excluded during a ball toss game.;;","entities":[{"id":6043,"label":"effect","start_offset":73,"end_offset":99},{"id":6044,"label":"cause","start_offset":115,"end_offset":162}],"relations":[{"id":2746,"from_id":6044,"to_id":6043,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9295,"text":"Again, Behrens (1996) reports that, while rate of contribution to public television is increasing, amount given per contribution is flat, or even decreasing, suggesting that rewards are impacting the mere act of cooperation, but not the amount of cooperation given.;;","entities":[{"id":9621,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":267}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9015,"text":"The task consisted of two runs with 36 trials (i.e.;;","entities":[{"id":9341,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":53}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8938,"text":"In the context of the discontinuity effect, we have obtained extensive nonexperimental evidence (summarized in Wildschut et al., 2004) indicating that groups are more distrustful of each other than are individuals.;;","entities":[{"id":9264,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":216}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6598,"text":"we compensated for lack of measurement precision with triangulation of data across several researchers and the use of several methods (meetings, teleconferences and emails) and sources of data (documents and inputs from project mem\u00ad bers), which increases our study's credibility.;;","entities":[{"id":5443,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":238},{"id":5444,"label":"effect","start_offset":260,"end_offset":279}],"relations":[{"id":2454,"from_id":5443,"to_id":5444,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5747,"text":"\"grant et al., 2016 observer triangulation using an outside coder to develop ecomaps led to \"\"observer triangulation,\"\" a strategy to enhance rigor and limit bias.\";;","entities":[{"id":3217,"label":"cause","start_offset":52,"end_offset":84},{"id":8139,"label":"effect","start_offset":142,"end_offset":162}],"relations":[{"id":3667,"from_id":3217,"to_id":8139,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7450,"text":"\"compared with inclusion, exclusion threatens people's fundamental needs, decreases their mood (blackhart, nelson, knowles, & baumeister, 2009; gerber & wheeler, 2009), and impairs self-regulation (dewall & baumeister, 2006).\";;","entities":[{"id":7650,"label":"cause","start_offset":26,"end_offset":35},{"id":7651,"label":"effect","start_offset":36,"end_offset":72},{"id":7652,"label":"effect","start_offset":74,"end_offset":94},{"id":7653,"label":"effect","start_offset":173,"end_offset":196}],"relations":[{"id":3453,"from_id":7650,"to_id":7651,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3454,"from_id":7650,"to_id":7652,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4100,"from_id":7650,"to_id":7653,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9350,"text":"Compassion was significantly related to religiosity after controlling for positive affect (r \u03ed .21,;;","entities":[{"id":9676,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":101}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6024,"text":"this directly replicates the findings from gonsalkorale and williams (2007) as well as previous studies, all showing that group status does not moderate the powerful effects of social exclusion.;;","entities":[{"id":8209,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":196}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9367,"text":"As to the noisy condition, mean deviations start at 0.71E$ and range from 0.63E$ to 6.17E$.;;","entities":[{"id":9693,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":93}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8721,"text":"We study the robustness of the end-game effect in repeated linear public goods experiments without changing the equilibrium structure, but by simply deviating from the typical practice of setting a fixed, commonly known and symmetric endpoint to the game. 3;;","entities":[{"id":9047,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":259}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6934,"text":"\"governments need to decide to impose sanctions on their citizens; managers in organizations need to decide to give their employees bonuses, etcetera.\";;","entities":[{"id":6362,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":153}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9028,"text":"In a similar vein, cooperation in social dilemmas may also be understood best as a combination of outcome concerns and relational concerns.;;","entities":[{"id":9354,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":141}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6073,"text":"plus, these findings cannot be attributed to a poor video game performance or by a bad mood.again, depleted participants were not overly confident,but instead very accurate and realistic about their future performance on the video game.;;","entities":[{"id":8311,"label":"effect","start_offset":6,"end_offset":20},{"id":8312,"label":"cause","start_offset":47,"end_offset":74},{"id":8313,"label":"cause","start_offset":83,"end_offset":97},{"id":8314,"label":"cause","start_offset":99,"end_offset":120},{"id":8315,"label":"effect","start_offset":164,"end_offset":235}],"relations":[{"id":3771,"from_id":8312,"to_id":8311,"type":"Rel_Zero"},{"id":3772,"from_id":8313,"to_id":8311,"type":"Rel_Zero"},{"id":3773,"from_id":8314,"to_id":8315,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9365,"text":"Accordingly, given that antisocial punishment involves costs, we would predict that only sadism should be related to the costly behaviour of antisocial punishment, whereas psychopathy, narcissism and Machiavellianism should not predict this tendency.;;","entities":[{"id":9691,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":252}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6564,"text":"the result above may be restated by saying that, when individuals 6 in ledyard (1995) a theory is put forward where the success of the group is identified with its members gaining a higher payoff than what they would have without being part of the group.;;","entities":[{"id":8537,"label":"cause","start_offset":230,"end_offset":253},{"id":8538,"label":"effect","start_offset":164,"end_offset":195},{"id":8539,"label":"cause","start_offset":164,"end_offset":195},{"id":8540,"label":"effect","start_offset":120,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[{"id":3899,"from_id":8537,"to_id":8538,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3900,"from_id":8539,"to_id":8540,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7570,"text":"yet our earlier review of past research clearly shows that most people haven't recovered from social exclusion by the time researchers administer their dependent measures.;;","entities":[{"id":7927,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":173}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8719,"text":"The pay-off functions are written as;;","entities":[{"id":9045,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":38}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6729,"text":"one interesting result of study 1 was the fact that targets were more often ostracized by co-workers than by superiors.;;","entities":[{"id":5825,"label":"cause","start_offset":90,"end_offset":100},{"id":5826,"label":"effect","start_offset":52,"end_offset":86}],"relations":[{"id":2637,"from_id":5825,"to_id":5826,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8794,"text":"In motivating this point suppose (as considered by Tavoni et al. 2011;Barrett andfannenberg 2012, 2014) that group members are allowed to make a public pledge of how much they plan to contribute before actually contributing.;;","entities":[{"id":9120,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":226}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6684,"text":"this finding is consistent with leary's (1999) sociometer theory in that performing well on the task could increase relational evaluation.;;","entities":[{"id":5696,"label":"cause","start_offset":73,"end_offset":100},{"id":5697,"label":"effect","start_offset":116,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[{"id":2575,"from_id":5696,"to_id":5697,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6988,"text":"furthermore, it is not surprising that this occurred with moderate discounters rather than low or high discounters: low discounters generally cooperated in ipg and are able to make this short-tem sacrifice while high discounters generally defected in ipg and never made the short-term sacrifice.;;","entities":[{"id":8700,"label":"cause","start_offset":116,"end_offset":131},{"id":8701,"label":"effect","start_offset":185,"end_offset":205}],"relations":[{"id":3996,"from_id":8700,"to_id":8701,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5978,"text":"while mrs. o'neill found my overall tone to be too negative, i would like to think reading the analysis did provide some space for reflection in her teaching.;;","entities":[{"id":3818,"label":"effect","start_offset":108,"end_offset":157},{"id":3819,"label":"cause","start_offset":83,"end_offset":103}],"relations":[{"id":1694,"from_id":3819,"to_id":3818,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8998,"text":"The scoring system describes the extent to which a subject is able to differentiate and integrate various roles and points of view.;;","entities":[{"id":9324,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":133}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8824,"text":"However, there is a significant difference in cooperation between girls from the two countries, where Colombian girls are less cooperative than Swedish girls.;;","entities":[{"id":9150,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":160}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9546,"text":"The harmed person's attitude toward his previously unknown partner should also undergo significant negative change for two reasons.;;","entities":[{"id":9872,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":133}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8727,"text":"The loss associated with making a Type I error is strictly limited to c, the cost of cooperation.;;","entities":[{"id":9053,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":99}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9167,"text":"The pattern of strategy use was remarkably similar between the two games with similar number of players applying TFT-like and Pavlovian strategies and with both strategies leading to higher payoffs than the pay-off of all other strategies (figure 4).;;","entities":[{"id":9493,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":252}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7426,"text":"the ensuing quest for wealth, we predict, may foster riskier but potentially more lucrative financial decision making;;","entities":[{"id":7599,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":28},{"id":7600,"label":"effect","start_offset":46,"end_offset":60},{"id":7601,"label":"effect","start_offset":65,"end_offset":117}],"relations":[{"id":3430,"from_id":7599,"to_id":7600,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3431,"from_id":7599,"to_id":7601,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7136,"text":"\"relative to baseline, ostracized males reported more hostility than included males 20 min after the stressor; still, most of these levels of hostility were within the normal range of negative affect for most participants.\";;","entities":[{"id":6907,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":225}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6334,"text":"thus, whereas participants discuss in interviews challenging experiences similar to those they share in these other venues, the photographs offer an opportunity to think about and reflect on these experiences in new ways.;;","entities":[{"id":4766,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":223}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6092,"text":"children therefore led the protagonist to share resources more with those who had given to the protagonist compared to those who had given to a different doll, in accord with a principle of direct reciprocity.;;","entities":[{"id":4118,"label":"cause","start_offset":68,"end_offset":106},{"id":4120,"label":"effect","start_offset":23,"end_offset":57}],"relations":[{"id":1840,"from_id":4118,"to_id":4120,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9265,"text":"This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.;;","entities":[{"id":9591,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":116}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5921,"text":"the sequential nature might overcome information asymmetries regarding the value of the underlying public good.;;","entities":[{"id":3651,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":21},{"id":3652,"label":"effect","start_offset":28,"end_offset":60}],"relations":[{"id":1606,"from_id":3651,"to_id":3652,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8683,"text":"However, the specific facial traits that are involved in detecting cooperation remain unidentified.;;","entities":[{"id":9009,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":101}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9026,"text":"During play of this and earlier games, players were asked what were their attitudes toward the game and their opponent.;;","entities":[{"id":9352,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":121}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6788,"text":"he hypothesized that in the absence of an effective sanctioning system, high trusters, who expect a high level of cooperation among other members, would cooperate more fully than low trusters.;;","entities":[{"id":6001,"label":"cause","start_offset":72,"end_offset":85},{"id":6002,"label":"effect","start_offset":153,"end_offset":173}],"relations":[{"id":2727,"from_id":6001,"to_id":6002,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6402,"text":"however, their design did not allow them to examine how introducing cash into the experiments affects subjects' behaviors, compared to those in a point or token environment.;;","entities":[{"id":8468,"label":"cause","start_offset":8,"end_offset":21},{"id":8469,"label":"effect","start_offset":22,"end_offset":121}],"relations":[{"id":3852,"from_id":8468,"to_id":8469,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9338,"text":"In the game, two players choose to either cooperate or defect and receive a payoff that depends upon the interaction of their respective choices.;;","entities":[{"id":9664,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":147}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8704,"text":"The Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) game has been widely used to study the evolution of cooperation by reciprocity (Trivers 1971).;;","entities":[{"id":9030,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":124}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6858,"text":"\"political ramifications often exist as well, especially when indigenous groups are involved; and such ramifications were apparent in a recent study among the bajau people, who exhibit exceptional diving skills.\";;","entities":[{"id":6181,"label":"cause","start_offset":63,"end_offset":92},{"id":6182,"label":"effect","start_offset":1,"end_offset":36}],"relations":[{"id":2806,"from_id":6181,"to_id":6182,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6797,"text":"in what follows, we investigate whether the possibility to send feedback increases cooperation and, if so, why that occurs.;;","entities":[{"id":6021,"label":"cause","start_offset":59,"end_offset":72},{"id":6022,"label":"effect","start_offset":83,"end_offset":94}],"relations":[{"id":2735,"from_id":6021,"to_id":6022,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8979,"text":"Median and maximum percentage contributing per session were not tested.;;","entities":[{"id":9305,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":73}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8985,"text":"What happens when the size of groups increases and with it the costs of communication and monitoring?;;","entities":[{"id":9311,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":103}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9308,"text":"Prediction 3. The punishment imposed by a player in a given round will be unrelated to the amount of punishment the same player received in the previous round.;;","entities":[{"id":9634,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":161}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6409,"text":"as fehr (2009) points out, it is difficult to maintain that trust is exclusively one or the other.;;","entities":[{"id":4952,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":100}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9578,"text":"The more outward-oriented, defensive, striving, taskoriented and conforming subjects in the ROTC contrast with a population of more introspective, individualistic, self-critical and openminded Berkeley students.;;","entities":[{"id":9904,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":213}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9157,"text":"However, public goods games have been played in many places similar to Khailino and Vyvenka, where participants know one another and will encounter each other often after the game.;;","entities":[{"id":9483,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":182}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8659,"text":"However, we replicated the same effects in the second study in which the term \"punishment\" was not used.;;","entities":[{"id":8985,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":106}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6331,"text":"fragmented work settings make it challenging to employ the method that is intended to narrow the gap between what people say and what they do.;;","entities":[{"id":4758,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":24},{"id":4759,"label":"effect","start_offset":25,"end_offset":141}],"relations":[{"id":2131,"from_id":4758,"to_id":4759,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6441,"text":"collins (1985), for example, argues that unequal exchange between capital and labor reflects not only a structural asymmetry in the ability to exclude workers from access to the means of production, but also the structural constraints on the ability of workers to act collectively to protect themselves from exclusion.;;","entities":[{"id":8487,"label":"cause","start_offset":211,"end_offset":317},{"id":8488,"label":"effect","start_offset":40,"end_offset":83},{"id":8489,"label":"cause","start_offset":103,"end_offset":197}],"relations":[{"id":3862,"from_id":8489,"to_id":8488,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3863,"from_id":8487,"to_id":8488,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6232,"text":"in other words, the 'template culture' of formulaic accountability practices is not suitable for the methodological versatility and fluctuating business ethics scenarios of these studies.;;","entities":[{"id":4492,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":189}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6929,"text":"potential pools of coders may include undergraduate and\/or graduate students who are eager to gain hands-on research experience; engaged community members with a stake or vested interest in the research outcomes; or interdisciplinary research collaborators who are untrained but interested in qualitative research.","entities":[{"id":6348,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":25},{"id":6349,"label":"effect","start_offset":30,"end_offset":76}],"relations":[{"id":2879,"from_id":6348,"to_id":6349,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8845,"text":"We find a significant and positive correlation between amounts donated in the four tasks-the VCM and three donations experiments.;;","entities":[{"id":9171,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":131}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8655,"text":"We use the continuous measure in later analyses.;;","entities":[{"id":8981,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":50}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9094,"text":"Their experiment differs from ours in a number of aspects.;;","entities":[{"id":9420,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":60}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7557,"text":"\"we conjecture that this is due to some subjects learning about the nature of the punishment technology \"\"the hard way.\"\"\";;","entities":[{"id":7900,"label":"effect","start_offset":20,"end_offset":24},{"id":7901,"label":"cause","start_offset":35,"end_offset":122}],"relations":[{"id":3551,"from_id":7901,"to_id":7900,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8769,"text":"For example, Burger et al. (2011) find that depleted students initially put in less effort on a subsequent homework task, but more than make up for this in subsequent days and end up performing better overall.;;","entities":[{"id":9095,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":211}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8878,"text":"In the cooperative trust condition proselfs kept significantly less money than in the selfish trust condition, such that the difference between proselfs and prosocials was attenuated.;;","entities":[{"id":9204,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":185}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8926,"text":" In turn, neither SVO nor Honesty-Humility was linked to behavior minimizing the out-group's welfare.;;","entities":[{"id":9252,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":103}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6632,"text":"i argue that punishments do this to a greater extent than rewards as punishments communicate an obligatory rule and rewards communicate a voluntary rule.;;","entities":[{"id":5544,"label":"effect","start_offset":13,"end_offset":65},{"id":8568,"label":"cause","start_offset":69,"end_offset":111},{"id":8569,"label":"cause","start_offset":115,"end_offset":152}],"relations":[{"id":3921,"from_id":8568,"to_id":5544,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3922,"from_id":8569,"to_id":5544,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7590,"text":"the authors argue that being in a positive mood can enhance people's experiences of intrinsic motivation by heightening the level of enjoyment people experience.;;","entities":[{"id":7975,"label":"cause","start_offset":23,"end_offset":47},{"id":7976,"label":"effect","start_offset":52,"end_offset":104},{"id":7977,"label":"effect","start_offset":108,"end_offset":160},{"id":7978,"label":"cause","start_offset":108,"end_offset":161}],"relations":[{"id":3582,"from_id":7975,"to_id":7977,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3583,"from_id":7978,"to_id":7976,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5891,"text":"charities seem keenly aware of this in that they try to give the impression that every donation is critical.;;","entities":[{"id":3580,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":108}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9603,"text":"The data show it to be four points higher under the abundance treatment than under the scarcity treatment and two points higher than in the baseline scenario.;;","entities":[{"id":9929,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":160}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9532,"text":"Where X is the statement: Play 1 is the best choice for this trial.;;","entities":[{"id":9858,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":69}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9414,"text":"It is common information to the subjects that: 1) each group member receives the same message from the leader; 2) each group member makes his\/her decision after observing the leader's message; 3) the message is an unenforceable suggestion and group members can make any decision they like; and 4) the leader needs not follow her own suggestion.;;","entities":[{"id":9740,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":346}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5688,"text":"\"this framing is consistent with the general belief that qualitative methods excel at providing explanation and description but are weaker in documenting causation or allowing for future prediction (e.g., creswell & creswell, 2017; luker, 2008; mertens, 2014).\";;","entities":[{"id":3085,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":261}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6268,"text":"additionally, i wish to consider how a more reflexive reading, one which focuses on the encounter between researcher and participant, may reorient and enrich our understanding of how participants may be using photographs in this project and in quality improvement research more generally.;;","entities":[{"id":4573,"label":"cause","start_offset":88,"end_offset":132},{"id":4574,"label":"effect","start_offset":138,"end_offset":236},{"id":4575,"label":"effect","start_offset":252,"end_offset":287}],"relations":[{"id":2041,"from_id":4573,"to_id":4574,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2042,"from_id":4573,"to_id":4575,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9594,"text":"Most humans will experience the unpleasant palette of emotions that accompanies grief (Bonanno & Kaltman, 1999;Cowles, 1996).;;","entities":[{"id":9920,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":127}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9498,"text":"In this section we explore the cooperative behavior of leaders in our experiment.;;","entities":[{"id":9824,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":83}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6359,"text":"in two experiments, self-control depletion was manipulated by having participants either resist tempting cookies or by inhibiting thoughts about a white bear.;;","entities":[{"id":8455,"label":"effect","start_offset":20,"end_offset":58},{"id":8456,"label":"cause","start_offset":68,"end_offset":112},{"id":8457,"label":"cause","start_offset":119,"end_offset":157}],"relations":[{"id":3845,"from_id":8456,"to_id":8455,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3846,"from_id":8457,"to_id":8455,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6169,"text":"as a consequence, van dijk and wilke suggested, group members in public good dilemmas may be less focused on the eventual distribution of outcomes, but more on realization of the public good.;;","entities":[{"id":4327,"label":"cause","start_offset":48,"end_offset":85},{"id":4328,"label":"effect","start_offset":98,"end_offset":146},{"id":4329,"label":"effect","start_offset":160,"end_offset":190}],"relations":[{"id":1929,"from_id":4327,"to_id":4328,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1930,"from_id":4327,"to_id":4329,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6685,"text":"\"although excluded people are motivated to affiliate, their affiliative behaviors often are conscious, require great effort, or are high in cost (maner et al., 2007; williams et al., 2000).\";;","entities":[{"id":8587,"label":"cause","start_offset":10,"end_offset":18},{"id":8588,"label":"effect","start_offset":19,"end_offset":52}],"relations":[{"id":3935,"from_id":8587,"to_id":8588,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6243,"text":"some researchers may not ask for permission because they are worried about being refused.;;","entities":[{"id":4516,"label":"effect","start_offset":21,"end_offset":43},{"id":4517,"label":"cause","start_offset":61,"end_offset":88}],"relations":[{"id":2019,"from_id":4517,"to_id":4516,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7244,"text":"having a weapon made accessible (visible), even though it was not part of the study, caused individuals to have greater cognitive accessibility for weapon-related object or behaviors.;;","entities":[{"id":7156,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":31},{"id":7157,"label":"effect","start_offset":92,"end_offset":182}],"relations":[{"id":3240,"from_id":7156,"to_id":7157,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9130,"text":"'To what extent did the leader allowed group members complete freedom in their decisions'' (reversely coded), and ''To what extent did you find the leader was bossy or dominating.'';;","entities":[{"id":9456,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":183}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7408,"text":"we then discussed those submissions that had received at least on plus (+) rating, which may or may not have led to an upgrading of the second rating.;;","entities":[{"id":7565,"label":"cause","start_offset":24,"end_offset":81},{"id":7566,"label":"effect","start_offset":8,"end_offset":18}],"relations":[{"id":3417,"from_id":7565,"to_id":7566,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7361,"text":"\"the trust extended to researchers who submit manuscripts by editors, reviewers and publishers need not be absolute or uncritical; some journals require that manuscript authors submit raw data sets, offer evidence that studies have been pre-registered, or supply copies of dated institutional review board (irb) approval.\";;","entities":[{"id":7457,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":324}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8662,"text":"In particular, the DD response in these conditions carries a double punishment: the players' loss for having made such a response, and the increment in loss for subsequent responses of the same type.;;","entities":[{"id":8988,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":201}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9568,"text":"The remaining third were given the opportunity to divide up the common resource pool into six unequal \"territories,\" whose maximum size would be proportional to each subject's harvest total during the first session.;;","entities":[{"id":9894,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":217}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6138,"text":"\"others, including some of the most fully documented works on wives of prisoners, indicated that stigma can be a significant factor (i.e., braman, 2004, fishbern, 1991; morris, 1967).\";;","entities":[{"id":4255,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":186}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9030,"text":"Two buttons, one blue (cooperation) and one red (defection), were located just above the Scoreboard.;;","entities":[{"id":9356,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":102}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9213,"text":"A joint future offers the possibility to reward or sanction others' behaviour and to build up one's reputation as a cooperation partner.;;","entities":[{"id":9539,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9500,"text":"These clinical perspectives have been codified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), which refers to exploitativeness as a trait of those who suffer from narcissistic personality disorder.;;","entities":[{"id":9826,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":246}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9650,"text":"By eliminating this confound, past experiments offer insight into the mechanisms spurring altruistic punishment.;;","entities":[{"id":9976,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":114}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6985,"text":"responsible decisions about how best to translate key concepts from an indigenous language may represent painstaking processes of interpretation, trial and error, such as that described by orlove (2002) in his quest to translate ''fisherman'' from quechua to english.;;","entities":[{"id":8698,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":90},{"id":8699,"label":"effect","start_offset":95,"end_offset":161}],"relations":[{"id":3995,"from_id":8698,"to_id":8699,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7207,"text":"although using a composite measure of negative affect is often empirically justifiable in the sense that the negative emotion terms are highly correlated, it may nonetheless miss an important part of the psychology of social exclusion.;;","entities":[{"id":7073,"label":"effect","start_offset":174,"end_offset":234},{"id":7074,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":53}],"relations":[{"id":3198,"from_id":7074,"to_id":7073,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9341,"text":"Thus, the searches produced a total of 158,997 published studies of which 52.13% were about depression, 41.62% were about anxiety, and only 6.25% were about anger.;;","entities":[{"id":9667,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":165}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9565,"text":"Modeling perceived trustworthiness Acceptable fit was found for a linear change growth model for ability [\u03c7 2 = (10, N = 304) = 20.691,;;","entities":[{"id":9891,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9227,"text":"However, task name and initial contribution interacted significantly, as seen in Model 3.;;","entities":[{"id":9553,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":91}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6568,"text":"however, there are grounds for suspicion that the starting mechanism will fail to function in situations in which there is a history of interaction characterized by exkey words: conflict resolution, reciprocity, retaliation, conciliatory strategy, grit strategy.;;","entities":[{"id":8542,"label":"effect","start_offset":50,"end_offset":90},{"id":8543,"label":"cause","start_offset":113,"end_offset":176}],"relations":[{"id":3902,"from_id":8543,"to_id":8542,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7268,"text":"thus, we expected that ostracized participants initially would perform more poorly relative to participants who were not ostracized, but that over time, as participants recouped from the experience, any performance differences would either no longer persist or be substantially reduced.;;","entities":[{"id":7209,"label":"cause","start_offset":24,"end_offset":46},{"id":7210,"label":"effect","start_offset":63,"end_offset":131},{"id":7211,"label":"cause","start_offset":156,"end_offset":197},{"id":7212,"label":"effect","start_offset":199,"end_offset":285}],"relations":[{"id":3261,"from_id":7209,"to_id":7210,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3262,"from_id":7211,"to_id":7212,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6379,"text":"high obligations seem to be a good tool to induce high cooperation levels in one-shot situations or in the earlier periods of repeated games.;;","entities":[{"id":4878,"label":"effect","start_offset":55,"end_offset":73},{"id":4879,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":16}],"relations":[{"id":2185,"from_id":4879,"to_id":4878,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6098,"text":"if it is, then it should be sensitive to the manipulation of social variables and depend on an agent's judgments of the social aspects of a given situation.;;","entities":[{"id":8324,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":8},{"id":8325,"label":"effect","start_offset":18,"end_offset":77},{"id":8326,"label":"effect","start_offset":82,"end_offset":155}],"relations":[{"id":3779,"from_id":8324,"to_id":8325,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3780,"from_id":8324,"to_id":8326,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9601,"text":"Research has demonstrated that this cooperative TFT strategy is the most eective instrument in maximizing one's individualistic or `max own' outcomes as well as the `max joint' or collective outcomes of the players in the PDG (Pruitt & Kimmel, 1977;Wilson, 1971;Axelrod, 1984).;;","entities":[{"id":9927,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":279}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8744,"text":"( 1) The competitive subjects yield a 24-76% split in their expectations that the typical person will be cooperative vs competitive, respectively, which departs significantly from a 50: 50 split ( p < ,001).;;","entities":[{"id":9070,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":209}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8686,"text":"In this view, it could be argued that rewards highlight the cooperative side of human nature more than punishments and may therefore have less detrimental effects on trust.;;","entities":[{"id":9012,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":174}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9531,"text":"Although the negative signs remain for the relation between group cooperation and wealth (average and inequality), the results are not as strong-except for the third column model-when using the data for all the rounds of the communication phase for the reasons just discussed.;;","entities":[{"id":9857,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":278}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7505,"text":"such reluctance to offer specific guidelines or methods for making ethical judgements is common and understandable amidst the complexities of internet research ethics (ess 2009).;;","entities":[{"id":7785,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":180}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9076,"text":"Several studies on ultimatum games with high stakes find that while responders may reject less often when the stakes are high, they still reject some positive offers (Hoffman et al., 1996a;Slonim and Roth, 1998;Cameron, 1999).;;","entities":[{"id":9402,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":228}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6415,"text":"thus, in concert with previous research (baumeister, twenge, & nuss, 2002) showing that social exclusion leads to impaired logical reasoning, the present research suggests that excluding individual decision makers might lower decision quality.;;","entities":[{"id":4965,"label":"cause","start_offset":88,"end_offset":104},{"id":4966,"label":"effect","start_offset":114,"end_offset":140},{"id":4967,"label":"cause","start_offset":177,"end_offset":213},{"id":4968,"label":"effect","start_offset":226,"end_offset":242}],"relations":[{"id":2222,"from_id":4965,"to_id":4966,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2223,"from_id":4967,"to_id":4968,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5986,"text":"indeed, according to impression management theory, people will present themselves positively to gain social rewards (tedeschi & norman, 1985).;;","entities":[{"id":3843,"label":"cause","start_offset":51,"end_offset":92},{"id":3844,"label":"effect","start_offset":96,"end_offset":115}],"relations":[{"id":1706,"from_id":3843,"to_id":3844,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7569,"text":"if the maximization of own community gain in a resource allocation task is made salient, it would appeal to people's ingroup social identity.;;","entities":[{"id":7925,"label":"cause","start_offset":7,"end_offset":87},{"id":7926,"label":"effect","start_offset":98,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[{"id":3563,"from_id":7925,"to_id":7926,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6084,"text":"hence, if targets are asked to offer help to a charity, they should be able to distinguish between those in need and the sources of their ostracism if they are in the third stage.;;","entities":[{"id":4089,"label":"cause","start_offset":167,"end_offset":178},{"id":4090,"label":"effect","start_offset":79,"end_offset":112},{"id":4091,"label":"effect","start_offset":121,"end_offset":147}],"relations":[{"id":1824,"from_id":4089,"to_id":4090,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1825,"from_id":4089,"to_id":4091,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9301,"text":"This is the premise on which the current study is based.;;","entities":[{"id":9627,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":58}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8840,"text":"In the case of rejection, both subjects earned 0 in that round.;;","entities":[{"id":9166,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":65}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7210,"text":"results behavioral manipulation the game was intended to cause the participants to form opinions of the personalities of the two confederates: that one was fair and cooperative and the other unfair and uncooperative.;;","entities":[{"id":7081,"label":"cause","start_offset":8,"end_offset":40},{"id":7082,"label":"effect","start_offset":66,"end_offset":141}],"relations":[{"id":3201,"from_id":7081,"to_id":7082,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7199,"text":"when ostracism leads to aggression: the moderating effects of control deprivation.;;","entities":[{"id":7051,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":14},{"id":7052,"label":"effect","start_offset":24,"end_offset":34}],"relations":[{"id":3189,"from_id":7051,"to_id":7052,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6294,"text":"\"showing that physical pain decreases one's satisfaction of belonging, self-esteem, control and meaningful existence, our findings could support healthcare professionals in appreciating why and how they can take the \"\"social\"\" component of the bio psychosocial model into consideration.\";;","entities":[{"id":4634,"label":"cause","start_offset":14,"end_offset":27},{"id":4635,"label":"effect","start_offset":44,"end_offset":69},{"id":4636,"label":"effect","start_offset":71,"end_offset":82},{"id":4637,"label":"effect","start_offset":83,"end_offset":91},{"id":4638,"label":"effect","start_offset":96,"end_offset":116}],"relations":[{"id":2067,"from_id":4634,"to_id":4635,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2068,"from_id":4634,"to_id":4636,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2069,"from_id":4634,"to_id":4637,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2070,"from_id":4634,"to_id":4638,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6939,"text":"support by their male partners enhances the cortisol release of women, while men, on the other hand, show a dampened cortisol response when supported by their female mates (kirschbaum et al., 1995).;;","entities":[{"id":6376,"label":"cause","start_offset":17,"end_offset":30},{"id":6377,"label":"effect","start_offset":44,"end_offset":69},{"id":6378,"label":"effect","start_offset":77,"end_offset":134},{"id":6379,"label":"cause","start_offset":140,"end_offset":171}],"relations":[{"id":2893,"from_id":6376,"to_id":6377,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2894,"from_id":6379,"to_id":6378,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9404,"text":"Mean contribution rates for the four experimental groups with a high\/low guideline which is salient or discreet and the control group without a guideline.;;","entities":[{"id":9730,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":156}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9060,"text":"In contrast, mid-level and similar cooperation rates were observed in the single team conditions with no outside team to make comparisons with, whether participants and their teammates were performing well (M D .;;","entities":[{"id":9386,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":214}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7247,"text":"the current situation also impedes both students and researchers in focusing their studies and understanding each other's work (lazarsfeld and barton 1982:239).;;","entities":[{"id":7164,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":21},{"id":7165,"label":"effect","start_offset":27,"end_offset":126}],"relations":[{"id":3243,"from_id":7164,"to_id":7165,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7000,"text":"moreover, in contrast to simultaneous protocol, these levels do not decrease under iterations of the stage game.;;","entities":[{"id":8709,"label":"cause","start_offset":48,"end_offset":60},{"id":8710,"label":"effect","start_offset":68,"end_offset":111}],"relations":[{"id":4000,"from_id":8709,"to_id":8710,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6620,"text":"\"other studies have shown that the mere presence of a companion animal offers shortterm health benefits by ameliorating stress levels (allen et al., 2002; wells, 2007).\";;","entities":[{"id":5509,"label":"cause","start_offset":54,"end_offset":77},{"id":5587,"label":"effect","start_offset":107,"end_offset":133},{"id":5588,"label":"cause","start_offset":107,"end_offset":133},{"id":5589,"label":"effect","start_offset":78,"end_offset":103}],"relations":[{"id":2523,"from_id":5509,"to_id":5587,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2524,"from_id":5588,"to_id":5589,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8756,"text":"In this paper, we experimentally investigate the consequences of competitive rivalry in a situation without formal contracting possibilities.;;","entities":[{"id":9082,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":143}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7157,"text":"consequently, duffy argues that robots need to have a certain degree of anthropomorphic attributes in order to allow for a meaningful social interaction with a human being [38].;;","entities":[{"id":8754,"label":"cause","start_offset":53,"end_offset":98},{"id":8755,"label":"effect","start_offset":123,"end_offset":171}],"relations":[{"id":4026,"from_id":8754,"to_id":8755,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6528,"text":"implementation of these steps varied at the rc level, largely due to local resource availability, which was explicated by two case examples of approaches used by rcs participating in cj-dats: the expert approach and the team approach.;;","entities":[{"id":5252,"label":"cause","start_offset":69,"end_offset":96},{"id":5253,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":52}],"relations":[{"id":2362,"from_id":5252,"to_id":5253,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9160,"text":"The middle school subjects were relatively less risk-seeking, transferring an average of less that 58% of their endowments in this game.;;","entities":[{"id":9486,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9618,"text":"For the other four groups, however, there is a link between performance and outcome.;;","entities":[{"id":9944,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":86}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9386,"text":"Given the small sample of Study 1, however, caution is required in interpreting the lack of impact of traits.;;","entities":[{"id":9712,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":111}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7103,"text":"i sometimes find that collaborators want certainty (when there is none) when seeking answers to questions.;;","entities":[{"id":8729,"label":"cause","start_offset":77,"end_offset":105},{"id":8730,"label":"effect","start_offset":22,"end_offset":50}],"relations":[{"id":4012,"from_id":8729,"to_id":8730,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8792,"text":"Though no a priori prediction was made about the 3-way interaction, this interaction was added in the third step of the same model and found to be non-significant.;;","entities":[{"id":9118,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":165}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6206,"text":"however, data collected manually from documents gives researchers additional contextual knowledge (heem\u00ad skerk et al., 2017: 5) which may help to alleviate some of the concerns raised by mizruchi (1996), including the potential overestimation of the impact of director interlocks on firm behaviour and performance.;;","entities":[{"id":4429,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":47},{"id":4430,"label":"effect","start_offset":48,"end_offset":97},{"id":4431,"label":"effect","start_offset":167,"end_offset":195},{"id":4432,"label":"effect","start_offset":217,"end_offset":313}],"relations":[{"id":1979,"from_id":4429,"to_id":4430,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1980,"from_id":4429,"to_id":4431,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1981,"from_id":4429,"to_id":4432,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7429,"text":"however, maximizing efficiency in the absence of rewards implies maximizing inequality.;;","entities":[{"id":7606,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":56},{"id":7607,"label":"effect","start_offset":65,"end_offset":86}],"relations":[{"id":3433,"from_id":7606,"to_id":7607,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5943,"text":"we feel that the large dropout rate may have been because of the lengthy time lags and technical incompatibilities that on-line users faced.;;","entities":[{"id":3721,"label":"cause","start_offset":64,"end_offset":82},{"id":3722,"label":"cause","start_offset":88,"end_offset":114},{"id":8188,"label":"effect","start_offset":22,"end_offset":35}],"relations":[{"id":3703,"from_id":3721,"to_id":8188,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3704,"from_id":3722,"to_id":8188,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9321,"text":"For the Hom and SHet groups, voluntary contributions rise by 44% and 80%.;;","entities":[{"id":9647,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":75}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6193,"text":"the dissimulation of the research identity can preclude ethical issues, especially revolving around disclosures and consent-which conversations constitute research versus rapport building or even just friendship?;;","entities":[{"id":4387,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":214}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5840,"text":"thus, there remains a need for additional guidance and support for utilizing and applying intersection ali ty theory throughout the qualitative research process.;;","entities":[{"id":3458,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":161}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6157,"text":"however, for studies that would benefit from an appreciative conversation instead of a deficit approach, ai promises to provide a participant experience and identify study findings that will strengthen the organization's culture and interpersonal relationships among the participants (hammond, 2013).;;","entities":[{"id":4298,"label":"cause","start_offset":105,"end_offset":107},{"id":4299,"label":"effect","start_offset":120,"end_offset":152},{"id":4300,"label":"effect","start_offset":157,"end_offset":283}],"relations":[{"id":1916,"from_id":4298,"to_id":4299,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1917,"from_id":4298,"to_id":4300,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8791,"text":"The present study had a few limitations.;;","entities":[{"id":9117,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":42}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7015,"text":"\"as such, the motives that guide behaviour in a prisoner\"\"s dilemma or a trust game, are likely to differ from motives that guide behaviour in a social dilemma.\";;","entities":[{"id":6599,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":163}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5990,"text":"with respect to our studies, one might wonder whether the financial risks taken as a result of social exclusion were in fact nothing more than the manifestation of self-defeating behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":8283,"label":"effect","start_offset":58,"end_offset":73},{"id":8284,"label":"cause","start_offset":95,"end_offset":111},{"id":8285,"label":"effect","start_offset":147,"end_offset":187},{"id":8286,"label":"cause","start_offset":58,"end_offset":73}],"relations":[{"id":3757,"from_id":8284,"to_id":8283,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3758,"from_id":8286,"to_id":8285,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7414,"text":"frank upward and colleagues write that in order for a paradigm shift to take place, a crisis situation must have arisen in the archives and in the information management sector (upward et al.;;","entities":[{"id":7577,"label":"effect","start_offset":54,"end_offset":82},{"id":7578,"label":"cause","start_offset":86,"end_offset":177}],"relations":[{"id":3421,"from_id":7578,"to_id":7577,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5733,"text":"furthermore, in making use of the film to instigate a co-design process, ebcd arguably takes the participatory principles further than some photovoice projects by moving beyond priority setting to engage patients as actors in a collaborative shaping of service improvement interventions.;;","entities":[{"id":3189,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":287}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6795,"text":"to sum up, in spite of the available literature on the way interviews should be conducted in general, the existing instructions and guidelines on how to conduct semi-structured interviews lacked precision and examples and were therefore insufficient for us in order to completely achieve our goals at the piloting phase.;;","entities":[{"id":6018,"label":"cause","start_offset":106,"end_offset":217},{"id":6019,"label":"effect","start_offset":237,"end_offset":319}],"relations":[{"id":2734,"from_id":6018,"to_id":6019,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6059,"text":"most importantly, progressive relational devaluation predicts that being ostracized from the outset of an interaction should be less adverse than ostracism after minimal inclusion.;;","entities":[{"id":4032,"label":"cause","start_offset":67,"end_offset":117},{"id":4033,"label":"effect","start_offset":133,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[{"id":1802,"from_id":4032,"to_id":4033,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7458,"text":"\"nonetheless, this direct and indirect participant subject involvement has the potential to foster an \"\"observer effect\"\" that influences a participant's behavior as a result of being observed by the researcher (garrett & hawkin, 2014, p. 150).\";;","entities":[{"id":7669,"label":"cause","start_offset":92,"end_offset":122},{"id":7670,"label":"cause","start_offset":19,"end_offset":70},{"id":7671,"label":"effect","start_offset":92,"end_offset":122},{"id":7672,"label":"effect","start_offset":127,"end_offset":210}],"relations":[{"id":3460,"from_id":7670,"to_id":7671,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3461,"from_id":7669,"to_id":7672,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6351,"text":"it may be that the findings of the current study are an accurate reflection of self-esteem levels after ostracized or it may be that my findings were confounded by reasons mentioned previously.;;","entities":[{"id":4804,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":195}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8933,"text":"Consider an individual with von Neumann-Morgenstern preferences choosing between S and T for the Decision problem described in the Introduction.;;","entities":[{"id":9259,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":146}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5995,"text":"\"he writes that 'a recognition of the performative action of interview talk removes the temptation to deal with such data as if they gave us access to personal or private \"\"experiences\"\"' (2015: 99-100).\";;","entities":[{"id":8289,"label":"cause","start_offset":19,"end_offset":75},{"id":8290,"label":"effect","start_offset":76,"end_offset":121}],"relations":[{"id":3759,"from_id":8289,"to_id":8290,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6432,"text":"\"natural selection may favor developmental systems that use early-life experiences to calibrate later strategies, such that harsh or unpredictable early-life environments (e.g., resource-scarce or dangerous environments) sensitize individuals to follow faster strategies (belsky, schlomer, & ellis, 2012; ellis et al., 2009).\";;","entities":[{"id":5002,"label":"cause","start_offset":124,"end_offset":170},{"id":5003,"label":"effect","start_offset":221,"end_offset":270}],"relations":[{"id":2238,"from_id":5002,"to_id":5003,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7141,"text":"the changing technological landscape makes it possible to digitally store data, creating opportunity to both share and reuse data anywhere in the world for later use.;;","entities":[{"id":6917,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":36},{"id":6918,"label":"effect","start_offset":46,"end_offset":78},{"id":6919,"label":"effect","start_offset":80,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[{"id":3134,"from_id":6917,"to_id":6918,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3135,"from_id":6917,"to_id":6919,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9006,"text":"This results in higher cooperation in the mixed condition compared with the average of the nice and nasty conditions (step iv), although this effect only approached significance.;;","entities":[{"id":9332,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":180}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6372,"text":"discussion study 1 showed that reflexive responses to ostra\u00ad cism are moderated by whether the game is depicted as a ball toss or bomb toss.;;","entities":[{"id":8460,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":142}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7534,"text":"for example, participants might be more able to manage their response to the emotional experience of anger.;;","entities":[{"id":7849,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":109}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7616,"text":"to find boundary conditions, we propose, crosscutting variables should have a more direct link to survival than those that require a more elaborate cognitive appraisal and evaluation.;;","entities":[{"id":8038,"label":"effect","start_offset":3,"end_offset":27},{"id":8956,"label":"cause","start_offset":41,"end_offset":106}],"relations":[{"id":4131,"from_id":8956,"to_id":8038,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8903,"text":"In addition, we will give you a showup fee of \u00a510RMB.;;","entities":[{"id":9229,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":55}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6215,"text":"more importantly, the behavioral outcome of the hot sauce administration also confirmed the original hypotheses and demonstrated that exclusion increases aggression across different experimental paradigms.;;","entities":[{"id":4451,"label":"cause","start_offset":134,"end_offset":143},{"id":4452,"label":"effect","start_offset":154,"end_offset":164}],"relations":[{"id":1992,"from_id":4451,"to_id":4452,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7525,"text":"\"individuals who respond more for food find food more reinforcing relative to the alternative, and allocate more time and effort to these activities than individuals who do not find these commodities as reinforcing (epstein & saelens, 2000; saelens & epstein, 1996; temple et al., 2008).\";;","entities":[{"id":8925,"label":"cause","start_offset":17,"end_offset":38},{"id":8926,"label":"effect","start_offset":39,"end_offset":65},{"id":8927,"label":"effect","start_offset":99,"end_offset":148}],"relations":[{"id":4113,"from_id":8925,"to_id":8926,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4114,"from_id":8925,"to_id":8927,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7080,"text":"our conjecture is that groups have learned to distrust the other group during the face-to-face negotiations at each of the ten trials of the game.;;","entities":[{"id":6775,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":148}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8901,"text":"In an attempt to assess the generalizability of the perceptual \"triangle hypothesis\" proposed by Kelley and Stahelski, the expectations, perceptions, and behaviors of 70 subjects were measured in two conflict situations.;;","entities":[{"id":9227,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":222}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5920,"text":"these readers may find it useful to think of max rel as a purely competitive strategy that enhances the standing of an individual or group relative to other individuals or groups.;;","entities":[{"id":3649,"label":"cause","start_offset":44,"end_offset":85},{"id":3650,"label":"effect","start_offset":104,"end_offset":179}],"relations":[{"id":1605,"from_id":3649,"to_id":3650,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6481,"text":"no support was found for h3 or h4: hope, optimism, and forgiveness will moderate the relationship between ostracism and psychological well-being and hope, optimism, and forgiveness will moderate the relationship between ostracism and self-control.;;","entities":[{"id":8509,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":249}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7543,"text":"diversity of approaches available to qualitative researchers is not problematic per se and actually it is a significant benefit.;;","entities":[{"id":7869,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":130}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9501,"text":"Fig. 1 displays normalized efficiency, defined as group earnings net of token values as a percentage  of first-best group earnings net of token values.;;","entities":[{"id":9827,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":153}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6316,"text":"perhaps the people who were told not to think about a white bear felt less successful or accomplished because they actually did think about a white bear non depleted people,having no such instruction, may have felt relatively successful in writing about animals.;;","entities":[{"id":4723,"label":"effect","start_offset":12,"end_offset":101},{"id":4724,"label":"cause","start_offset":110,"end_offset":152},{"id":4725,"label":"cause","start_offset":153,"end_offset":199},{"id":4726,"label":"effect","start_offset":210,"end_offset":261}],"relations":[{"id":2116,"from_id":4724,"to_id":4723,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2117,"from_id":4725,"to_id":4726,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8758,"text":"Assume that people have ''effective'' social preferences.;;","entities":[{"id":9084,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":59}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5650,"text":"we believe that the tendency to underestimate the severity of social pain has numerous implications beyond school bullying.;;","entities":[{"id":2987,"label":"cause","start_offset":32,"end_offset":73},{"id":2988,"label":"effect","start_offset":107,"end_offset":122}],"relations":[{"id":1290,"from_id":2987,"to_id":2988,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6343,"text":"ilardi, leone, kasser, and ryan (1993) found perceptions of relatedness at work to be positively related to job satisfaction and personal well-being for employees.;;","entities":[{"id":8442,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":165}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7302,"text":"moreover, to give another example, results of van beest and williams (2006) showed that money did not mitigate the immediate distress but instead did mitigate delayed interpersonal behaviors.;;","entities":[{"id":8832,"label":"cause","start_offset":87,"end_offset":93},{"id":8833,"label":"effect","start_offset":102,"end_offset":133},{"id":8834,"label":"effect","start_offset":150,"end_offset":190}],"relations":[{"id":4066,"from_id":8832,"to_id":8833,"type":"Rel_Zero"},{"id":4067,"from_id":8832,"to_id":8834,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9384,"text":"\"How committe4 did you feel to the contract at the start?\";;","entities":[{"id":9710,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":60}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9144,"text":"Deviations are grouped into intervals, and the average net reward received over observations falling in each interval is plotted.;;","entities":[{"id":9470,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":131}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9372,"text":"Additionally we detected a moderate (r \u223c \u22120.5) negative correlation between defect rates in the PD and offers proposed in the UG in line with previous DG studies (Dreber et al., 2013;Capraro et al., 2014).;;","entities":[{"id":9698,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":207}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9005,"text":"Generally, women are in charge of all household chores (e.g., buying food, cooking, cleaning, fetching water, taking care of children, gardening, and collecting wood), whereas men are in charge of fishing, working in the fields, and building houses.;;","entities":[{"id":9331,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":251}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7120,"text":"for example, verkuyten and yildiz (2007) found in a questionnaire study among turkish minority group members in the netherlands that they identified more with their religious ingroup when they perceived more rejection from the dominant outgroup.;;","entities":[{"id":6865,"label":"cause","start_offset":193,"end_offset":244},{"id":6866,"label":"effect","start_offset":138,"end_offset":183}],"relations":[{"id":3111,"from_id":6865,"to_id":6866,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9292,"text":"Subject i's earnings after punishment were thus;;","entities":[{"id":9618,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":49}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7201,"text":"such a reversal of the present findings would further support the idea that the effect of social exclusion on confirmatory information processing is due to a mechanism that has motivational roots.;;","entities":[{"id":7058,"label":"cause","start_offset":90,"end_offset":106},{"id":7060,"label":"effect","start_offset":158,"end_offset":195},{"id":7061,"label":"effect","start_offset":110,"end_offset":145},{"id":7062,"label":"cause","start_offset":158,"end_offset":195}],"relations":[{"id":3193,"from_id":7058,"to_id":7060,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3194,"from_id":7062,"to_id":7061,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6269,"text":"the results show that even partial ostracism will lead to negative outcomes.;;","entities":[{"id":4576,"label":"cause","start_offset":27,"end_offset":44},{"id":4577,"label":"effect","start_offset":58,"end_offset":75}],"relations":[{"id":2043,"from_id":4576,"to_id":4577,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7603,"text":"we propose that because pride is related to socially valued behaviors, activating the pride concept incidentally, without evoking its experience, is likely to motivate pro-social behavior (e.g., cooperation).;;","entities":[{"id":8006,"label":"cause","start_offset":24,"end_offset":69},{"id":8007,"label":"effect","start_offset":159,"end_offset":187}],"relations":[{"id":3596,"from_id":8006,"to_id":8007,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6847,"text":"due to the relation with the integration broker\/the uncle, john's family obtains access to employment and housing, as well as formal and informal networks within the majority society.;;","entities":[{"id":6149,"label":"cause","start_offset":11,"end_offset":57},{"id":6151,"label":"effect","start_offset":126,"end_offset":182},{"id":6152,"label":"effect","start_offset":81,"end_offset":113}],"relations":[{"id":2792,"from_id":6149,"to_id":6152,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2793,"from_id":6149,"to_id":6151,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7461,"text":"\"social support has several protective effects; it ameliorates the psychological impact of stressful situations and is associated with positive health outcomes (house et al., 1988).\";;","entities":[{"id":7679,"label":"cause","start_offset":1,"end_offset":15},{"id":7680,"label":"effect","start_offset":51,"end_offset":111}],"relations":[{"id":3464,"from_id":7679,"to_id":7680,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7259,"text":"mauthner and doucet (2008) argue that whereas the traditional role of the research team was to enable more junior researchers to develop their qualitative research skills and ethical competencies, in multi disciplinary team-based studies, these opportunities may no longer exist.;;","entities":[{"id":7193,"label":"cause","start_offset":200,"end_offset":237},{"id":7194,"label":"effect","start_offset":239,"end_offset":279}],"relations":[{"id":3254,"from_id":7193,"to_id":7194,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6038,"text":"h7: students exposed to a competitive condition and who belong to environmental sciences will adopt similar levels of selfish strategies in a web-based simulation as students exposed to a cooperative condition and who belong to environmental sciences.;;","entities":[{"id":3970,"label":"effect","start_offset":93,"end_offset":136},{"id":8211,"label":"cause","start_offset":13,"end_offset":47},{"id":8212,"label":"cause","start_offset":56,"end_offset":88}],"relations":[{"id":3718,"from_id":8211,"to_id":3970,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3719,"from_id":8212,"to_id":3970,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7422,"text":"competitive intergroup behavior may flow from a social comparative tendency to establish social identity and self-worth (cf.;;","entities":[{"id":7591,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":31},{"id":7592,"label":"cause","start_offset":48,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[{"id":3426,"from_id":7592,"to_id":7591,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9502,"text":"Firstly, the underlying reasons for the conflict could also have an effect on cooperation.;;","entities":[{"id":9828,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":92}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8722,"text":"Will the same strong cooperation between individuals exist when the institutions are slightly changed?;;","entities":[{"id":9048,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":104}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6660,"text":"our choice of english based journals was made as english language tends to dominate among scholarly outlets.;;","entities":[{"id":5630,"label":"effect","start_offset":4,"end_offset":36},{"id":5631,"label":"cause","start_offset":49,"end_offset":107}],"relations":[{"id":2544,"from_id":5631,"to_id":5630,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7427,"text":"because there are no sacred texts that standardize belief or practice, communities and individuals have a degree of freedom in their interpretation of beliefs and practices.;;","entities":[{"id":7603,"label":"effect","start_offset":71,"end_offset":172},{"id":7604,"label":"cause","start_offset":8,"end_offset":69}],"relations":[{"id":3432,"from_id":7604,"to_id":7603,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5857,"text":"see the terms and conditions https online library wiley com terms and conditions on wiley online library for rules of use; oa articles are governed by the applicable creative commons license attached individuals experience conflict between fears of rejection and desire for support.;","entities":[{"id":3499,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":282}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6491,"text":"the multimodal approach also revealed that fluctuations in tone and affect were most frequent when the semi-structured interviews expanded beyond the pre-developed questions to further probes and new lines of inquiry.;;","entities":[{"id":5156,"label":"cause","start_offset":103,"end_offset":216},{"id":5160,"label":"effect","start_offset":43,"end_offset":74}],"relations":[{"id":2320,"from_id":5156,"to_id":5160,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9186,"text":"We did this by letting our players answer the questions A B 3. Standard control questions fail to control for understanding.;;","entities":[{"id":9512,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":126}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8927,"text":"Problem solving requires information exchange, and finding the best solution requires exchanging important unshared information.;;","entities":[{"id":9253,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":130}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6727,"text":"we observe that both effects are positive, and that a change in the cost of contributing (given by the internal return) has the largest effect on average contributions.;;","entities":[{"id":5820,"label":"cause","start_offset":54,"end_offset":88},{"id":5821,"label":"effect","start_offset":128,"end_offset":167}],"relations":[{"id":2635,"from_id":5820,"to_id":5821,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5917,"text":"the foodco example also underscores that the barrier posed by social class differences can be alleviated with attentive, prolonged contact between the researcher and the participant.;;","entities":[{"id":3645,"label":"cause","start_offset":110,"end_offset":181},{"id":8183,"label":"effect","start_offset":45,"end_offset":104}],"relations":[{"id":3695,"from_id":3645,"to_id":8183,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6325,"text":"deciding whether a comment is meaningful but not useful will therefore depend on the research questions being answered and the particular survey instrument.;;","entities":[{"id":8436,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":158}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6051,"text":"moreover, those authors use a unanimity voting requirement that includes the possibility of multiple voting rounds and\/or only a few subjects deciding for the group because of voting costs in their experiment.;;","entities":[{"id":4012,"label":"cause","start_offset":176,"end_offset":188},{"id":4013,"label":"effect","start_offset":30,"end_offset":58}],"relations":[{"id":1793,"from_id":4012,"to_id":4013,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7332,"text":"in the norm enforcement model, an increase in an agent's private consumption triggers the decline (augmentation of social esteem) by \u03b2 per unit from their public good provision.;;","entities":[{"id":7394,"label":"cause","start_offset":34,"end_offset":76},{"id":7395,"label":"effect","start_offset":90,"end_offset":176}],"relations":[{"id":3346,"from_id":7394,"to_id":7395,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5689,"text":"training a camera on the spatial articulation of healthcare facilities or on objects and interactions which constitute particular treatments or interventions can emphasise what had hitherto remained unnoticed and make visible some of the affective and social complexity of our engagements with health services.;;","entities":[{"id":8227,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":101},{"id":8228,"label":"effect","start_offset":118,"end_offset":208},{"id":8229,"label":"effect","start_offset":213,"end_offset":309}],"relations":[{"id":3728,"from_id":8227,"to_id":8228,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3729,"from_id":8227,"to_id":8229,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9671,"text":"Participants were asked to give several evaluative ratings (on a scale of 1 (not at all) to 7 (very much) of in-and out-group member(s)).;;","entities":[{"id":9997,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":139}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9170,"text":"Generous offers were defined as all cases where Player A proposed to give more money to their partner than to themselves.;;","entities":[{"id":9496,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6408,"text":"first, individuals must differ, whether in resources or strategy (kurzban & houser, 2005), such that some individuals would make better partners than others.;;","entities":[{"id":4948,"label":"effect","start_offset":101,"end_offset":156},{"id":4949,"label":"cause","start_offset":6,"end_offset":64}],"relations":[{"id":2214,"from_id":4949,"to_id":4948,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8753,"text":"Table 2 shows p-values of pair-wise tests of the null hypothesis of equal distribution of contributor types across locations using Fisher's exact tests.;;","entities":[{"id":9079,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":154}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6238,"text":"social ostracism by one's coworkers: does rejection lead to loafing or compensation?;;","entities":[{"id":4506,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":86}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6263,"text":"one might know one should ''want'' children because this is what the culture dictates, but struggling against this are aspects of the personal or family situation.;;","entities":[{"id":4564,"label":"effect","start_offset":26,"end_offset":43},{"id":4565,"label":"cause","start_offset":69,"end_offset":85}],"relations":[{"id":2037,"from_id":4565,"to_id":4564,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6392,"text":"at its simplest, this means that the greater the consistency between the findings from the interpretive and quantitative analyses, the greater the trustworthiness of the findings - therefore, the more grounded are the findings in the source data.;;","entities":[{"id":4912,"label":"cause","start_offset":33,"end_offset":129},{"id":4913,"label":"effect","start_offset":147,"end_offset":178},{"id":4914,"label":"effect","start_offset":196,"end_offset":245}],"relations":[{"id":2202,"from_id":4912,"to_id":4913,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2203,"from_id":4912,"to_id":4914,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6313,"text":"however, the stability of tag-based parochial cooperation rests on whether or not a shared belief continues that tags can predict the trustworthiness of interaction partners since tolerance is not an observable trait in tag-based societies.;;","entities":[{"id":4704,"label":"cause","start_offset":180,"end_offset":239},{"id":4705,"label":"effect","start_offset":12,"end_offset":173}],"relations":[{"id":2110,"from_id":4704,"to_id":4705,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9058,"text":"shift will be to the +,+ state.;;","entities":[{"id":9384,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":33}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9064,"text":"\u2022 Cooperative behavior in Common-pool resources: In line with public goods games, the experimental literature on CPRs suggests that individuals also deviate from their individually-oriented behavior and are able to make choices beneficial to the group despite incentives to free-ride.;;","entities":[{"id":9390,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":286}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9164,"text":"The P-value is 0.0423 comparing the Photos treatment and the Information-and-Photos treatment and is 0.0001 comparing the Information treatment to the Information-and-Photos treatment.;;","entities":[{"id":9490,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":186}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7319,"text":"in the present study in which participants were similar to each other, this fact may have played a larger role than their individual contributions.;;","entities":[{"id":7366,"label":"cause","start_offset":30,"end_offset":70},{"id":8850,"label":"effect","start_offset":71,"end_offset":146}],"relations":[{"id":4073,"from_id":7366,"to_id":8850,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8944,"text":"The rules for the system of rewards and punishments completely controlled.;;","entities":[{"id":9270,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":76}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9145,"text":"The two forms of choice dilemma are equivalent in terms of outcomes, but because they involve different decision frames, they are not psychologically equivalent In this research, framing effects on decisions involving use of a common resource pool were explored in a 2 X 2 X 2 (Public Goods vs. Commons Dilemma Task Structure X Small vs.;;","entities":[{"id":9471,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":339}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6541,"text":"supplementary analyses (available on request) revealed that controlling for sex did not influence the pattern of results.;;","entities":[{"id":5284,"label":"cause","start_offset":60,"end_offset":79},{"id":5285,"label":"effect","start_offset":102,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[{"id":2376,"from_id":5284,"to_id":5285,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5753,"text":"it may be hard to ascertain whether participation is voluntary because of power and reciprocity: some of the elderly were introduced by the residents' committee.;;","entities":[{"id":3233,"label":"cause","start_offset":74,"end_offset":95},{"id":8140,"label":"effect","start_offset":10,"end_offset":62}],"relations":[{"id":3668,"from_id":3233,"to_id":8140,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5955,"text":"this reflects the differentiated reactions to the two situations by healthy persons: exclusion leads to reduced frequency of true smiling.;;","entities":[{"id":3754,"label":"cause","start_offset":85,"end_offset":94},{"id":3755,"label":"effect","start_offset":112,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[{"id":1663,"from_id":3754,"to_id":3755,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9222,"text":"Second, the institution may create incentives that induce cooperative behavior, regardless of whether the individuals joining the institution are generally cooperative.;;","entities":[{"id":9548,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":170}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9648,"text":"According to our theoretical model, agents choose a contribution to the public good to maximize their utility where selfsanctioning, a function of the norm contribution and one's own contribution, is one of the arguments of utility.;;","entities":[{"id":9974,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":234}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5864,"text":"this systematic difference in orientation probably accounted, in part, for the greater competitiveness found in the belgian subjects.;;","entities":[{"id":3511,"label":"effect","start_offset":79,"end_offset":102},{"id":3512,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":41}],"relations":[{"id":1538,"from_id":3512,"to_id":3511,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5774,"text":"there was a perception from researchers that ethical processes were not keeping pace with technology - a sense that research progress was being hampered because researchers were not being allowed to maximise the tools available to them, at the speed they were required.;;","entities":[{"id":3286,"label":"effect","start_offset":116,"end_offset":152},{"id":3287,"label":"cause","start_offset":160,"end_offset":268}],"relations":[{"id":1431,"from_id":3287,"to_id":3286,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8689,"text":"In each of the three situations, participants estimated the resource size (see Table 3).;;","entities":[{"id":9015,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":90}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6688,"text":"first, blindly following procedural no harm procedures can still cause harm to sensitive populations, if researchers do not critically evaluate the rising ethical issues.;;","entities":[{"id":5703,"label":"cause","start_offset":105,"end_offset":169},{"id":5704,"label":"effect","start_offset":36,"end_offset":100}],"relations":[{"id":2578,"from_id":5703,"to_id":5704,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6606,"text":"for these people, the experience of guilt activates this motivation and subsequently increases cooperation.;;","entities":[{"id":5465,"label":"cause","start_offset":21,"end_offset":41},{"id":5466,"label":"effect","start_offset":42,"end_offset":67},{"id":5467,"label":"effect","start_offset":95,"end_offset":106}],"relations":[{"id":2462,"from_id":5465,"to_id":5467,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2463,"from_id":5465,"to_id":5466,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7288,"text":"snowball sampling already has a bad fame for producing homogeneous samples depending on the researchers' entry point.;;","entities":[{"id":8824,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5944,"text":"thus, in addition to defensive self-awareness avoidance, we predicted that rejection would lead to heightened other awareness;;","entities":[{"id":3723,"label":"cause","start_offset":74,"end_offset":84},{"id":3724,"label":"effect","start_offset":99,"end_offset":125},{"id":3725,"label":"cause","start_offset":21,"end_offset":55}],"relations":[{"id":1647,"from_id":3725,"to_id":3724,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1648,"from_id":3723,"to_id":3724,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7117,"text":"government will have 91 difficulty increasing social capital because it cannot replicate the effects of religion and cultural tradition.;;","entities":[{"id":6860,"label":"cause","start_offset":72,"end_offset":135},{"id":6861,"label":"effect","start_offset":24,"end_offset":59}],"relations":[{"id":3109,"from_id":6860,"to_id":6861,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6200,"text":"that is, compared to the immediately preceding trial the plethysmograph objectively registered a more intense facial coloration during the target trial, the interdependent 'victims' observed a stronger blush response, and the defecting participants themselves experienced a stronger blush response during the target trial.;;","entities":[{"id":4410,"label":"cause","start_offset":157,"end_offset":182},{"id":4411,"label":"effect","start_offset":201,"end_offset":216},{"id":4412,"label":"cause","start_offset":226,"end_offset":249},{"id":4413,"label":"effect","start_offset":283,"end_offset":297}],"relations":[{"id":1970,"from_id":4410,"to_id":4411,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1971,"from_id":4412,"to_id":4413,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5972,"text":"this constitutes a difference in the 'efficiency' of contributions, but this cannot be avoided when comparing an individual pg with a pg of representatives;;","entities":[{"id":3800,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":4},{"id":3802,"label":"effect","start_offset":19,"end_offset":66}],"relations":[{"id":1685,"from_id":3800,"to_id":3802,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6917,"text":"returning to sarah's interview, it is possible that her excessive characterization of the locals was a defensive response protecting her from unconscious anxiety regarding her conduct as a tourist in kenya.;;","entities":[{"id":6321,"label":"cause","start_offset":142,"end_offset":161},{"id":6322,"label":"effect","start_offset":56,"end_offset":96}],"relations":[{"id":2869,"from_id":6321,"to_id":6322,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8705,"text":"In this section, we describe our experiments and the predicted behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":9031,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":74}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6204,"text":"furthermore, although ostracized females tended to display higher poststressor cortisol relative to their included female counterparts, any observed change in cortisol following ostracism was not enough to reliably activate the hpa system for all participants.;;","entities":[{"id":4424,"label":"cause","start_offset":140,"end_offset":187},{"id":4425,"label":"effect","start_offset":206,"end_offset":238}],"relations":[{"id":1977,"from_id":4424,"to_id":4425,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7257,"text":"\"however, as mentioned above, the particular vulnerability of the subjects being studied leads many research ethics committees to automatically identify humanitarian research as requiring \"\"the highest level of stringency\"\".\";;","entities":[{"id":7189,"label":"cause","start_offset":34,"end_offset":88},{"id":7190,"label":"effect","start_offset":95,"end_offset":221}],"relations":[{"id":3253,"from_id":7189,"to_id":7190,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8760,"text":"Since most of our participants spend two hours or less per day playing computer games, we also illustrate the cooperation rates for the different percentiles of the distribution (Figure 2).;;","entities":[{"id":9086,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":191}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9121,"text":"That is, in the short-run the contribution increase in CA is large, but this does not prevent the long-run contribution level over all 12 rounds of part 2 to be lower in CA than in both C and CAC.;;","entities":[{"id":9447,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":198}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7045,"text":"however, if an individual strongly identifies with a highly salient group, like a close clique of co-workers, he or she would likely experience higher gains of ee\u2212 if suddenly excluded from the group.;;","entities":[{"id":6675,"label":"cause","start_offset":167,"end_offset":199},{"id":6676,"label":"effect","start_offset":133,"end_offset":162}],"relations":[{"id":3016,"from_id":6675,"to_id":6676,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9310,"text":"The main goal in conducting Experiment 4 was to ensure that our results are qualitatively similar to those from Experiment 1.;;","entities":[{"id":9636,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":127}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6172,"text":"this dispersion of data brought some difficulties for the researcher to interpret the meanings that the school may have contributed to in the lives of students with a history of school failure.;;","entities":[{"id":4335,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":23},{"id":8361,"label":"effect","start_offset":37,"end_offset":81}],"relations":[{"id":3796,"from_id":4335,"to_id":8361,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9345,"text":"Also as in BASELINE, the co-worker's effort systematically affects appropriateness ratings when both employees receive a high wage: low effort is generally deemed more appropriate when the co-worker chooses low effort (Situation 3) than when the co-worker chooses 18.;;","entities":[{"id":9671,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":269}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9394,"text":"The decisions made by all group members are made simultaneously.;;","entities":[{"id":9720,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":66}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6702,"text":"participants in the affirmation and non-affirmation conditions also received comparison information suggesting (based on the baseline interview) that they not only had several risk factors that increased their risk but that other people like them had fewer such risk factors.;;","entities":[{"id":5750,"label":"cause","start_offset":176,"end_offset":188},{"id":5751,"label":"effect","start_offset":210,"end_offset":214}],"relations":[{"id":2603,"from_id":5750,"to_id":5751,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9459,"text":"With these definitions under attack in contemporary American society, the actual effect on interaction of such traditional sex role definitions needs to be established.;;","entities":[{"id":9785,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":170}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6107,"text":"on the one hand, the comparison confirms our main conclusion that, contrary to what is generally thought, otherregarding preferences are no less intense online than in the laboratory.;;","entities":[{"id":4171,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":185}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6591,"text":"similarly, a person negatively reciprocates by defecting (choosing d) in the round following a defective move by the partner.;;","entities":[{"id":5426,"label":"effect","start_offset":13,"end_offset":56},{"id":5427,"label":"cause","start_offset":95,"end_offset":124}],"relations":[{"id":2450,"from_id":5427,"to_id":5426,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5707,"text":"\"knott, e. (2019), \"\"beyond the field: ethics after fieldwork in politically dynamic contexts\"\", perspectives on politics, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":3138,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":127}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9019,"text":"No significant time or medium main effects or any interactions were observed.;;","entities":[{"id":9345,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":79}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7203,"text":"increasing transparency and replicability means unveiling each and every decision made during the research process, particularly in relation to data.;;","entities":[{"id":7067,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":151}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6621,"text":"however, social anxiety did avect the persistence of the aversive evects of ostracism.;;","entities":[{"id":5511,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":23},{"id":5512,"label":"effect","start_offset":28,"end_offset":85}],"relations":[{"id":2484,"from_id":5511,"to_id":5512,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6624,"text":"contributions then increase if the group's behavior beats their priors and declines if the behavior disappoints.;;","entities":[{"id":5517,"label":"cause","start_offset":35,"end_offset":70},{"id":5518,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":13},{"id":5519,"label":"cause","start_offset":91,"end_offset":111}],"relations":[{"id":2487,"from_id":5517,"to_id":5518,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2488,"from_id":5519,"to_id":5518,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5965,"text":"although it is likely that the effects observed here would also be observed for non-genderbased groups, gender may have unique characteristics that are associated with potential moderating variables.;;","entities":[{"id":3783,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":201}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6794,"text":"institution formation in public goods games action for every player with standard preferences, i.e., each player's material welfare is maximized by contributing zero to the public good regardless of the other players' contributions.;;","entities":[{"id":8616,"label":"effect","start_offset":106,"end_offset":144},{"id":8617,"label":"cause","start_offset":148,"end_offset":184}],"relations":[{"id":3956,"from_id":8617,"to_id":8616,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6055,"text":"our experimental data show that the mechanism with rich first-movers generates greater contributions than alternative mechanisms, as predicted.;;","entities":[{"id":4022,"label":"cause","start_offset":36,"end_offset":68},{"id":4023,"label":"effect","start_offset":87,"end_offset":100}],"relations":[{"id":1796,"from_id":4022,"to_id":4023,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5778,"text":"that is, we sought to examine whether it is social exclusion that fosters risk taking or inclusion that breeds consumers' preferences for safer investing.;;","entities":[{"id":3298,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":154}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6167,"text":"this indicates that subjects who have invested the same amount in stage 1 still reward each other for this in stage 3. however, this effect is three times lower than it is in stage 2. the strongest effect on stage 3 rewarding comes from stage 2 rewarding.;;","entities":[{"id":4323,"label":"cause","start_offset":237,"end_offset":255},{"id":4324,"label":"effect","start_offset":188,"end_offset":225}],"relations":[{"id":1927,"from_id":4323,"to_id":4324,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6839,"text":"if the default is concrete construal, it follows that people will typically act to realize immediate outcomes, behavior which is well-documented in the social dilemma literature.;;","entities":[{"id":6129,"label":"cause","start_offset":7,"end_offset":36},{"id":6135,"label":"effect","start_offset":54,"end_offset":109}],"relations":[{"id":2786,"from_id":6129,"to_id":6135,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6483,"text":"if subjects assign a zero probability to one of the proposed contribution levels, the subject is indifferent about what amount to state.;;","entities":[{"id":5135,"label":"cause","start_offset":12,"end_offset":80},{"id":5136,"label":"effect","start_offset":86,"end_offset":135}],"relations":[{"id":2309,"from_id":5135,"to_id":5136,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7416,"text":"above-mean contributors are more likely to be rewarded, as observed in a vcm treatment with punishment and reward possibilities (sefton, shupp, and walker 2007).;;","entities":[{"id":8896,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":23},{"id":8897,"label":"effect","start_offset":28,"end_offset":54}],"relations":[{"id":4094,"from_id":8896,"to_id":8897,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6309,"text":"for some participants, this questioning guide provided a way to focus on the specific stories and experiences portrayed in the photographs, while moving toward thinking about ways to improve their life conditions.;;","entities":[{"id":4693,"label":"cause","start_offset":28,"end_offset":45},{"id":4694,"label":"effect","start_offset":64,"end_offset":93},{"id":4695,"label":"effect","start_offset":98,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[{"id":2104,"from_id":4693,"to_id":4694,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2105,"from_id":4693,"to_id":4695,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6496,"text":"this preserved time and conversational space was crucial for longitudinal repeat interviews as well, particularly as part of managing the ongoing involvement of hcps with many limitations on their time.;;","entities":[{"id":8516,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":19},{"id":8517,"label":"cause","start_offset":24,"end_offset":44},{"id":8518,"label":"effect","start_offset":61,"end_offset":91},{"id":8519,"label":"effect","start_offset":124,"end_offset":201}],"relations":[{"id":3882,"from_id":8516,"to_id":8518,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3883,"from_id":8517,"to_id":8518,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3884,"from_id":8516,"to_id":8519,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3885,"from_id":8517,"to_id":8519,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6489,"text":"for example, a potential aggressive mating tactic of socially included individuals might be a greater propensity to endorse mate poaching behaviors because of one's elevated, entitled status.;;","entities":[{"id":5150,"label":"cause","start_offset":159,"end_offset":190},{"id":5152,"label":"effect","start_offset":102,"end_offset":147}],"relations":[{"id":2317,"from_id":5150,"to_id":5152,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6297,"text":"flexibility in time and space are two often scarce resources in ices.;;","entities":[{"id":4643,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":71}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9351,"text":"They found a positive correlation between beliefs and contributions, which is in line with the findings of Neugebauer, Perote, Schmidt, and Loss (2009).;;","entities":[{"id":9677,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":154}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9507,"text":"In short, we propose that people will use a group's previous performance outcome in a social dilemma to generate judgments about the group's level of cooperativeness and its likelihood of resolving future social dilemmas successfully.;;","entities":[{"id":9833,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":236}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6819,"text":"\"the second, ''mechanistic\"\" form of dehumanization may be especially relevant to ostracism.\";;","entities":[{"id":6073,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":95}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7633,"text":"it is not surprising that most participants trusted the punisher and nonpunisher similarly: in order to unconfound the effects of contributions and punishment on reputation, the computerized punisher and nonpunisher had to be as similar as possible in contributory behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":8080,"label":"cause","start_offset":178,"end_offset":273},{"id":8081,"label":"effect","start_offset":104,"end_offset":172}],"relations":[{"id":3630,"from_id":8080,"to_id":8081,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9327,"text":"To assess how contributions adjust to changes in beliefs, Table 5 reports the estimates of Tobit models in which the dependent variable is the evolution of the contribution between t-1 and t.;;","entities":[{"id":9653,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":193}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6995,"text":"on the one hand, data archiving and sharing offer some positive potential for moving towards more democratic, innovative and genuinely open research practices.;;","entities":[{"id":8706,"label":"cause","start_offset":17,"end_offset":43},{"id":8707,"label":"effect","start_offset":55,"end_offset":158}],"relations":[{"id":3999,"from_id":8706,"to_id":8707,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5982,"text":"a possible explanation for this finding is that leaders conform to what they possibly perceive as the group's norm.;;","entities":[{"id":8281,"label":"effect","start_offset":27,"end_offset":39},{"id":8282,"label":"cause","start_offset":48,"end_offset":114}],"relations":[{"id":3756,"from_id":8282,"to_id":8281,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6718,"text":"hypothesis 3 hope, optimism, and forgiveness will moderate the relationship between ostracism and psychological well-being.;;","entities":[{"id":5795,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":125}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6608,"text":"this is mainly due to women having more pessimistic expectations about the contributions of others in mixed-sex than in same-sex groups.;;","entities":[{"id":5471,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":4},{"id":5473,"label":"cause","start_offset":22,"end_offset":111}],"relations":[{"id":2467,"from_id":5473,"to_id":5471,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8934,"text":"A total of 7 out of 9 and 3 out of 5 groups, respectively, converged on efficiency.;;","entities":[{"id":9260,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":85}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6978,"text":"for example, more senior members may exclude a new work group member if s\/he proposes something that challenges their ideas.;;","entities":[{"id":6504,"label":"effect","start_offset":18,"end_offset":68},{"id":6505,"label":"cause","start_offset":72,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[{"id":2947,"from_id":6505,"to_id":6504,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7262,"text":"the major difference between this study and earlier studies is that the appealing response (to donate money) in this study has obvious cost to ostracized individuals.;;","entities":[{"id":7199,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":168}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9074,"text":"Results of experiments may be used as an indicator of behavior patterns outside the experimental arena as qualitative insights instead of significant statistical results.;;","entities":[{"id":9400,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":172}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6539,"text":"this problem affects political science, in general, and perhaps requires a change in the dominant paradigm for how academic careers are constructed.;;","entities":[{"id":5279,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":12},{"id":8525,"label":"effect","start_offset":13,"end_offset":38},{"id":8526,"label":"effect","start_offset":75,"end_offset":147}],"relations":[{"id":3890,"from_id":5279,"to_id":8525,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3891,"from_id":5279,"to_id":8526,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6584,"text":"at this point is also relevant to reiterate that cyberbomb is thus more than simply an aversive stimulus from which ostracism provides an escape.;;","entities":[{"id":5415,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":147}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6817,"text":"where feedback on heterogeneity of this kind is explicitly sought then it is important to ensure a minimum number of participants in each sub-category are included.;;","entities":[{"id":8622,"label":"cause","start_offset":6,"end_offset":65},{"id":8623,"label":"effect","start_offset":86,"end_offset":163}],"relations":[{"id":3958,"from_id":8622,"to_id":8623,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7295,"text":"the social monitoring system can be activated when people are concerned with their status of belonging or perceive their belonging as being threatened (gardner, et al., 2000).;;","entities":[{"id":7286,"label":"effect","start_offset":4,"end_offset":45},{"id":7287,"label":"cause","start_offset":51,"end_offset":102},{"id":7288,"label":"cause","start_offset":106,"end_offset":150}],"relations":[{"id":3296,"from_id":7287,"to_id":7286,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3297,"from_id":7288,"to_id":7286,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7439,"text":"however, progressive relational devaluation is not a necessary condition for ostracism's distress.;;","entities":[{"id":7623,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":100}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5941,"text":"as a result, the key objectivity making features are not discriminating enough: just as the feature of fitness does not pick out what makes soccer players good as soccer players, the features fail to capture what makes qualitative data sets good as qualitative data sets.;;","entities":[{"id":3713,"label":"effect","start_offset":192,"end_offset":270},{"id":3714,"label":"cause","start_offset":16,"end_offset":78}],"relations":[{"id":1641,"from_id":3714,"to_id":3713,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6853,"text":"undoubtedly, those who travel more and happened to be away are slightly underrepresented though if they missed one opportunity to play they were often called a second 15 time.;;","entities":[{"id":8652,"label":"cause","start_offset":104,"end_offset":134},{"id":8653,"label":"effect","start_offset":151,"end_offset":174},{"id":8654,"label":"cause","start_offset":22,"end_offset":58},{"id":8655,"label":"effect","start_offset":63,"end_offset":95}],"relations":[{"id":3972,"from_id":8652,"to_id":8653,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3973,"from_id":8654,"to_id":8655,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8679,"text":"A second way that the current study extended prior work was that an actual resource (movie tickets) was at stake; thus, participants had a genuine incentive in the game.;;","entities":[{"id":9005,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":171}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7132,"text":"in either case, ostracism and threat detection would cause both attention and effort to be simultaneously drawn toward social cues, especially for adolescents who are primed to think about their friend and away from the self-monitoring and self-regulatory processes needed for dietary restraint.;;","entities":[{"id":6898,"label":"cause","start_offset":16,"end_offset":25},{"id":6899,"label":"cause","start_offset":30,"end_offset":46},{"id":6900,"label":"effect","start_offset":64,"end_offset":130}],"relations":[{"id":3127,"from_id":6898,"to_id":6900,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3128,"from_id":6899,"to_id":6900,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6336,"text":"despite the interpreter's influence and the potential obscuring of the aim and intent of the interview, interrogation of the interview and follow-up translation has helped to recalibrate the analysis.;;","entities":[{"id":4768,"label":"effect","start_offset":175,"end_offset":199},{"id":4769,"label":"cause","start_offset":104,"end_offset":134},{"id":4770,"label":"cause","start_offset":139,"end_offset":160}],"relations":[{"id":2135,"from_id":4770,"to_id":4768,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2136,"from_id":4769,"to_id":4768,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8961,"text":"Half of the 10 offers the participants saw were fair, that is, a proposal to split the US$10 evenly (US$5:US$5), with the remaining offers proposing unequal splits (two offers of US$9:US$1, two offers of US$8:US$2, and one offer of US$7:US$3).;;","entities":[{"id":9287,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":245}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9138,"text":"We expected group cohesiveness to mediate the relationship between forgiveness and cooperation differently depending on transgressor response.;;","entities":[{"id":9464,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":144}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7547,"text":"past research and theory have indicated that initial reactions to social exclusion and inclusion on this same index of basic belongingness needs appear unconditionally automatic and thus insensitive to moderation (e.g., k. d. williams, 2007).;;","entities":[{"id":8942,"label":"effect","start_offset":187,"end_offset":212},{"id":8943,"label":"cause","start_offset":45,"end_offset":178}],"relations":[{"id":4122,"from_id":8943,"to_id":8942,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7551,"text":"\"this becomes especially visible in interpreter mediated interviews which can entail effects such as the loss of details, modifications of the text regarding facts as well as negotiations between interviewee and interpreter concerning the meaning of statements in the interview situation without involving the researcher (inhetveen, 2012; lauterbach, 2014).\";;","entities":[{"id":7887,"label":"effect","start_offset":105,"end_offset":120},{"id":7888,"label":"effect","start_offset":122,"end_offset":163},{"id":7890,"label":"cause","start_offset":36,"end_offset":67},{"id":8946,"label":"effect","start_offset":175,"end_offset":320}],"relations":[{"id":3544,"from_id":7890,"to_id":7887,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3545,"from_id":7890,"to_id":7888,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4125,"from_id":7890,"to_id":8946,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9562,"text":"Sixty-four groups of players received one of four different treatments:;;","entities":[{"id":9888,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":73}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7102,"text":"elsewhere (stilwell et al., 2020), we describe how these types of clinical interactions involving enactive metaphor may be a powerful, yet overlooked learning mechanism that can shape patients' agency and affordances (i.e., their possibilities for action).;;","entities":[{"id":6819,"label":"cause","start_offset":66,"end_offset":115},{"id":6820,"label":"effect","start_offset":178,"end_offset":216}],"relations":[{"id":3092,"from_id":6819,"to_id":6820,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6006,"text":"\"tanya langtree, melanie birks & narelle biedermann: separating \"\"fact\"\" from fiction: strategies to improve rigour in historical research recognising the potential presence of unconscious biases, such as the influence of a prevailing metanarrative, is another important strategy to strengthen the analysis.\";;","entities":[{"id":8291,"label":"cause","start_offset":139,"end_offset":195},{"id":8292,"label":"effect","start_offset":283,"end_offset":306}],"relations":[{"id":3760,"from_id":8291,"to_id":8292,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6386,"text":"\"we call this function of curation \"\"enabling epistemically responsible reuse,\"\" and define epistemically responsible reuse (err) as secondary use of data that actively aims to understand as much of the original data and context as possible and does not make claims beyond what can be justifiably inferred from the data.\";;","entities":[{"id":4899,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":323}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9135,"text":"Can the one-bad-apple effect be replicated?;;","entities":[{"id":9461,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":45}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8968,"text":"A convenient benchmark is c 1 that implies that requests are linearly related to one's position.;;","entities":[{"id":9294,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":98}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6871,"text":"oddly enough, the only impact that the human\/computer manipulation had was the unexpected interaction showing that being ostracized by a computer made participants angrier than being ostracized by humans.;;","entities":[{"id":6209,"label":"cause","start_offset":121,"end_offset":145},{"id":6210,"label":"effect","start_offset":146,"end_offset":171}],"relations":[{"id":2819,"from_id":6209,"to_id":6210,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9654,"text":"It is thus not possible, for example, to infer the absence of conditional cooperators from a group in which little cooperation is observed.;;","entities":[{"id":9980,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":141}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9330,"text":"There are two problems with a secondary reinforcement interpretation.;;","entities":[{"id":9656,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":71}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5711,"text":"as with leaks from whistleblowers, ati\/foi disclosures frequently move us in unexpected ways, invoking emotional responses but also the desire to act politically (also see heuristic and political significance below).;;","entities":[{"id":3143,"label":"cause","start_offset":35,"end_offset":54},{"id":3144,"label":"effect","start_offset":66,"end_offset":92},{"id":3145,"label":"effect","start_offset":94,"end_offset":122},{"id":3146,"label":"effect","start_offset":135,"end_offset":161}],"relations":[{"id":1365,"from_id":3143,"to_id":3144,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1366,"from_id":3143,"to_id":3145,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1367,"from_id":3143,"to_id":3146,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8852,"text":"Each laboratory preregistered their plans for implementing the approved protocol, and these plans were preapproved by the editor, who verified that they met all of the requirements for the study.;;","entities":[{"id":9178,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":197}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6924,"text":"taken together, results from this most recent study suggest that it is the severity of social anxiety within the sad group and\/or particular interpersonal problems (i.e., vindictiveness) that provide the best explanation for giving behavior in iterated games of the pd.;;","entities":[{"id":6335,"label":"effect","start_offset":204,"end_offset":268},{"id":6336,"label":"cause","start_offset":75,"end_offset":163}],"relations":[{"id":2874,"from_id":6336,"to_id":6335,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9274,"text":"2. Parameter Setting for Sensitivity Test 1 of Model 1 \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 47;;","entities":[{"id":9600,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":70}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9547,"text":"Hali the Ss expected to meet O after the experiment, while the other half were assured of anonymity.;;","entities":[{"id":9873,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":102}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7101,"text":"such biases can potentially cloud the decisions made during the search and may result in a misjudgement about a particular source.;;","entities":[{"id":6815,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":11},{"id":6816,"label":"effect","start_offset":28,"end_offset":70},{"id":6817,"label":"effect","start_offset":91,"end_offset":129},{"id":6818,"label":"cause","start_offset":28,"end_offset":70}],"relations":[{"id":3090,"from_id":6815,"to_id":6816,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3091,"from_id":6818,"to_id":6817,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8891,"text":"The next section more closely examines the mechanisms through which contributions to groups in these two conditions diverged.;;","entities":[{"id":9217,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":127}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6654,"text":"more relevant, is that such aggressive responses are moderated by scientific evidence in favor or against the existence of an afterlife.;;","entities":[{"id":5615,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6860,"text":"these results show experimentally that cooperative behavior cascades in human social networks.;;","entities":[{"id":8656,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":96}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8685,"text":"Here, we investigate the fairness evaluations of the players on the basis of two inequity aversion models.;;","entities":[{"id":9011,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":108}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6657,"text":"\"instead, it formally rewards solely the good practices of quantitative research, while the qualitative researchers are d is proportionally burdened with justifying their research design - with, for example, defending \"\"as closed as necessary\"\" even when anything else would be inappropriate.\";;","entities":[{"id":5621,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":295}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7156,"text":"furthermore, moving from the notion that extreme physical pain can lead to temporally analgesia of further physical pain (gear, aley, & levine, 1999), dewall and baumeister (2006) found that pre-living an extreme social pain condition (i.e., a life alone) resulted in emotional numbness (a form of analgesia).;;","entities":[{"id":6951,"label":"cause","start_offset":41,"end_offset":62},{"id":6952,"label":"effect","start_offset":75,"end_offset":120},{"id":6953,"label":"cause","start_offset":191,"end_offset":234},{"id":6954,"label":"effect","start_offset":268,"end_offset":286}],"relations":[{"id":3147,"from_id":6951,"to_id":6952,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3148,"from_id":6953,"to_id":6954,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7179,"text":"\"to the contrary, one might reasonably believe that \"\"a predominant quality to be expected in a successful gene is ruthless selfishness\"\" (dawkins 1976).\";;","entities":[{"id":7006,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":156}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7196,"text":"an information sheet was used to increase anonymity of participants in that no written record of participants was kept in the lab, and no identifiers were used that could allow for tracing the responses to a specific participant.;;","entities":[{"id":7040,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":20},{"id":7041,"label":"effect","start_offset":42,"end_offset":67},{"id":7047,"label":"cause","start_offset":138,"end_offset":149},{"id":7048,"label":"effect","start_offset":171,"end_offset":228}],"relations":[{"id":3183,"from_id":7040,"to_id":7041,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3187,"from_id":7047,"to_id":7048,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9105,"text":"Most participants reported that they primarily attended to;;","entities":[{"id":9431,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":60}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6587,"text":"by creating a more challenging task for the participants, the changes in accessibility may become more apparent.;;","entities":[{"id":5420,"label":"cause","start_offset":13,"end_offset":56},{"id":5421,"label":"effect","start_offset":62,"end_offset":111}],"relations":[{"id":2448,"from_id":5420,"to_id":5421,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9511,"text":"and the number of comments made during the bargaining session (77 = 3.26, df=2\/42, p < .05).;;","entities":[{"id":9837,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":94}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7228,"text":"through this methodology, for example, seamless connections may be revealed between research generation and cultural benefits in the arts, which can be obscured by the requirement (e.g.;;","entities":[{"id":7119,"label":"cause","start_offset":8,"end_offset":24},{"id":7120,"label":"effect","start_offset":39,"end_offset":137},{"id":7121,"label":"cause","start_offset":168,"end_offset":179},{"id":7122,"label":"effect","start_offset":152,"end_offset":160}],"relations":[{"id":3222,"from_id":7119,"to_id":7120,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3223,"from_id":7121,"to_id":7122,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6610,"text":"there is a risk here of generating reductive responses and foreclosing the wide possibilities of research design and ambition, precisely because, in keeping an eye on the future, researchers anticipate mis-use or de contextual i zed extraction of data, or some other form of incompatibility with a research management plan.;;","entities":[{"id":5479,"label":"cause","start_offset":202,"end_offset":251},{"id":5480,"label":"cause","start_offset":256,"end_offset":322},{"id":8559,"label":"effect","start_offset":11,"end_offset":54},{"id":8560,"label":"effect","start_offset":59,"end_offset":125}],"relations":[{"id":3911,"from_id":5479,"to_id":8559,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3912,"from_id":5479,"to_id":8560,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3913,"from_id":5480,"to_id":8559,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3914,"from_id":5480,"to_id":8560,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9514,"text":"T h e c o n t r o l b o x w a s d i r e c t l y i n f r o n t o f E .;;","entities":[{"id":9840,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":71}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5854,"text":"the moral of the game is that rational self-interested behaviour of individuals does not always produce efficient outcomes, which is achieved when both players cooperate.;;","entities":[{"id":3494,"label":"effect","start_offset":96,"end_offset":122},{"id":3495,"label":"cause","start_offset":147,"end_offset":169}],"relations":[{"id":1530,"from_id":3495,"to_id":3494,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5894,"text":"this can be especially illuminating if the researcher identifies with multiple categories and or shares commonalities with participants.;;","entities":[{"id":3587,"label":"effect","start_offset":22,"end_offset":35},{"id":3588,"label":"cause","start_offset":42,"end_offset":89},{"id":3589,"label":"cause","start_offset":97,"end_offset":135}],"relations":[{"id":1577,"from_id":3588,"to_id":3587,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1578,"from_id":3589,"to_id":3587,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7209,"text":"that is, people may construe preexisting bad moods as meaning they have not yet obtained their goals, whereas people may construe preexisting good moods as meaning they have obtained their goals.;;","entities":[{"id":7076,"label":"cause","start_offset":80,"end_offset":100},{"id":7077,"label":"effect","start_offset":20,"end_offset":50},{"id":7078,"label":"effect","start_offset":121,"end_offset":152},{"id":7079,"label":"cause","start_offset":174,"end_offset":194}],"relations":[{"id":3199,"from_id":7076,"to_id":7077,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3200,"from_id":7079,"to_id":7078,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8984,"text":"In the Trust Game, as the second players acts after the first have trusted (or not), \"leading by example\" can have an important effect.;;","entities":[{"id":9310,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6166,"text":"for both authors, considerations of the principle of connectivity helped to set the scene regarding expectations of the study, we well as increase the levels of trust and rapport building particularly as part of the formative stage of each researcher's interview process.;;","entities":[{"id":4320,"label":"effect","start_offset":76,"end_offset":125},{"id":4321,"label":"cause","start_offset":18,"end_offset":65}],"relations":[{"id":1926,"from_id":4321,"to_id":4320,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9049,"text":"This was conducted in October 2005 by three members of the core research team (Brewer in Columbus, Ohio, US; Wilson in Houston, Texas, US; Fatas in Valencia, Spain).;;","entities":[{"id":9375,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":167}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9589,"text":"The ff session consisted of 12 investor blocks, 24 trustee blocks and 12 control blocks.;;","entities":[{"id":9915,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":90}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6669,"text":"also propose that the 'perceived competitiveness of the situation' moderates the social effect of emotion.;;","entities":[{"id":5662,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":108}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8812,"text":"The winner-take-all rule (or lottery) is interesting for two reasons.;;","entities":[{"id":9138,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":71}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5772,"text":"since most field settings involve subjects with a higher opportunity cost of time and less formal education and literacy, researchers have often used different instructions in the field than in the lab.;;","entities":[{"id":3281,"label":"cause","start_offset":6,"end_offset":120},{"id":3282,"label":"effect","start_offset":122,"end_offset":201}],"relations":[{"id":1429,"from_id":3281,"to_id":3282,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8833,"text":"Assume that this observer assigns a new reputation to g d according to a subnorm different from one used when the observer does not belong to g r .;;","entities":[{"id":9159,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":149}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6823,"text":"this trend is likely the result of e\/hf's scientific perspective (hancock and szalma, 2004) and intellectual heritage grounded in engineering and psychology, rather than the range of research questions that should be posed to advance our knowledge of health care.;;","entities":[{"id":6080,"label":"cause","start_offset":42,"end_offset":64},{"id":6081,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":10},{"id":6082,"label":"cause","start_offset":96,"end_offset":141},{"id":6083,"label":"cause","start_offset":146,"end_offset":156},{"id":6086,"label":"effect","start_offset":226,"end_offset":262},{"id":8626,"label":"cause","start_offset":174,"end_offset":201}],"relations":[{"id":2762,"from_id":6080,"to_id":6081,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2763,"from_id":6082,"to_id":6081,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2764,"from_id":6083,"to_id":6081,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3960,"from_id":8626,"to_id":6086,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6064,"text":"once people begin using market-relevant vocabulary, they become sensitive to cues of fairness and reciprocity that suggest an activity is market related.;;","entities":[{"id":8303,"label":"cause","start_offset":18,"end_offset":50},{"id":8304,"label":"effect","start_offset":64,"end_offset":109}],"relations":[{"id":3767,"from_id":8303,"to_id":8304,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5699,"text":"second, the effect of this social observation may shed light on the reason for possible gender differences in strategic behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":3120,"label":"cause","start_offset":27,"end_offset":46},{"id":3122,"label":"effect","start_offset":50,"end_offset":128}],"relations":[{"id":1355,"from_id":3120,"to_id":3122,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9536,"text":"Third, in the large-sanction condition perceived motives of self-interest were higher than in both the small-sanction condition and the no-sanction condition.;;","entities":[{"id":9862,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":160}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7306,"text":"thus, individuals' social preferences of inequality aversion might modify the subsequent cooperative decisions in an interpersonal context [20, 42].;;","entities":[{"id":7305,"label":"cause","start_offset":6,"end_offset":60},{"id":7306,"label":"effect","start_offset":67,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[{"id":3303,"from_id":7305,"to_id":7306,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8656,"text":"The \u00aerst set of four sessions was conducted in Autumn semester, 1994.;;","entities":[{"id":8982,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":71}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6319,"text":"not all researchers who wish to incorporate video data into their study design possess the necessary skills to effectively operate video equipment toward their purposes.;;","entities":[{"id":4730,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":171}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7617,"text":"the social optimal number of investment tokens is obtained when an individual takes into account the negative externality he imposes on the other group members.;;","entities":[{"id":8039,"label":"cause","start_offset":67,"end_offset":159},{"id":8040,"label":"effect","start_offset":4,"end_offset":58}],"relations":[{"id":3611,"from_id":8039,"to_id":8040,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9431,"text":"Fig. 4. Offers and responder choices for SS12 and SS24; three observations in SS24 with big proposer offers greater than 1500 (including 2 offers of 2400) are not pictured.;;","entities":[{"id":9757,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":174}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7336,"text":"one relates to how a subject's concern for others, either negative or positive, impacts their strategy choice.;;","entities":[{"id":7402,"label":"cause","start_offset":15,"end_offset":49},{"id":7403,"label":"effect","start_offset":80,"end_offset":109}],"relations":[{"id":3350,"from_id":7402,"to_id":7403,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7265,"text":"because being ostracized threatens an individual's need to belong, which is perhaps the most fundamental human need (baumeister & leary, 1995, fiske, 2004), reactions to ostracism can be extreme (twenge, baumeister, tice & stucke, 2001).;;","entities":[{"id":8814,"label":"cause","start_offset":8,"end_offset":65},{"id":8815,"label":"effect","start_offset":157,"end_offset":194}],"relations":[{"id":4055,"from_id":8814,"to_id":8815,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9595,"text":"The asymmetric treatments were run to assess the robustness of our results, in particular because Nash predictions dramatically change when symmetry in payoff is abandoned (Section A.2 of the Supplementary Material).;;","entities":[{"id":9921,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":218}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6891,"text":"specifically, participants' needs were threatened by ostracism relative to inclusion, and reflective need satisfaction showed marked recovery within minutes of the ostracism experience.;;","entities":[{"id":6259,"label":"effect","start_offset":14,"end_offset":49},{"id":6260,"label":"cause","start_offset":53,"end_offset":84},{"id":8667,"label":"cause","start_offset":164,"end_offset":184},{"id":8669,"label":"effect","start_offset":90,"end_offset":156}],"relations":[{"id":2840,"from_id":6260,"to_id":6259,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3982,"from_id":8667,"to_id":8669,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7198,"text":"the use of documents mitigates this struggle to access information.;;","entities":[{"id":7049,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":20},{"id":8781,"label":"effect","start_offset":36,"end_offset":66}],"relations":[{"id":4039,"from_id":7049,"to_id":8781,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6890,"text":"with an element of chance introduced such that any given trial might involve higher stakes, we sought to accentuate the motivation that might be associated with playing for the higher rewards.;;","entities":[{"id":6258,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":194}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9165,"text":"Supplementary material to this article can be found in the Online Appendix at http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2014.02.003. 29;;","entities":[{"id":9491,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":131}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7334,"text":"narrowly defined selection criteria can negatively affect recruitment (kristensen & ravn, 2015).;;","entities":[{"id":7397,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":35},{"id":7398,"label":"effect","start_offset":40,"end_offset":69}],"relations":[{"id":3347,"from_id":7397,"to_id":7398,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9608,"text":"For studies finding no significant difference between men and women, see Poppe and Utens (1986), Sell (1997) and Goeree et al. (2002).;;","entities":[{"id":9934,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":136}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5781,"text":"\"without recordings of clinical appointments and interviews with clinicians, we believe that we would not have fully appreciated patients' contexts, including the specific diagnoses and pain explanations received and how these were often \"\"lost in translation\"\".\";;","entities":[{"id":8252,"label":"cause","start_offset":1,"end_offset":59},{"id":8253,"label":"effect","start_offset":102,"end_offset":147}],"relations":[{"id":3742,"from_id":8252,"to_id":8253,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9600,"text":"For any market statistic, an individual's earnings decrease for choices greater than the dominant strategy.;;","entities":[{"id":9926,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":109}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8827,"text":"Acculturation and biculturalism may explain this combination of results.;;","entities":[{"id":9153,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":74}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7601,"text":"in other words, we believe that a certain threshold must be met before resources can be redirected from the pursuit of affiliation goals to the pursuit of mates.;;","entities":[{"id":8001,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":163}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7635,"text":"on the one hand, negative events influence how we feel.;;","entities":[{"id":8085,"label":"cause","start_offset":17,"end_offset":32},{"id":8086,"label":"effect","start_offset":33,"end_offset":54}],"relations":[{"id":3632,"from_id":8085,"to_id":8086,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8959,"text":"Third, we expected leaders to harvest more than followers when the variance in group harvests is high.;;","entities":[{"id":9285,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":104}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9149,"text":"Second, in the NE-2C sessions, the mean investment was greater than that of the NC experiment and tended to decrease from 34 percent of the initial holdings to 19 percent.;;","entities":[{"id":9475,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":173}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8851,"text":"This residual money is lowest with a low threshold in combination with seed money indicating that the goal is very close.;;","entities":[{"id":9177,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9150,"text":"Fig. 5. Percent of endowment contributed to the public good.;;","entities":[{"id":9476,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":62}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6775,"text":"raising the threshold will reduce repeated cases but may miss genuine cases.;;","entities":[{"id":5963,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":21},{"id":5964,"label":"effect","start_offset":34,"end_offset":48},{"id":5966,"label":"effect","start_offset":57,"end_offset":75}],"relations":[{"id":2706,"from_id":5963,"to_id":5964,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2707,"from_id":5963,"to_id":5966,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9339,"text":"intended to offset any biases that might favor one behavioral mode.;;","entities":[{"id":9665,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":69}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8965,"text":"With a Hobbesian 'Leviathan' entitled to monitor individuals' behavior and wield a 'sword' against free riders, no coordination problems in meting out sanctions would arise.;;","entities":[{"id":9291,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":175}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9087,"text":"Yet, everyone would receive an equal part, regardless of their contribution.;;","entities":[{"id":9413,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":78}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6698,"text":"finally, we will use this time-course approach to explore the possibility that individual differences may influence the speed of affect decline in addition to overall change, as well as any effects on recovery.;;","entities":[{"id":5732,"label":"cause","start_offset":79,"end_offset":101},{"id":5735,"label":"effect","start_offset":120,"end_offset":173},{"id":5736,"label":"effect","start_offset":201,"end_offset":209}],"relations":[{"id":2593,"from_id":5732,"to_id":5735,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2594,"from_id":5732,"to_id":5736,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7359,"text":"pr\u00b4evost and roy (2015) claim that while organizational ethnographic case study offers the possibility of deeply exploring organizational phenomena embedded in various social contexts, it also harms intracase depth and quality.;;","entities":[{"id":7453,"label":"cause","start_offset":41,"end_offset":79},{"id":7454,"label":"effect","start_offset":91,"end_offset":183},{"id":7455,"label":"effect","start_offset":193,"end_offset":226}],"relations":[{"id":3372,"from_id":7453,"to_id":7454,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3373,"from_id":7453,"to_id":7455,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8949,"text":"MPCR treatment to 10 tokens in the high .75;;","entities":[{"id":9275,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":45}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6159,"text":"if this $15.00 strategy is used by all players there is a chance that the pool size to be drawn will be exceeded since the $95 and the $100 sizes are below the total amount chosen.;;","entities":[{"id":4302,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":47},{"id":4303,"label":"effect","start_offset":58,"end_offset":112},{"id":4304,"label":"cause","start_offset":122,"end_offset":179}],"relations":[{"id":1918,"from_id":4302,"to_id":4303,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1919,"from_id":4304,"to_id":4303,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8729,"text":"We found the same sex effect in the new experiment.;;","entities":[{"id":9055,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":53}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7197,"text":"but while metaphors can be equivocal, they can also allow the researcher to gain a critical distance from the data, thus allowing them a sense of creativity and helping them integrate diverse pieces of data.;;","entities":[{"id":7042,"label":"cause","start_offset":10,"end_offset":19},{"id":7043,"label":"effect","start_offset":62,"end_offset":114},{"id":7044,"label":"cause","start_offset":62,"end_offset":114},{"id":7045,"label":"effect","start_offset":137,"end_offset":156},{"id":7046,"label":"effect","start_offset":174,"end_offset":206}],"relations":[{"id":3184,"from_id":7042,"to_id":7043,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3185,"from_id":7044,"to_id":7045,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3186,"from_id":7044,"to_id":7046,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6318,"text":"most contemporary models of personality are interactionist, that is, they acknowledge that personality dispositions will have different effects in different situations higgins 1990).;;","entities":[{"id":4728,"label":"cause","start_offset":147,"end_offset":175},{"id":8427,"label":"effect","start_offset":91,"end_offset":143}],"relations":[{"id":3835,"from_id":4728,"to_id":8427,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6339,"text":"different researchers providing differing analyses may provide the insight, engagement, and nuance that is necessary to better understand a particular social science phenomenon.;;","entities":[{"id":4774,"label":"cause","start_offset":32,"end_offset":50},{"id":4776,"label":"effect","start_offset":67,"end_offset":74},{"id":4777,"label":"effect","start_offset":76,"end_offset":86},{"id":4778,"label":"effect","start_offset":92,"end_offset":98},{"id":4779,"label":"cause","start_offset":67,"end_offset":74},{"id":4780,"label":"cause","start_offset":76,"end_offset":86},{"id":4781,"label":"cause","start_offset":92,"end_offset":98},{"id":4782,"label":"effect","start_offset":127,"end_offset":176}],"relations":[{"id":2138,"from_id":4774,"to_id":4776,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2139,"from_id":4774,"to_id":4777,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2140,"from_id":4774,"to_id":4778,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2141,"from_id":4779,"to_id":4782,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2142,"from_id":4780,"to_id":4782,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2143,"from_id":4781,"to_id":4782,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9593,"text":"The answers that have been offered to this question shed light on the social nature of many species, including our own (Campbell, 1975).;;","entities":[{"id":9919,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6526,"text":"that is, simply receiving negative feedback may be sufficient to increase the bias toward preference consistent information.;;","entities":[{"id":5246,"label":"cause","start_offset":16,"end_offset":43},{"id":5247,"label":"effect","start_offset":78,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[{"id":2359,"from_id":5246,"to_id":5247,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6004,"text":"given that the inter-temporal context loosens the already weak ties between the members of a group of anonymous subjects, we would predict a lower level of contribution in the inter-temporal context (dpg) than in the intra-temporal (rpg) context.;;","entities":[{"id":3890,"label":"effect","start_offset":147,"end_offset":198},{"id":8203,"label":"cause","start_offset":58,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[{"id":3713,"from_id":8203,"to_id":3890,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5893,"text":"given a motivating reason to self-regulate, it appears that excluded participants are well capable of self regulation;;","entities":[{"id":3584,"label":"cause","start_offset":8,"end_offset":42},{"id":3586,"label":"effect","start_offset":60,"end_offset":117}],"relations":[{"id":1576,"from_id":3584,"to_id":3586,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9379,"text":"Neuropeptide modulation of the response to defection: Within the right amygdala ROI from the player 1 analysis, the response to defection did not differ among the three treatment groups for either human or computer partners.;;","entities":[{"id":9705,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":226}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7609,"text":"in the case of the quality of some of the transcriptions, ways to overcome the quality issues could be to invest more on training and support for peer researchers, or to outsource this task, given the time it takes to transcribe to a high standard.;;","entities":[{"id":8019,"label":"effect","start_offset":66,"end_offset":93},{"id":8020,"label":"cause","start_offset":106,"end_offset":162},{"id":8021,"label":"cause","start_offset":170,"end_offset":189}],"relations":[{"id":3601,"from_id":8020,"to_id":8019,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3602,"from_id":8021,"to_id":8019,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7323,"text":"the more elaborate is prior theory about conditions for project success, the more scope there is for selecting a set of respondents to reflect this variation, thereby maximising its potential explanatory power.;;","entities":[{"id":7372,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":71},{"id":7373,"label":"effect","start_offset":77,"end_offset":157},{"id":7374,"label":"effect","start_offset":167,"end_offset":209},{"id":8855,"label":"cause","start_offset":77,"end_offset":157}],"relations":[{"id":3336,"from_id":7372,"to_id":7373,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4075,"from_id":8855,"to_id":7374,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6052,"text":"in the two experiments reported here, we have demonstrated that the impact of ostracism is so powerful that it can even be felt when two ostensible sources ignore and exclude individuals over the intemet.;;","entities":[{"id":8219,"label":"effect","start_offset":108,"end_offset":127},{"id":8220,"label":"cause","start_offset":133,"end_offset":203}],"relations":[{"id":3724,"from_id":8220,"to_id":8219,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8658,"text":"We show that groups with small loans reimburse them with symmetric behavior across types and exclusion is unlikely.;;","entities":[{"id":8984,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":117}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5789,"text":"we ran two additional treatments to evaluate the possible impact of two ways in which signals could affect link formation and potentially help develop reciprocal links without generating a privacy cost.;;","entities":[{"id":7335,"label":"cause","start_offset":86,"end_offset":93},{"id":7336,"label":"effect","start_offset":100,"end_offset":121}],"relations":[{"id":3320,"from_id":7335,"to_id":7336,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6822,"text":"while the model presented in this article does not make any assumptions about how the signals are generated, it is likely that people can form opinions of other people in other interactions before the public goods game.;;","entities":[{"id":6079,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":221}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9004,"text":"However, surprisingly they find no strong complementarities between penalty and communication.;;","entities":[{"id":9330,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":96}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8987,"text":"However, racial homogeneity reduces the likelihood that the findings resulted from type I error caused by population stratification (Risch et al., 2002;Cardon and Palmer, 2003).;;","entities":[{"id":9313,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":179}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6390,"text":"\"indeed, several studies find that recognizing contributors by revealing their identities increases contributions to public goods (andreoni and petrie 2004; rege and telle 2004; soetevent 2005).\";;","entities":[{"id":4908,"label":"cause","start_offset":35,"end_offset":89},{"id":4909,"label":"effect","start_offset":100,"end_offset":129}],"relations":[{"id":2200,"from_id":4908,"to_id":4909,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6291,"text":"indeed, it was the social exclusion associated with racial prejudice that the clarks and others argued was at the root of blacks' psychological suffering.;;","entities":[{"id":8415,"label":"cause","start_offset":19,"end_offset":68},{"id":8416,"label":"effect","start_offset":122,"end_offset":153}],"relations":[{"id":3827,"from_id":8415,"to_id":8416,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6991,"text":"the previous research documenting unmoderated effects of exclusion on individuals' basic needs levels relied on preference groups, such as computer, smoking, or political preferences, whose membership and effects may be more ephemeral.;;","entities":[{"id":6542,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":237}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5771,"text":"initial analyses indicated that ostracized participants showed higher motivation for obtaining snack food during an operant computer task than participants who were in the included control condition, although there were no cyberball condition differences in actual food intake.;;","entities":[{"id":8246,"label":"cause","start_offset":32,"end_offset":42},{"id":8247,"label":"effect","start_offset":70,"end_offset":100},{"id":8248,"label":"effect","start_offset":219,"end_offset":276}],"relations":[{"id":3738,"from_id":8246,"to_id":8247,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3739,"from_id":8246,"to_id":8248,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6329,"text":"that is, it is unclear from the research whether overconfidence takes a constant force of will or whether it happens relatively automatically for most people.;;","entities":[{"id":4752,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":160}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6382,"text":"in contrast, we predict that for long-term ostracism, targets will internalize the threatened needs, resulting in feelings of depression, alienation, helplessness, and worthlessness.;;","entities":[{"id":4889,"label":"effect","start_offset":114,"end_offset":181},{"id":8461,"label":"effect","start_offset":54,"end_offset":99},{"id":8462,"label":"cause","start_offset":54,"end_offset":99},{"id":8463,"label":"cause","start_offset":33,"end_offset":52}],"relations":[{"id":3848,"from_id":8463,"to_id":8461,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3849,"from_id":8462,"to_id":4889,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5796,"text":"on those trials in which a participant does not generate a reflexive saccade (i.e., inhibits the prepotent tendency to look at the cue), he or she need only look toward the target.;;","entities":[{"id":7338,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":182}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7577,"text":"\"systematic usage of the dashboards was not achieved, indicating a lack of triangulation and documenta\u00ad tion efforts; therefore, the method did not contribute toward improving understanding and overview of project status, planning, and coordination.\";;","entities":[{"id":7938,"label":"cause","start_offset":67,"end_offset":116},{"id":7939,"label":"effect","start_offset":133,"end_offset":248}],"relations":[{"id":3567,"from_id":7938,"to_id":7939,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7278,"text":"\"a key candidate for mediating such gender differences is thought to be oxytocin, a hormone and neuropeptide which is important both in female reproductive behaviour and in social binding and is known to dampen the cortisol response to stress (taylor et al., 2000; heinrichs et al., 2009).\";;","entities":[{"id":7236,"label":"cause","start_offset":72,"end_offset":80},{"id":7237,"label":"effect","start_offset":204,"end_offset":242}],"relations":[{"id":3275,"from_id":7236,"to_id":7237,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9204,"text":"That is to say, in every equilibrium coalition of the model an L proposer either fully funds the public good or contributes pork to enough Hs to form a minimum-winning coalition.;;","entities":[{"id":9530,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":180}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7559,"text":"\"this means that our definition and the article offer the reader an opportunity to think with (fine and corte 2022) or, as small writes, \"\"forces the reader to think.\"\"\";;","entities":[{"id":7904,"label":"cause","start_offset":17,"end_offset":47},{"id":7905,"label":"effect","start_offset":137,"end_offset":169}],"relations":[{"id":3553,"from_id":7904,"to_id":7905,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6002,"text":"this redundancy in coding ensured that the final data set contained few, if any, coding errors.;;","entities":[{"id":3881,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":25},{"id":3882,"label":"effect","start_offset":43,"end_offset":94}],"relations":[{"id":1726,"from_id":3881,"to_id":3882,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9136,"text":"The assistance ol the following in the conduct of this research is gratefully acknowledged: Stuart Oskamp, Robert Moss, David Wollcr, and Ann Wichman.;;","entities":[{"id":9462,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":152}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5841,"text":"the effects of experiencing ostracism have even been found to be qualitatively different from (and worse than) experiencing other negative events, such as verbal dispute (zadro, williams, & richardson, 2005), underscoring the importance of studying this specific phenomenon.;;","entities":[{"id":3459,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":274}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5670,"text":"the notion that habits become routines and that routines become legitimated knowledge is an essential component of a socially constructed reality.;;","entities":[{"id":3039,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":146}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7552,"text":"in other words, as rejection or acceptance becomes more clear cut, there is less of a difference between those with low or high romantic relationship selfworth and social self-worth.;;","entities":[{"id":7891,"label":"cause","start_offset":19,"end_offset":65},{"id":7892,"label":"effect","start_offset":76,"end_offset":181}],"relations":[{"id":3547,"from_id":7891,"to_id":7892,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6786,"text":"instead, as reflected by the larger intercept in model 2, followers in mixed groups stick to a focal expectation of followers contributing 100 rs (50% of the initial endowment).;;","entities":[{"id":5996,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":179}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9096,"text":"The postexperimental questionnaire also included Gaertner et al.'s (1989) perceived categorization measure.;;","entities":[{"id":9422,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":109}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6358,"text":"an additional important finding of fehr and g\u00a8achter is that punishment is more heavy the more free-riders deviate from their group's average contribution.;;","entities":[{"id":4819,"label":"cause","start_offset":95,"end_offset":154},{"id":4820,"label":"effect","start_offset":61,"end_offset":71}],"relations":[{"id":2157,"from_id":4819,"to_id":4820,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7008,"text":"stability in others' behavior implies that what happened yesterday may tell them something about what will happen tomorrow.;;","entities":[{"id":8715,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":29},{"id":8716,"label":"effect","start_offset":43,"end_offset":122}],"relations":[{"id":4004,"from_id":8715,"to_id":8716,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9508,"text":"Practical application of Theorems 1-4 to Arnott-Small's example.;;","entities":[{"id":9834,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":66}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8698,"text":"The groups with a voluntary leader cooperate on a high level which has also been observed in previous experiments (Haigner and Wakolbinger 2010).;;","entities":[{"id":9024,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":147}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6068,"text":"insight from these questions suggests what kind of information can facilitate cooperation when institutions have some discretion about information policy, for example in the case of fund-raising or charitable giving.;;","entities":[{"id":4052,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":218}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8701,"text":"A unique panel data set of 136,000 observations is matched with an extensive survey.;;","entities":[{"id":9027,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":86}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6734,"text":"\"this happens because, in anna's words, local people have been \"\"gathered up and thrown away,\"\" given words that are not \"\"answered for.\"\"\";;","entities":[{"id":5838,"label":"effect","start_offset":1,"end_offset":13},{"id":5839,"label":"cause","start_offset":40,"end_offset":135}],"relations":[{"id":2643,"from_id":5839,"to_id":5838,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7168,"text":"note that we did not realize threats or promises because it is impossible to realize treats or promises in the ostracism conditions and because it would obscure the reason that people reacted to the inclusion and overinclusion conditions.;;","entities":[{"id":6977,"label":"effect","start_offset":13,"end_offset":48},{"id":6978,"label":"cause","start_offset":63,"end_offset":131},{"id":6980,"label":"cause","start_offset":153,"end_offset":237},{"id":6981,"label":"effect","start_offset":63,"end_offset":131}],"relations":[{"id":3158,"from_id":6978,"to_id":6977,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3159,"from_id":6980,"to_id":6981,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6450,"text":"\"finally, individuals experience a wide variety of negative outcomes when they are rejected or not included in groups, includinglower selfesteem, feelings of loss of control, life becoming less meaningful, lower belonging, less self-regulation and a drop in intelligent thought (see leary, 2010 for reviews; williams, 2009).\";;","entities":[{"id":5044,"label":"cause","start_offset":83,"end_offset":117},{"id":5045,"label":"effect","start_offset":22,"end_offset":68},{"id":5046,"label":"effect","start_offset":128,"end_offset":144},{"id":5047,"label":"effect","start_offset":146,"end_offset":173},{"id":5049,"label":"effect","start_offset":206,"end_offset":221},{"id":5050,"label":"effect","start_offset":223,"end_offset":243},{"id":5051,"label":"effect","start_offset":250,"end_offset":277},{"id":5052,"label":"effect","start_offset":175,"end_offset":204}],"relations":[{"id":2258,"from_id":5044,"to_id":5045,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2259,"from_id":5044,"to_id":5046,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2260,"from_id":5044,"to_id":5047,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2262,"from_id":5044,"to_id":5052,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2263,"from_id":5044,"to_id":5049,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2264,"from_id":5044,"to_id":5050,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2265,"from_id":5044,"to_id":5051,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5683,"text":"if this is not possible a range of alternate options might find satisfactory ethical bounds, such as writing the account as fiction, or disguising the others extensively.;;","entities":[{"id":3077,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":170}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6026,"text":"therefore, co-occurrence analysis becomes particularly relevant when interpreting qualitative data, as relationships between co-occurring words or concepts allow us to interpret them in their context [26].;;","entities":[{"id":3943,"label":"effect","start_offset":11,"end_offset":63},{"id":3944,"label":"cause","start_offset":103,"end_offset":199}],"relations":[{"id":1755,"from_id":3944,"to_id":3943,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6365,"text":"from the perspective of equity theory our treatment manipulation can be considered as fair if effort subjects earn more than the windfall subjects.;;","entities":[{"id":4840,"label":"cause","start_offset":94,"end_offset":146},{"id":4841,"label":"effect","start_offset":42,"end_offset":90}],"relations":[{"id":2167,"from_id":4840,"to_id":4841,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8994,"text":"Individual comparisons (Winer, 1962) indicate that Groups L, N, and DL were significantly different from each other (L > N > DL; p < .05),;;","entities":[{"id":9320,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9489,"text":"The present study is concerned with two issues which have generated a great deal of research in the area of interpersonal conflict: the influence of communication opportunities and the possession of power in two-person non-zerosum games.;;","entities":[{"id":9815,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":239}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6597,"text":"players in the field are presumably fairly experienced at the game being played, but in the lab we get to see the learning process as subjects gain experience by playing the game repeatedly.;;","entities":[{"id":5437,"label":"cause","start_offset":162,"end_offset":189},{"id":5438,"label":"effect","start_offset":134,"end_offset":158}],"relations":[{"id":2453,"from_id":5437,"to_id":5438,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9177,"text":"Hence, we have our first main result.;;","entities":[{"id":9503,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":39}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6458,"text":"in the condition where the confederate played tit-for-tat, pdg scores are not directly proportional to the number of times that participants chose to cooperate or compete.;;","entities":[{"id":5072,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":173}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6826,"text":"\"smirnoff m, et al., \"\"a paradigm for understanding trust and mistrust in medical research: the community voices study,\"\" ajob empirical bioethics 9, no.\";;","entities":[{"id":6092,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":156}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8817,"text":"Specifically, interactions between cohesiveness and target were obtained on the items attractive (F ~ 4.97, p < .05),;;","entities":[{"id":9143,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7400,"text":"we observe a lower frequency of turn taking in the finitely repeated mpd than cooperation in the finitely repeated spd when participants cannot engage in cheap talk.;;","entities":[{"id":8889,"label":"cause","start_offset":124,"end_offset":164},{"id":8890,"label":"effect","start_offset":13,"end_offset":72}],"relations":[{"id":4090,"from_id":8889,"to_id":8890,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6456,"text":"approaches from people wanting to talk about death and dying confounded the expectation of 'paper ethics' that these are taboo or sensitive subjects, and illuminated how the culture of the prison differed from what had been expected.;;","entities":[{"id":5067,"label":"effect","start_offset":72,"end_offset":148},{"id":5068,"label":"effect","start_offset":154,"end_offset":232},{"id":8493,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":60}],"relations":[{"id":3868,"from_id":8493,"to_id":5067,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3869,"from_id":8493,"to_id":5068,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7069,"text":"\"height and leadership\"\", the review of economic and statistics, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":6742,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":72}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6600,"text":"than when they anticipated future rejection'' (2009, p. 295), suggesting that a paradigm like cyberball might lead to greater emotional distress than one like the 116 bernstein and claypool future-life paradigm.;;","entities":[{"id":5449,"label":"cause","start_offset":80,"end_offset":103},{"id":5450,"label":"effect","start_offset":126,"end_offset":144}],"relations":[{"id":2457,"from_id":5449,"to_id":5450,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9441,"text":"Tiebout (1956) already pointed at the possibility o f \\ v oting with your feet\" to the provision of public goods in metropolitan areas.;;","entities":[{"id":9767,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9146,"text":"Considering the group leader as a punishment executor makes it possible to reveal the origin of the punishment rule: how and why did the second-order punishment emerge?;;","entities":[{"id":9472,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":170}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8861,"text":"We further study how subjective well-being and disposition towards others are related to interaction success in the different conditions.;;","entities":[{"id":9187,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":139}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6872,"text":"overall, persons with lower global self-esteem felt their belongingness, self-esteem and control were threatened more than those person's with higher global self-esteem.;;","entities":[{"id":6212,"label":"cause","start_offset":22,"end_offset":46},{"id":6213,"label":"effect","start_offset":47,"end_offset":112}],"relations":[{"id":2821,"from_id":6212,"to_id":6213,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9462,"text":"Or it might evoke views of the self as immoral and lower the price of all of them.;;","entities":[{"id":9788,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":84}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6619,"text":"one should long a share if he believes that the stock price will increase in the future.;;","entities":[{"id":5503,"label":"cause","start_offset":30,"end_offset":87},{"id":5505,"label":"effect","start_offset":11,"end_offset":23}],"relations":[{"id":2481,"from_id":5503,"to_id":5505,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5835,"text":"however, the current results suggest that when accepters or rejecters are members of essentialized ingroups, the subjective experience may be magnified, for better and worse.;;","entities":[{"id":3448,"label":"cause","start_offset":47,"end_offset":107},{"id":3449,"label":"effect","start_offset":109,"end_offset":151}],"relations":[{"id":1509,"from_id":3448,"to_id":3449,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6256,"text":"when committed by non-coethnics, it is perceived as a systematic economic threat stemming from an intrinsic group attribute.;;","entities":[{"id":4551,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":31},{"id":4552,"label":"effect","start_offset":39,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[{"id":2032,"from_id":4551,"to_id":4552,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8897,"text":"Table 10: Predicting agreement to \"Team A has an advantage\";;","entities":[{"id":9223,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":61}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7467,"text":"this challenges the generally held idea that exclusion by ethnic outgroup members will lead to more religious fundamentalism.;;","entities":[{"id":7694,"label":"cause","start_offset":45,"end_offset":81},{"id":7695,"label":"effect","start_offset":95,"end_offset":124}],"relations":[{"id":3469,"from_id":7694,"to_id":7695,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6209,"text":"academics writing about or otherwise sharing their experiences of unmasking their privileged assumptions may have (albeit subtle) transformative effects.;;","entities":[{"id":4437,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":104},{"id":4438,"label":"effect","start_offset":129,"end_offset":152}],"relations":[{"id":1984,"from_id":4437,"to_id":4438,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7237,"text":"interestingly, noussair and tucker (2007) find that requiring the participants to make their contributions in full view of the other group members increases contribution levels, but this effect does not persist in repeated interactions.;;","entities":[{"id":7145,"label":"cause","start_offset":52,"end_offset":146},{"id":7146,"label":"effect","start_offset":156,"end_offset":176}],"relations":[{"id":3237,"from_id":7145,"to_id":7146,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9564,"text":"The rate of being victimized in or witnessing violent incidents in Fair Park is more than double the rate in East Plano (p < 0.01 ); the need to feel safe from harm is significantly greater in Fair Park than in East Plano (p < 0.03).;;","entities":[{"id":9890,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":235}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6411,"text":"and even when a person-centered care approach is deliberately applied, some patients' stories are taken more seriously than others [29].;;","entities":[{"id":4956,"label":"cause","start_offset":14,"end_offset":69},{"id":4957,"label":"effect","start_offset":71,"end_offset":130}],"relations":[{"id":2218,"from_id":4956,"to_id":4957,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5762,"text":"as one might expect, experiencing social exclusion may very well engender a fair amount of negative mood in general and possibly sadness in particular.;;","entities":[{"id":3257,"label":"cause","start_offset":21,"end_offset":50},{"id":3259,"label":"effect","start_offset":65,"end_offset":115},{"id":3260,"label":"effect","start_offset":120,"end_offset":150}],"relations":[{"id":1418,"from_id":3257,"to_id":3259,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1419,"from_id":3257,"to_id":3260,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6444,"text":"\"in our investigations of reactive aggression using modified versions of the point subtraction aggression paradigm (psap, originally designed by cherek, 1981), reactive aggressive responses are made at a cost to earning financial reward (carr\u00e9 and mccormick, 2008; carr\u00e9 et al., 2009).\";;","entities":[{"id":5027,"label":"cause","start_offset":160,"end_offset":189},{"id":5028,"label":"effect","start_offset":199,"end_offset":236}],"relations":[{"id":2250,"from_id":5027,"to_id":5028,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6785,"text":"while others have shown that punishment institutions can be welfare improving, we also find the potential for additional benefits by allowing for the venting of one's emotions.;;","entities":[{"id":5991,"label":"cause","start_offset":29,"end_offset":52},{"id":5992,"label":"effect","start_offset":59,"end_offset":77},{"id":5993,"label":"effect","start_offset":96,"end_offset":129},{"id":5994,"label":"cause","start_offset":133,"end_offset":175},{"id":5995,"label":"effect","start_offset":133,"end_offset":175}],"relations":[{"id":2720,"from_id":5991,"to_id":5992,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2721,"from_id":5994,"to_id":5993,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2722,"from_id":5991,"to_id":5995,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9174,"text":"The regression coefficients in Model 3 display the same sign and statistical significance as those reported in Model 2, except for the coefficient of d HC which is significant at the 10% level in Model 3. As for efficiency, high stakes are found to affect neither likelihood of success nor social welfare.;;","entities":[{"id":9500,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":307}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7016,"text":"therefore, international organizations may be able to establish one faceto-face meeting prior to the beginning of any single project and then might consider balliet 51 sustaining communication on project progress via email or other forms of less costly and time-consuming forms of communication.;;","entities":[{"id":6600,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":297}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6791,"text":"the researchers suggest that this may have been a strategy to make themselves look better to a new group.;;","entities":[{"id":6010,"label":"effect","start_offset":62,"end_offset":104},{"id":6011,"label":"cause","start_offset":50,"end_offset":58}],"relations":[{"id":2730,"from_id":6011,"to_id":6010,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6463,"text":"when subjects make their decisions in stage two in treatments d, a, and ad, subjects have observed the contribution decisions of all other members of the group, and therefore can condition their sanctioning and rewarding behaviors on this piece of information.;;","entities":[{"id":8494,"label":"cause","start_offset":90,"end_offset":159},{"id":8495,"label":"effect","start_offset":175,"end_offset":259}],"relations":[{"id":3870,"from_id":8494,"to_id":8495,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7013,"text":"\"there are various concepts and strategies that are used to signal rigor; however, signaling in the absence of transparency and detail may create other problems for understanding the knowledge producing capabilities of qualitative research.\";;","entities":[{"id":6594,"label":"cause","start_offset":83,"end_offset":134},{"id":6596,"label":"effect","start_offset":152,"end_offset":239}],"relations":[{"id":2985,"from_id":6594,"to_id":6596,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6904,"text":"this is a serious shortcoming of unrestricted punishment, as it risks to determine welfare losses and, therefore, to turn into a wasteful activity for those societies or organizations that adopt it.;;","entities":[{"id":6290,"label":"cause","start_offset":33,"end_offset":56},{"id":6291,"label":"effect","start_offset":64,"end_offset":97},{"id":6292,"label":"effect","start_offset":117,"end_offset":146},{"id":6293,"label":"cause","start_offset":63,"end_offset":97}],"relations":[{"id":2854,"from_id":6290,"to_id":6291,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2855,"from_id":6293,"to_id":6292,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8859,"text":"The dividend distribution is randomly allocated to securities.;;","entities":[{"id":9185,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":64}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7131,"text":"lacking guidance, they often need to choose between moral imperatives in which the choice for one may result in the transgression of the other thereby creating an ethical dilemma.;;","entities":[{"id":6892,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":16},{"id":6893,"label":"effect","start_offset":29,"end_offset":69},{"id":6894,"label":"cause","start_offset":83,"end_offset":97},{"id":6895,"label":"effect","start_offset":116,"end_offset":142},{"id":6896,"label":"effect","start_offset":151,"end_offset":178},{"id":6897,"label":"cause","start_offset":116,"end_offset":142}],"relations":[{"id":3124,"from_id":6897,"to_id":6896,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3125,"from_id":6894,"to_id":6895,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3126,"from_id":6892,"to_id":6893,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6677,"text":"we also contribute to the literature on heterogeneity in social dilemmas and prosocial behaviour in general by showing that prosocial preferences can be associated with specific emotional behavioural profiles in terms of anger and guilt.;;","entities":[{"id":8583,"label":"cause","start_offset":111,"end_offset":236},{"id":8584,"label":"effect","start_offset":8,"end_offset":96}],"relations":[{"id":3933,"from_id":8583,"to_id":8584,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6230,"text":"an early study by geller, goodstein, silver, and sternberg (1974) found that after being ignored participants were much less likely to work hard at a motor task that could benefit the source of ostracism.;;","entities":[{"id":4487,"label":"cause","start_offset":77,"end_offset":109},{"id":4489,"label":"effect","start_offset":135,"end_offset":203}],"relations":[{"id":2007,"from_id":4487,"to_id":4489,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6865,"text":"\"regardless of whether the participants believed that the other players were real, the results bear out our prediction that exclusion from the game would have self-reported negative effects, and are consistent with earlier findings (smith & williams, 2004; williams et al., 2000; zadro et al., 2004).\";;","entities":[{"id":6199,"label":"cause","start_offset":124,"end_offset":147},{"id":6200,"label":"effect","start_offset":159,"end_offset":189}],"relations":[{"id":2815,"from_id":6199,"to_id":6200,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7604,"text":"issuing damaging job evaluations constitutes an aggressive response because it captures people's intention to harm another who is motivated to avoid the harm, which is the defining feature of aggression (bushman & huesmann, 2010).;;","entities":[{"id":8008,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":67},{"id":8009,"label":"cause","start_offset":79,"end_offset":157}],"relations":[{"id":3597,"from_id":8009,"to_id":8008,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8895,"text":"In a public goods problem with a fixed and known provision threshold, will the public good be provided more often when contributions are binary or when they are not?;;","entities":[{"id":9221,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":167}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7522,"text":"feeling displaced outside the circle of humanity may be an experience they have common.;;","entities":[{"id":7821,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":89}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9249,"text":"If the die came up with the f, then all six persons would receive their final payoff in cash; otherwise, none of them would receive any money.;;","entities":[{"id":9575,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":144}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6292,"text":"discussion the results of study 1 support our prediction that people see themselves and others as less human when they are socially excluded compared to neutral interactions or when they are included.;;","entities":[{"id":4628,"label":"cause","start_offset":123,"end_offset":140},{"id":4629,"label":"effect","start_offset":62,"end_offset":108}],"relations":[{"id":2064,"from_id":4628,"to_id":4629,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9290,"text":"Observing the emotional state of another person may result in the experience of similar emotions (Preis et al. 2013).;;","entities":[{"id":9616,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6565,"text":"\"if the die came up with a $, then all three members would receive their final payoff in cash; otherwise, none of the three subgroup members would receive any money.\";;","entities":[{"id":5338,"label":"cause","start_offset":8,"end_offset":28},{"id":5339,"label":"effect","start_offset":35,"end_offset":93}],"relations":[{"id":2399,"from_id":5338,"to_id":5339,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6250,"text":"consistent with prior research, the regression estimates indicate that endowment and mpcr have positive and statistically significant impacts on a subject's contribution to the group account.;;","entities":[{"id":4534,"label":"cause","start_offset":71,"end_offset":80},{"id":4535,"label":"cause","start_offset":84,"end_offset":89},{"id":4536,"label":"effect","start_offset":147,"end_offset":190}],"relations":[{"id":2027,"from_id":4534,"to_id":4536,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2028,"from_id":4535,"to_id":4536,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9044,"text":"as well as Team D (516 vs 632, p-value=0.007).;;","entities":[{"id":9370,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":48}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6570,"text":"\"our reanother possible, although not mutually exclusive, sults provide the first evidence that individual differ explanation for the interaction effect may be that the ences do indeed moderate the effects of environmental low uncertainty condition resulted in a \"\"strong\"\" situ a uncertainty\";;","entities":[{"id":5347,"label":"effect","start_offset":263,"end_offset":293},{"id":5349,"label":"cause","start_offset":209,"end_offset":248}],"relations":[{"id":2404,"from_id":5349,"to_id":5347,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9524,"text":"If Ss in the two BR groups used the \"winstay, lose-switch to optimal\" counterstrategy to generate their choices, it should be possible to make predictions of the individual response proportions.;;","entities":[{"id":9850,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":196}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9370,"text":"For example, we wanted to see whether persons who had previously invested a considerable amount in the group and received a substantial return from the group exchange behaved differently from those who had invested similarly but received little in return.;;","entities":[{"id":9696,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":257}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6842,"text":"found qualitative health researchers feel conflicted as to whether or not to show their emotions during interviews when participants become upset, or reflect on past memories that the researcher finds upsetting.;;","entities":[{"id":8644,"label":"cause","start_offset":59,"end_offset":114},{"id":8645,"label":"effect","start_offset":6,"end_offset":52}],"relations":[{"id":3971,"from_id":8644,"to_id":8645,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6648,"text":"it may well be that to feel threats to the four needs an individual must attribute some sort of sinister intent on the part of the sources (kramer, 1994).;;","entities":[{"id":8571,"label":"effect","start_offset":23,"end_offset":53},{"id":8572,"label":"cause","start_offset":73,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[{"id":3924,"from_id":8572,"to_id":8571,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5884,"text":"if race is a maximal group, and such in group out group distinctions affect the experience of being rejected and accepted, rejection by a racial ingroup member should hurt more than rejection by a racial outgroup member.;;","entities":[{"id":3562,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":26},{"id":3563,"label":"cause","start_offset":37,"end_offset":68},{"id":3564,"label":"effect","start_offset":80,"end_offset":121},{"id":3565,"label":"effect","start_offset":138,"end_offset":176}],"relations":[{"id":1565,"from_id":3563,"to_id":3564,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1566,"from_id":3562,"to_id":3565,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9250,"text":"The results are in line with a common assumption of most theories of religion: religion has the effect of promoting prosocial behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":9576,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7339,"text":"however, it can improve the effectiveness of research interviews to some extent.;;","entities":[{"id":7413,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":82}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9657,"text":"First let me show you how your choices are structured.;;","entities":[{"id":9983,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":56}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6418,"text":"the symmetric pareto outcome is attained by the aam under bewds.9 under the aam, however, the player who chooses a smaller number must contribute more.;;","entities":[{"id":4973,"label":"cause","start_offset":94,"end_offset":129},{"id":4974,"label":"effect","start_offset":135,"end_offset":145}],"relations":[{"id":2226,"from_id":4973,"to_id":4974,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5712,"text":"when committed by coethnics, wage-cutting is sympathetically described as compelled by poverty.;;","entities":[{"id":8121,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":27},{"id":8122,"label":"effect","start_offset":29,"end_offset":94}],"relations":[{"id":3651,"from_id":8121,"to_id":8122,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9525,"text":"Initial property was either presented as collective property or presented as partitioned property.;;","entities":[{"id":9851,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":100}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9317,"text":"The outcome next to R is the amount the row player ends up with for a particular combination of choices; the outcome next to C is the amount the column player ends up with.;;","entities":[{"id":9643,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":174}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7619,"text":"such an effect is often observed in small samples (here: n 15) when one or two persons with extreme values distort data.;;","entities":[{"id":8044,"label":"cause","start_offset":68,"end_offset":119},{"id":8045,"label":"effect","start_offset":8,"end_offset":49}],"relations":[{"id":3614,"from_id":8044,"to_id":8045,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5710,"text":"supportive and happy faces during the game, or have a social support condition, to mediate the effects of social rejection.;;","entities":[{"id":3142,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8867,"text":"For the sake of clarity, in the three rightmost columns we reported the sum of the estimated coefficients for Dmin and Dmax, and their interactions with the type dummy for high contributors, so that the imitation dynamics for low and high types are directly comparable.;;","entities":[{"id":9193,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":271}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6301,"text":"this may be due to the fact that in a winner-take-all setting, any investment in the private good becomes more risky and, consequently, cooperation is more attractive and safer.;;","entities":[{"id":4660,"label":"cause","start_offset":38,"end_offset":61},{"id":4661,"label":"effect","start_offset":63,"end_offset":116},{"id":4662,"label":"cause","start_offset":63,"end_offset":116},{"id":4663,"label":"effect","start_offset":136,"end_offset":147}],"relations":[{"id":2083,"from_id":4660,"to_id":4661,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2084,"from_id":4662,"to_id":4663,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6928,"text":"an examination of one's feelings, interactions, and reactions during and after a research study is particularly relevant for qualitative social work researchers who seek to practice self-care and reflexivity, and to benefit from the personal growth that can result from such a process, including insight that strengthens future research.;;","entities":[{"id":8681,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":95},{"id":8682,"label":"effect","start_offset":216,"end_offset":284},{"id":8683,"label":"effect","start_offset":296,"end_offset":336}],"relations":[{"id":3987,"from_id":8681,"to_id":8682,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3988,"from_id":8681,"to_id":8683,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6260,"text":"experiment 1 demonstrated that excluded people mimic a subsequent interaction partner more than included people do.;;","entities":[{"id":4558,"label":"cause","start_offset":31,"end_offset":46},{"id":4559,"label":"effect","start_offset":47,"end_offset":85}],"relations":[{"id":2035,"from_id":4558,"to_id":4559,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9280,"text":"The interaction of these variables was significant (F(1, 50) = 4.36, p b .05);;","entities":[{"id":9606,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":79}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6324,"text":"the approach enables the researchers to 'stand alongside' rather than 'gaze upon' the subject - thereby actively acknowledging both the participant and researcher in the co-production of the narrative (edwards and weller, 2012).;;","entities":[{"id":4743,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":12},{"id":4744,"label":"effect","start_offset":25,"end_offset":93},{"id":4745,"label":"cause","start_offset":25,"end_offset":94},{"id":4746,"label":"effect","start_offset":113,"end_offset":200}],"relations":[{"id":2125,"from_id":4743,"to_id":4744,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2126,"from_id":4745,"to_id":4746,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6601,"text":"the model shows that, in order to provide a public good, a community needs (i) an institution prescribing contributing to the public good and (ii) a mechanism for enforcement of the institution.;;","entities":[{"id":8556,"label":"effect","start_offset":34,"end_offset":55},{"id":8557,"label":"cause","start_offset":79,"end_offset":137},{"id":8558,"label":"cause","start_offset":147,"end_offset":193}],"relations":[{"id":3909,"from_id":8557,"to_id":8556,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3910,"from_id":8558,"to_id":8556,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6559,"text":"as campbell (1975), ullmannmargalit (1977), and others argue, normative pressures and conscience can change the incentives for people in what would otherwise be prisoners' dilemma situations, so that defection is no longer dominant and social optima are reached.;;","entities":[{"id":5327,"label":"cause","start_offset":62,"end_offset":96},{"id":5328,"label":"effect","start_offset":200,"end_offset":231},{"id":5329,"label":"effect","start_offset":236,"end_offset":261}],"relations":[{"id":2394,"from_id":5327,"to_id":5328,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2395,"from_id":5327,"to_id":5329,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9123,"text":"The study recorded the strategies adopted by members of a pair on each trial and the resultant payoffs accruing to them.;;","entities":[{"id":9449,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":122}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9515,"text":"One domain of interaction is addressed in the model: the workplace.;;","entities":[{"id":9841,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":69}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5980,"text":"consistent with previous reports on the physiological effects of caffeine,3 the present study found that caffeinated coffee significantly increases systolic and diastolic blood pressure as compared to that seen with the intake of decaffeinated coffee.;;","entities":[{"id":3824,"label":"cause","start_offset":105,"end_offset":123},{"id":3825,"label":"effect","start_offset":148,"end_offset":156},{"id":3826,"label":"effect","start_offset":160,"end_offset":185}],"relations":[{"id":1697,"from_id":3824,"to_id":3825,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1698,"from_id":3824,"to_id":3826,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6864,"text":"for the r = 1 case, for example, cooperators also accepted proposals from defectors roughly 40% of the time and rarely deleted them, even though such ties were costly.;;","entities":[{"id":6198,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":169}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7494,"text":"ostracised individuals reported significantly higher levels of tense arousal and significantly lower levels of hedonic tone (see table 1).;;","entities":[{"id":8913,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":10},{"id":8914,"label":"effect","start_offset":46,"end_offset":76},{"id":8915,"label":"effect","start_offset":95,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[{"id":4106,"from_id":8913,"to_id":8914,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4107,"from_id":8913,"to_id":8915,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8671,"text":"The 5% critical value for the two-tailed t-test is 1.96.;;","entities":[{"id":8997,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":58}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8931,"text":"The four equilibria outcomes are ranked from the least efficient, but most secure (both agents contribute everything) to the most efficient but least secure (both agents contribute nothing).;;","entities":[{"id":9257,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":192}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6611,"text":"the more unexpected result was the significant and negative correlations among those who preferred to be recipients.;;","entities":[{"id":5481,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":26},{"id":5483,"label":"effect","start_offset":35,"end_offset":115}],"relations":[{"id":2472,"from_id":5481,"to_id":5483,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6295,"text":"such adoption is because there is an understanding that qualitative methods can provide insights that are difficult to produce with quantitative research (gephart, 2004).;;","entities":[{"id":4639,"label":"effect","start_offset":5,"end_offset":13},{"id":4640,"label":"cause","start_offset":56,"end_offset":153}],"relations":[{"id":2071,"from_id":4640,"to_id":4639,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7502,"text":"\"greene, m.j. (2014), \"\"on the inside looking in: methodological insights and challenges in conducting qualitative insider research\"\", the qualitative report, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":7772,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":166}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8650,"text":"Dummies for each of the groups were included in each estimation but not reported here.;;","entities":[{"id":8976,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":88}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9083,"text":"A rich body of literature, especially in social psychology and experimental economics but to a lesser extent in rational choice sociology, suggests that the emergence and persistence of cooperation in non-embedded settings are due to social preferences.;;","entities":[{"id":9409,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":255}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5695,"text":"we used taped rather than written affirmations because we were using a community sample for which written essays could be burdensome.;;","entities":[{"id":5392,"label":"effect","start_offset":8,"end_offset":46},{"id":5394,"label":"cause","start_offset":63,"end_offset":87}],"relations":[{"id":2431,"from_id":5394,"to_id":5392,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5901,"text":"\"in this condition, the behavior of each player had an impact on the rewards obtained by all other players; thus individual participant observations were not independent each fiveplayer group must be treated as one.\";;","entities":[{"id":3605,"label":"cause","start_offset":24,"end_offset":47},{"id":3606,"label":"effect","start_offset":69,"end_offset":106},{"id":3607,"label":"cause","start_offset":113,"end_offset":169},{"id":3608,"label":"effect","start_offset":175,"end_offset":214}],"relations":[{"id":1587,"from_id":3605,"to_id":3606,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1588,"from_id":3607,"to_id":3608,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6512,"text":"in contrast, personality traits associated with positive affect, such as extraversion, might buffer reactions to ostracism.;;","entities":[{"id":5213,"label":"cause","start_offset":13,"end_offset":85},{"id":5214,"label":"effect","start_offset":93,"end_offset":122}],"relations":[{"id":2343,"from_id":5213,"to_id":5214,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9003,"text":"In reality this number could be larger or smaller but for purposes of our game we will assume 8 as maximum.;;","entities":[{"id":9329,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":109}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7405,"text":"been found to be more generous (e.g., bohnet and frey, 1999, eckel and grossman, 1998), the relative cost of or benefits from giving hardly affect their behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":7567,"label":"cause","start_offset":92,"end_offset":132},{"id":7568,"label":"effect","start_offset":133,"end_offset":161}],"relations":[{"id":3418,"from_id":7567,"to_id":7568,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7093,"text":"however, today's negative events may influence perceptions of the past in different ways.;;","entities":[{"id":6803,"label":"cause","start_offset":17,"end_offset":32},{"id":6804,"label":"effect","start_offset":37,"end_offset":88}],"relations":[{"id":3086,"from_id":6803,"to_id":6804,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9279,"text":"We therefore examined not only giving across the entire first round, but also giving across the first 10 turns due to that index's apparently higher external validity.;;","entities":[{"id":9605,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":169}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7389,"text":"when inclu\u00ad sion costs and ostracism pays, ostracism still hurts.;;","entities":[{"id":7522,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":67}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8887,"text":"Table 1 shows the allocations of the participants to the different cohorts and schools (the numbers vary as the rooms made available by the schools varied in size; the control group did not take place in school 2 due to limited resources and time).;;","entities":[{"id":9213,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":250}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9472,"text":"But even so only one female subject chose D, the one-shot maximum return for such predictions.;;","entities":[{"id":9798,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":96}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9409,"text":"Participants completed an online friendship questionnaire for a \"Connections and Conversations Between Friends\" study.;;","entities":[{"id":9735,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6185,"text":"this would be consistent with the adaptive function of other similar processes that have been designed to offer the pain sufferer a chance to get support from her social environment.;;","entities":[{"id":8375,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":184}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6964,"text":"first, we explore how a market setting may influence prosocial engagement by comparing public good contributions that are organized by means linking such contributions to private goods with contributions given directly to a public good in a non-market context.;;","entities":[{"id":6468,"label":"cause","start_offset":24,"end_offset":38},{"id":6469,"label":"effect","start_offset":53,"end_offset":73}],"relations":[{"id":2935,"from_id":6468,"to_id":6469,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8849,"text":"It is considered to be the result of developmental instability.;;","entities":[{"id":9175,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":65}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5646,"text":"this may explain why in both studies we witnessed a significant indirect effect of ostracism on intrinsic motivation, controlling for pretest interest, through positive mood, but not through relatedness.;;","entities":[{"id":2976,"label":"cause","start_offset":83,"end_offset":92},{"id":2979,"label":"effect","start_offset":96,"end_offset":116}],"relations":[{"id":1537,"from_id":2976,"to_id":2979,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6032,"text":"this high rate of withdrawal is a concern, and may be one unavoidable drawback of on-line research.;;","entities":[{"id":3955,"label":"effect","start_offset":58,"end_offset":98},{"id":3956,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":28}],"relations":[{"id":1760,"from_id":3956,"to_id":3955,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6990,"text":"consequently, the methodological quality of the research depends on the researcher's knowledge on the methodological approach and analysis technique, as well as on the skills concerning the functionalities of the digital tools.;;","entities":[{"id":6541,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":229}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6689,"text":"although previous studies indicate that image management strategies are common on blogs (bortree, 2005) and bloggers may reduce the amount of personal information shared if privacy is a concern (krasnova, gu\u00a8nther, spiekermann, & koroleva, 2009), a high frequency of deception does not appear to be common.;;","entities":[{"id":5705,"label":"cause","start_offset":173,"end_offset":193},{"id":5706,"label":"effect","start_offset":108,"end_offset":162}],"relations":[{"id":2579,"from_id":5705,"to_id":5706,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9216,"text":"This would be a theoretically attractive modification of the model but also here the necessary increase of the number of parameters prevents us from comparing such models with the data.;;","entities":[{"id":9542,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":187}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6213,"text":"as predicted, the relationship between inclusion and reflective needs was partially mediated by attributing one's experience to prejudice (see fig.;;","entities":[{"id":8384,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":149}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9449,"text":"The fact that oxytocin affects subjects' approach or trust behaviour, but not their degree of reciprocity, is in agreement with animal studies.;;","entities":[{"id":9775,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":145}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7174,"text":"the abuse of anonymity and confidentiality protections in the production of fraudulent research data displaces authentic perspectives with counterfeit ones; the practice denies individuals and groups of participation in research that purports to be about them.;","entities":[{"id":6991,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":100},{"id":6992,"label":"effect","start_offset":101,"end_offset":155},{"id":6993,"label":"effect","start_offset":170,"end_offset":259}],"relations":[{"id":3163,"from_id":6991,"to_id":6992,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3164,"from_id":6991,"to_id":6993,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6135,"text":"if assigned to the ostracism condition, participants received the ball twice at the beginning of the game, and for the remaining time, never received the ball again.;;","entities":[{"id":4239,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":38},{"id":4240,"label":"effect","start_offset":40,"end_offset":105},{"id":4241,"label":"effect","start_offset":111,"end_offset":164}],"relations":[{"id":1895,"from_id":4239,"to_id":4240,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1896,"from_id":4239,"to_id":4241,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6467,"text":"if overweight individuals are especially prone to unhealthy eating following interpersonal difficulties, then such interpersonal difficulties may be interfering with attempts to adopt healthier lifestyle recommendations;;","entities":[{"id":5093,"label":"effect","start_offset":50,"end_offset":66},{"id":5094,"label":"cause","start_offset":77,"end_offset":103},{"id":5095,"label":"effect","start_offset":149,"end_offset":219},{"id":5096,"label":"cause","start_offset":115,"end_offset":141}],"relations":[{"id":2288,"from_id":5096,"to_id":5095,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2289,"from_id":5093,"to_id":5094,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6205,"text":"this irb requirement limited participants' voices and autonomy beyond their participation in the project and was an example of yet another institutional authority attempting to regulate their lives.;;","entities":[{"id":4426,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":20},{"id":4428,"label":"effect","start_offset":29,"end_offset":104}],"relations":[{"id":1978,"from_id":4426,"to_id":4428,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7208,"text":"i was scared that others nearby may overhear the comment and have negative thoughts.;;","entities":[{"id":7075,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":86}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5989,"text":"in such situations, groups often have a leader to resolve conflicts and who is able to facilitate the group's performance.;;","entities":[{"id":3849,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":18},{"id":3850,"label":"effect","start_offset":20,"end_offset":67},{"id":3853,"label":"effect","start_offset":87,"end_offset":121},{"id":8196,"label":"cause","start_offset":20,"end_offset":67}],"relations":[{"id":1710,"from_id":3849,"to_id":3850,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3709,"from_id":8196,"to_id":3853,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9479,"text":"Figure 1a displays the time series of total group contributions by period, averaged across groups, in sessions 1-6. Figure 1b shows the data for session 7, in which Announcement elicitation and Observability were in effect in periods 1-10 and 21-30, and not in effect in periods 11-20.;;","entities":[{"id":9805,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":287}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6089,"text":"when ostracized by a mixed-group, targets may be less likely to attribute the ostracism to group membership, because even the in-group member is excluding them.;;","entities":[{"id":4110,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":32},{"id":4111,"label":"effect","start_offset":64,"end_offset":107},{"id":4112,"label":"cause","start_offset":116,"end_offset":159}],"relations":[{"id":1836,"from_id":4110,"to_id":4111,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1837,"from_id":4112,"to_id":4111,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7593,"text":"in this case subjects were able to allocate their endowment from the group account to their private account which negatively affects the group.;;","entities":[{"id":7984,"label":"cause","start_offset":13,"end_offset":107},{"id":7985,"label":"effect","start_offset":114,"end_offset":142}],"relations":[{"id":3586,"from_id":7984,"to_id":7985,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6056,"text":"in both cases, the wide variety of possible fieldwork settings and research topics makes it nearly impossible to draw a list of the possible scenarios a researcher may face while carrying out fieldwork.;;","entities":[{"id":4025,"label":"cause","start_offset":19,"end_offset":62},{"id":4026,"label":"cause","start_offset":67,"end_offset":82},{"id":8299,"label":"effect","start_offset":99,"end_offset":172}],"relations":[{"id":3763,"from_id":4025,"to_id":8299,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3764,"from_id":4026,"to_id":8299,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7479,"text":"figure 1 shows the change in subjects' response persistence as the treatments become more favorable for earnings.;;","entities":[{"id":7725,"label":"cause","start_offset":67,"end_offset":112},{"id":7726,"label":"effect","start_offset":19,"end_offset":59}],"relations":[{"id":3483,"from_id":7725,"to_id":7726,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9456,"text":"This 'disconnection' result is also consistent with the closest experiment that we know that considers something like H2. Halevy et al. (2012) where in a similar set up to De Dreu (2010), they find that those who contribute to the within group fund gain 'prestige' while those who contribute to the between group fund are regarded as 'dominant.';;","entities":[{"id":9782,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":347}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5897,"text":"during the processes of settler colonization in canada, first nations peoples were pushed from their traditional territories and lands and forced to live on the limited reserve areas with refusal or resistance being punishable by federal law.;;","entities":[{"id":3594,"label":"cause","start_offset":24,"end_offset":54},{"id":3595,"label":"effect","start_offset":56,"end_offset":124},{"id":3596,"label":"effect","start_offset":149,"end_offset":182}],"relations":[{"id":1580,"from_id":3594,"to_id":3595,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1581,"from_id":3594,"to_id":3596,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9316,"text":"Let a withheld reward and an act of punishment entail the same reduction of the violator's utility, and thus have the same potential for disciplining the violator.;;","entities":[{"id":9642,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":165}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6340,"text":"in particular, if the indicator for the previous round, vijt\u22121, is incorporated into the expenditure or level equation, then under the null of no selection effect, its estimated coefficient will be insignificant under a standard t-test.;;","entities":[{"id":4783,"label":"cause","start_offset":22,"end_offset":118},{"id":4784,"label":"effect","start_offset":178,"end_offset":235}],"relations":[{"id":2144,"from_id":4783,"to_id":4784,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8759,"text":"Clearly there is only one point of any significance here, and that is the subgame perfect equilibrium. 13;;","entities":[{"id":9085,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":107}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6670,"text":"in addition, consistent with prior work (jeng et al., 2016), data curators also express their worries about the low awareness about data sharing in the social sciences.;;","entities":[{"id":5663,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":170}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8885,"text":"Regarding public goods experiments, Volk et al. (2012) find that cooperation preferences are very stable at the aggregate level, and, to a smaller degree, at the individual level.4;;","entities":[{"id":9211,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":182}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9154,"text":"-* , N , each player has Yi alternat,ives, li, 2;, --, Y\".;;","entities":[{"id":9480,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":60}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7567,"text":"if the shared motives of fear and greed were driving the group-level competition, it might be possible to create other shared task representations that might override the shared motives.;;","entities":[{"id":7919,"label":"cause","start_offset":7,"end_offset":80},{"id":7920,"label":"effect","start_offset":106,"end_offset":146},{"id":7921,"label":"cause","start_offset":106,"end_offset":146},{"id":7922,"label":"effect","start_offset":152,"end_offset":185}],"relations":[{"id":3560,"from_id":7919,"to_id":7920,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3561,"from_id":7921,"to_id":7922,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6958,"text":"\"kosinski, m., matz, s.c., gosling, s.d., popov, v. and stillwell, d. (2015), \"\"facebook as a research tool for the social sciences: opportunities, challenges, ethical considerations, and practical guidelines\"\", american psychologist, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":6451,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":242}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9011,"text":"NSF 1156090; PIs: M. Dean and P. Ortoleva.;;","entities":[{"id":9337,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":44}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9298,"text":"Cooperation in the second public good game.;;","entities":[{"id":9624,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":45}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9401,"text":"We also thank the ff students at the Department of Economics at the Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra who participated in a pilot experiment.;;","entities":[{"id":9727,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7368,"text":"moreover, these conditional contributions are higher for subjects with a higher marginal pay-off from the public good provision.;;","entities":[{"id":8870,"label":"effect","start_offset":16,"end_offset":52},{"id":8871,"label":"cause","start_offset":73,"end_offset":127}],"relations":[{"id":4082,"from_id":8871,"to_id":8870,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7533,"text":"an important practical implication for rejection research raised by the current findings is that we should be cautious about using acceptance as a baseline or control condition, as it may be driving the observed differences between the two conditions.;;","entities":[{"id":7847,"label":"effect","start_offset":110,"end_offset":176},{"id":7848,"label":"cause","start_offset":188,"end_offset":250}],"relations":[{"id":3528,"from_id":7848,"to_id":7847,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6342,"text":"moreover, the effect of social exclusion on the confirmation bias was not due to differences in reported mood.;;","entities":[{"id":4786,"label":"effect","start_offset":14,"end_offset":65},{"id":4787,"label":"cause","start_offset":81,"end_offset":109}],"relations":[{"id":2145,"from_id":4787,"to_id":4786,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9176,"text":"For Japanese males, the reward coefficient is -0.466, but the pvalue only approaches significance at 0.120.;;","entities":[{"id":9502,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":109}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6599,"text":"particularly people with competitive orientations may have been very much focused on `doing better' with their group than similar outgroups, and therefore increased their group contributions when an intergroup comparison was made salient.;;","entities":[{"id":5445,"label":"effect","start_offset":74,"end_offset":116},{"id":5446,"label":"cause","start_offset":13,"end_offset":49},{"id":8554,"label":"effect","start_offset":171,"end_offset":190},{"id":8555,"label":"cause","start_offset":199,"end_offset":237}],"relations":[{"id":2455,"from_id":5446,"to_id":5445,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3908,"from_id":8555,"to_id":8554,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9517,"text":"As in previous experiments, the data depicted in our figures enable us to reject our initial hypothesis (HA 1 ) that groups will routinely play the Nash equilibrium outcome of 125 tokens.;;","entities":[{"id":9843,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":189}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7630,"text":"additionally, this minimized the potential carryover of behavior from previous to subsequent conditions, reducing the risk of biasing the latent means.;;","entities":[{"id":8070,"label":"cause","start_offset":14,"end_offset":18},{"id":8071,"label":"effect","start_offset":19,"end_offset":103},{"id":8072,"label":"effect","start_offset":105,"end_offset":150}],"relations":[{"id":3625,"from_id":8070,"to_id":8071,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3626,"from_id":8070,"to_id":8072,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7544,"text":"the dilemma for each player is deciding whether to cooperate, knowing that the other player might be tempted to defect, committing a trust violation that yields the maximum individual payoff to the defector (4 points) but the worst individual payoff to the cooperator (1 point).;;","entities":[{"id":7870,"label":"cause","start_offset":120,"end_offset":148},{"id":7871,"label":"effect","start_offset":165,"end_offset":205},{"id":7872,"label":"effect","start_offset":226,"end_offset":267}],"relations":[{"id":3537,"from_id":7870,"to_id":7871,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3538,"from_id":7870,"to_id":7872,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5721,"text":"\"the way saturation is defined influences the time and context of when and how it can be achieved (guest et al., 2017; saunders et al., 2018; sim et al., 2018).\";;","entities":[{"id":3160,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":30},{"id":3161,"label":"effect","start_offset":45,"end_offset":97}],"relations":[{"id":1373,"from_id":3160,"to_id":3161,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5983,"text":"this position values the duality of information sharing, where participants and researchers are recognized as both the givers and the receivers of information (johnson 2009) and where researchers are encouraged to express (rather than to suppress) their humanity (irvine, drew, and sainsbury 2013).;;","entities":[{"id":3834,"label":"effect","start_offset":5,"end_offset":55},{"id":3835,"label":"cause","start_offset":63,"end_offset":158},{"id":3836,"label":"cause","start_offset":184,"end_offset":262}],"relations":[{"id":1702,"from_id":3836,"to_id":3834,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1703,"from_id":3835,"to_id":3834,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9518,"text":"These subjects display ambiguityaverse behavior, which is in line with Eichberger and Kelsey (2002).;;","entities":[{"id":9844,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":102}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7518,"text":"thus, ostracized individuals would have ended up being wealthier than the other ostracizing players.;;","entities":[{"id":8923,"label":"cause","start_offset":6,"end_offset":16},{"id":8924,"label":"effect","start_offset":49,"end_offset":64}],"relations":[{"id":4112,"from_id":8923,"to_id":8924,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5993,"text":"in this manner, interpretive description allows anti-oppressive researchers an opportunity to build on what is known, both experientially and theoretically, to expand the discipline's relevant understanding (thorne, 2016).;;","entities":[{"id":3862,"label":"cause","start_offset":15,"end_offset":40},{"id":3863,"label":"effect","start_offset":94,"end_offset":116},{"id":3864,"label":"effect","start_offset":160,"end_offset":206},{"id":8197,"label":"cause","start_offset":94,"end_offset":116}],"relations":[{"id":1717,"from_id":3862,"to_id":3863,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3710,"from_id":8197,"to_id":3864,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6016,"text":"\"this is also a time when the \"\"racial crossover effect\"\" becomes evident, as rates of drug use and abuse, which tend to be lower among black adolescents, begin to exceed those of whites in young adulthood (e.g., watt, 2008).\";;","entities":[{"id":8294,"label":"effect","start_offset":30,"end_offset":73},{"id":8295,"label":"cause","start_offset":78,"end_offset":205}],"relations":[{"id":3761,"from_id":8295,"to_id":8294,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6592,"text":"although sub-codes may fit under multiple es, a best-fit approach can be employed that is subject to change as analysis progresses.;;","entities":[{"id":8553,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":133}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5647,"text":"discourage large samples pointing to the complexity in data analysis that could end up compromising meaningful exploration of the collected data and lead to the failure of addressing research questions fully or worse still the researcher can fail to appropriately contextualise the data to the research.;;","entities":[{"id":2980,"label":"cause","start_offset":10,"end_offset":24},{"id":2981,"label":"effect","start_offset":111,"end_offset":144},{"id":2982,"label":"effect","start_offset":160,"end_offset":201}],"relations":[{"id":1286,"from_id":2980,"to_id":2981,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1287,"from_id":2980,"to_id":2982,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6719,"text":"we also expect that they will continue to shift as we collectively aspire to do better and realize a more constructive impact with our work.;;","entities":[{"id":5796,"label":"effect","start_offset":30,"end_offset":47},{"id":5797,"label":"cause","start_offset":54,"end_offset":86},{"id":5798,"label":"cause","start_offset":91,"end_offset":139}],"relations":[{"id":2623,"from_id":5797,"to_id":5796,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2624,"from_id":5798,"to_id":5796,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7468,"text":"in a follow-up study, yamagishi (2007) reports that actors behaved more generously in public goods games where experimenters told them they had been matched with a specific partner compared to those who were not told about this matching.;;","entities":[{"id":7696,"label":"cause","start_offset":149,"end_offset":180},{"id":7697,"label":"effect","start_offset":52,"end_offset":82}],"relations":[{"id":3470,"from_id":7696,"to_id":7697,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6267,"text":"\"watson, t.j. (2011), \"\"ethnography, reality and truth: the vital need for studies of 'how things work' in organisations and management\"\", journal of management studies, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":4572,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":177}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8757,"text":"In the room were two large desks placed back to back with a large divider between them.;;","entities":[{"id":9083,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":89}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7032,"text":"this refers to consistency in how the same person codes data at multiple time points.;;","entities":[{"id":6639,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":87}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7438,"text":"if dehumanization involves not only perpetrators dehumanizing victims but also victims dehumanizing perpetrators then when the tables have turned it is so much easier for erstwhile victims to visit dehumanizing actions upon their erstwhile tormentors.;;","entities":[{"id":7629,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":112},{"id":7631,"label":"effect","start_offset":160,"end_offset":250}],"relations":[{"id":3444,"from_id":7629,"to_id":7631,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7065,"text":"conclusion the contribution of this paper lies in its demonstration, in a controlled environment, of how opacity in a simple investment setting can affect trust and trustworthiness and reduce the returns to the participants in the investment activity.;;","entities":[{"id":6728,"label":"cause","start_offset":105,"end_offset":143},{"id":6729,"label":"effect","start_offset":148,"end_offset":180},{"id":6730,"label":"effect","start_offset":185,"end_offset":250}],"relations":[{"id":3047,"from_id":6728,"to_id":6729,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3048,"from_id":6728,"to_id":6730,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6348,"text":"ultimately, a number of individual differences may moderate the speed at which participants are affected by ostracism, how quickly affect levels may bottom out, and potentially the speed of recovery.;;","entities":[{"id":8452,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":201}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6646,"text":"however, the control heuristic leads to illusory and noninstrumental behavior in domains that present misleading cues to the possibility of control.;;","entities":[{"id":5594,"label":"cause","start_offset":13,"end_offset":30},{"id":5595,"label":"effect","start_offset":53,"end_offset":77},{"id":8570,"label":"effect","start_offset":40,"end_offset":48}],"relations":[{"id":2529,"from_id":5594,"to_id":5595,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3923,"from_id":5594,"to_id":8570,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5704,"text":"if you do not buy a marker in the example above, your markerpayoff will equal the grouprevenue of 140 cents, because you do not incur costs.;;","entities":[{"id":3131,"label":"cause","start_offset":117,"end_offset":139},{"id":3132,"label":"effect","start_offset":49,"end_offset":107}],"relations":[{"id":1360,"from_id":3131,"to_id":3132,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6154,"text":"consistent with these judgmental and behavioral data are reports from the cooperative members of mixed pairs (coopnon-coop) indicating that they have greater difficulty maintaining their intentions than do their partners and that they are aware of the lesser responsibility they have for the course of the relationship.;;","entities":[{"id":8352,"label":"cause","start_offset":74,"end_offset":108},{"id":8353,"label":"effect","start_offset":158,"end_offset":197}],"relations":[{"id":3792,"from_id":8352,"to_id":8353,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7430,"text":"this should have been more obvious to me, considering how many white 630 affilia: feminist inquiry in social work 37(4) people are uncomfortable, avoidant, or defensive when hearing stories about racism.;;","entities":[{"id":7608,"label":"cause","start_offset":174,"end_offset":202},{"id":7609,"label":"effect","start_offset":120,"end_offset":169}],"relations":[{"id":3434,"from_id":7608,"to_id":7609,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6554,"text":"\"available at: https doi org 10 1080 19361653 2013 800770 somerville, m. (2016), \"\"the post-human i: encountering 'data' in new materialism\"\", international journal of qualitative studies in education, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":5312,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":209}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7605,"text":"of the two corollaries of the seh, greater empirical support has been found for the first corrollary, that discrimination leads to increased self-esteem, compared to the second corollary, that lowered self-esteem would lead to increased belonging (e.g., aberson et al., 2000, abrams & hogg, 1988, rubin & hewstone, 1998).;;","entities":[{"id":8010,"label":"cause","start_offset":107,"end_offset":121},{"id":8011,"label":"effect","start_offset":131,"end_offset":152},{"id":8012,"label":"cause","start_offset":193,"end_offset":212},{"id":8013,"label":"effect","start_offset":227,"end_offset":246}],"relations":[{"id":3598,"from_id":8010,"to_id":8011,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3599,"from_id":8012,"to_id":8013,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5929,"text":"using online video calling tools may expand the potential sample of participants but also constrict it, as the list of potentially excluded categories of participants in the discussion demonstrates.;;","entities":[{"id":3678,"label":"cause","start_offset":6,"end_offset":32},{"id":3679,"label":"effect","start_offset":37,"end_offset":80},{"id":3680,"label":"effect","start_offset":90,"end_offset":99}],"relations":[{"id":1623,"from_id":3678,"to_id":3679,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1624,"from_id":3678,"to_id":3680,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8773,"text":"However, while anger as an emotion is not restricted to individuals scoring highly on neuroticism, one would expect such people to display higher than average levels of anger.;;","entities":[{"id":9099,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":177}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6724,"text":"regardless of the interpretation, it is clear that a rejection of (7) suggests that the two data sets are inconsistent and that belief statements contain insufficient information to explain actions.;;","entities":[{"id":5812,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":200}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9240,"text":"Various rules on the conditions for takeover are possible (e.g.;;","entities":[{"id":9566,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":65}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7127,"text":"\"an informal management style can help make up for the pressure effect on participants; another way to invite persons to express their opinions consists in asking \"\"pilot question\"\" in order to improve their self-esteem and make them independent during the discussion.\";;","entities":[{"id":6882,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":29},{"id":6883,"label":"effect","start_offset":39,"end_offset":86},{"id":6884,"label":"cause","start_offset":156,"end_offset":181},{"id":6885,"label":"effect","start_offset":208,"end_offset":219},{"id":6886,"label":"effect","start_offset":224,"end_offset":267}],"relations":[{"id":3120,"from_id":6882,"to_id":6883,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3121,"from_id":6884,"to_id":6885,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3122,"from_id":6884,"to_id":6886,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6119,"text":"the unique nature of qualitative research means, however, that exhaustive guidelines are not provided.;;","entities":[{"id":8337,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":41},{"id":8338,"label":"effect","start_offset":63,"end_offset":101}],"relations":[{"id":3786,"from_id":8337,"to_id":8338,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7213,"text":"the change is mainly due to an increase in the share of strong reciprocators, say \u03b22.;;","entities":[{"id":7086,"label":"effect","start_offset":4,"end_offset":10},{"id":7087,"label":"cause","start_offset":31,"end_offset":76}],"relations":[{"id":3203,"from_id":7087,"to_id":7086,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6003,"text":"the current research we hypothesize that individuals who have recently experienced social acceptance should be more interested in mating opportunities than individuals who have been socially rejected or who have not recently experienced any change in social status.;;","entities":[{"id":8201,"label":"cause","start_offset":83,"end_offset":100},{"id":8202,"label":"effect","start_offset":115,"end_offset":150}],"relations":[{"id":3712,"from_id":8201,"to_id":8202,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9070,"text":"Experimental blocks start at 0 s and end at 30 s.;;","entities":[{"id":9396,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":51}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9232,"text":"The overall level of cooperation in the RAN group, by the end of the experiment, was not significantly different from that of the preliminary experiment in which participants played each other.;;","entities":[{"id":9558,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":195}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5659,"text":"this held true even though expectations of reciprocity and overall confidence in one's own ability to influence outcomes were low in the large group collective condition.;;","entities":[{"id":8968,"label":"effect","start_offset":81,"end_offset":129},{"id":8969,"label":"cause","start_offset":137,"end_offset":169}],"relations":[{"id":4139,"from_id":8969,"to_id":8968,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7432,"text":"\"another interesting area of study would be to explore new ways to simplify the methodological approach presented; although it has been proven successful, it required less experience, and it was relatively economical in terms of cost, it was very time-consuming.\";;","entities":[{"id":7611,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":265}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5969,"text":"team members may give each other the benefit of the doubt until something happens to damage their trust.;;","entities":[{"id":8194,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":106}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7415,"text":"research on ingroup bias (brewer, 1979) has indeed shown that fellow group members are perceived in more desirable ways (i.e.;;","entities":[{"id":8894,"label":"cause","start_offset":62,"end_offset":82},{"id":8895,"label":"effect","start_offset":87,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[{"id":4093,"from_id":8894,"to_id":8895,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9481,"text":"Table 1 reports conditional and unconditional cooperation levels, defection levels and the proportion of cases in which n o m a t c h occurred for the lock-in PD, the unilateral choice PD, the mutual choice PD and our control setup A&M.;;","entities":[{"id":9807,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":238}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6837,"text":"the solution to increasing the reliability of lhm may be in improving the transparency of analysis process.;;","entities":[{"id":8635,"label":"effect","start_offset":15,"end_offset":49},{"id":8636,"label":"cause","start_offset":59,"end_offset":106}],"relations":[{"id":3967,"from_id":8636,"to_id":8635,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7421,"text":"\"moreover, their working methods can make the researcher feel that the material cannot be fully understood by other researchers who may misinterpret data and 286 archival science (2020) 20:279-302 1 3 come to other conclusions (fink 2000; parry and mauthner 2004).\";;","entities":[{"id":7588,"label":"cause","start_offset":11,"end_offset":32},{"id":7590,"label":"effect","start_offset":46,"end_offset":226}],"relations":[{"id":3425,"from_id":7588,"to_id":7590,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6502,"text":"\"likewise, the relationship between condition assignment and treatment recommendation diminished when severity of emotional bullying (the mediator) was included in the regression ( .24, p .11; sobel test, z 2.08, p .04).\";;","entities":[{"id":5186,"label":"effect","start_offset":15,"end_offset":85},{"id":5187,"label":"cause","start_offset":102,"end_offset":178}],"relations":[{"id":2332,"from_id":5187,"to_id":5186,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6242,"text":"the ipg paradigm divides the subjects into two distinct groups and provides the public good to all the members of group k if the number of contributors in group k exceeds the number of contributors in the competing group.;;","entities":[{"id":4513,"label":"cause","start_offset":126,"end_offset":220},{"id":4515,"label":"effect","start_offset":67,"end_offset":121}],"relations":[{"id":2018,"from_id":4513,"to_id":4515,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7452,"text":"\"to the extent that over-inclusion in a nega\u00ad tive situation can be viewed as a form of punitive attention, it may thus be argued that this allowed us to compare two forms of rejection: ostracism and bullying (van beest & williams, 2006; zadro, williams, & richardson, 2005).\";;","entities":[{"id":7655,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":278}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7364,"text":"levine and kerr (2007) suggest that there are a number of serious risks to groups in using social exclusion to control group member behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":7461,"label":"cause","start_offset":85,"end_offset":140},{"id":7462,"label":"effect","start_offset":46,"end_offset":71}],"relations":[{"id":3375,"from_id":7461,"to_id":7462,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8793,"text":"The most cooperative subject of the minor league is switched with the least cooperative subject in the Major league.;;","entities":[{"id":9119,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":118}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6282,"text":"\"the ability to establish and maintain social connections has numerous benefits: groups provide social support, access to important resources, protection from environmental dangers, and access to potential mates (buss, 1990, 1991; duncan et al., 2007).\";;","entities":[{"id":8408,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":57},{"id":8409,"label":"effect","start_offset":81,"end_offset":110},{"id":8410,"label":"effect","start_offset":111,"end_offset":141},{"id":8411,"label":"effect","start_offset":142,"end_offset":180},{"id":8412,"label":"effect","start_offset":186,"end_offset":211}],"relations":[{"id":3822,"from_id":8408,"to_id":8409,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3823,"from_id":8408,"to_id":8410,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3824,"from_id":8408,"to_id":8411,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3825,"from_id":8408,"to_id":8412,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7066,"text":"member checks can help researchers increase accuracy of their findings, reflect on their topic, and create change.;;","entities":[{"id":6731,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":13},{"id":6732,"label":"effect","start_offset":23,"end_offset":70},{"id":6733,"label":"effect","start_offset":72,"end_offset":94},{"id":6734,"label":"effect","start_offset":100,"end_offset":113}],"relations":[{"id":3049,"from_id":6731,"to_id":6732,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3050,"from_id":6731,"to_id":6733,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3051,"from_id":6731,"to_id":6734,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6335,"text":"for example, people may intend to use public transport to go to work but the schedule of public transport does not fit well with their working schedule (e.g., there is only one bus per hour on a particular line).;;","entities":[{"id":4767,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":214}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6605,"text":"however, providing comparative feedback was associated with lower intentions to screen among non-affirmed unrealistically pessimistic individuals (m = 5.08, sd = 2.23), and intentions were even lower among those who were self-affirmed (m = 3.36, sd = 2.24), klein et al.;;","entities":[{"id":5464,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":272}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9646,"text":"Third row: inferior parietal lobe (BA 40), 340 voxels, sliced at voxel with peak activity (x = -31, y = -50, z = 42).;;","entities":[{"id":9972,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6357,"text":"this example of an icr-amenable coding strategy illustrates how the conditions necessary for icr assessment can constrain coding practices.;;","entities":[{"id":4816,"label":"cause","start_offset":68,"end_offset":107},{"id":4817,"label":"effect","start_offset":122,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[{"id":2156,"from_id":4816,"to_id":4817,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6877,"text":"we try to create opportunities for educational and professional development for all coders, so that their duties align with their long-term goals.;;","entities":[{"id":8659,"label":"cause","start_offset":10,"end_offset":75},{"id":8660,"label":"effect","start_offset":106,"end_offset":145}],"relations":[{"id":3975,"from_id":8659,"to_id":8660,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6312,"text":"the interaction with trials, however, shows that this discontinuity tendency increased over trials.;;","entities":[{"id":4703,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":101}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8858,"text":"Molm (1994) aptly terms this a \"group cooperation\" subtype of exchange, while Yamagishi and Cook (1993) describe it as \"group generalized exchange.\" 2  Productive exchange is the most group-oriented form of exchange (Emerson 1972(Emerson , 1976(Emerson , 1981;;Yamagishi and Cook 1993;Molm 1994;Molm and Cook 1995).;;","entities":[{"id":9184,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":317}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9069,"text":"It is quite possible that some of the cognitive variations can be explained in terms of parsimonious and stable social utility functions; but whether this is generally true is very unclear, and decisionmaking approaches that explicitly recognise bounded rationality in determining the procedure of choice may be called for.;;","entities":[{"id":9395,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":325}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6652,"text":"it only becomes problematic where the researcher's approach is not explicit, and where the qda findings appear as if by magic, unsupported by sufficient discussion of rationale, purpose, analytic procedures or decision making;;","entities":[{"id":5608,"label":"effect","start_offset":16,"end_offset":27},{"id":5609,"label":"cause","start_offset":38,"end_offset":75},{"id":8573,"label":"cause","start_offset":91,"end_offset":225}],"relations":[{"id":2534,"from_id":5609,"to_id":5608,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3925,"from_id":8573,"to_id":5608,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6690,"text":"for example, people may agree with group consensus when the decision inconveniences them personally.;;","entities":[{"id":5707,"label":"effect","start_offset":13,"end_offset":50},{"id":5708,"label":"cause","start_offset":60,"end_offset":99}],"relations":[{"id":2580,"from_id":5708,"to_id":5707,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6286,"text":"differences in attributions for their treatment in cyberball could not provide explanations for the observed differences in recovery of basic needs between permanent and temporary group membership conditions.;;","entities":[{"id":8413,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":60},{"id":8414,"label":"effect","start_offset":109,"end_offset":207}],"relations":[{"id":3826,"from_id":8413,"to_id":8414,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9573,"text":"However, a player who contributes all $100 may well expect to regret the forgone $98 less if she earns $200 (all others contribute $100 as well) than if she earns $2 (all others contribute $0).;;","entities":[{"id":9899,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":195}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7149,"text":"\"moreover, just as rejection leads to the adaptive response of increased sensitivity to affiliation cues (bernstein et al., 2008; gardner et al., 2000; maner et al., 2007; pickett et al., 2004), the effects of social acceptance on mating are also seemingly adaptive.\";;","entities":[{"id":6937,"label":"cause","start_offset":18,"end_offset":28},{"id":6938,"label":"effect","start_offset":42,"end_offset":104},{"id":6939,"label":"cause","start_offset":210,"end_offset":227},{"id":6940,"label":"effect","start_offset":231,"end_offset":265}],"relations":[{"id":3141,"from_id":6937,"to_id":6938,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3142,"from_id":6939,"to_id":6940,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6726,"text":"the reason for this absence is that no a priori reason exists why such concern should be stronger in an intergroup than in an interindividual context.;;","entities":[{"id":8596,"label":"effect","start_offset":20,"end_offset":27},{"id":8598,"label":"cause","start_offset":36,"end_offset":149}],"relations":[{"id":3944,"from_id":8598,"to_id":8596,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7490,"text":"research on close relationships suggests that violations of expectations are closely related to perceived insults (burgoon & jones, 1976).;;","entities":[{"id":7745,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7033,"text":"\"by contrast, the \"\"real-time\"\" crisis impact research indicated that the shock to patterns of everyday life led to lasting, often adverse, adjustments to how people organized their work, family, food systems, social relationships, and to their well-being overall.\";;","entities":[{"id":6640,"label":"cause","start_offset":74,"end_offset":108},{"id":6644,"label":"effect","start_offset":116,"end_offset":263}],"relations":[{"id":3001,"from_id":6640,"to_id":6644,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9196,"text":"Payoffs in the infinitely repeated game are determined by the discounted sum of stage payoffs.;;","entities":[{"id":9522,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":96}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8942,"text":"We first test whether the main results of the experiment are similar for both experimental sessions.;;","entities":[{"id":9268,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":102}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6253,"text":"\"neuroticism is negatively associated with more effective and direct coping strategies, often referred to as problem task focused coping (bouchard, 2003; mccrae and costa, 1986; o'brien and delongis, 1996; penley & tomaka, 2002).\";;","entities":[{"id":4544,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":1,"end_offset":232}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7643,"text":"social exclusion was brought about by giving participants bogus feedback that was rejecting, neutral, or accepting.;;","entities":[{"id":8107,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":16},{"id":8108,"label":"cause","start_offset":38,"end_offset":114}],"relations":[{"id":3642,"from_id":8108,"to_id":8107,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7090,"text":"this may be connected to the gap between intention and actual behaviour (kaiser et al., 2010).;;","entities":[{"id":6799,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":96}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5779,"text":"benefits of using ecomaps include improving rapport and engagement with study participants, facilitating iterative question development, and highlighting the social contexts of relationships.;;","entities":[{"id":3299,"label":"cause","start_offset":18,"end_offset":25},{"id":3301,"label":"effect","start_offset":44,"end_offset":90},{"id":3302,"label":"effect","start_offset":105,"end_offset":135},{"id":3303,"label":"effect","start_offset":158,"end_offset":190}],"relations":[{"id":1436,"from_id":3299,"to_id":3301,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1437,"from_id":3299,"to_id":3302,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1438,"from_id":3299,"to_id":3303,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9243,"text":"We also added several completed numerical examples to show how payoffs are calculated.;;","entities":[{"id":9569,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":88}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8730,"text":"Brew \/ AL TR UISM PARAMETER FOR PRISONER'S DILEMMA[353];;","entities":[{"id":9056,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":57}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6100,"text":"in contrast, those who were high on social phobia had only partially recovered, suggesting that factors that would logically interact with ostracism do so after individuals have had time to reflect on the ostracism episode.;;","entities":[{"id":4150,"label":"cause","start_offset":155,"end_offset":222},{"id":4151,"label":"effect","start_offset":96,"end_offset":154}],"relations":[{"id":1854,"from_id":4150,"to_id":4151,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7501,"text":"the brains of older individuals, for example young adults, are further developed, which increases the ability to successfully regulate emotions.;;","entities":[{"id":7768,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":80},{"id":8916,"label":"effect","start_offset":102,"end_offset":142}],"relations":[{"id":4108,"from_id":7768,"to_id":8916,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8929,"text":"Public good problems are characterized by situations in which individual self-interest is at odds with group interest.;;","entities":[{"id":9255,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7309,"text":"that is, a may expend energy on certain actions purely to obtain information.);;","entities":[{"id":7310,"label":"cause","start_offset":15,"end_offset":54},{"id":7311,"label":"effect","start_offset":58,"end_offset":76}],"relations":[{"id":3305,"from_id":7310,"to_id":7311,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6708,"text":"kernis, brockner, and frankel (1989) also demonstrated that low self-esteem increases an individual's vulnerabilities to self-esteem attacks.;;","entities":[{"id":5766,"label":"cause","start_offset":60,"end_offset":75},{"id":5767,"label":"effect","start_offset":89,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[{"id":2611,"from_id":5766,"to_id":5767,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7108,"text":"given this reasoning, then all that matters is that participants perceive themselves to be ignored and excluded.;;","entities":[{"id":6836,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":114}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6078,"text":"they perhaps (tacitly, even though they reflexively rejected my suggestion) did not want to disagree with each other, or create unforeseen negative consequences for their community.;;","entities":[{"id":4071,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":183}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6614,"text":"eisenberger, inagaki, mashal, and irwin (2010) found that exposure to proinflammatory cytokines increased feelings of social disconnection and depressed mood.;;","entities":[{"id":5488,"label":"cause","start_offset":58,"end_offset":95},{"id":5489,"label":"effect","start_offset":106,"end_offset":138},{"id":5490,"label":"effect","start_offset":143,"end_offset":157}],"relations":[{"id":2474,"from_id":5488,"to_id":5489,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2475,"from_id":5488,"to_id":5490,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6049,"text":"showed in a common resource dilemma that when tacit coordination was difficult to achieve (because the size of the resource was uncertain) harvesting behavior became more self interested except for the condition where group members were held accountable.;;","entities":[{"id":4005,"label":"cause","start_offset":46,"end_offset":89},{"id":4006,"label":"effect","start_offset":139,"end_offset":186},{"id":8217,"label":"cause","start_offset":99,"end_offset":137},{"id":8218,"label":"effect","start_offset":46,"end_offset":89}],"relations":[{"id":1789,"from_id":4005,"to_id":4006,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3723,"from_id":8217,"to_id":8218,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9101,"text":"Leaders can bring up the contributions of followers, but laggards can bring them down.;;","entities":[{"id":9427,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":88}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9021,"text":"We did not impose any time limit, so the subjects had plenty of time to decide.;;","entities":[{"id":9347,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":81}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6523,"text":"in a given research report, one of these descriptors might operate as the defining approach or it might be a sort of demior coapproach.;;","entities":[{"id":5237,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5692,"text":"obviously we cannot hold em constant at 0.50 since em is now a function of a probability that varies with the number of total contributions to the group account, but this parameter iz ation yields em\u02c60.50 when exactly half of all tokens (37.5) are contributed towards the group account.;;","entities":[{"id":3096,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":288}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6144,"text":"\"under current us federal definitions, many forms of online research involving existing data sets may not even be considered human subjects research, requiring no irb review or approval (buchanan, 2011; metcalf and crawford, 2016).\";;","entities":[{"id":4262,"label":"cause","start_offset":1,"end_offset":37},{"id":4264,"label":"effect","start_offset":39,"end_offset":185}],"relations":[{"id":1903,"from_id":4262,"to_id":4264,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5816,"text":"\"previous pd researchers have used a \"\"pay-as-you-go\"\" design in which each decision to cooperate or defect changed the subject's earnings by only a few cents.\";;","entities":[{"id":7342,"label":"cause","start_offset":71,"end_offset":107},{"id":7343,"label":"effect","start_offset":108,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[{"id":3323,"from_id":7342,"to_id":7343,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7088,"text":"when the significant race and sex interaction is considered, the sex difference is evident only within the white subject group.;;","entities":[{"id":6796,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":59},{"id":6797,"label":"effect","start_offset":65,"end_offset":126}],"relations":[{"id":3084,"from_id":6796,"to_id":6797,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7513,"text":"for example, an education project in this vein found that although policy discourse depicts persons with disabilities as continually struggling, they themselves regard their happiness, joys, and aspirations-and not only their struggles-as reportable (sunderland, catalano, & kendall, 2009).;;","entities":[{"id":7802,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":292}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7335,"text":"specifically, the present results indicate that social acceptance appears to motivate an interest in mating, thus indicating a shift in priorities relative to both those who experience social rejection and those experiencing a neutral event.;;","entities":[{"id":7399,"label":"cause","start_offset":48,"end_offset":65},{"id":7400,"label":"effect","start_offset":77,"end_offset":107},{"id":8862,"label":"effect","start_offset":114,"end_offset":146}],"relations":[{"id":3348,"from_id":7399,"to_id":7400,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4078,"from_id":7399,"to_id":8862,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9163,"text":"All, therefore, an individual decides is her contribution, e.g.;;","entities":[{"id":9489,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":65}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7146,"text":"\"recent social psychological investigations seem to support this learning process: the experience of subtle manipulations of physical warmth (as compared to coldness) leads to the perception of another as more sociable (central to the person characteristic of \"\"warm\"\") and to greater prosocial behavior of the participant (williams & bargh, 2008).\";;","entities":[{"id":6929,"label":"cause","start_offset":87,"end_offset":140},{"id":6930,"label":"effect","start_offset":180,"end_offset":219},{"id":6931,"label":"effect","start_offset":277,"end_offset":322}],"relations":[{"id":3138,"from_id":6929,"to_id":6930,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3139,"from_id":6929,"to_id":6931,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7047,"text":"furthermore, social and physical pain increased negative affect and produced higher desire to aggress than the control conditions.;;","entities":[{"id":6680,"label":"cause","start_offset":13,"end_offset":37},{"id":6682,"label":"effect","start_offset":68,"end_offset":101},{"id":6685,"label":"effect","start_offset":38,"end_offset":63}],"relations":[{"id":3021,"from_id":6680,"to_id":6685,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3022,"from_id":6680,"to_id":6682,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6566,"text":"the importance of extended family members in the uk on the other hand might decrease, whereas john's nuclear family might remain stable.;;","entities":[{"id":5341,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7085,"text":"such disclosure, however, risked distracting readers from the key findings.;;","entities":[{"id":6789,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":15},{"id":6790,"label":"effect","start_offset":26,"end_offset":74}],"relations":[{"id":3080,"from_id":6789,"to_id":6790,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6695,"text":"if material is not included in the article's creative commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.;;","entities":[{"id":5726,"label":"effect","start_offset":172,"end_offset":232},{"id":5727,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":69},{"id":5728,"label":"cause","start_offset":73,"end_offset":161}],"relations":[{"id":2590,"from_id":5727,"to_id":5726,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2591,"from_id":5728,"to_id":5726,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9423,"text":"Symmetry of outcomes has two features that are important for the current research.;;","entities":[{"id":9749,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":84}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6431,"text":"for dulcin\u00e9ia catadora, 'the encounters and exchanges between participants [from different strata of brazil's highly unequal society] is more important than the final product' insofar as they 'dismantle prejudices' and 'question aesthetic concepts connected to a world that's still being built on inequalities and privileges' (rosa, 2018).;;","entities":[{"id":5000,"label":"effect","start_offset":28,"end_offset":183},{"id":5001,"label":"cause","start_offset":193,"end_offset":268}],"relations":[{"id":2237,"from_id":5001,"to_id":5000,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5905,"text":"the increase on the second trial in the 500 condition appears to be due to arr increase in the average subject's level of arms; rather than to an increased number of subjects using arms.;","entities":[{"id":3614,"label":"effect","start_offset":4,"end_offset":53},{"id":3615,"label":"cause","start_offset":74,"end_offset":126}],"relations":[{"id":1591,"from_id":3615,"to_id":3614,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9527,"text":"After the feedback fluff 1 | Screen shots of the cooperative memory task.;;","entities":[{"id":9853,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":75}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6254,"text":"\"levkoff, s. and sanchez, h. (2003), \"\"lessons learned about minority recruitment and retention from the centers on minority aging and health promotion\"\", the gerontologist, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":4545,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":181}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7044,"text":"shared across these variants, however, is an assumption that meaning can be phenom eno logically reduced from participants' expressed consciousness.;;","entities":[{"id":6672,"label":"cause","start_offset":110,"end_offset":147},{"id":6673,"label":"effect","start_offset":61,"end_offset":104}],"relations":[{"id":3015,"from_id":6672,"to_id":6673,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8892,"text":"The experimenter instructed participants to remain silent for the entire duration of the experiment and to avoid any interaction.;;","entities":[{"id":9218,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":131}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8746,"text":"Note: These frequencies are taken from the 3rd stage of the experiment where subjects chose which trait ranking to observe.;;","entities":[{"id":9072,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":125}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6383,"text":"the brokers stepping away from their interview responsibilities forced us to explore other interpreter options, giving us insight into benefits that other hiring practices offer.;;","entities":[{"id":4890,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":63},{"id":4891,"label":"effect","start_offset":77,"end_offset":110},{"id":4892,"label":"effect","start_offset":122,"end_offset":177}],"relations":[{"id":2191,"from_id":4890,"to_id":4891,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2192,"from_id":4890,"to_id":4892,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9260,"text":"Our findings regarding threat decisions are summarized in Result 1.;;","entities":[{"id":9586,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":69}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9251,"text":"Direct evidence for the importance of these relational concerns stems from the finding that a legitimate leader was particularly preferred when group membership was made salient (Hypothesis 4b).;;","entities":[{"id":9577,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":196}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6071,"text":"one of the reasons why communication is such a powerful coordination device is that it creates group identity (sutter 2009; cason et al.;","entities":[{"id":8307,"label":"cause","start_offset":23,"end_offset":36},{"id":8308,"label":"effect","start_offset":87,"end_offset":109}],"relations":[{"id":3769,"from_id":8307,"to_id":8308,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8846,"text":"Since incorruption is an accepted social norm, it makes sense that individuals who choose to be corrupt feel guilty or ashamed.;;","entities":[{"id":9172,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":129}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6314,"text":"in a social dilemma, demonstrability can be manipulated through changes to the absolute values of fear and greed (i.e.;;","entities":[{"id":8424,"label":"cause","start_offset":64,"end_offset":112},{"id":8425,"label":"effect","start_offset":21,"end_offset":55}],"relations":[{"id":3834,"from_id":8424,"to_id":8425,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6940,"text":"\"individuals who are excluded often experience physical illness, emotional problems, negative affective states, and depression (bowlby, 1969; downey & feldman, 1996; williams, 1997).\";;","entities":[{"id":6380,"label":"cause","start_offset":1,"end_offset":29},{"id":6381,"label":"effect","start_offset":36,"end_offset":63},{"id":6382,"label":"effect","start_offset":65,"end_offset":83},{"id":6383,"label":"effect","start_offset":85,"end_offset":110},{"id":6384,"label":"effect","start_offset":116,"end_offset":126}],"relations":[{"id":2895,"from_id":6380,"to_id":6381,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2896,"from_id":6380,"to_id":6382,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2897,"from_id":6380,"to_id":6383,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2898,"from_id":6380,"to_id":6384,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6893,"text":"actually, six of 34 participants who preferred to be recipients allocated more than half of the 2500 yen to their recipients, and removing those from the analysis substantially reduced the correlations with other game behaviors (see the last row of table 9).;;","entities":[{"id":6262,"label":"cause","start_offset":130,"end_offset":162},{"id":6263,"label":"effect","start_offset":189,"end_offset":227}],"relations":[{"id":2841,"from_id":6262,"to_id":6263,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9619,"text":"We observe that only the traditional method in its extended form (using three choices instead of a single choice) comes close to being significant at the p=0.10 (t-value=1.65);;","entities":[{"id":9945,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":177}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7122,"text":"\"the pandemic has thus highlighted and magnified some of the ethical and practical tensions that emerge when conducting research with hcps; and the insights and implications from this period can be far-reaching, beyond the pandemic context.\";;","entities":[{"id":6868,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":13},{"id":8732,"label":"effect","start_offset":61,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[{"id":4014,"from_id":6868,"to_id":8732,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8751,"text":"Given the high expected cost of punishment (because of the looming threat of a long, inter-period feud) the second-order public good property of punishing comes to full bearing.;;","entities":[{"id":9077,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":179}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7227,"text":"given that the manipulation again had no effect on pain tolerance, the effect of exclusion seems to be on the appearance of insensitivity to pain, rather than on a change in experienced pain intensity.;;","entities":[{"id":7115,"label":"cause","start_offset":15,"end_offset":27},{"id":7116,"label":"effect","start_offset":51,"end_offset":65},{"id":7117,"label":"cause","start_offset":81,"end_offset":90},{"id":7118,"label":"effect","start_offset":110,"end_offset":145}],"relations":[{"id":3220,"from_id":7115,"to_id":7116,"type":"Rel_Zero"},{"id":3221,"from_id":7117,"to_id":7118,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7274,"text":"\"according to williams' (2001; williams & sommer, 1997) model, ostracism is unique relative to other aversive social experiences because it affects four basic human needs: the need to belong, the need for self-esteem, the need for control, and the need for meaningful existence.\";;","entities":[{"id":7230,"label":"cause","start_offset":137,"end_offset":170},{"id":7231,"label":"effect","start_offset":63,"end_offset":82}],"relations":[{"id":3273,"from_id":7230,"to_id":7231,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7440,"text":"\"people who have a fixed mindset in domains unrelated to relationships experience difficulty in coping with setbacks; they become defensive and engage in behaviors meant to boost their feelings of self-worth (molden & dweck, 2006).\";;","entities":[{"id":7625,"label":"effect","start_offset":71,"end_offset":116},{"id":7626,"label":"cause","start_offset":12,"end_offset":70},{"id":7627,"label":"effect","start_offset":123,"end_offset":139},{"id":7628,"label":"effect","start_offset":144,"end_offset":207}],"relations":[{"id":3440,"from_id":7626,"to_id":7625,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3441,"from_id":7626,"to_id":7627,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3442,"from_id":7626,"to_id":7628,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7578,"text":"as a group, parents who have lost custody of their children have often been excluded and degraded as citizens (sletteb\u00f8, 2008: 237).;;","entities":[{"id":7942,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":134}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9067,"text":"After providing a recta-analysis of the effect of SR in previous experiments, we compare contributions in threshold public goods games with low, medium and high SRs.;;","entities":[{"id":9393,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":167}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9305,"text":"Collapsing across all drug treatment groups, subjects were 13% less likely to cooperate following DD outcomes (pp\/DD) when playing with putative human (38%) compared with computer (51%) partners ( p = 0.0002).;;","entities":[{"id":9631,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":211}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6910,"text":"\"within human populations, in relatively simple economies, people tend to equate status with reproductive potential and thus spend vast amounts of time and energy signaling that potential by displaying skills associated with providing food (e.g., gintis, smith, and bowles, 2001; hayden, 1996).\";;","entities":[{"id":6303,"label":"cause","start_offset":74,"end_offset":115},{"id":6304,"label":"effect","start_offset":125,"end_offset":151},{"id":6305,"label":"effect","start_offset":156,"end_offset":172},{"id":8675,"label":"effect","start_offset":74,"end_offset":115},{"id":8676,"label":"cause","start_offset":30,"end_offset":57}],"relations":[{"id":2859,"from_id":6303,"to_id":6304,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2860,"from_id":6303,"to_id":6305,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3985,"from_id":8676,"to_id":8675,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6251,"text":"as selfcontrol is believed to be a limited resource, tapping into that resource prematurely by asking participants to focus on the self-report measures could interfere with detecting meaningful differences in performance on self-control that are based solely on the ostracism manipulation (baumeister, bratslavsky, muraven, & tice, 1998).;;","entities":[{"id":4538,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":51},{"id":4539,"label":"effect","start_offset":53,"end_offset":288}],"relations":[{"id":2029,"from_id":4538,"to_id":4539,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5690,"text":"\"however, it has also been argued that, to the degree the group membership is central to one's identity, the attributions to the group membership are not helpful because the self is still centrally implicated (branscombe et al., 1999; major et al., 2003; schmitt & branscombe, 2002a).\";;","entities":[{"id":3087,"label":"cause","start_offset":170,"end_offset":208},{"id":5391,"label":"effect","start_offset":109,"end_offset":161}],"relations":[{"id":2429,"from_id":3087,"to_id":5391,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6778,"text":"thus the broad purpose of this work is to investigate the hypothesis that cyberball exclusion will trigger social pain sensitivity, whereas future-life exclusion will trigger social pain numbing, as assessed via measures of emotional distress.;;","entities":[{"id":5970,"label":"cause","start_offset":74,"end_offset":93},{"id":5971,"label":"effect","start_offset":99,"end_offset":130},{"id":5973,"label":"cause","start_offset":140,"end_offset":161},{"id":5974,"label":"effect","start_offset":175,"end_offset":194}],"relations":[{"id":2709,"from_id":5970,"to_id":5971,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2710,"from_id":5973,"to_id":5974,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6820,"text":"speed is less of an issue in such cases, particularly when considering that these tools would be used only once or twice in a project.;;","entities":[{"id":6074,"label":"cause","start_offset":81,"end_offset":133},{"id":6075,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":25}],"relations":[{"id":2760,"from_id":6074,"to_id":6075,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7094,"text":"but on both sides of the debate surrounding how social service professions might respond to the technological capabilities of the digital age, professionals recognize the need to ensure that technological use is evidence-based, ethical, and in alignment with professional values and principles.;;","entities":[{"id":6805,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":296}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6113,"text":"this human tendency can limit the topics that are deemed suitable for the interview.;;","entities":[{"id":4185,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":19},{"id":4187,"label":"effect","start_offset":34,"end_offset":83}],"relations":[{"id":1870,"from_id":4185,"to_id":4187,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7121,"text":"also, pedestrians who were given an ''air-gaze'' (i.e., having someone look in their direction, but not giving them direct eye-contact) by a passerby felt decreased social connection (wesselmann, cardoso, slater, & williams, 2012).;;","entities":[{"id":6867,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":233}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6642,"text":"for example, certain groups might decline participation in face-to-face research because of the time commitment or the sensitivity of the topic (gattuso, hinds, tong, & srivastava, 2006).;;","entities":[{"id":5564,"label":"effect","start_offset":34,"end_offset":80},{"id":5565,"label":"cause","start_offset":96,"end_offset":111},{"id":5566,"label":"cause","start_offset":119,"end_offset":143}],"relations":[{"id":2507,"from_id":5565,"to_id":5564,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2508,"from_id":5566,"to_id":5564,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6937,"text":"research on rejection sensitivity of people low in selfesteem led us to test whether, compared with those higher in self-esteem, low self-esteem individuals would experience greater negative impact to ostracism relative to inclusion.;;","entities":[{"id":6371,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":61},{"id":6372,"label":"effect","start_offset":72,"end_offset":232}],"relations":[{"id":2891,"from_id":6371,"to_id":6372,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7026,"text":"this raises the issue of whether preferences would be stable against repeated measurement.;;","entities":[{"id":6627,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":4},{"id":6628,"label":"effect","start_offset":16,"end_offset":89}],"relations":[{"id":2997,"from_id":6627,"to_id":6628,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7493,"text":"\"field settings are also \"\"special\"\"; bargaining over the price of a car or a house is different from negotiating compensation with a new employer or the division of household chores with a spouse.\";;","entities":[{"id":7748,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":200}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5736,"text":"complementary estimates (available upon request) in which we interact police with received points in t-1 show that being a police subject has no effect on negative reciprocity.;;","entities":[{"id":3199,"label":"cause","start_offset":115,"end_offset":137},{"id":3200,"label":"effect","start_offset":156,"end_offset":175}],"relations":[{"id":1392,"from_id":3199,"to_id":3200,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8690,"text":"For both conditions, the message was from W (the transgressor).;;","entities":[{"id":9016,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":65}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6258,"text":"our findings contribute further to the formalization of justifiable norms in health and social science and aid phenomenology in moving toward giorgi's perspective that a method should be clear such that it is useable by any researcher.;;","entities":[{"id":8395,"label":"cause","start_offset":170,"end_offset":192},{"id":8396,"label":"effect","start_offset":209,"end_offset":234}],"relations":[{"id":3816,"from_id":8395,"to_id":8396,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6425,"text":"moreover, advancing qualitative research that aligns with the complex experiences of caring for individuals with dementia is central to optimizing caregiver support in the community.;;","entities":[{"id":4987,"label":"effect","start_offset":136,"end_offset":181},{"id":4988,"label":"cause","start_offset":10,"end_offset":121}],"relations":[{"id":2233,"from_id":4988,"to_id":4987,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6773,"text":"this is matched with the growing reach of open research agendas that invoke egalitarian and democratic possibilities in making research more widely and freely available, taking it beyond the confines of academia and access and cost restrictions of libraries.;;","entities":[{"id":5958,"label":"cause","start_offset":42,"end_offset":63},{"id":8611,"label":"effect","start_offset":69,"end_offset":168},{"id":8612,"label":"effect","start_offset":170,"end_offset":257}],"relations":[{"id":3952,"from_id":5958,"to_id":8611,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3953,"from_id":5958,"to_id":8612,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7324,"text":"however, we show that people's immediate reaction to inclusion differs depending on whether people claim it or whether it is granted to them.;;","entities":[{"id":7376,"label":"effect","start_offset":22,"end_offset":70},{"id":7377,"label":"cause","start_offset":84,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[{"id":3338,"from_id":7377,"to_id":7376,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6918,"text":"more importantly, we found this effect to be mediated by the perceived instrumentality of money.;;","entities":[{"id":6323,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":98}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8739,"text":"During the first two blocks of trials, the groups appeared to be divided according to sex.;;","entities":[{"id":9065,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":92}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9297,"text":"The random choice of one member will be determined as follows: Each group member receives a number between 1 and 4. One player will roll a 4 sided die.;;","entities":[{"id":9623,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":153}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9411,"text":"In Experiment 2, we presented subjects with eight step-level public goods problems.;;","entities":[{"id":9737,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":85}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7517,"text":"the process of ethical clearance for a self ethnographic research study may have an obvious predetermined beginning, which is before a researcher begins the formal research process.;;","entities":[{"id":8922,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":183}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6220,"text":"while this may result in the proliferation of tables in a paper, at least, it makes it clear what the purpose of each table is, what type of information it intends to convey, and what patterns it intends to highlight.;;","entities":[{"id":4464,"label":"cause","start_offset":29,"end_offset":63},{"id":4465,"label":"effect","start_offset":78,"end_offset":126},{"id":4466,"label":"effect","start_offset":128,"end_offset":173},{"id":4467,"label":"effect","start_offset":179,"end_offset":216}],"relations":[{"id":1998,"from_id":4464,"to_id":4465,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1999,"from_id":4464,"to_id":4466,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2000,"from_id":4464,"to_id":4467,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7539,"text":"however, this requires careful work to avoid stripping data of its context due to aggregating analysis across multiple studies and sites, or the requirement to archive data as open access.;;","entities":[{"id":7862,"label":"cause","start_offset":82,"end_offset":136},{"id":7863,"label":"cause","start_offset":145,"end_offset":187},{"id":7864,"label":"effect","start_offset":14,"end_offset":73}],"relations":[{"id":3534,"from_id":7862,"to_id":7864,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3535,"from_id":7863,"to_id":7864,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9221,"text":"Previously, individual differences have been reported in for example the desire for friendship in TD adolescents (Richard and Schneider 2005).;;","entities":[{"id":9547,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":144}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6906,"text":"thus, while we believe that non injurious ness is a place to begin thinking about looking at one's data differently, it is also a place to begin to think about injury itself, a place of remembrance and reconciliation and revival and a place from where to call for justice.;;","entities":[{"id":6295,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":274}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8775,"text":"Podsakoff, P. M., Todor, W. D., Grover, R. A., & Huber, V. L. (1984).;;","entities":[{"id":9101,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":71}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6970,"text":"this study found that willingness to use drugs was significantly increased when participants envisioned a racial discrimination (vs. non discrimination scenario, but only if they were substance users.;;","entities":[{"id":6484,"label":"effect","start_offset":22,"end_offset":46},{"id":6485,"label":"cause","start_offset":80,"end_offset":127}],"relations":[{"id":2941,"from_id":6485,"to_id":6484,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6841,"text":"indeed, an interpretation of men as decidedly non interdependent would be difficult to reconcile with the thesis that belongingness is a fundamental human need (baumeister & leary, 1995).;;","entities":[{"id":6136,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":189}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9253,"text":"The test also exhibited adequate test-retest reliability and internal reliability (Brackett & Mayer, 2003;Lopes et al., 2005).;;","entities":[{"id":9579,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":128}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6799,"text":"\"hammersley concluded that in this age, it is essential to be committed to scientific integrity; however procedural means are not the answer to the related threats.\";;","entities":[{"id":6027,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":167}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7222,"text":"first, roads, water and sanitation are provided and managed in these slums by local infrastructure community development projects in cprg situations in which people from the local community donate money and\/or labour in order to build the pg.;;","entities":[{"id":7104,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":244}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6307,"text":"one potential criticism of the results of study 2 is that the difference across conditions for those with high baseline pain thresholds and high anxious attachment may be due to the effect of the control rather than the exclusion condition.;;","entities":[{"id":4690,"label":"cause","start_offset":196,"end_offset":239},{"id":4691,"label":"effect","start_offset":62,"end_offset":163}],"relations":[{"id":2103,"from_id":4690,"to_id":4691,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6097,"text":"\"currently these value\/knowledge systems simply \"\"co-exist\"\"; however, they need to be reconciled if tbas and hws are to work together toward the common goal of safe passage.\";;","entities":[{"id":8322,"label":"cause","start_offset":101,"end_offset":173},{"id":8323,"label":"effect","start_offset":71,"end_offset":97}],"relations":[{"id":3778,"from_id":8322,"to_id":8323,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9458,"text":"A separate retaliation stage is not designated.;;","entities":[{"id":9784,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":49}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8644,"text":"This procedure was adapted from measures of spontaneous helping behavior used in bystander intervention studies (Latane \u00b4& Dabbs, 1975).;;","entities":[{"id":8970,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7194,"text":"\"on this basis, ferlie and mcgivern examine the role of the neo-liberal health care state in the united kingdom and conclude that the introduction of \"\"managed\"\" networks prompted a degree of enthusiasm for evidence-based management amongst practitioners within case study organizations.\";;","entities":[{"id":7035,"label":"cause","start_offset":134,"end_offset":170},{"id":7037,"label":"effect","start_offset":182,"end_offset":232}],"relations":[{"id":3181,"from_id":7035,"to_id":7037,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6894,"text":"according to our hypothesis, carriers of the low-activity allele of the maoa-lpr polymorphism responded more aggressively following social exclusion than carriers of the high-activity allele.;;","entities":[{"id":6264,"label":"cause","start_offset":29,"end_offset":93},{"id":8670,"label":"effect","start_offset":94,"end_offset":148}],"relations":[{"id":3983,"from_id":6264,"to_id":8670,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9569,"text":"All participants played the economic prisoner's dilemma game on the first and last day of participation to examine differences in competitive behavior that may correlate with amount of expressive writing and levels of state anger and negative affect.;;","entities":[{"id":9895,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":252}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8917,"text":"To ensure that all participants adequately understood the monetary pay-offs, the instructions also included eight questions that had to be answered correctly before continuing with the actual experiment.;;","entities":[{"id":9243,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":205}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9602,"text":"The best group performanceclose to the social optimum was obtained in the experiment of Ostrom et al. (1992).;;","entities":[{"id":9928,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":111}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8982,"text":"Furthermore, experience is not the only factor likely to moderate subjects' intuitive responses.;;","entities":[{"id":9308,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":98}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8871,"text":"Let C n \u00bc \u2211 j \u2208 J c j;n represent the total contribution to public good n.;;","entities":[{"id":9197,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":76}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8928,"text":"The one-player PDG can be thought of as a self-control procedure.;;","entities":[{"id":9254,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":67}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6362,"text":"\"they may be badly drawn, painful to think, costly in the exchange of certainty, but they assure creativity, transform the dead tissue of thought, and allow openness\"\" (dewsbury, 2003, p. 1912).\";;","entities":[{"id":4830,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":197}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6585,"text":"in a one-round public goods game, every player had to reveal his or her contribution in front of the ten-person group and contributions increased from 34.4% of possible donations in the anonymous condition to 68.2%,16 or a calculated 98% increase.;;","entities":[{"id":5416,"label":"effect","start_offset":122,"end_offset":178},{"id":5417,"label":"cause","start_offset":186,"end_offset":246}],"relations":[{"id":2446,"from_id":5417,"to_id":5416,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9591,"text":"Each subject played 50 PD games against the computer.;;","entities":[{"id":9917,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":55}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6665,"text":"importantly, there were sufficient numbers of unrealistic optimists in each cell (approximately 20) to test our main hypothesis that selfaffirmation would have a beneficial effect on screening intentions among unrealistic optimists.;;","entities":[{"id":5647,"label":"cause","start_offset":133,"end_offset":148},{"id":5649,"label":"effect","start_offset":162,"end_offset":231}],"relations":[{"id":2552,"from_id":5647,"to_id":5649,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9148,"text":"Did this action consist in the soldier covering a live grenade or other explosive device with his body to protect comrades?;;","entities":[{"id":9474,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":125}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9284,"text":"Third, we also compare experimental play with survey-based evidence on actual public good contributions.;;","entities":[{"id":9610,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":106}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9455,"text":"Thus, there existed no veil of anonymity behind which low contributors could hide. 19;;","entities":[{"id":9781,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":87}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6971,"text":"co-operation among professors across universities and within departments will improve methodological rigour and strengthen social networks.;;","entities":[{"id":6486,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":72},{"id":6487,"label":"effect","start_offset":86,"end_offset":107},{"id":6488,"label":"effect","start_offset":112,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[{"id":2942,"from_id":6486,"to_id":6487,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2943,"from_id":6486,"to_id":6488,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7256,"text":"student residences that rank higher on neutral norms tendedto have students whoranked higher on pro bullying behavior and lower on defending.;;","entities":[{"id":8809,"label":"cause","start_offset":24,"end_offset":52},{"id":8810,"label":"effect","start_offset":62,"end_offset":117},{"id":8811,"label":"effect","start_offset":122,"end_offset":140}],"relations":[{"id":4052,"from_id":8809,"to_id":8810,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4053,"from_id":8809,"to_id":8811,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6856,"text":"every point that one of the three type b players assigns to another player reduces this player's income by 1 taler.;;","entities":[{"id":6178,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":74},{"id":6179,"label":"effect","start_offset":87,"end_offset":114}],"relations":[{"id":2805,"from_id":6178,"to_id":6179,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9629,"text":"The percentages of exploitative responses for each group are shown in Figure 4. Subjects were more exploitative against an unconditionally cooperative opponent with greater power than one with equal power.;;","entities":[{"id":9955,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":207}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8728,"text":"Once the subject completed the response form, the response form and business envelope(s) were returned to the large brown envelope and then collected by the researchers.;;","entities":[{"id":9054,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":171}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6633,"text":"teaching college students how to conduct research using qualitative research methodologies can be quite challenging, however.;;","entities":[{"id":5546,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":127}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6199,"text":"perhaps more remarkable is that these effects on mood and need fulfillment appear equally strong, regardless of the rejecting source.;;","entities":[{"id":4409,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":135}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5709,"text":"\"bad things are being said about me behind my back\"\", freeman et al., 2005) or whether it enhances psychotic paranoia (delusional thoughts, withdrawal, avoidance).\";;","entities":[{"id":3141,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":1,"end_offset":164}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9048,"text":"But since the interaction between society \u00c2 partner's group (F(2,161) = 1.81, ns.) was not significant, we should be cautious about focusing too much on these differences.;;","entities":[{"id":9374,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":173}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9555,"text":"The endowment is given by e = 20 such that q i \u2208 [0,20].;;","entities":[{"id":9881,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":58}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6227,"text":"we also suggest that pwyw does not have to be a loss leader strategy that needs to be subsidized by derivative, secondary revenue.;;","entities":[{"id":4484,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":132}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7164,"text":"these principles allow to anticipate that any constellation of linguistic estrangement in qualitative research entails both potentials and risks the research has to consider.;;","entities":[{"id":6970,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":176}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5888,"text":"it has greater transformative potential, because theoretical interpretation enables participants to 'see' their experiences differently, and potentiates transferring the findings to other similar settings.;;","entities":[{"id":3571,"label":"effect","start_offset":7,"end_offset":39},{"id":3572,"label":"cause","start_offset":49,"end_offset":75},{"id":3573,"label":"effect","start_offset":84,"end_offset":135},{"id":3574,"label":"cause","start_offset":84,"end_offset":135},{"id":3575,"label":"effect","start_offset":141,"end_offset":204}],"relations":[{"id":1569,"from_id":3572,"to_id":3573,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1570,"from_id":3574,"to_id":3571,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1571,"from_id":3574,"to_id":3575,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9197,"text":"Another factor that could potentially bias the rate of voluntary contributions is the composition of the household.;;","entities":[{"id":9523,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":117}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6572,"text":"gerber and wheeler [2009] suggest that the best explanation of this paradoxical antisocial responding is that people prioritize restoring control over restoring belonging, even if it means being antisocial.;;","entities":[{"id":5354,"label":"cause","start_offset":117,"end_offset":170},{"id":5355,"label":"effect","start_offset":68,"end_offset":101}],"relations":[{"id":2407,"from_id":5354,"to_id":5355,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7264,"text":"in fact, cooperators are punished almost as heavily as free riders.;;","entities":[{"id":7201,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":69}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6293,"text":"\"however, claiming over-inclusion might also have a positive effect on other important dimensions of social perception, like competence (fiske et al., 2006; wojciszke, 2005), which may increase well-being.\";;","entities":[{"id":4630,"label":"cause","start_offset":10,"end_offset":33},{"id":4631,"label":"effect","start_offset":77,"end_offset":118},{"id":4632,"label":"cause","start_offset":125,"end_offset":135},{"id":4633,"label":"effect","start_offset":194,"end_offset":204}],"relations":[{"id":2065,"from_id":4630,"to_id":4631,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2066,"from_id":4632,"to_id":4633,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7545,"text":"guidelines for managing these, often complex, intense, long-term, relationships are beyond the scope of the code, leaving researchers, like us, to search for our own ways of addressing or managing our ethical concerns.;;","entities":[{"id":7873,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":112},{"id":7874,"label":"effect","start_offset":147,"end_offset":217}],"relations":[{"id":3539,"from_id":7873,"to_id":7874,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9587,"text":"Note: higher ratings indicate higher levels of the different dependent variables.;;","entities":[{"id":9913,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":83}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6694,"text":"take-home tip 2: develop multiple modes for compensating coders we use a variety of monetary and non-monetary means of compensation to ensure that the value of coding work is recognized and compensated.;;","entities":[{"id":5724,"label":"cause","start_offset":67,"end_offset":131},{"id":5725,"label":"effect","start_offset":151,"end_offset":201}],"relations":[{"id":2589,"from_id":5724,"to_id":5725,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8657,"text":"The rest of the initial endowment will automatically be allocated to the other.;;","entities":[{"id":8983,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":81}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8771,"text":"Some experimental results suggest that contributions to the public good are slowly increasing with the number of players 22,23 , while others suggest no group size effect 24 or even a negative effect 25 .;;","entities":[{"id":9097,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":206}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8777,"text":"The remaining three items are rather personal and do not have a commonly agreed-upon truth value.;;","entities":[{"id":9103,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":99}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6730,"text":"if so, the presence of such an animal may serve as a buffer against the adverse effects of social exclusion.;;","entities":[{"id":5828,"label":"cause","start_offset":11,"end_offset":37},{"id":5829,"label":"effect","start_offset":53,"end_offset":107}],"relations":[{"id":2639,"from_id":5828,"to_id":5829,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8693,"text":"The difference of 18.65 NOK is statistically significant both with the t-test (p = .0069);;","entities":[{"id":9019,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":91}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9388,"text":"GF find that the introduction of social approval incentives does not lead to a significant increase in the contribution level among strangers.;;","entities":[{"id":9714,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":144}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7014,"text":"if evaluated positively, authors receive an in-principle acceptance, which-as long as the research is conducted as specified in the accepted proposal guarantees publication of the manuscript, regardless of results.;;","entities":[{"id":6597,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":23},{"id":6598,"label":"effect","start_offset":25,"end_offset":67}],"relations":[{"id":2986,"from_id":6597,"to_id":6598,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6777,"text":"institutions and behavior: experimental evidence on the effects of democracy', american economic review, vol.;;","entities":[{"id":5969,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":111}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9223,"text":"The social dilemma features were explained using;;","entities":[{"id":9549,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":50}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9324,"text":"11 Contributions in the Standard Condition are very similar to contributions in the experiments where the standard VCM was played in a second phase of the Learning Condition (the averages are 7.24 in the Standard Condition and 8.25 and 7.73 after the minimum and limited information condition, respectively).;;","entities":[{"id":9650,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":310}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7597,"text":"with respect to the encouraged cooperation game, the speciwc instructions negate the need to predict the intentions of the counterpart, and so, individuals with and without autism should manifest similar, elevated rates of cooperation.;;","entities":[{"id":7991,"label":"cause","start_offset":53,"end_offset":134},{"id":7992,"label":"effect","start_offset":144,"end_offset":234}],"relations":[{"id":3589,"from_id":7991,"to_id":7992,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8865,"text":"Coupled with participants playing against a consistent opponent in 75% of the iterated games (blocks), this choice of a fixed cooperation index should help eliminate any possible perceptual bias due to participants' judgement of how cooperative the games were (Vlaev & Chater, 2006, 2008).;;","entities":[{"id":9191,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":291}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9289,"text":"We again provide a pooled Tobit model including the same explanatory variables as before.;;","entities":[{"id":9615,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":91}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9444,"text":"In the present study, this uncertainty is reflected in acceptable, but far from perfect, construct reliabilities for multi-item norm constructs.;;","entities":[{"id":9770,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":146}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7355,"text":"this was expected to exacerbate levels of personal threat relative to the standard (tailored) control.;;","entities":[{"id":7448,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":4},{"id":7449,"label":"effect","start_offset":21,"end_offset":101}],"relations":[{"id":3370,"from_id":7448,"to_id":7449,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6275,"text":"wald tests confirm that rule-breaking groups provide significantly negative returns (p-value d 0.006), but rule-following groups provide returns statistically indistinguishable from zero (p-value d 0.895).;;","entities":[{"id":4591,"label":"cause","start_offset":24,"end_offset":44},{"id":4592,"label":"effect","start_offset":45,"end_offset":83},{"id":4593,"label":"cause","start_offset":107,"end_offset":128},{"id":4595,"label":"effect","start_offset":129,"end_offset":186}],"relations":[{"id":2049,"from_id":4591,"to_id":4592,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2051,"from_id":4593,"to_id":4595,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7225,"text":"codes that fall short of the threshold can be evaluated to identify potential reasons for inconsistency of interpretation, and removed or revised in accordance with the team's best judgment.;;","entities":[{"id":7113,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":192}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6012,"text":"open data are also problematic in participatory research as data are not captured solely in transcripts.;;","entities":[{"id":3910,"label":"effect","start_offset":60,"end_offset":103},{"id":3911,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":9},{"id":3912,"label":"cause","start_offset":60,"end_offset":103},{"id":3913,"label":"effect","start_offset":19,"end_offset":56}],"relations":[{"id":1738,"from_id":3911,"to_id":3910,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1739,"from_id":3912,"to_id":3913,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9278,"text":"This cooperateversus-win distinction also reflects a longstanding conceptualization in social psychology that characterizes disputants as oriented primarily toward cooperation or competition (Wish et al., 1976), concern for self versus concern for other (Blake & Mouton, 1964;Pruitt & Rubin, 1986), right versus wrong (Sheppard, Blumenfeld-Jones, & Minton, 1987), or exhibiting a cooperative versus individualistic or competitive motivational orientation (Carnevale & Pruitt, 1992;Deutsch, 1958;Messick & mcclintock, 1968;Pruitt & Carnevale, 1993;Pruitt & Rubin, 1986).;;","entities":[{"id":9604,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":571}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6714,"text":"using my university's e-mail address to communicate with participants, affixing the university's logo on forms and ensuring that participants were aware that i would be publishing results allowed me to identify the project as separate from my day-to-day duties.;;","entities":[{"id":5781,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":69},{"id":5782,"label":"cause","start_offset":71,"end_offset":110},{"id":5783,"label":"cause","start_offset":115,"end_offset":187},{"id":8595,"label":"effect","start_offset":202,"end_offset":260}],"relations":[{"id":3941,"from_id":5781,"to_id":8595,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3942,"from_id":5782,"to_id":8595,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3943,"from_id":5783,"to_id":8595,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7060,"text":"a separate independent variable and corresponding coefficient for value cannot be included in the model since individual values are unobserved and cost is constant across all respondents.;;","entities":[{"id":6716,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":103},{"id":6717,"label":"cause","start_offset":110,"end_offset":142},{"id":6718,"label":"cause","start_offset":147,"end_offset":186}],"relations":[{"id":3040,"from_id":6717,"to_id":6716,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3041,"from_id":6718,"to_id":6716,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7497,"text":"given the potential for researchers to be investigating topics that can be highly sensitive, or to be conducting research among participant groups that are potentially identifiable, researchers are often in a good position to decide which aspects of their projects are appropriate and amenable for open science.;;","entities":[{"id":7759,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":313}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6760,"text":"the marginal statistical significance of the interaction term (p = .066) suggests that framing a game to refer to post-soviet collectives may have altered the relationship between an individual's contribution in the public goods game and his or her expectations about how much others would contribute.;;","entities":[{"id":5922,"label":"cause","start_offset":87,"end_offset":137},{"id":5923,"label":"effect","start_offset":147,"end_offset":300}],"relations":[{"id":2684,"from_id":5922,"to_id":5923,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6081,"text":"this person may normally behave in an environmentally friendly manner but may cease to do so when (a) most others do not seem to make an effort, and (b) when external barriers do not favor environmentally friendly behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":4078,"label":"effect","start_offset":16,"end_offset":83},{"id":4079,"label":"cause","start_offset":102,"end_offset":143},{"id":4080,"label":"cause","start_offset":153,"end_offset":222}],"relations":[{"id":1818,"from_id":4080,"to_id":4078,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1819,"from_id":4079,"to_id":4078,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5691,"text":"counter intuitively participants who experienced romantic pain reported better past love lives (experiment 1); participants who experienced social rejection reported better past social lives (experiment 2); and participants who received disappointing grades reported better past academic lives (experiment 3).","entities":[{"id":8118,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":309}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8785,"text":"The 'consistency' scale fitted the model better and created fewer collinearity problems with other variables than 'capability development'.;;","entities":[{"id":9111,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":141}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6246,"text":"although there are opposing schools of thought about assessing validity in qualitative research, it is essential to assess the likelihood that a claim is true before it can used to inform nursing practice (porter, 2007).;;","entities":[{"id":4523,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":222}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7536,"text":"second, the performance of those with high baseline pain thresholds should depend on their level of attachment security.;;","entities":[{"id":7855,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":122}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7216,"text":"\"from the general aggression model (gam; anderson & bushman, 2002), we know that person variables and situation variables have a combined influence on emotions, cognitions, arousal, and behavior, which act together in sorting effects from exposure to violent media.\";;","entities":[{"id":7090,"label":"cause","start_offset":81,"end_offset":97},{"id":7091,"label":"cause","start_offset":102,"end_offset":121},{"id":7092,"label":"effect","start_offset":151,"end_offset":159},{"id":7093,"label":"effect","start_offset":161,"end_offset":171},{"id":7094,"label":"effect","start_offset":173,"end_offset":180},{"id":7095,"label":"effect","start_offset":186,"end_offset":194}],"relations":[{"id":3204,"from_id":7090,"to_id":7092,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3205,"from_id":7090,"to_id":7093,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3206,"from_id":7090,"to_id":7094,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3207,"from_id":7090,"to_id":7095,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3208,"from_id":7091,"to_id":7092,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3209,"from_id":7091,"to_id":7093,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3210,"from_id":7091,"to_id":7094,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3211,"from_id":7091,"to_id":7095,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7163,"text":"thereafter, in p ag2, production mostly remains on the same level and only slightly decreases in the baseline treatment (but still remains strongly significantly higher than in ag).;;","entities":[{"id":8756,"label":"cause","start_offset":101,"end_offset":119},{"id":8758,"label":"effect","start_offset":22,"end_offset":32}],"relations":[{"id":4028,"from_id":8756,"to_id":8758,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6396,"text":"in contrast, theories in the interpretive paradigm assume that reality is (at least partly) subjective, focus upon uncovering the meaning actors give to events and are well suited to qualitative research methods such as participant observation.;;","entities":[{"id":4921,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":246}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9340,"text":"Subjects appeared to find this task enjoyable and challenging.;;","entities":[{"id":9666,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":64}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8795,"text":"Reciprocal people should cooperate conditionally in the latter situation but punish unfairness by non-cooperation.;;","entities":[{"id":9121,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":116}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7271,"text":"although thematic coding and analysis software has made investigation of larger datasets more manageable, we find confirmability (i.e., the degree to which the analysis process is influenced by the researcher) and scalability (i.e., maintaining the core tenets of constructivism as volume of data increases) to be persistent challenges.;;","entities":[{"id":7220,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":24},{"id":7221,"label":"cause","start_offset":28,"end_offset":46},{"id":7222,"label":"effect","start_offset":56,"end_offset":104}],"relations":[{"id":3268,"from_id":7220,"to_id":7222,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3269,"from_id":7221,"to_id":7222,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7322,"text":"one potential drawback of game shows is that participants may not be a representative sample of the population.;;","entities":[{"id":8854,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":113}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9272,"text":"In the RP treatment, each dollar taken from an individual j was given to another individual, k.;;","entities":[{"id":9598,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":97}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9468,"text":"Application of Tukey's test showed significant differences in mean group responses for the 2:4 (M = 4.68) as opposed to both the 4:2 (M = 8.84) and 5:1 (M = 10.58);;","entities":[{"id":9794,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":165}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7056,"text":"although many instances of ostracism are brief, it can be experienced for long durations.;;","entities":[{"id":6706,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":91}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7053,"text":"we further observe that the individual propensity to maximize couples' payoff depends on the size of the efficiency gain.;;","entities":[{"id":6702,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9054,"text":"14 out of 18 groups in eqpay achieve a total provision level of the public good that requires high-type players to contribute at least 18 in period 10.;;","entities":[{"id":9380,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":153}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5730,"text":"similarly, i expect that prosocial participants will evaluate others' high contribution as more fair.;;","entities":[{"id":3186,"label":"effect","start_offset":53,"end_offset":100},{"id":5403,"label":"cause","start_offset":25,"end_offset":47}],"relations":[{"id":2439,"from_id":5403,"to_id":3186,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6793,"text":"\"the essential features for these disorders include patterns of ''pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others,\"\" (apa, 2000, p. 690), ''detachment from social relationships anda restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal setting,\"\" (apa, 2000, p. 694), and ''social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships,\"\" (apa, 2000, p.\";;","entities":[{"id":6013,"label":"cause","start_offset":34,"end_offset":43},{"id":6014,"label":"effect","start_offset":66,"end_offset":113},{"id":6015,"label":"effect","start_offset":140,"end_offset":249},{"id":6016,"label":"effect","start_offset":280,"end_offset":393}],"relations":[{"id":2731,"from_id":6013,"to_id":6014,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2732,"from_id":6013,"to_id":6015,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2733,"from_id":6013,"to_id":6016,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6061,"text":"future research should explore whether a task needs to be social in nature for feelings of relatedness to play a role in determining people's intrinsic motivation for a given activity.;;","entities":[{"id":4038,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":186}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6953,"text":"\"if a player defected in any previous rounds, a game reset option was included: \"\"because you defected and therefore ended mutual cooperation, you can now attempt to bring back mutual cooperation by playing 'cooperate'.\";;","entities":[{"id":6425,"label":"effect","start_offset":46,"end_offset":78},{"id":6426,"label":"cause","start_offset":4,"end_offset":44},{"id":6427,"label":"cause","start_offset":90,"end_offset":141},{"id":6429,"label":"effect","start_offset":143,"end_offset":217}],"relations":[{"id":2918,"from_id":6426,"to_id":6425,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2919,"from_id":6427,"to_id":6429,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7396,"text":"in addition, the present study showed that once the hot focus angry experience was triggered, non-cooperative behaviour was more likely to be expressed even with an unknown person.;;","entities":[{"id":7541,"label":"cause","start_offset":43,"end_offset":92},{"id":7542,"label":"effect","start_offset":94,"end_offset":151}],"relations":[{"id":3407,"from_id":7541,"to_id":7542,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8915,"text":"The mean probability estimate of the 41 subjects posting a hostage was 78.3 (SD = 18.3), compared with 32.5 (SD = 22.6) for the 8 subjects who declined the option, a difference that is highly significant (p < .001).;;","entities":[{"id":9241,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":217}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7151,"text":"defection out of fear (the prospect of being exploited by a defecting partner) is a case in point.;;","entities":[{"id":6942,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":100}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9443,"text":"The correlations suggest a general hypothesis: If A is less co-operative than B, A does not see B as more 'good' but as more 'weak'.;;","entities":[{"id":9769,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":134}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9209,"text":"separated by a break of 40 s to parallel the breaks for voting or instructions in the other treatments.;;","entities":[{"id":9535,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":105}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5657,"text":"when making attributions to prejudice, both the source of the prejudice (external) and the target's group membership (internal) are necessary but not suffi cient causes of the prejudice treatment (mcclure, 1998).;;","entities":[{"id":3012,"label":"cause","start_offset":44,"end_offset":82},{"id":3013,"label":"effect","start_offset":176,"end_offset":195},{"id":8129,"label":"cause","start_offset":90,"end_offset":127}],"relations":[{"id":1304,"from_id":3012,"to_id":3013,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3658,"from_id":8129,"to_id":3013,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5664,"text":"conversely, when unstable self-esteem individuals experienced a negative daily event, it made them feel bad about themselves and also, lowered their self-esteem.;;","entities":[{"id":3026,"label":"cause","start_offset":64,"end_offset":84},{"id":3027,"label":"effect","start_offset":99,"end_offset":124},{"id":8114,"label":"effect","start_offset":135,"end_offset":160}],"relations":[{"id":1312,"from_id":3026,"to_id":3027,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3646,"from_id":3026,"to_id":8114,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8713,"text":"Americans are losing jobs but gaining nothing.;;","entities":[{"id":9039,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":48}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5680,"text":"although we also argue that ostracized participants seek connection, our mediation findings suggest that our ostracized participants are attempting to connect with their rejecters when given the opportunity.;;","entities":[{"id":5387,"label":"cause","start_offset":185,"end_offset":206},{"id":5388,"label":"effect","start_offset":109,"end_offset":179}],"relations":[{"id":2427,"from_id":5387,"to_id":5388,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5770,"text":"engaging the concept of care with the concept of informed consent allows me to account for consent practices as an affectively charged and non-idealized engagement, and to approach ambiguous and creative aspects of research engagement with curious attentiveness.;;","entities":[{"id":3276,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":65},{"id":3277,"label":"effect","start_offset":79,"end_offset":163},{"id":3278,"label":"effect","start_offset":172,"end_offset":261}],"relations":[{"id":1426,"from_id":3276,"to_id":3277,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1427,"from_id":3276,"to_id":3278,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7437,"text":"similarly, the variance remaining in pain threshold reports after controlling for pain tolerance scores may reflect, at least in part, subjective distortion in reports of pain sensitivity.;;","entities":[{"id":7622,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":190}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7524,"text":"support for fundamentalist religious beliefs we also analyzed whether exclusion resulted in more support for fundamentalist religious beliefs.;;","entities":[{"id":7824,"label":"cause","start_offset":70,"end_offset":79},{"id":7825,"label":"effect","start_offset":92,"end_offset":141}],"relations":[{"id":3521,"from_id":7824,"to_id":7825,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5976,"text":"contingent self-esteem the major aim of this study was to examine whether individuals highly contingent on approval from others would be more upset by social exclusion.;;","entities":[{"id":3813,"label":"cause","start_offset":86,"end_offset":127},{"id":3814,"label":"effect","start_offset":142,"end_offset":167}],"relations":[{"id":1691,"from_id":3813,"to_id":3814,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7303,"text":"lower contributions by subjects with high mpcrs in case of heterogeneity in mpcrs).;;","entities":[{"id":7302,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":85}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5811,"text":"we were also concerned about the extended contact between researchers and participants as it seemed intrusive as years passed (data generation in 2009 to 2013 when we sent participants our final progress report), and sought to terminate the contact with some sort of credible action on behalf of the participants.;;","entities":[{"id":3385,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":313}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5708,"text":"individuals with traits more characteristic of cluster a pds may find social interaction so aversive that being removed from such an interaction may provide relief.;;","entities":[{"id":3139,"label":"cause","start_offset":29,"end_offset":60},{"id":3140,"label":"effect","start_offset":70,"end_offset":100}],"relations":[{"id":1364,"from_id":3139,"to_id":3140,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7457,"text":"it has been demonstrated that negotiators who have knowledge gained from experience outperform naive negotiators.;;","entities":[{"id":8907,"label":"cause","start_offset":51,"end_offset":83},{"id":8908,"label":"effect","start_offset":84,"end_offset":112}],"relations":[{"id":4101,"from_id":8907,"to_id":8908,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5748,"text":"any experienced pain of not belonging that was specific to being ostracized was not enough to motivate ostracized individuals toward steps to increase belonging in either traditional or virtual social networking programs.;;","entities":[{"id":3219,"label":"cause","start_offset":16,"end_offset":37},{"id":3220,"label":"effect","start_offset":94,"end_offset":125}],"relations":[{"id":1400,"from_id":3219,"to_id":3220,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8716,"text":"Consider the following examples: a fishing ground and tons of fish which can be sufficient attention is the nature of information that each player possesses when asked to state her request.;;","entities":[{"id":9042,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":191}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7413,"text":"group members who are uncertain about what is appropriate but who are initially inclined to cooperate conditional co operators should be most affected.;;","entities":[{"id":7576,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":153}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9360,"text":"To further elicit cooperation, participants received a message 'lets keep cooperating' (sic) from their anonymous partner after eight rounds of the generous-tit-for-tat strategy.;;","entities":[{"id":9686,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":180}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5776,"text":"a central tenet of the model is a belief that not all health behaviors are planned or intentional, especially when those behaviors involve health risk among adolescents and young adults (cf.;;","entities":[{"id":3296,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":192}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9068,"text":"The hypothesis that uncertainty, per se, will decrease contributions has not been fully answered in this paper.;;","entities":[{"id":9394,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":113}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8874,"text":"First, refraining from the threat of fining, although the threat is available, could itself be perceived as a fair act, which Figure 2 Actual back-transfer as a percentage of tripled investment plotted as a function of the investors' desired back-transfers.;;","entities":[{"id":9200,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":259}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6065,"text":"this can have a great effect on how research is generated, interrogated, evaluated and accepted among academic institutions and processes.;;","entities":[{"id":4045,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":4},{"id":4048,"label":"effect","start_offset":32,"end_offset":95}],"relations":[{"id":1805,"from_id":4045,"to_id":4048,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5951,"text":"for instance, in organizations, employers and workers often use social ostracism to show their contempt for whistle blowers (miceli & near, 1992).;;","entities":[{"id":8190,"label":"cause","start_offset":60,"end_offset":80},{"id":8191,"label":"effect","start_offset":84,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[{"id":3705,"from_id":8190,"to_id":8191,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9100,"text":"From left to right these replies were: \"I will make Choice 1 on the next trial\"; \"I will make Choice 2 on the next trial\"; and \"I don't wish to say what I will do on the next trial.\";;","entities":[{"id":9426,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":184}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7338,"text":"the results showed that as trial spacing increased, extinction was more effective.;;","entities":[{"id":7411,"label":"cause","start_offset":27,"end_offset":51},{"id":7412,"label":"effect","start_offset":52,"end_offset":81}],"relations":[{"id":3354,"from_id":7411,"to_id":7412,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8904,"text":"Moreover, the narrowing of the difference between competitors and prosocials in the stag hunt relative to the chicken game may be explained by the difference in payoff variance between both games, as stated above.;;","entities":[{"id":9230,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":215}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6804,"text":"\"the need to belong is central and fundamental to humans (bastian & haslam, 2010; baumeister & leary, 1995) and the act of being excluded from a group generates strong feelings of social pain and distress (williams, 1997; 2001).\";;","entities":[{"id":6039,"label":"cause","start_offset":129,"end_offset":150},{"id":6040,"label":"effect","start_offset":161,"end_offset":204}],"relations":[{"id":2745,"from_id":6039,"to_id":6040,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5791,"text":"this finding suggests that to some extent, increased contributions to one game due to recognition crowd out the desire to contribute to the public good where one is not recognized.;;","entities":[{"id":3326,"label":"cause","start_offset":86,"end_offset":151},{"id":3327,"label":"effect","start_offset":53,"end_offset":78}],"relations":[{"id":1448,"from_id":3326,"to_id":3327,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8673,"text":"The comparison with BL (1-7) is however the most important one, as for subjects in AR and VR rounds 8-14 are the first rounds of playing without the CSM, as it is for subjects in BL in rounds 1-7.;;","entities":[{"id":8999,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":198}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7002,"text":"researchers should also assume they may find themselves at personal risk (physically, emotionally, reputationally) and in anticipation of that they should create a safety plan.;;","entities":[{"id":6567,"label":"effect","start_offset":155,"end_offset":175},{"id":6568,"label":"cause","start_offset":24,"end_offset":72}],"relations":[{"id":2971,"from_id":6568,"to_id":6567,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9549,"text":"These items are listed in Table 2.;;","entities":[{"id":9875,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":36}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9312,"text":"Thaler and Johnson (1990) showed that risk preferences can be affected by prior gains and losses.;;","entities":[{"id":9638,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":99}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6959,"text":"knowing that the high-status follower will not contribute, the low-status leader's return from giving is only m < 1, and he too allocates his endowment to private consumption.;;","entities":[{"id":6452,"label":"cause","start_offset":17,"end_offset":57},{"id":6453,"label":"effect","start_offset":63,"end_offset":115},{"id":6454,"label":"effect","start_offset":121,"end_offset":174}],"relations":[{"id":2926,"from_id":6452,"to_id":6453,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2927,"from_id":6452,"to_id":6454,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6900,"text":"in addition to these empirically observed benefits, several theoretical papers demonstrate the ability of religious individuals to form a restrictive group and exclude non-believers from group benefits.;;","entities":[{"id":6282,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":204}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7398,"text":"results indicated that ostracized participants performed more poorly and experienced lower positive mood and relatedness than included participants.;;","entities":[{"id":8885,"label":"cause","start_offset":23,"end_offset":33},{"id":8887,"label":"effect","start_offset":73,"end_offset":120},{"id":8888,"label":"effect","start_offset":47,"end_offset":68}],"relations":[{"id":4088,"from_id":8885,"to_id":8887,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4089,"from_id":8885,"to_id":8888,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8922,"text":"This analysis should reveal that the absolute difference is larger in the conditions that we associate with a low level of common understanding (i.e., weak situations) than in the conditions that we associate with a high level of common understanding (i.e., strong situations).;;","entities":[{"id":9248,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":279}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7568,"text":"just as there is no evolutionary mechanism to disregard horror movies, humans may be programmed to respond to all types of social exclusion, regardless of whether they are consequential or benign, and whether the ostracism sources are humans or inanimate objects.;;","entities":[{"id":7923,"label":"cause","start_offset":8,"end_offset":69},{"id":7924,"label":"effect","start_offset":71,"end_offset":139}],"relations":[{"id":3562,"from_id":7923,"to_id":7924,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6170,"text":"\"along the same lines, barbour (2001) noted, \"\"if we succumb to the lure of 'one size fits all' solutions we risk being in a situation where the tail (checklist) is wagging the dog (the qualitative research)\"\" (p. 1115).\";;","entities":[{"id":4331,"label":"cause","start_offset":50,"end_offset":105},{"id":4332,"label":"effect","start_offset":114,"end_offset":180}],"relations":[{"id":1931,"from_id":4331,"to_id":4332,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9108,"text":"The delineation of such a formal theory begins with the definition of the variable of consensus.;;","entities":[{"id":9434,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":98}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9128,"text":"The problem of discontinuity, however, raises a second, even more important question regarding our decision to include a provision point in the payoff structure.;;","entities":[{"id":9454,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":163}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8911,"text":"Second, individuals could be using the social information to learn which levels of cooperation lead to higher payoffs, and one way to do this is to copy successful individuals ( payoff-biased transmission and\/or prestige-bias) [32].;;","entities":[{"id":9237,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":234}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8748,"text":"In two different types of groups we found encouraging results.;;","entities":[{"id":9074,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":64}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8715,"text":"Participants earned points from the payoff matrix by clicking on the 'Left' command button (cooperation) or the 'Right' command button (defection).;;","entities":[{"id":9041,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":149}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7634,"text":"one interpretation of these data is that individuals who attached personal meaning to pain reports at baseline (ie, those with high baseline pain thresholds) and who had been reminded of death were particularly motivated to appear to be without pain in the post manipulation pain task.;;","entities":[{"id":8962,"label":"cause","start_offset":57,"end_offset":110},{"id":8963,"label":"cause","start_offset":175,"end_offset":192},{"id":8964,"label":"effect","start_offset":224,"end_offset":284}],"relations":[{"id":4136,"from_id":8962,"to_id":8964,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":4137,"from_id":8963,"to_id":8964,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9452,"text":"We use the results on the average WTP per ff 2 , reported in Table 2, as an indicator for offset demand to test the qualitative predictions resulting from our theoretical model in Section 2. Although the results from the latent class analysis do not provide us with WTP estimates for all four latent classes, we can rank the different types of individuals with respect to their WTP.;;","entities":[{"id":9778,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":384}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8908,"text":"The helping orientation questionnaire is a 23-item, four-alternative, forced-choice measure (Romer, Gruder, & Lizzardo, 1986) that yields scores on altruistic, receptive-giving, selfish, and inner-sustaining helping orientation subscales.;;","entities":[{"id":9234,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":240}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5735,"text":"one was that the extent of recovery would be greater for those who attributed the ostracism to a self-possessed (and permanent) group membership due to making external attributions (e.g.;;","entities":[{"id":5405,"label":"cause","start_offset":152,"end_offset":180},{"id":5406,"label":"effect","start_offset":17,"end_offset":35}],"relations":[{"id":2442,"from_id":5405,"to_id":5406,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6014,"text":"that is, irrespective of whether they are ostracized by friends or strangers, adolescent mood is highly affected by exclusion, but there may be some point in development when adults are more resilient to the effects of ostracism on mood (at least by strangers).;;","entities":[{"id":3917,"label":"cause","start_offset":116,"end_offset":125},{"id":3918,"label":"effect","start_offset":78,"end_offset":93}],"relations":[{"id":1742,"from_id":3917,"to_id":3918,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7100,"text":"at an interpersonal level, repeated interviews generally made it possible to build genuine rapport with inter-viewees.;;","entities":[{"id":6813,"label":"cause","start_offset":27,"end_offset":46},{"id":6814,"label":"effect","start_offset":77,"end_offset":117}],"relations":[{"id":3089,"from_id":6813,"to_id":6814,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5703,"text":"they believed that strict guidelines and processes are required to protect the quality and reporting of the research and the reputation of the researcher(s) and their institution(s).;;","entities":[{"id":8232,"label":"cause","start_offset":19,"end_offset":50},{"id":8233,"label":"effect","start_offset":66,"end_offset":181}],"relations":[{"id":3731,"from_id":8232,"to_id":8233,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6183,"text":"as a consequence, individuals perceive their ingroup members to be more similar to them than members of the outgroup (allen and wilder, 1975) and ascribe more positive traits to ingroup members (brewer, 1979).;;","entities":[{"id":8371,"label":"effect","start_offset":30,"end_offset":60},{"id":8372,"label":"effect","start_offset":146,"end_offset":193},{"id":8373,"label":"cause","start_offset":72,"end_offset":87}],"relations":[{"id":3801,"from_id":8373,"to_id":8371,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3802,"from_id":8373,"to_id":8372,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8680,"text":"As a result, forecasts derived from market research depend critically on assumptions about customer awareness, which in turn depend on the effectiveness of marketing.;;","entities":[{"id":9006,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":168}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8752,"text":"Two new forms of contact have received particular research attention: extended contact and imagined contact.;;","entities":[{"id":9078,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":110}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8983,"text":"In fact, if people did not contribute to the broadcast public good, it was very unlikely that they contributed anonymously.;;","entities":[{"id":9309,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":125}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9617,"text":"(3) The experimenter will inform you of your counterpart's proposal by writing the proposed number of points to be allocated to you as decided by your counterpart in the field \"proposal points\" of the record sheet.;;","entities":[{"id":9943,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":216}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6214,"text":"a third contribution that the arts make to knowledge is the fresh perspective they have to offer, so that our old habits of mind don't dominate our reactions with typical, collected responses.;;","entities":[{"id":4449,"label":"effect","start_offset":106,"end_offset":191},{"id":4450,"label":"cause","start_offset":59,"end_offset":96}],"relations":[{"id":1991,"from_id":4450,"to_id":4449,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6495,"text":"more importantly, these older individuals' psm scores may well be colored by their experiences, which are based on occupational choices that, in turn, are based on their (earlier) psm scores.;;","entities":[{"id":5162,"label":"cause","start_offset":170,"end_offset":190},{"id":5163,"label":"effect","start_offset":115,"end_offset":135},{"id":5165,"label":"cause","start_offset":115,"end_offset":135},{"id":5166,"label":"effect","start_offset":83,"end_offset":94},{"id":5167,"label":"effect","start_offset":24,"end_offset":73},{"id":5168,"label":"cause","start_offset":83,"end_offset":94}],"relations":[{"id":2321,"from_id":5162,"to_id":5163,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2322,"from_id":5165,"to_id":5166,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2323,"from_id":5168,"to_id":5167,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6796,"text":"in conclusion, there is no doubt that open research data is regarded positively-the problem is that it is difficult to achieve.;;","entities":[{"id":6020,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":129}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9309,"text":"These goals are difficult to disentangle in social dilemma situations.;;","entities":[{"id":9635,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":72}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6360,"text":"williams \/ journal of experimental social psychology 48 (2012) 829-837 ethnic outgroup members is likely to result in more hostility than exclusion by ethnic ingroup members, exclusion by ethnic ingroup members is likely to result in stronger fundamentalist religious beliefs.;;","entities":[{"id":4823,"label":"cause","start_offset":71,"end_offset":94},{"id":4824,"label":"effect","start_offset":123,"end_offset":173},{"id":4825,"label":"cause","start_offset":175,"end_offset":210},{"id":4826,"label":"effect","start_offset":243,"end_offset":275}],"relations":[{"id":2159,"from_id":4823,"to_id":4824,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2160,"from_id":4825,"to_id":4826,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6189,"text":"high self-esteem, on the other hand, seemed to act as a buffer against the influence of approval csw in these ambiguous circumstances.;;","entities":[{"id":4370,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":16},{"id":4371,"label":"effect","start_offset":56,"end_offset":100}],"relations":[{"id":1945,"from_id":4370,"to_id":4371,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6578,"text":"one key feature of such social dilemmas is the presence of strategic uncertainty: individuals decide whether to cooperate without knowing what others have decided.;;","entities":[{"id":5366,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":165}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9353,"text":"In a resource dilemma, the main focus is on distributing outcomes, and people prefer an \"equal outcome rule\" to minimize differences in outcomes among members.;;","entities":[{"id":9679,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":161}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6783,"text":"for example, one female subject, upon being told that she would receive an equal dividend from the group fund even if she did tnot contribute to it, replied, 'but that would be selfish!';;","entities":[{"id":5987,"label":"effect","start_offset":54,"end_offset":114},{"id":5988,"label":"cause","start_offset":118,"end_offset":147}],"relations":[{"id":2718,"from_id":5988,"to_id":5987,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5656,"text":"additionally, we took guidance from interpretive description as we sought to meet potential consumers of our research where they were figuratively and literally to broaden the research audience and uphold the motivation for conducting applied research.;;","entities":[{"id":3007,"label":"cause","start_offset":77,"end_offset":117},{"id":3008,"label":"effect","start_offset":164,"end_offset":193},{"id":4713,"label":"effect","start_offset":198,"end_offset":251}],"relations":[{"id":1302,"from_id":3007,"to_id":3008,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2113,"from_id":3007,"to_id":4713,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7448,"text":"\"power is understood as relational; it does not exist in one person or held by a group, but rather is circulated and dispersed through and beyond the controlling government or state.\";;","entities":[{"id":7647,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":185}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7189,"text":"we suggest that the understanding of abstract concepts like affection through concrete experiences such as physical warmth is often derived from specific affordances with which people have become equipped.;;","entities":[{"id":7028,"label":"effect","start_offset":20,"end_offset":54},{"id":7029,"label":"cause","start_offset":145,"end_offset":165}],"relations":[{"id":3179,"from_id":7029,"to_id":7028,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9382,"text":"The main difference between these conditions in the two experiments is that outcomes in Games R N (1) and P N (1) in Experiment 2 were identical, whereas outcomes in Games R N and P N in Experiment 1 differed by an additive constant (outcomes in R N were three points greater than corresponding outcomes in P N ).;;","entities":[{"id":9708,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":315}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7119,"text":"thus, researchers are encouraged to explicitly state their inductive research question(s) to help orient readers into the aim of the study, even if the research question(s) naturally evolve (charmaz, 2006).;;","entities":[{"id":6863,"label":"cause","start_offset":36,"end_offset":89},{"id":6864,"label":"effect","start_offset":98,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[{"id":3110,"from_id":6863,"to_id":6864,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5807,"text":"consequently, this would benefit understanding of reflexive emotional responses to ostracism by providing a pattern of neural activation that predicts the extent to which an individual feels distinct negative emotions to being ostracized.;;","entities":[{"id":3376,"label":"effect","start_offset":33,"end_offset":92},{"id":3377,"label":"cause","start_offset":96,"end_offset":136}],"relations":[{"id":1476,"from_id":3377,"to_id":3376,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7067,"text":"future training courses for qualitative data analysis by older adults should be co-designed by those they are intended to support, thus ensuring that course content and delivery are appropriate and fit for purpose.;;","entities":[{"id":6738,"label":"cause","start_offset":7,"end_offset":129},{"id":6739,"label":"effect","start_offset":150,"end_offset":213}],"relations":[{"id":3053,"from_id":6738,"to_id":6739,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6449,"text":"under the assumption that the dictator is selfish, the expected payoff of the receiver is around five points.;;","entities":[{"id":5042,"label":"cause","start_offset":30,"end_offset":49},{"id":5043,"label":"effect","start_offset":55,"end_offset":108}],"relations":[{"id":2257,"from_id":5042,"to_id":5043,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7407,"text":"reciprocity (or fairness) is de\u00aened as the desire to be kind to those who signal kindness through their actions and to hurt those who signal hostility through their actions.;;","entities":[{"id":7564,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":175}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9009,"text":"The major reason for this is, however, that both models exhibit multiple equilibria.;;","entities":[{"id":9335,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":86}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8953,"text":"Hypothesis 5: Networks with cooperative contexts will generate higher levels of trust, commitment, and cohesion in groups than networks with competitive contexts.;;","entities":[{"id":9279,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":164}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6923,"text":"in addition, there is no fixed performance ceiling, the task is taxing and not so intrinsically motivating that participants are likely to always be performing their best, and it poses no health or safety risks to participants.;;","entities":[{"id":8679,"label":"cause","start_offset":56,"end_offset":106},{"id":8680,"label":"effect","start_offset":112,"end_offset":170}],"relations":[{"id":3986,"from_id":8679,"to_id":8680,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6040,"text":"\"for instance, the stances on the question of whether or not to \"\"polish\"\" or 1138 the qualitative report 2019 \"\"clean up\"\" a participant's expressions may vary according to the context and with what lens they are examined; different ethical and discipline specific consideration may lead to opposite views.\";;","entities":[{"id":3976,"label":"cause","start_offset":224,"end_offset":279},{"id":3977,"label":"effect","start_offset":292,"end_offset":306}],"relations":[{"id":1772,"from_id":3976,"to_id":3977,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7527,"text":"for example, authors of online accounts can potentially be contacted through details provided on the website or via the social media or blog page, easily allowing researchers to inform them of the nature of the research and ask for consent.;;","entities":[{"id":7831,"label":"cause","start_offset":13,"end_offset":68},{"id":7832,"label":"effect","start_offset":154,"end_offset":239}],"relations":[{"id":3524,"from_id":7831,"to_id":7832,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6155,"text":"\"first, lenders must perceive that they have strong ties with fellow prosper members; second, they must believe that fellow community members will come to their rescue should difficulties arise.\";;","entities":[{"id":4296,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":197}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6186,"text":"reminders of mortality have been shown to motivate individuals to strive for self-esteem and validation of their personal worldviews as compensation for anxiety about death (18).;;","entities":[{"id":4360,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":22},{"id":4361,"label":"effect","start_offset":42,"end_offset":88},{"id":4362,"label":"effect","start_offset":93,"end_offset":172}],"relations":[{"id":1941,"from_id":4360,"to_id":4361,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1942,"from_id":4360,"to_id":4362,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6644,"text":"this is in accordance with pruitt and kimmel's (1977) goalexpectation theory, which claims that mutual cooperation is the goal in repeated interactions between individuals.;;","entities":[{"id":5569,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":174}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7104,"text":"just stating the use of a digital tool does not guarantee transparency and credibility to the results of qualitative research.;;","entities":[{"id":6824,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":128}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6201,"text":"additionally, the drive to build a system is also an important part of systemizing.;;","entities":[{"id":4414,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":84}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6511,"text":"\"having participants drive the interviews by using images they create helps \"\"to reduce the researcher bias embedded in the selection of specific images, subjects, and themes used in the interviews\"\" (lapenta 2011:206).\";;","entities":[{"id":5211,"label":"cause","start_offset":154,"end_offset":197},{"id":5212,"label":"effect","start_offset":92,"end_offset":152}],"relations":[{"id":2342,"from_id":5211,"to_id":5212,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6740,"text":"\"van manen, m. (2007), \"\"phenomenology of practice\"\", phenomenology and practice, vol.\";;","entities":[{"id":5864,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":89}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5918,"text":"if there is no real altruism, strangers should reach mutual defection at some point in the game and remain there.;;","entities":[{"id":3646,"label":"cause","start_offset":12,"end_offset":28},{"id":8184,"label":"effect","start_offset":30,"end_offset":69}],"relations":[{"id":3696,"from_id":3646,"to_id":8184,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9205,"text":"In the event of a fully cooperative player 1 and a fully cooperative player 2 who split the surplus equally with player 1, the take-home for each player was $80, including player 2's initial stake of $40.;;","entities":[{"id":9531,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":206}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6709,"text":"for example, they argue that users are indirectly compelled to using coding or specific types of analysis based on a software's program.;;","entities":[{"id":5772,"label":"effect","start_offset":50,"end_offset":105},{"id":5773,"label":"cause","start_offset":117,"end_offset":135}],"relations":[{"id":2613,"from_id":5773,"to_id":5772,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6818,"text":"in the current research, ostracized individuals' performance on the cognitive ability task had the potential to help establish a connection with the ostracizing others, something that was absent in maner's work.;;","entities":[{"id":8624,"label":"cause","start_offset":25,"end_offset":90},{"id":8625,"label":"effect","start_offset":116,"end_offset":167}],"relations":[{"id":3959,"from_id":8624,"to_id":8625,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6455,"text":"time pressure increases cooperation in competitively framed social dilemmas.;;","entities":[{"id":5064,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":13},{"id":5065,"label":"effect","start_offset":24,"end_offset":75}],"relations":[{"id":2272,"from_id":5064,"to_id":5065,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9663,"text":"Suppose the computer extracts the following lottery (one of those you have chosen):;;","entities":[{"id":9989,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":85}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8789,"text":"Participants indicated their agreement with each statement using a scale from 1 {strongly disagree) to 5 {strongly agree).;;","entities":[{"id":9115,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":124}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9175,"text":"Linear trend comparisons of the three reward types indicated a significant difference between Hypothetical Bills and Real Nickels (F (1,98) = 5.689, p = .019,;;","entities":[{"id":9501,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":160}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9615,"text":"Two studies investigated how values affect competitive versus cooperative behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":9941,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":85}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5809,"text":"one may impute the discrepancies in individual strategies in the early rounds of pgg to outside disturbance or inexperience of players, but this is not enough to explain individual behaviors observed in real data [44].;;","entities":[{"id":7340,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":220}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6880,"text":"and what i do notice very much is, because i know the people i work with very well, that this is not a problem, because i can assess from their voices and behavior, so to say, what their situation is.;;","entities":[{"id":8662,"label":"cause","start_offset":43,"end_offset":60},{"id":8663,"label":"cause","start_offset":60,"end_offset":82},{"id":8665,"label":"cause","start_offset":120,"end_offset":163},{"id":8666,"label":"effect","start_offset":9,"end_offset":33}],"relations":[{"id":3979,"from_id":8662,"to_id":8666,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3980,"from_id":8663,"to_id":8666,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3981,"from_id":8665,"to_id":8666,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6236,"text":"however, translating to english too early would take the analysis farther away from spanish, the language in which the majority of most interviews was conducted and could preclude the identification of language patterns visible only in spanish.;;","entities":[{"id":4500,"label":"cause","start_offset":9,"end_offset":42},{"id":4501,"label":"effect","start_offset":48,"end_offset":91}],"relations":[{"id":2011,"from_id":4500,"to_id":4501,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6460,"text":"unlike other rejection paradigms (e.g., demarcated rejection or future life-alone), meta-analytic research has shown that ostracism paradigms (e.g., cyberball) have been shown to uniquely contribute to physiological arousal [gerber and wheeler, 2009] especially those with social evaluative threat and un control l ability [dickerson and kemeny, 2004].;;","entities":[{"id":5077,"label":"cause","start_offset":122,"end_offset":141},{"id":5078,"label":"effect","start_offset":202,"end_offset":223}],"relations":[{"id":2279,"from_id":5077,"to_id":5078,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9476,"text":"The comparative statics we observe in response to leadership by example may therefore generalize to other types of opinion leaders and different forms of leadership influence.;;","entities":[{"id":9802,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":177}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6448,"text":"in other words, the effectiveness of the cooperative default on the contribution level is sensitive to the structure of the voluntary contribution game.;;","entities":[{"id":5040,"label":"cause","start_offset":107,"end_offset":151},{"id":5041,"label":"effect","start_offset":20,"end_offset":86}],"relations":[{"id":2256,"from_id":5040,"to_id":5041,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7520,"text":"the 1s1w data collection method complements traditional qualitative approaches and encourages participant reflection; we believe our method has applicability across the research process.;","entities":[{"id":7816,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":31},{"id":7817,"label":"effect","start_offset":32,"end_offset":78},{"id":7818,"label":"effect","start_offset":83,"end_offset":116}],"relations":[{"id":3518,"from_id":7816,"to_id":7817,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3519,"from_id":7816,"to_id":7818,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9635,"text":"Subjects were 264 undergraduates recruited from the general student population.;;","entities":[{"id":9961,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":81}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8796,"text":"Such categories, like minimal groups, are different from existing groups of friends or workmates in that there will never be any face-to-face contact among the majority of members of the group.;;","entities":[{"id":9122,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":195}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9412,"text":"In this fashion, we are able to examine under what conditions individuals put global (or national) interests ahead of local ones when everyone might be able to benefit in the long run.;;","entities":[{"id":9738,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":186}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5739,"text":"there are ethical implications of not exploring the degrees to which the transcripts themselves are creatures - born of decisions, of available resources, of researchers' own assumptions and understandings.;;","entities":[{"id":3205,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":206}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6976,"text":"some research suggests that identity disguised actors are perceived and responded to differently than identity revealed actors.;;","entities":[{"id":8691,"label":"cause","start_offset":28,"end_offset":46},{"id":8692,"label":"effect","start_offset":47,"end_offset":96}],"relations":[{"id":3992,"from_id":8691,"to_id":8692,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7542,"text":"in a study of adolescents with diagnoses of mood and anxiety disorders, mcclure and colleagues (2007) found that adolescents with a diagnosis of a mood\/anxiety disorder had different game patterns than adolescent controls.;;","entities":[{"id":8939,"label":"cause","start_offset":147,"end_offset":168},{"id":8941,"label":"effect","start_offset":173,"end_offset":196}],"relations":[{"id":4121,"from_id":8939,"to_id":8941,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9229,"text":"The result is a human psychology distinguished by the unique coexistence of heightened self-awareness and an apparent proficiency for self-deception.;;","entities":[{"id":9555,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":151}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6108,"text":"\"for example, dickinson's (1998) example of athletic teams also involves carryover; this is because performance from the previous year (contributions to the team) impacts the outcome this year.\";;","entities":[{"id":4172,"label":"effect","start_offset":64,"end_offset":82},{"id":4173,"label":"cause","start_offset":100,"end_offset":192}],"relations":[{"id":1864,"from_id":4173,"to_id":4172,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9408,"text":"We establish that power offers one explanation for how moral identity may work.;;","entities":[{"id":9734,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":81}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6811,"text":"given the unique and often highly sensitive nature of data being collected by the researcher, trustworthiness is an essential component of the researcher participant relationship.;;","entities":[{"id":6054,"label":"cause","start_offset":10,"end_offset":92},{"id":6056,"label":"effect","start_offset":94,"end_offset":178}],"relations":[{"id":2751,"from_id":6054,"to_id":6056,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5937,"text":"in practice, the costs are often zero as it is not uncommon that charities receive in-kind donations (such as collectors' items), which they can use as prizes.;;","entities":[{"id":8272,"label":"cause","start_offset":65,"end_offset":100},{"id":8273,"label":"effect","start_offset":17,"end_offset":37}],"relations":[{"id":3752,"from_id":8272,"to_id":8273,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6763,"text":"syntactic effects (at least the simplest ones relating word order to syntactic role) are automatic and influence behavior in the absence of any goal to connect the dots, so to speak, that become activated in a haphazard temporal stream.;;","entities":[{"id":5932,"label":"effect","start_offset":103,"end_offset":168},{"id":5933,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":17}],"relations":[{"id":2688,"from_id":5933,"to_id":5932,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9122,"text":"Although our target article highlighted the predictive power of market integration and cooperative institutions, theoretical findings from gene-culture coevolution are highly consistent with G\u00e4chter, Herrmann, & Th\u00f6ni's (G\u00e4chter et al.'s) findings from Russia.;;","entities":[{"id":9448,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":262}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7381,"text":"so doing fosters a modeling process beneficial to both sexes that can effectively teach not only that competitive behavior is permissible for females in a managerial role but also that it is an essential part of any manager's behavioral repertoire.;;","entities":[{"id":7500,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":35},{"id":7503,"label":"effect","start_offset":70,"end_offset":170},{"id":7504,"label":"effect","start_offset":194,"end_offset":248}],"relations":[{"id":3391,"from_id":7500,"to_id":7503,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3392,"from_id":7500,"to_id":7504,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7470,"text":"as argued earlier, a meaningful analysis will ultimately depend upon the nature and meaning of concepts expressed in the data, not their prevalence, frequency or typicality.;;","entities":[{"id":7703,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":175}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9504,"text":"The coders independently recorded the number of seconds each participant was visible on screen, and for each contestant they estimated both the frequency and duration of eye gaze.;;","entities":[{"id":9830,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":181}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8784,"text":"One of these regressors preceded the decision screen regressors and had a length of 6 s, during which the subjects in the scanner were informed that the Players A were considering the offer.;;","entities":[{"id":9110,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":192}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8651,"text":"4 A vivid analogy of this phenomenon is Ward's (1990) scenario of \"three men in a boat, two must row.\";;","entities":[{"id":8977,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":104}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8783,"text":"The conclusions drawn from these findings are that people are predisposed to cooperate, and cooperation does not rely on self-control through the stifling of one's rational self-interest.;;","entities":[{"id":9109,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":189}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6085,"text":"this serves as seminal evidence that group status can moderate the effect of social exclusion or inclusion on the fulfillment of basic psychological needs.;;","entities":[{"id":4106,"label":"cause","start_offset":77,"end_offset":106},{"id":4107,"label":"effect","start_offset":114,"end_offset":154}],"relations":[{"id":1833,"from_id":4106,"to_id":4107,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9681,"text":"Both hunting and warfare are social dilemmas in that they firmly pit individual and group interests against each other.;;","entities":[{"id":10007,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":121}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9544,"text":"No deception was used in this paradigm (i.e.;;","entities":[{"id":9870,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":46}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7115,"text":"\"it suggests that saturation is being used as a \"\"mantle of rigor\"\" (constantinou et al., 2017, p. 2) to provide the appearance of rigor that is largely unsubstantiated by re\u00ad searchers and left unchallenged by reviewers of qualitative studies.\";;","entities":[{"id":6852,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":247}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9483,"text":"We extend these previous findings by showing that puff and TPJ dynamically encode the weight attached to the well-being of others in cooperative decisions.;;","entities":[{"id":9809,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":157}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8798,"text":"Appendix A provides details regarding the mixed strategy equilibrium of the game.;;","entities":[{"id":9124,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":83}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9081,"text":"Phone: takes value of 1 if the household possesses any type of phone, zero otherwise.;;","entities":[{"id":9407,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":87}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8907,"text":"In the analyses, we merge the hump-shaped and others types to one category hump-shaped\/others.;;","entities":[{"id":9233,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":96}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9436,"text":"The proposal supported by the highest amount was then applied, and the amount was removed from the dictator's account.;;","entities":[{"id":9762,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9258,"text":"Furthermore, in G\u00fcrerk et al. (2006), subjects can make an endogenous decision either in favour of or against the possibility of subsequent punishment.;;","entities":[{"id":9584,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":153}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7221,"text":"cooperation rates were higher when the temporal dilemma was diminished, when uncertainty about environmental impacts was low, and for women.;;","entities":[{"id":7101,"label":"cause","start_offset":39,"end_offset":70},{"id":7102,"label":"cause","start_offset":77,"end_offset":124},{"id":7103,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":29}],"relations":[{"id":3213,"from_id":7101,"to_id":7103,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3214,"from_id":7102,"to_id":7103,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6231,"text":"furthermore, reward-pairs on the border of the ne-region lead to intermediate levels of cooperation that are significantly different from both the low levels with no transfers permitted or the higher levels in the interior of the transfer region.;;","entities":[{"id":4490,"label":"cause","start_offset":12,"end_offset":56},{"id":4491,"label":"effect","start_offset":65,"end_offset":99}],"relations":[{"id":2008,"from_id":4490,"to_id":4491,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6278,"text":"conclusions: these results indicate that administration of an ssri can modify social status in different interactions and increase affiliative behaviour.;;","entities":[{"id":4599,"label":"cause","start_offset":41,"end_offset":66},{"id":4601,"label":"effect","start_offset":131,"end_offset":152},{"id":8403,"label":"effect","start_offset":71,"end_offset":117}],"relations":[{"id":2054,"from_id":4599,"to_id":4601,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3819,"from_id":4599,"to_id":8403,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5962,"text":"the mimicry data support this interpretation: it was only when participants were excluded by female players and interacted with a female confederate that belongingness correlated with mimicry.;;","entities":[{"id":3771,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":194}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6764,"text":"the economic experiment that we designed for this purpose involves the reduction of waiting time as the good to be valued in a within-subjects setting.;;","entities":[{"id":5934,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":153}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6769,"text":"perhaps neural measures, like eeg, provide more direct assessments of approach and withdrawal motivation that may relate better to reflexive emotion responses such as anger than other measures used in past research.;;","entities":[{"id":5944,"label":"cause","start_offset":7,"end_offset":23},{"id":8605,"label":"effect","start_offset":43,"end_offset":104},{"id":8606,"label":"cause","start_offset":43,"end_offset":104},{"id":8607,"label":"effect","start_offset":114,"end_offset":159}],"relations":[{"id":3948,"from_id":5944,"to_id":8605,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3949,"from_id":8606,"to_id":8607,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9596,"text":"In our experiment, conflict in the Tullock contest is socially inefficient.;;","entities":[{"id":9922,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":77}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6630,"text":"an additional mechanism that can explain these findings has been recently suggested by orbell, van de kragt, and dawes (1988), who hypothesized that discussion promotes cooperation by providing people with the opportunity to make promises.;;","entities":[{"id":8564,"label":"cause","start_offset":183,"end_offset":238},{"id":8565,"label":"cause","start_offset":149,"end_offset":159},{"id":8566,"label":"effect","start_offset":184,"end_offset":238},{"id":8567,"label":"effect","start_offset":169,"end_offset":180}],"relations":[{"id":3919,"from_id":8565,"to_id":8566,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3920,"from_id":8564,"to_id":8567,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6580,"text":"psychopathy is typically described as a combination of impulsive and antisocial tendencies accompanied by low levels of anxiety and fear.;;","entities":[{"id":5409,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":139}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8691,"text":"We have also attempted to collect data on contestants' marital status and the existence of children.;;","entities":[{"id":9017,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":102}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6530,"text":"the observed pattern is also notable given the possibility that self affirmation might have been predicted to enhance self-serving biases like unrealistic optimism.;;","entities":[{"id":5255,"label":"cause","start_offset":63,"end_offset":80},{"id":5257,"label":"effect","start_offset":118,"end_offset":163}],"relations":[{"id":2363,"from_id":5255,"to_id":5257,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5810,"text":"thus, just as we speculate, future-alone exclusion is perceived quite negatively and severely but, when experienced, may lead to numbing.;;","entities":[{"id":3382,"label":"cause","start_offset":28,"end_offset":50},{"id":3384,"label":"effect","start_offset":129,"end_offset":136}],"relations":[{"id":1480,"from_id":3382,"to_id":3384,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6960,"text":"\"presenting prospective research participants with written study information also assumes that the primary reason, and only legitimate motivation for participation in research, is \"\"full\"\" understanding of and support for the research agenda (miller & boulton, 2007).\";;","entities":[{"id":6455,"label":"cause","start_offset":180,"end_offset":241},{"id":6456,"label":"effect","start_offset":135,"end_offset":175}],"relations":[{"id":2928,"from_id":6455,"to_id":6456,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8916,"text":"In fact, it is more ecologically valid when players are not assigned a fixed position and decide for themselves at an appropriate time to make decisions.;;","entities":[{"id":9242,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":155}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7180,"text":"qualitative inquiry that is conducted in a systematic, transparent, and rigorous way potentially yields findings that are both enlightening and credible.;;","entities":[{"id":7007,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":80},{"id":7008,"label":"effect","start_offset":104,"end_offset":152}],"relations":[{"id":3171,"from_id":7007,"to_id":7008,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5904,"text":"because structural analysis identified the setting and characters in participants' stories, this form of analysis also illuminated the role of external influences on medication taking decisions.;;","entities":[{"id":3612,"label":"cause","start_offset":8,"end_offset":90},{"id":3613,"label":"effect","start_offset":119,"end_offset":193}],"relations":[{"id":1590,"from_id":3612,"to_id":3613,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7079,"text":"if resources are below the maximum sustainable growth (for instance because of shocks), it would be beneficial for individuals to reduce their harvests so as to give the resource time to renew itself and reach the optimal level.;;","entities":[{"id":6772,"label":"cause","start_offset":115,"end_offset":152},{"id":6773,"label":"effect","start_offset":161,"end_offset":199},{"id":6774,"label":"effect","start_offset":204,"end_offset":227}],"relations":[{"id":3072,"from_id":6772,"to_id":6773,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3073,"from_id":6772,"to_id":6774,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9563,"text":"Similarly, with interpersonal problems (i.e., when conflict develops with a friend or a family member), sometimes we have to wait for the other person to act before we can act.;;","entities":[{"id":9889,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":178}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6801,"text":"in other words, if a person has greater variability in the moment to moment esteem, they should be more responsive to ostracism (i.e., have a more sensitive sociometer).;;","entities":[{"id":6034,"label":"cause","start_offset":21,"end_offset":82},{"id":6035,"label":"effect","start_offset":99,"end_offset":127}],"relations":[{"id":2743,"from_id":6034,"to_id":6035,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7028,"text":"the higher rate of interest among librarians in one particular method (phenomenology) is something that is worth further investigation.;;","entities":[{"id":6631,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6178,"text":"when it is moved to a section a majority of the users don't typically hang out, the discussion dwindles and eventually dies.;;","entities":[{"id":8364,"label":"cause","start_offset":11,"end_offset":78},{"id":8365,"label":"effect","start_offset":83,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[{"id":3798,"from_id":8364,"to_id":8365,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8804,"text":"Postexperimental questionnaires assessed liking of partner and perception of influence over one's own and the other player's outcomes in the PD game.;;","entities":[{"id":9130,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":151}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7393,"text":"\"while the internalized, cognitive nature of self-analysis (finlay, 2002) and lack of bounding make reflexive praxis difficult to teach and therefore learn; expanded ways of reflexive engagement add to ethicality by embracing what is often neglected, repressed, ignored, or otherwise hidden from view.\";;","entities":[{"id":7531,"label":"cause","start_offset":11,"end_offset":94},{"id":7532,"label":"effect","start_offset":95,"end_offset":155},{"id":7533,"label":"cause","start_offset":157,"end_offset":194},{"id":7536,"label":"effect","start_offset":195,"end_offset":301}],"relations":[{"id":3403,"from_id":7531,"to_id":7532,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3404,"from_id":7533,"to_id":7536,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9528,"text":"The dictator game has been conducted in many different countries; a typical finding is that the amount offered is approximately 20-30% of the total pie (see Camerer (2003) for an extensive review).;;","entities":[{"id":9854,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":199}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9073,"text":"A voluntary participant will do the random selection to decide which task will be paid.;;","entities":[{"id":9399,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":89}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6037,"text":"given that such crosscutting effects are seen to potentially moderate social conflict, this finding is of substantive importance.;;","entities":[{"id":3968,"label":"effect","start_offset":87,"end_offset":128},{"id":3969,"label":"cause","start_offset":11,"end_offset":85}],"relations":[{"id":1767,"from_id":3969,"to_id":3968,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6607,"text":"reflexivity can be applied as a personal practice and is strongly recommended as a methodological practice that can assist researchers in identifying and managing assumptions, sentiments, and beliefs and preventing them from unintentionally influencing data collection and analytic processes.;;","entities":[{"id":5468,"label":"effect","start_offset":116,"end_offset":199},{"id":5469,"label":"effect","start_offset":203,"end_offset":291},{"id":5470,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":11}],"relations":[{"id":2464,"from_id":5470,"to_id":5468,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2465,"from_id":5470,"to_id":5469,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6494,"text":"however, there are considerable challenges both in the understanding of what constitutes 'patient experience' in services and in incorporating an effective engagement with such experience in quality improvement designs.;;","entities":[{"id":5161,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":221}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6385,"text":"indeed, minimal group members demonstrated in-group favoritism when engaging in a simultaneous prisoner's fig.;;","entities":[{"id":4897,"label":"effect","start_offset":8,"end_offset":62},{"id":4898,"label":"cause","start_offset":68,"end_offset":105}],"relations":[{"id":2195,"from_id":4898,"to_id":4897,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8836,"text":"The present experiment includes a test of the altruistic-rationalization hypothesis, and also explores the role of intergroup contact in the creation of the individual-group discontinuity.;;","entities":[{"id":9162,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":190}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6787,"text":"in a study of intergroup behavior, dann and doise (cited in doise, 1978) found that higher reward actually increased a max rel orientation, which in a pdg would produce more competition rather than less.;;","entities":[{"id":5997,"label":"cause","start_offset":84,"end_offset":97},{"id":5998,"label":"effect","start_offset":119,"end_offset":138},{"id":5999,"label":"effect","start_offset":161,"end_offset":185},{"id":6000,"label":"cause","start_offset":119,"end_offset":138}],"relations":[{"id":2724,"from_id":5997,"to_id":5998,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2725,"from_id":6000,"to_id":5999,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5751,"text":"also, resampling the data overcomes the problem of nonnormal distribution, yielding more accurate parameter estimates, which further reduces possible type i errors (preacher & hayes, 2008).;;","entities":[{"id":3224,"label":"cause","start_offset":6,"end_offset":16},{"id":3225,"label":"effect","start_offset":26,"end_offset":73},{"id":3226,"label":"effect","start_offset":89,"end_offset":117},{"id":3227,"label":"effect","start_offset":140,"end_offset":163}],"relations":[{"id":1402,"from_id":3224,"to_id":3225,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1403,"from_id":3224,"to_id":3226,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1404,"from_id":3224,"to_id":3227,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7399,"text":"foreclosures have not experienced a crisis but are strongly committed to the views of parents or other authority figures.;;","entities":[{"id":7547,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":123}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8745,"text":"whereas the differences of the other three age groups did not.;;","entities":[{"id":9071,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":64}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8734,"text":"one was blessed with naive partners, mutual cooperation was the best hope of winning the prize, even though one of the partners might win as well.;;","entities":[{"id":9060,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":148}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7622,"text":"\"manipulation checks by researchers confirm that individuals in the ostracism condition did indeed feel excluded more so than those intended to be included in the virtual game (chow, tiedens, & govan, 2008; zadro, williams, & richardson, 2004).\";;","entities":[{"id":8957,"label":"cause","start_offset":68,"end_offset":77},{"id":8958,"label":"effect","start_offset":98,"end_offset":117}],"relations":[{"id":4132,"from_id":8957,"to_id":8958,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7596,"text":"in a more recent paper, charness and jackson (2009) find that, in a stag hunt game, one third of the subjects are sensitive to the responsibility issue and make different decisions depending on whether or not their actions impact on another person's outcome.;;","entities":[{"id":7989,"label":"cause","start_offset":215,"end_offset":257},{"id":7990,"label":"effect","start_offset":156,"end_offset":180}],"relations":[{"id":3588,"from_id":7989,"to_id":7990,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6320,"text":"moreover, we find that, for ceos as well as for students, incentives based on explicit threats to penalize shirking backfire by inducing less trustworthy behavior-giving rise to hidden costs of incentives.;;","entities":[{"id":8429,"label":"cause","start_offset":57,"end_offset":116},{"id":8430,"label":"effect","start_offset":142,"end_offset":162},{"id":8431,"label":"effect","start_offset":178,"end_offset":204},{"id":8432,"label":"cause","start_offset":142,"end_offset":162}],"relations":[{"id":3836,"from_id":8429,"to_id":8430,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3837,"from_id":8432,"to_id":8431,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5698,"text":"provided that individuals have preferences for supporting the public good besley and ghatak (2007) and kotchen (2006) show that theoretically public good provision through markets can exist in equilibrium.;;","entities":[{"id":3115,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":205}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9622,"text":"In short, the data imply that it is individually rational for the parties to retain costly agents so as to increase the likelihood that they will prevail, even though there is little evidence that the result will be any different from what would occur if both parties did not retain agents.;;","entities":[{"id":9948,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":292}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8963,"text":"The two remaining cells for which preferences could be given were the mutually competitive cell (A2B2), and the competitive disadvantage cell (A2B, or A1B2).;;","entities":[{"id":9289,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":159}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8978,"text":"Results indicated that the guided imagination exercise was successful.;;","entities":[{"id":9304,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":72}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7409,"text":"yet while many would agree with braun and clarke's position that ta must be anchored in a reflexive practice, there are still issues involving the extent of engagement with, and reporting of, reflexivity.;;","entities":[{"id":7569,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":206}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6013,"text":"the debate about phenom eno logical research persists to some extent because of the frequently weak published descriptions of the analytical approach used in phenomenology and the often-cursory attention paid to the philosophical lens claimed by authors (gullick & west, 2019, paley, 2005, 2018).;;","entities":[{"id":3914,"label":"effect","start_offset":4,"end_offset":53},{"id":3915,"label":"cause","start_offset":84,"end_offset":171},{"id":3916,"label":"cause","start_offset":180,"end_offset":253}],"relations":[{"id":1740,"from_id":3916,"to_id":3914,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1741,"from_id":3915,"to_id":3914,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6140,"text":"we see no reason to believe that the effects of perceived essentialism on rejection are so fickle as to vanish in the presence of others.;;","entities":[{"id":4258,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":139}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5838,"text":"\"the popularity and increase of such antisocial media content are worrisome to many parents, pediatricians, and psychologists because such media content has been shown to have detrimental effects on adolescent health (anderson et al., 2010; strasburger, 2009; strasburger, jordan, & donnerstein, 2010).\";;","entities":[{"id":3455,"label":"effect","start_offset":32,"end_offset":125},{"id":8158,"label":"cause","start_offset":176,"end_offset":216}],"relations":[{"id":3681,"from_id":8158,"to_id":3455,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6187,"text":"first, sequential lotteries in which tickets were handed out based on time of arrival helped to minimize the time between a participant getting a token, being informed about whether they would be surveyed, and being surveyed.;;","entities":[{"id":4366,"label":"cause","start_offset":7,"end_offset":85},{"id":4367,"label":"effect","start_offset":109,"end_offset":224}],"relations":[{"id":1944,"from_id":4366,"to_id":4367,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9152,"text":"Note: Panel corrected standard errors regression.;;","entities":[{"id":9478,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":51}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9402,"text":"Five null trials were interspersed among 30 PD trials in each session.;;","entities":[{"id":9728,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":72}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6699,"text":"it was hypothesized that ostracised individuals would report lower mood and self-esteem when compared with included individuals.;;","entities":[{"id":5737,"label":"cause","start_offset":25,"end_offset":47},{"id":5739,"label":"effect","start_offset":67,"end_offset":71},{"id":5740,"label":"effect","start_offset":76,"end_offset":87}],"relations":[{"id":2595,"from_id":5737,"to_id":5739,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2596,"from_id":5737,"to_id":5740,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7116,"text":"integrating qualitative and quantitative research methods progresses beyond the use of traditional quantitative methods and allows researchers to explore complex and intricate health dilemmas using innovative and more realistic and feasible approaches.;;","entities":[{"id":6853,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":57},{"id":6857,"label":"effect","start_offset":198,"end_offset":251},{"id":6858,"label":"effect","start_offset":131,"end_offset":191},{"id":6859,"label":"cause","start_offset":198,"end_offset":251}],"relations":[{"id":3107,"from_id":6853,"to_id":6857,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3108,"from_id":6859,"to_id":6858,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6635,"text":"furthermore, in homogeneous groups we expect that punishment will be used to (try to) enforce a relative contribution rule of equal contributions by all group members.;;","entities":[{"id":5550,"label":"cause","start_offset":16,"end_offset":34},{"id":5551,"label":"effect","start_offset":50,"end_offset":166}],"relations":[{"id":2500,"from_id":5550,"to_id":5551,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9491,"text":"Kahneman et al. (1993) argue that much of the debate over CV can be resolved by adopting the perspective of the contribution model rather than that of the more standard purchase model.;;","entities":[{"id":9817,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":186}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9188,"text":"Each round consisted of 32 turns; however, participants were unaware of this and were told that each round would end after some randomly-determined number of turns.;;","entities":[{"id":9514,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":166}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9334,"text":"As discussed previously, in the Cluster 2 groups where the Sharing Game presented prior to the temporal discounting measure, no significant correlations were observed.;;","entities":[{"id":9660,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":169}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6766,"text":"self affirmation likely made these individuals act less defensively in response to the risk feedback, making them regard the feedback as more personally relevant (harris & napper, 2005).;;","entities":[{"id":5937,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":16},{"id":5938,"label":"effect","start_offset":47,"end_offset":100},{"id":5939,"label":"effect","start_offset":102,"end_offset":161}],"relations":[{"id":2690,"from_id":5937,"to_id":5938,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2691,"from_id":5937,"to_id":5939,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9392,"text":"We model the process of institution formation by a three-stage noncooperative game.;;","entities":[{"id":9718,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":85}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6603,"text":"sucrose consumption enhances the analgesic effects of cigarette smoking in male and female smokers.;;","entities":[{"id":5457,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":19},{"id":5459,"label":"effect","start_offset":33,"end_offset":71}],"relations":[{"id":2459,"from_id":5457,"to_id":5459,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6429,"text":"for example, although the effect of ostracism should be attenuated when it can be attributed to external causes (williams, 2001), individuals who can blame the social exclusion on computer malfunction are still adversely affected (eisenberger et al., 2003).;;","entities":[{"id":4995,"label":"effect","start_offset":26,"end_offset":66},{"id":4996,"label":"cause","start_offset":82,"end_offset":111}],"relations":[{"id":2236,"from_id":4996,"to_id":4995,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6347,"text":"observers should be sensitive to the size of the costs that people incur in contributing to the group fund.;;","entities":[{"id":4792,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":109}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7631,"text":"one common solution to large n collective action problems is to develop institutions with enforcement mechanisms that can help coordinate actors.;;","entities":[{"id":8075,"label":"cause","start_offset":64,"end_offset":112},{"id":8076,"label":"effect","start_offset":122,"end_offset":144}],"relations":[{"id":3628,"from_id":8075,"to_id":8076,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8899,"text":"Calls for collusion in isolation may not be terribly effective.;;","entities":[{"id":9225,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":65}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7492,"text":"\"egyptian activists do this by leveraging their prescribed media roles under the pretense of focusing on art or fashion; and in a subversive twist, they emerge as a radicalized voice providing commentary about national politics (2015).\";;","entities":[{"id":7749,"label":"cause","start_offset":31,"end_offset":119},{"id":7750,"label":"effect","start_offset":153,"end_offset":227}],"relations":[{"id":3489,"from_id":7749,"to_id":7750,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6782,"text":"notably, this increase in mimicry occurred even though participants reported no conscious awareness of the confederate's behaviors or of the confederate's effect on their own behaviors.;;","entities":[{"id":5984,"label":"effect","start_offset":26,"end_offset":42},{"id":5985,"label":"cause","start_offset":77,"end_offset":130},{"id":5986,"label":"cause","start_offset":141,"end_offset":184}],"relations":[{"id":2716,"from_id":5985,"to_id":5984,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2717,"from_id":5986,"to_id":5984,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7175,"text":"we find that both variables have a significantly positive effect on the punishment decision but not the level and group pos diff has a significant positive effect on the punishment level.;;","entities":[{"id":6994,"label":"cause","start_offset":13,"end_offset":27},{"id":6995,"label":"effect","start_offset":35,"end_offset":91},{"id":6997,"label":"effect","start_offset":104,"end_offset":109},{"id":6998,"label":"cause","start_offset":114,"end_offset":128},{"id":6999,"label":"effect","start_offset":135,"end_offset":186}],"relations":[{"id":3165,"from_id":6994,"to_id":6995,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3167,"from_id":6994,"to_id":6997,"type":"Rel_Zero"},{"id":3168,"from_id":6998,"to_id":6999,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6029,"text":"just as the role of the interviewer in co-creating the interaction in a commitment to a shared purpose is not that of a mere data collector, the role of the transcriber involves much more than accurate typing.;;","entities":[{"id":3951,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":211}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9041,"text":"Moreover, Fig. 6 -Logit predictions: average appropriation.;;","entities":[{"id":9367,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":61}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9010,"text":"We also checked for residual outliers.;;","entities":[{"id":9336,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":40}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6160,"text":"however, as argued in the previous paragraph, the repeatedness of interactions also is positively correlated with the importance of pecuniary punishment opportunities.;;","entities":[{"id":4305,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":169}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9463,"text":") must be non-symmetrical about the y-axis. 9;;","entities":[{"id":9789,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":47}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6179,"text":"the guilt associated with placing a family member into an institution may be one of the consequences of placement.;;","entities":[{"id":4345,"label":"cause","start_offset":104,"end_offset":113},{"id":4346,"label":"effect","start_offset":4,"end_offset":69}],"relations":[{"id":1935,"from_id":4345,"to_id":4346,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8962,"text":"Since third parties could not punish in-group free riders, their anger might have been elevated so that they sanctioned more heavily towards out-group free riders.;;","entities":[{"id":9288,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":165}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6062,"text":"this can result in them not being well prepared to deal with the challenges and responsibilities of conducting qualitative research involving vulnerable populations (thummapol et al., 2019).;;","entities":[{"id":8223,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":4},{"id":8224,"label":"effect","start_offset":24,"end_offset":131}],"relations":[{"id":3726,"from_id":8223,"to_id":8224,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5879,"text":"with multilayered and multilevel influences driving the complexities faced by vulnerable populations, we realized the need to build upon cgt intentions to appreciate feminist tenets focused on complexity.;;","entities":[{"id":3549,"label":"cause","start_offset":5,"end_offset":74},{"id":3550,"label":"effect","start_offset":118,"end_offset":151}],"relations":[{"id":1558,"from_id":3549,"to_id":3550,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5697,"text":"involvement of these gate-keepers may result in sampling biases or limit study respondents' candour.;;","entities":[{"id":3111,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":33},{"id":3112,"label":"effect","start_offset":48,"end_offset":63},{"id":8134,"label":"effect","start_offset":73,"end_offset":99}],"relations":[{"id":1351,"from_id":3111,"to_id":3112,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3663,"from_id":3111,"to_id":8134,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6755,"text":"finally, the need for control refers to the need to feel that one has an impact on others or a group (williams, 2007).;;","entities":[{"id":5906,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6989,"text":"\"computer simulation studies (axelrod, 1984; axelrod & hamilton, 1981) have shown that a simple strategy such as tit-for-tat (tft)-where a player initially begins by cooperating, and proceeds by simply copying their opponent's last move-allows cooperation to emerge and persist, while avoiding exploitation by defectors.\";;","entities":[{"id":6538,"label":"cause","start_offset":89,"end_offset":130},{"id":6539,"label":"effect","start_offset":237,"end_offset":277},{"id":6540,"label":"effect","start_offset":285,"end_offset":319}],"relations":[{"id":2963,"from_id":6538,"to_id":6539,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2964,"from_id":6538,"to_id":6540,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5935,"text":"doing so allows the researcher to set aside his\/her own opinion, and the participants are more focused and only need to provide feedback on the issues under study.;;","entities":[{"id":3694,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":8},{"id":3698,"label":"effect","start_offset":16,"end_offset":63},{"id":3699,"label":"effect","start_offset":68,"end_offset":163}],"relations":[{"id":1632,"from_id":3694,"to_id":3698,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1633,"from_id":3694,"to_id":3699,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9405,"text":"Later in the experiment when the mood effects take place and cooperation is enforced, the difference comes at the beginning, where agents that protected their payoff do better, whether they took advantage of cooperators or cooperated to raise their payoffs.;;","entities":[{"id":9731,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":259}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8814,"text":"The pattern of these results suggests that (a) the birds were sensitive to the pay-off val- ues used, (b) the birds altered their choices according to the strategy of the computer op- ponent, (c) the TFT results were not due to only one set of pay-off values having been studied, and (d) the pigeons did not respond to the overall pay-off structure, but instead were overly influenced by the pay-off of the immediately occurring trial.;;","entities":[{"id":9140,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":437}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9480,"text":"They also mirror the ingroup favoritism observed for cooperation behavior.;;","entities":[{"id":9806,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":76}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7246,"text":"it therefore enabled the researcher to analyze the data drawn from these direct responses, although it should be acknowledged, as in the previous case, that prior interview discussions may well have flavored their responses to the vignette.;;","entities":[{"id":7162,"label":"cause","start_offset":157,"end_offset":184},{"id":7163,"label":"effect","start_offset":194,"end_offset":239}],"relations":[{"id":3242,"from_id":7162,"to_id":7163,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7531,"text":"and possibly leading participants to conceal (difficult) experiences because i was seen as a 'coping' mother who had children and paid work (miller, 2007).;;","entities":[{"id":7842,"label":"effect","start_offset":13,"end_offset":68},{"id":7843,"label":"cause","start_offset":77,"end_offset":139}],"relations":[{"id":3526,"from_id":7843,"to_id":7842,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6445,"text":"\"postcritical ethnographers then must assume they exist within a critical discourse that in part makes them responsible for the world they are producing when they interpret and critique\"\" (noblit et al., 2004, p.24).\";;","entities":[{"id":5029,"label":"cause","start_offset":50,"end_offset":83},{"id":5030,"label":"effect","start_offset":97,"end_offset":185}],"relations":[{"id":2251,"from_id":5029,"to_id":5030,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9129,"text":"consequently, to the expected utility model.;;","entities":[{"id":9455,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":46}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5744,"text":"\"this approach diminishes the active role of individuals in creating, maintaining and interpreting their networks and relationships, as well as the situational, contextual, and historical aspects of agency (hollstein & pfeffer, 2010; hollstein & straus, 2006).\";;","entities":[{"id":7317,"label":"cause","start_offset":1,"end_offset":14},{"id":7320,"label":"effect","start_offset":148,"end_offset":205},{"id":8138,"label":"effect","start_offset":29,"end_offset":131}],"relations":[{"id":3309,"from_id":7317,"to_id":7320,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3666,"from_id":7317,"to_id":8138,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5958,"text":"one potential confound in this study was may have been the way participation was compensated.;;","entities":[{"id":3764,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":95}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7176,"text":"a supportive data-sharing environment should provide incentives and infrastructures to lower the barriers to individuals' sharing of data.;;","entities":[{"id":7000,"label":"cause","start_offset":45,"end_offset":83},{"id":7001,"label":"effect","start_offset":87,"end_offset":137}],"relations":[{"id":3169,"from_id":7000,"to_id":7001,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7451,"text":"therefore, we assume that the preference for antisocial media content in peer-rejected adolescents will finally be mediated by their cognitive moral judgment of the media content.;;","entities":[{"id":7654,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":181}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5880,"text":"an important element of this perspective is that pursuing reproductive opportunities is best done only after securing safety and coalitional needs.;;","entities":[{"id":3551,"label":"cause","start_offset":109,"end_offset":146},{"id":8171,"label":"effect","start_offset":49,"end_offset":97}],"relations":[{"id":3686,"from_id":3551,"to_id":8171,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6997,"text":"our findings suggest that this is best achieved through establishing an open, collaborative dialogue between researchers and hrecs during the ethical review process and during project implementation.;;","entities":[{"id":6558,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":201}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6679,"text":"therefore, words may be interpreted at different levels and may indicate different realities: they may refer to factual reality, evoke a retrospective reconstruction, or even be the product of the interaction between the participant and the researcher.;;","entities":[{"id":5684,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":254}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8717,"text":"For the other three group members the unconditional contribution is the relevant decision.;;","entities":[{"id":9043,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":92}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6058,"text":"rather, they tended to make more excuses in the face of self-esteem threats.;;","entities":[{"id":4030,"label":"effect","start_offset":23,"end_offset":40},{"id":4031,"label":"cause","start_offset":56,"end_offset":75}],"relations":[{"id":1801,"from_id":4031,"to_id":4030,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9141,"text":"actual number of contributors is a relatively small percentage of the target population.;;","entities":[{"id":9467,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":90}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5947,"text":"by contrast, in the present experiment no contribution level is a dominant strategy because the public good environment is nonlinear, and subjects make a single contribution decision each period.;;","entities":[{"id":3734,"label":"effect","start_offset":39,"end_offset":83},{"id":3735,"label":"cause","start_offset":96,"end_offset":132},{"id":3736,"label":"cause","start_offset":138,"end_offset":194}],"relations":[{"id":1653,"from_id":3735,"to_id":3734,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1654,"from_id":3736,"to_id":3734,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7598,"text":"the potential for distress, pain, or even injury is a recognizable and sometimes tolerated risk in many research contexts, but to deceive a participant, abuse their trust, or expose them to stigma or public approbation is to have wronged them by a moral violation.;;","entities":[{"id":8954,"label":"cause","start_offset":225,"end_offset":263},{"id":8955,"label":"effect","start_offset":130,"end_offset":218}],"relations":[{"id":4130,"from_id":8954,"to_id":8955,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9151,"text":"A one per cent increase in the expected cooperation rate of others is associated with an almost one to one increase in cooperation (0.9 per cent).;;","entities":[{"id":9477,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":148}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6966,"text":"\"conceptually, researchers have shown how sociological attention to the material produced within online spaces such as these can shed light on the explanatory devices used by individuals to make sense of illness experience (coll-planas & visa, 2016; pender, 2012).\";;","entities":[{"id":8686,"label":"cause","start_offset":41,"end_offset":110},{"id":8688,"label":"effect","start_offset":129,"end_offset":166}],"relations":[{"id":3990,"from_id":8686,"to_id":8688,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8925,"text":"The replication of our results on these two very different measures suggests that our findings can be considered fairly robust.;;","entities":[{"id":9251,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":129}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6322,"text":"literature on public participation in science recognizes that data collection is dependent on the willingness of people to not only participate in research by answering questions and giving of their time but also sharing their local expertise and knowledge (fortmann, 2014).;;","entities":[{"id":4740,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":276}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7418,"text":"across languages: english fluency was an additional factor that influenced team dynamics, particularly for some thai team members.;;","entities":[{"id":7583,"label":"cause","start_offset":18,"end_offset":33},{"id":7584,"label":"effect","start_offset":64,"end_offset":88}],"relations":[{"id":3423,"from_id":7583,"to_id":7584,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9526,"text":" In contrast, the aim of our experimental investigation is to test the efficacy of partial and imperfect transparency.;;","entities":[{"id":9852,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8856,"text":"Being a leader is never beneficial.;;","entities":[{"id":9182,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":37}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9597,"text":"Given that ostracism has important structural differences from costly fine, and that ostracism may be an especially important form of punishment in the real world, we incorporated both forms of punishment in our novel PGG.;;","entities":[{"id":9923,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":224}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6198,"text":"without delving into an extensive discussion of ontologies, epistemologies, and resulting methodological choices, the point is to emphasize that subtle differences in these complex aspects of a study should inform notions of trustworthiness;;","entities":[{"id":4407,"label":"effect","start_offset":214,"end_offset":240},{"id":4408,"label":"cause","start_offset":145,"end_offset":199}],"relations":[{"id":1969,"from_id":4408,"to_id":4407,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6499,"text":"this makes communication a necessary condition for the evolution of one-shot cooperation.;;","entities":[{"id":5176,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":4},{"id":5177,"label":"effect","start_offset":10,"end_offset":88}],"relations":[{"id":2327,"from_id":5176,"to_id":5177,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7018,"text":"to fully grasp the meta functionality of ot, we need a better understanding of how context matters, and what the effects of ot are when there are different sources of information competing for attention.;;","entities":[{"id":6607,"label":"effect","start_offset":3,"end_offset":43},{"id":6608,"label":"cause","start_offset":54,"end_offset":202}],"relations":[{"id":2988,"from_id":6608,"to_id":6607,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8661,"text":"When contributions to the private account are penalized, our treatment's b\/ W is the equivalent of the tax rate in such experiments, and a\/b is the analog of the penalty rate (modeled as a multiple of the unpaid tax, in compliance experiments).;;","entities":[{"id":8987,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":246}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9418,"text":"In IBL, past instances of an event are stored in a model's declarative memory to be recalled later to inform its future decisions.;;","entities":[{"id":9744,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":132}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6831,"text":"a selfish person is predicted to free ride when he is non stake holder;;","entities":[{"id":6110,"label":"cause","start_offset":48,"end_offset":70},{"id":6112,"label":"effect","start_offset":33,"end_offset":42}],"relations":[{"id":2778,"from_id":6110,"to_id":6112,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9102,"text":"The 30 observations with proposers' earnings between 0 and 10% are all the result of rejected offers.;;","entities":[{"id":9428,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":103}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9355,"text":"As far as the size of the differences, majority members in Treatments 1 and 2 contributed mean amounts 1.56 and 0.93 higher than their minority member counterparts.;;","entities":[{"id":9681,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":166}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7512,"text":"finally, according to complexity theory, unpredictability novelty, and a chance for something new to emerge accompany expansion.;;","entities":[{"id":7801,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":130}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5801,"text":"evidence suggests that these pain threshold reports cannot be accounted for by the effects of malnutrition (32), peripheral neuropathy (33), or physiological markers such as heart rate and blood pressure (31), and are not affected by the administration of opiate antagonists (34).;;","entities":[{"id":3360,"label":"cause","start_offset":238,"end_offset":274},{"id":3361,"label":"effect","start_offset":29,"end_offset":51},{"id":3362,"label":"cause","start_offset":82,"end_offset":106},{"id":3363,"label":"cause","start_offset":113,"end_offset":134},{"id":3364,"label":"cause","start_offset":144,"end_offset":203}],"relations":[{"id":1467,"from_id":3362,"to_id":3361,"type":"Rel_Zero"},{"id":1468,"from_id":3363,"to_id":3361,"type":"Rel_Zero"},{"id":1469,"from_id":3360,"to_id":3361,"type":"Rel_Zero"},{"id":1470,"from_id":3364,"to_id":3361,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7263,"text":"most importantly, they need to ensure the technology is appropriate and set up for the purpose of the research, rather than relying on the default settings of voice over internet protocol (volp) platforms.;;","entities":[{"id":7200,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":207}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7423,"text":"it is believed that point reduction makes the game more complex and puts the emphasis on competition (kelly, 1965).;;","entities":[{"id":7593,"label":"cause","start_offset":20,"end_offset":35},{"id":7594,"label":"effect","start_offset":46,"end_offset":63},{"id":7595,"label":"effect","start_offset":68,"end_offset":100}],"relations":[{"id":3427,"from_id":7593,"to_id":7594,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3428,"from_id":7593,"to_id":7595,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9153,"text":"Since these patterns appeared in the conditions that include greedy incentive, they could be considered as non-strategic but strong social adaptation within their age group.;;","entities":[{"id":9479,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":175}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9439,"text":"In the table above, you would have made the correct choice if you chose \"B outperforms Athe table above, you would have made the correct choice if you chose \"A outperforms B\".Any questions?Part 4. Position Holdings.;;","entities":[{"id":9765,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":217}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8749,"text":"Comparing Words(s) and Words(x), there is no significant difference in efficiency (MW test, p-value = 0.83), as hypothesized in 4(b).;;","entities":[{"id":9075,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":135}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5718,"text":"these results indicate that the exclusion situation mainly influenced the 'other-focused' negative emotional state (contempt, resentment, anger) in patients with bpd.;;","entities":[{"id":3274,"label":"cause","start_offset":32,"end_offset":51},{"id":3275,"label":"effect","start_offset":74,"end_offset":114}],"relations":[{"id":1425,"from_id":3274,"to_id":3275,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6341,"text":"without perpetuating assumptions constructing truth of and about a unitary and absolute self based on judeo-christian foundationalism or modernist secular humanism, the first-person perspective has the capacity to view self in relation as multiplicative and multivocal (valverde, 2004).;;","entities":[{"id":4785,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":288}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7128,"text":"the psychological discomfort occurs even when being ostracized is accompanied by benefits such as monetary gain (van beest & williams, 2006).;;","entities":[{"id":8735,"label":"effect","start_offset":4,"end_offset":36},{"id":8736,"label":"cause","start_offset":46,"end_offset":111}],"relations":[{"id":4016,"from_id":8736,"to_id":8735,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7500,"text":"in summary, reduced levels of each measure of self-deception and the tendency to attribute negative events to stable causes (sn) independently predicted greater depressive symptomology.;;","entities":[{"id":7769,"label":"cause","start_offset":12,"end_offset":60},{"id":7770,"label":"cause","start_offset":69,"end_offset":128},{"id":7771,"label":"effect","start_offset":153,"end_offset":184}],"relations":[{"id":3496,"from_id":7769,"to_id":7771,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3497,"from_id":7770,"to_id":7771,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7447,"text":"our findings thus suggest that the additive effects of implicit and explicit processes on behavior can result not (only) from two separate causes, but from the way implicit and explicit processes can interact and reinforce each other.;;","entities":[{"id":7645,"label":"effect","start_offset":35,"end_offset":98},{"id":7646,"label":"cause","start_offset":160,"end_offset":233}],"relations":[{"id":3451,"from_id":7646,"to_id":7645,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6125,"text":"to examine whether this increased payback also led to increased payoffs for the principals, we turn again to table 3, which reveals that both for ceo principals and for student principals the material payoff is higher if the punishment option is not used.;;","entities":[{"id":4214,"label":"effect","start_offset":192,"end_offset":207},{"id":4215,"label":"cause","start_offset":225,"end_offset":254}],"relations":[{"id":1882,"from_id":4215,"to_id":4214,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8664,"text":"You should record these on your record sheet under the column headed ``My Point for this Round''.;;","entities":[{"id":8990,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":99}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9131,"text":"While we offer six preliminary propositions in introducing the idea of ee \u2212 , we also believe that there are several questions that remain to be answered.;;","entities":[{"id":9457,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":156}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7618,"text":"\"in this condition, players can incur the relatively low cost of contributing one unit to ensure that the minimum information does not get \"\"stuck\"\" at its current level, inhibiting additional group cooperation.\";;","entities":[{"id":8041,"label":"cause","start_offset":20,"end_offset":86},{"id":8042,"label":"effect","start_offset":106,"end_offset":169},{"id":8043,"label":"effect","start_offset":171,"end_offset":210}],"relations":[{"id":3612,"from_id":8041,"to_id":8042,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3613,"from_id":8041,"to_id":8043,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6216,"text":"an awareness of a narrative's form, structure and underlying 'genre' combined with an attention to dominant cultural discourses present in the narrative may enable an empirical bioethicist to look more critically at the process of qualitative interviewing and the results it may yield.;;","entities":[{"id":4455,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":152},{"id":4456,"label":"effect","start_offset":157,"end_offset":285}],"relations":[{"id":1994,"from_id":4455,"to_id":4456,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7058,"text":"global social knowledge has no effect on the aggregate level of cooperation.;;","entities":[{"id":6712,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":23},{"id":6713,"label":"effect","start_offset":45,"end_offset":75}],"relations":[{"id":3038,"from_id":6712,"to_id":6713,"type":"Rel_Zero"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7599,"text":"theories make sense of difficult social interactions and phenomena, and articulating a theoretical framework helps the sense-making process to be more explicit.;;","entities":[{"id":7996,"label":"cause","start_offset":72,"end_offset":108},{"id":7997,"label":"effect","start_offset":109,"end_offset":159}],"relations":[{"id":3591,"from_id":7996,"to_id":7997,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9286,"text":"We therefore use the norming data for college graduates ages 20 to 30 from Wonderlic (2002).;;","entities":[{"id":9612,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":94}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9560,"text":"Groups with at least some conditional cooperators, on the other hand, may reach high contribution levels provided that the burden sharing is not too unequal, which is a precondition for conditional cooperation.;;","entities":[{"id":9886,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":212}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6106,"text":"there are individual differences in reactions to stressors (i.e., ostracism), so it follows that certain personality traits may moderate the effects of ostracism on psychological well-being and self-regulatory behaviors.;;","entities":[{"id":4167,"label":"effect","start_offset":97,"end_offset":219},{"id":8327,"label":"cause","start_offset":10,"end_offset":58}],"relations":[{"id":3781,"from_id":8327,"to_id":4167,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9660,"text":"The results, displayed in columns (4)-(6) of Table 2, show that there is a strong overall in-group effect in beliefs, of almost the identical magnitude as observed in behavior (p < 0 01; column (4)).;;","entities":[{"id":9986,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":201}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7585,"text":"first, the re prior it iz ation hypothesis proposes that a sense of safety and security, which inclusion provides, allows individuals to focus their resources on mating.;;","entities":[{"id":7959,"label":"effect","start_offset":59,"end_offset":87},{"id":7960,"label":"cause","start_offset":95,"end_offset":104},{"id":7961,"label":"cause","start_offset":59,"end_offset":87},{"id":7962,"label":"effect","start_offset":122,"end_offset":168}],"relations":[{"id":3576,"from_id":7960,"to_id":7959,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3577,"from_id":7961,"to_id":7962,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9014,"text":"In the between-subjects part of Table 2, the only comparison that reaches significance is the difference between internationalists and isolationists, with the internationalists emitting more cooperative responses than the isolationists.;;","entities":[{"id":9340,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":238}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6972,"text":"these uncertainties contribute to the complex and dynamic process of travel behavioural change involving a sequence of adaptation over time.;;","entities":[{"id":6489,"label":"cause","start_offset":6,"end_offset":19},{"id":6490,"label":"effect","start_offset":69,"end_offset":94}],"relations":[{"id":2944,"from_id":6489,"to_id":6490,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5812,"text":"besides a negative bias for perceived social participation, ambiguous facial emotional expressions may play an important role in the disturbed relatedness in patients with bpd.;;","entities":[{"id":3386,"label":"cause","start_offset":60,"end_offset":98},{"id":3388,"label":"effect","start_offset":133,"end_offset":175},{"id":7341,"label":"effect","start_offset":10,"end_offset":58}],"relations":[{"id":1482,"from_id":3386,"to_id":3388,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3322,"from_id":3386,"to_id":7341,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6043,"text":"\"moreover, rejection elicits decrements in the fulfillment of a constellation of factors that k. d. williams and colleagues refer to as four \"\"basic needs\"\": belongingness, self-esteem, perceptions of control over the environment, and perceptions of leading a meaningful existence (e.g., k. d. williams & zadro, 2005).\";;","entities":[{"id":3983,"label":"cause","start_offset":11,"end_offset":20},{"id":3984,"label":"effect","start_offset":47,"end_offset":88},{"id":3985,"label":"effect","start_offset":143,"end_offset":154},{"id":3986,"label":"effect","start_offset":158,"end_offset":171},{"id":3987,"label":"effect","start_offset":173,"end_offset":184},{"id":3988,"label":"effect","start_offset":186,"end_offset":229},{"id":3989,"label":"effect","start_offset":235,"end_offset":280}],"relations":[{"id":1775,"from_id":3983,"to_id":3984,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1776,"from_id":3983,"to_id":3985,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1777,"from_id":3983,"to_id":3986,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1778,"from_id":3983,"to_id":3987,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1779,"from_id":3983,"to_id":3988,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1780,"from_id":3983,"to_id":3989,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6439,"text":"having the backing of other key players in an organization is also vital to accessing research participants.;;","entities":[{"id":5019,"label":"effect","start_offset":76,"end_offset":107},{"id":5020,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":58}],"relations":[{"id":2247,"from_id":5020,"to_id":5019,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6437,"text":"by conducting these adapted card sorts during on-site interviews, the researcher was able to observe non-verbal cues from patrons, as well as to ask follow-up questions for deeper reflection and elaboration.;;","entities":[{"id":5013,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":38},{"id":5014,"label":"effect","start_offset":70,"end_offset":129},{"id":5015,"label":"effect","start_offset":149,"end_offset":206}],"relations":[{"id":2243,"from_id":5013,"to_id":5014,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2244,"from_id":5013,"to_id":5015,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7581,"text":"consequently, interviewees in a recorded video call may not just imagine the viewpoint of the researcher but also feel scrutinized by unintended third parties, and therefore behave in what they consider to be socially desirable ways.;;","entities":[{"id":7950,"label":"cause","start_offset":114,"end_offset":158},{"id":8951,"label":"effect","start_offset":174,"end_offset":232}],"relations":[{"id":4128,"from_id":7950,"to_id":8951,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6180,"text":"this basic result is consistent with the idea that social exclusion triggers an immediate psychological alarm system that increases the likelihood that individuals will strive to maintain or repair their relationships with group members.;;","entities":[{"id":4347,"label":"cause","start_offset":51,"end_offset":67},{"id":4348,"label":"effect","start_offset":80,"end_offset":116},{"id":4349,"label":"cause","start_offset":80,"end_offset":116},{"id":4350,"label":"effect","start_offset":136,"end_offset":236}],"relations":[{"id":1936,"from_id":4347,"to_id":4348,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1937,"from_id":4349,"to_id":4350,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9509,"text":"As the data summarized in Table 1 show, in both experiments the competitive suggestion condition produced the most competitive choices and the cooperative suggestion condition the least.;;","entities":[{"id":9835,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":188}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7251,"text":"it appears ostracizing others affects self-control beyond the social domain.;;","entities":[{"id":7170,"label":"cause","start_offset":11,"end_offset":29},{"id":7171,"label":"effect","start_offset":30,"end_offset":75}],"relations":[{"id":3245,"from_id":7170,"to_id":7171,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7205,"text":"we found evidence of the positive association between societies' levels of trust and the enforcement of cooperative group norms in experimental social dilemmas, which are often conceptualized as two components of social capital that relate to the successful workings of groups, organizations, and even nations.;;","entities":[{"id":7069,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":312}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6195,"text":"it is common practice in research reports to respect the anonymity of those featured and provide them with a certain degree of protection or privacy through the use of pseudonyms, changes in the name of the institutions involved and the introduction of fictitious elements.;;","entities":[{"id":8376,"label":"effect","start_offset":109,"end_offset":148},{"id":8377,"label":"cause","start_offset":167,"end_offset":178},{"id":8378,"label":"cause","start_offset":180,"end_offset":228},{"id":8379,"label":"cause","start_offset":237,"end_offset":272}],"relations":[{"id":3804,"from_id":8377,"to_id":8376,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3805,"from_id":8378,"to_id":8376,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3806,"from_id":8379,"to_id":8376,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6131,"text":"\"this feature allowed us to make point predictions about how a consistent individual (\"\"a type\"\") should behave; any other design would have made the consistency check more ambiguous.\";;","entities":[{"id":4229,"label":"cause","start_offset":1,"end_offset":13},{"id":4230,"label":"effect","start_offset":28,"end_offset":50},{"id":4231,"label":"cause","start_offset":117,"end_offset":129},{"id":4232,"label":"effect","start_offset":150,"end_offset":182}],"relations":[{"id":1890,"from_id":4229,"to_id":4230,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1891,"from_id":4231,"to_id":4232,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5850,"text":"it may be difficult to identify and put into words how we identify ourselves as well as to make aware which category categories we feel best describe our being in the world.;;","entities":[{"id":3487,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":174}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5700,"text":"as pe increases, targets feel more threats to their needs and put less effort into group tasks.;;","entities":[{"id":3123,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":5},{"id":3124,"label":"effect","start_offset":17,"end_offset":57},{"id":8135,"label":"effect","start_offset":71,"end_offset":94}],"relations":[{"id":1356,"from_id":3123,"to_id":3124,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3664,"from_id":3123,"to_id":8135,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6998,"text":"more importantly, we found that this effect was mediated by the perceived instrumentality of money.;;","entities":[{"id":6563,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":101}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9291,"text":"These results seem to be compatible with our findings in the more general setting of a tournament with (practically) continuous effort choices. 23;;","entities":[{"id":9617,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":148}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6503,"text":"collaborative curation can also help to address one of the frequent criticisms of qualitative data sharing, the potential to divulge sensitive or other personal information of the human participants who took part in a research study.;;","entities":[{"id":5188,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":22},{"id":5189,"label":"effect","start_offset":32,"end_offset":232}],"relations":[{"id":3886,"from_id":5188,"to_id":5189,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7579,"text":"results while contributions in pgg (periods 1-10) are strongly decreasing over time, they start from higher levels in ag (periods 11-20) and pag (periods 21-30 and 31-40) and do not decrease.;;","entities":[{"id":7943,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":193}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6148,"text":"punishment, counter punishment and sanction enforcement 147 allows him to target an individual for reciprocation.3 if such reprisals were possible, it might deter sanctioning, and thus dilute the effectiveness of the system in increasing contribution levels.;;","entities":[{"id":4270,"label":"cause","start_offset":118,"end_offset":132},{"id":4271,"label":"effect","start_offset":157,"end_offset":174},{"id":4272,"label":"effect","start_offset":185,"end_offset":257},{"id":4273,"label":"cause","start_offset":157,"end_offset":174}],"relations":[{"id":1906,"from_id":4270,"to_id":4271,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1908,"from_id":4273,"to_id":4272,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9320,"text":"The table shows that the number of different policies is 15 and not 18 (2 x 3 X 3).;;","entities":[{"id":9646,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":85}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6174,"text":"\"bazeley describes the problem in this way: \"\"being interpretive means that coding is therefore inherently subject to variability of interpretation by different researchers, and even, perhaps, by the same researcher at different times\"\" (bazeley, 2012, p. 77).\";;","entities":[{"id":4339,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":263}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5871,"text":"\"it is possible that the \"\"vulnerable\"\" label potentially contributes to further stigmatizing and silencing groups that are rarely heard in the mainstream public (cf.\";;","entities":[{"id":3526,"label":"cause","start_offset":25,"end_offset":45},{"id":3527,"label":"effect","start_offset":80,"end_offset":114}],"relations":[{"id":1545,"from_id":3526,"to_id":3527,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7232,"text":"specifically participants in the tie value condition, as opposed to the control 13 given our experimental setup, the value of social relations could potentially be operationalized as lagged earnings: agents value alters to the extent that they earned a lot from them on the previous round.;;","entities":[{"id":7130,"label":"cause","start_offset":244,"end_offset":288},{"id":7131,"label":"effect","start_offset":200,"end_offset":219}],"relations":[{"id":3229,"from_id":7130,"to_id":7131,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9422,"text":"the American students were majoring in Russian.;;","entities":[{"id":9748,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":49}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6876,"text":"comparison of the upper and lower parts of table 1 shows that, as might be expected, payoffs increase under all three benchmarks as the uncertainty about the size of the resource decreases.;;","entities":[{"id":8657,"label":"cause","start_offset":136,"end_offset":188},{"id":8658,"label":"effect","start_offset":85,"end_offset":128}],"relations":[{"id":3974,"from_id":8657,"to_id":8658,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8898,"text":"Statistical comparisons of percentages of subjects who correctly predict their partner's decision in the one-shot game per treatment, using proportion tests.;;","entities":[{"id":9224,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":159}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7367,"text":"the assumption behind this proxy variable was that the more that is at stake subjectively in the decision-making task, the more thoroughly the possible outcomes should be considered and the harder it should be to make one's decision.;;","entities":[{"id":7467,"label":"cause","start_offset":55,"end_offset":117},{"id":7468,"label":"effect","start_offset":123,"end_offset":182},{"id":7469,"label":"effect","start_offset":190,"end_offset":232}],"relations":[{"id":3377,"from_id":7467,"to_id":7468,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3378,"from_id":7467,"to_id":7469,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7098,"text":"it may be true that lack of incentive leads to lack of motivation, however, the availability of incentive does not guarantee that participants will have appropriate motivation or will behave as in real life (e.g.;;","entities":[{"id":6810,"label":"cause","start_offset":20,"end_offset":37},{"id":6811,"label":"effect","start_offset":47,"end_offset":65}],"relations":[{"id":3088,"from_id":6810,"to_id":6811,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7118,"text":"rather than relying on a universal rule that dictates appropriate op e rationalization of qualitative methods to achieve high levels of quality and rigor, scholars often design qualitative projects with intensive focus on process (methods, technology, and tools) and the steps needed to achieve study goals.;;","entities":[{"id":6862,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":309}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9445,"text":"In these experiments, we focused on the priority of first-and second-order punishment in pool punishment systems.;;","entities":[{"id":9771,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":115}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6046,"text":"i build evidence showing that journalism scholars have cited cda when they use ideological coding, but that our methods do not always line up with cda as defined by its leading practitioners.;;","entities":[{"id":3996,"label":"effect","start_offset":30,"end_offset":64},{"id":3997,"label":"cause","start_offset":75,"end_offset":97}],"relations":[{"id":1784,"from_id":3997,"to_id":3996,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6194,"text":"author 2 has suggested that the compulsion to selfidentify for those marked as different or for 'being' not white often resulted in his describing himself as: .;;","entities":[{"id":4388,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":162}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6749,"text":"most relevant to the current research, baumeister, dewall, ciarocco, and twenge (2005) showed that excluded participants performed worse on subsequent tasks that required self-regulation resources.;;","entities":[{"id":5888,"label":"effect","start_offset":99,"end_offset":156},{"id":5889,"label":"cause","start_offset":162,"end_offset":196}],"relations":[{"id":2669,"from_id":5889,"to_id":5888,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9090,"text":"The differences are, however, only significant in ONE.;;","entities":[{"id":9416,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":56}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5847,"text":"of salience is that personal questionings of physical capital as one ages can be easily broached with someone with whom one shares similar types and levels of capital.;;","entities":[{"id":8165,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":169}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6832,"text":"the results show that both the public and the researchers are expected to benefit from increased availability of research data.;;","entities":[{"id":6113,"label":"cause","start_offset":87,"end_offset":126},{"id":6114,"label":"effect","start_offset":31,"end_offset":81}],"relations":[{"id":2779,"from_id":6113,"to_id":6114,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5849,"text":"in public health research, for example, one of the greatest challenges is the risk to successful project completion represented by an inability to effectively attract and retain participants from a broad range of backgrounds (spoth et al., 2000).;;","entities":[{"id":3485,"label":"effect","start_offset":78,"end_offset":115},{"id":3486,"label":"cause","start_offset":134,"end_offset":224}],"relations":[{"id":1526,"from_id":3486,"to_id":3485,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6488,"text":"feminist holistic reflexivity feminist holistic reflexivity acknowledges power dynamics while also recognizing that power shapes the research process in ways that often cannot be fully anticipated or addressed by the researcher.;;","entities":[{"id":5148,"label":"cause","start_offset":116,"end_offset":141},{"id":5149,"label":"effect","start_offset":169,"end_offset":227}],"relations":[{"id":2316,"from_id":5148,"to_id":5149,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6545,"text":"thus, the e\u20acects and costs of crowding-out triggered by a particular regulation may extend well beyond the problem the regulation is intended to address.;;","entities":[{"id":5293,"label":"cause","start_offset":30,"end_offset":79},{"id":5294,"label":"effect","start_offset":84,"end_offset":152}],"relations":[{"id":2380,"from_id":5293,"to_id":5294,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7317,"text":"\"often, those who were the source of the bullying or exclusion (reijntjes et al., 2010; warburton, williams & cairns, 2003) as well as innocent bystanders (twenge, baumeister, tice, & stucke, 2001) who were not directly involved with the event, may become the target for lashing out through aggressive behavior.\";;","entities":[{"id":7362,"label":"cause","start_offset":14,"end_offset":62},{"id":7363,"label":"effect","start_offset":249,"end_offset":310}],"relations":[{"id":3332,"from_id":7362,"to_id":7363,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9473,"text":"And the probability that cooperators will find other hard-working cooperators will be defined by the relative number of cooperators in the university.;;","entities":[{"id":9799,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":152}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6247,"text":"the effect of language on individual cooperation behavior, we argue, is such a deep and fundamental behavior that does not fully rest of contextual factors, but also - to some extent - generalizes across contexts.;;","entities":[{"id":4524,"label":"cause","start_offset":14,"end_offset":22},{"id":4525,"label":"effect","start_offset":27,"end_offset":57}],"relations":[{"id":2022,"from_id":4524,"to_id":4525,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6586,"text":"specifically, individuals who feel angry at being excluded are more likely to engage in antisocial behaviors.;;","entities":[{"id":5418,"label":"cause","start_offset":14,"end_offset":58},{"id":5419,"label":"effect","start_offset":78,"end_offset":108}],"relations":[{"id":2447,"from_id":5418,"to_id":5419,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7299,"text":"knowledge is power, and advocacy for research to be more open and shareable is represented by some as a political and ethical act to empower wider publics and enhance the impact and social benefits of scholarship.;;","entities":[{"id":7313,"label":"cause","start_offset":24,"end_offset":75},{"id":7314,"label":"effect","start_offset":133,"end_offset":154},{"id":7315,"label":"effect","start_offset":159,"end_offset":213}],"relations":[{"id":3306,"from_id":7313,"to_id":7314,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3307,"from_id":7313,"to_id":7315,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7147,"text":"pain res manage 2008 13 4 309 319 objective: to examine the hypothesis that experimental threats to social belongingness, interacting with individual differences in attachment security, cause modification of pain threshold reports by individuals who report high pain thresholds at baseline.;;","entities":[{"id":6934,"label":"cause","start_offset":76,"end_offset":184},{"id":8747,"label":"effect","start_offset":192,"end_offset":230}],"relations":[{"id":4022,"from_id":6934,"to_id":8747,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6266,"text":"altering the probability allows the extent to which participants are excluded to be manipulated.;;","entities":[{"id":4570,"label":"cause","start_offset":0,"end_offset":24},{"id":4571,"label":"effect","start_offset":52,"end_offset":95}],"relations":[{"id":2040,"from_id":4570,"to_id":4571,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7019,"text":"in order to give an incentive to take this decision seriously, those who actually make the right prediction gain an additional monetary payment.;;","entities":[{"id":6609,"label":"cause","start_offset":82,"end_offset":107},{"id":6610,"label":"effect","start_offset":108,"end_offset":143},{"id":6612,"label":"cause","start_offset":108,"end_offset":143},{"id":6613,"label":"effect","start_offset":12,"end_offset":61}],"relations":[{"id":2989,"from_id":6609,"to_id":6610,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2990,"from_id":6612,"to_id":6613,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7626,"text":"in experiment 2, individuals excluded by an in-group exhibited increased mimicry of the behaviors of a subsequent interaction partner, but only if this partner was also an in-group member.;;","entities":[{"id":8057,"label":"cause","start_offset":17,"end_offset":62},{"id":8961,"label":"effect","start_offset":73,"end_offset":133}],"relations":[{"id":4135,"from_id":8057,"to_id":8961,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9017,"text":"Take for example the initial forming of a coalition of fisherman to undergo joint restrictions on fish harvesting-before all fisherman reduce harvesting effort there is no information on past play under the new restrictions.;;","entities":[{"id":9343,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":226}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6733,"text":"when a backward stepwise method was applied, it was found that the number of credibility techniques used could be significantly predicted by design methodology (\u03b2 = 0.714, p < 0.05), when all other predictors were removed from the model.;;","entities":[{"id":5835,"label":"effect","start_offset":67,"end_offset":159},{"id":5836,"label":"cause","start_offset":188,"end_offset":236}],"relations":[{"id":2642,"from_id":5836,"to_id":5835,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6114,"text":"if ostracism enhances perceivers' ability to discriminate among signals of inclusion and exclusion, so too should it enhance perceivers' ability to distinguish between ingroups and outgroups.;;","entities":[{"id":4188,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":12},{"id":4189,"label":"effect","start_offset":21,"end_offset":98},{"id":4190,"label":"effect","start_offset":125,"end_offset":190}],"relations":[{"id":1871,"from_id":4188,"to_id":4189,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":1872,"from_id":4188,"to_id":4190,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6210,"text":"if being excluded leads to feeling dehumanized, we would expect participants to rate themselves lower on traits associated with humanness, and human nature traits in particular, in the social exclusion condition compared to the other conditions.;;","entities":[{"id":4439,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":18},{"id":4440,"label":"effect","start_offset":27,"end_offset":46}],"relations":[{"id":1985,"from_id":4439,"to_id":4440,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9580,"text":"Thus FELD got away with about 25% defections, while DOWNING sat still for it and never defected after the second move.;;","entities":[{"id":9906,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":120}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6887,"text":"the degree of average crowding-out for the contrast between the ht and yz-base treatments soars to 558.20 percent, indicating that an nt$1 increase in taxes will crowd out private contributions by nt$5.58.;;","entities":[{"id":6248,"label":"cause","start_offset":131,"end_offset":156},{"id":6249,"label":"effect","start_offset":162,"end_offset":204}],"relations":[{"id":2834,"from_id":6248,"to_id":6249,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8816,"text":"Tabic 7. Correlation matrix among partner contribution, participant contribution\ufffdgratitude, p <.05.;;","entities":[{"id":9142,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":101}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5834,"text":"specifically, this article intends to document when and explain why feeling excluded fosters riskier but potentially more lucrative decisions by consumers.;;","entities":[{"id":3447,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":155}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6239,"text":"nonetheless, it may not always elicit a decrease in all basic needs, perhaps not impacting, for example, self-esteem or control.;;","entities":[{"id":4507,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":130}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6053,"text":"excerpt 2 evidences how the reading prompt was successfully employed when students had trouble remembering what they had read.;;","entities":[{"id":8221,"label":"effect","start_offset":28,"end_offset":68},{"id":8222,"label":"cause","start_offset":74,"end_offset":125}],"relations":[{"id":3725,"from_id":8222,"to_id":8221,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8881,"text":"In the Give treatment, subjects were matched in groups of four.;;","entities":[{"id":9207,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":65}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8939,"text":"Alternately, participants in the unknown condition may have inferred that their partners would notice they were being penalized for non-cooperation and that this would, in turn, incentivize them to be cooperative.;;","entities":[{"id":9265,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":215}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9397,"text":"Also the variance in the data increases when moving from homogeneous to heterogeneous groups, from 9.18% in the Native treatment to an average of 19.02% in heterogeneous groups.;;","entities":[{"id":9723,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":179}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7380,"text":"as people leave dependence upon subsistence production and turn to the market, we might well expect in this case a decline in hyper-fair 33 offers and a movement toward more even splits.;;","entities":[{"id":7497,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":77},{"id":7498,"label":"effect","start_offset":115,"end_offset":146},{"id":7499,"label":"effect","start_offset":153,"end_offset":185}],"relations":[{"id":3388,"from_id":7497,"to_id":7498,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":3389,"from_id":7497,"to_id":7499,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9535,"text":"The instructions described the public good game and illustrated it with several examples.;;","entities":[{"id":9861,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":91}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6920,"text":"this finding would show that mimicry can be an adaptive response to social exclusion (lakin & chartrand, 2005) and would suggest that mimicry might be the default response when a person needs an easy way to affiliate with others.;;","entities":[{"id":6326,"label":"cause","start_offset":68,"end_offset":84},{"id":6327,"label":"effect","start_offset":29,"end_offset":36},{"id":6328,"label":"cause","start_offset":179,"end_offset":228},{"id":6329,"label":"effect","start_offset":134,"end_offset":171}],"relations":[{"id":2871,"from_id":6326,"to_id":6327,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2872,"from_id":6328,"to_id":6329,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7425,"text":"thus, the question arises whether the degree of social integration interferes with hpa-axis regulation.;;","entities":[{"id":7598,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":105}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9097,"text":"The results show lower cooperation and higher free-riding in the Taking frame.;;","entities":[{"id":9423,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":80}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6393,"text":"the need to belong is so fundamental that emotions provide feedback to inform people that change is needed in order to restore social connections (dewall, baumeister, & vohs, 2008).;;","entities":[{"id":4915,"label":"cause","start_offset":3,"end_offset":36},{"id":4916,"label":"effect","start_offset":42,"end_offset":145}],"relations":[{"id":2204,"from_id":4915,"to_id":4916,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9220,"text":"While it is easy to understand why this field has received so much attention lately, the direction this interest has taken in large parts of the economic literature is more questionable.;;","entities":[{"id":9546,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":188}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6560,"text":"ix) given that people are willing to incur costs to punish others would they also bewilling toincur coststoreward others and would rewards which are not efficiency reducing) steer people towards high contributions?;;","entities":[{"id":8535,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":216}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9178,"text":"Honesty\/Humility\/Virtue was perceived as more relevant than Agreeableness to a higher degree in the PDG than the BOS.;;","entities":[{"id":9504,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":119}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":5793,"text":"we also examined whether unrealistic optimists who were not self-affirmed would respond defensively, i.e., express relatively lower interest in screening than controls.;;","entities":[{"id":3331,"label":"cause","start_offset":25,"end_offset":73},{"id":8150,"label":"effect","start_offset":132,"end_offset":153}],"relations":[{"id":3674,"from_id":3331,"to_id":8150,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8779,"text":"Fig. 3 illustrates the findings and shows the pattern of behavior over time.;;","entities":[{"id":9105,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":78}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6745,"text":"however, when working with follow-up questions based on the participant's response, it is important for the researcher to continuously keep the study's research purpose in mind, in order to keep the research focused.;;","entities":[{"id":5874,"label":"cause","start_offset":122,"end_offset":176},{"id":5875,"label":"effect","start_offset":190,"end_offset":215},{"id":5876,"label":"cause","start_offset":14,"end_offset":82},{"id":5877,"label":"effect","start_offset":122,"end_offset":176}],"relations":[{"id":2663,"from_id":5874,"to_id":5875,"type":"Rel_CE"},{"id":2664,"from_id":5876,"to_id":5877,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":8889,"text":"The only factor influencing the prevalence of cooperation was the rule.;;","entities":[{"id":9215,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":73}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7041,"text":"the sole exception was the in group ostracism condition, in which participants reported receiving the ball about as often (29%) as would be expected if they were equally included (33%), when in fact they only received the ball 20% of the time.;;","entities":[{"id":6664,"label":"cause","start_offset":162,"end_offset":184},{"id":6665,"label":"effect","start_offset":88,"end_offset":127}],"relations":[{"id":3011,"from_id":6664,"to_id":6665,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9325,"text":"Recent advances on lie aversion have shown that people generally have a preference for truth telling.;;","entities":[{"id":9651,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":103}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":7537,"text":"negative social incidents might be increased as be that the patients might be hyposensitive to suggested from our data such that, in addition to a negative facial signals.;;","entities":[{"id":7856,"label":"cause","start_offset":60,"end_offset":118},{"id":7857,"label":"effect","start_offset":0,"end_offset":44}],"relations":[{"id":3531,"from_id":7856,"to_id":7857,"type":"Rel_CE"}],"Comments":[]}
{"id":6553,"text":"the data for the control groups are shown in figure 2. the curves indicate that all groups except group l become less cooperative during the course of the game even though the partner remains cooperative.;;","entities":[{"id":5311,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":206}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}
{"id":9374,"text":"One such situational cue is social distance and its impact on the target of social influence.;;","entities":[{"id":9700,"label":"non-causal","start_offset":0,"end_offset":95}],"relations":[],"Comments":[]}